MC LC

Lu c gi
Chn dung tc gi ngi nghin hc
Mi nguyn tc hc k nng nhanh
Mi nguyn tc hc hiu qu
Yoga
Lp trnh
G 10 ngn
C vy
Lt vn
Li bt

Lu c gi
Cuc i th ngn ngi, cn nhng iu phi hc li qu nhiu.
GEOFFREY CHAUCER(1), tc gi bi th Ngh hi ca m ng, 1374

C rt nhiu vic ti mun lm nhng li c qu t thi gian. l chuyn thng

thy ca cuc sng hin i.
Hy dnh mt cht thi gian xem c bao nhiu vic bn mun hc cch lm. Danh
sch ca bn c nhng vic g? iu g ngn cn bn bt u?
Thng l v hai l do: Thi gian v k nng.
C mt s tht khng ly g lm d chu, l: Nhng tri nghim ng gi nht trong
i thng i hi phi c k nng mt cp no . Cn phi c thi gian v n lc
mi c c k nng m thi gian th chng ta khng c, cn n lc li l th chng ta
ngi gom gp.
Mt ngy no ti s hc, khi ti c thi gian.
Thnh tht m ni, ngi xem tivi v lt web bao gi cng d dng hn V vy
chnh l iu m hu ht chng ta vn lm, v cho khao kht ca chng ta vn mi ch
l nhng gic m.
Vn cn mt s tht khng ly g lm d chu, l: C rt nhiu vic chng c g th
v cho ti khi chng ta gii vic . K nng no cng c ci m ti gi l ro cn tht
vng mt giai on bn khng tho (k nng ) v au n nhn ra s tht . Ti sao
phi bt u mt vic m bn bit l mnh s khng gii vic ch?
Chng phi s rt tuyt nu c th thnh tho nhng k nng mi m khng cn phi
lo lng nhiu sao? Lm sao nhanh chng vt qua ro cn tht vng, c th chuyn ti
phn th v? Lm sao tn t thi gian cho vic bi ri v lng tng, c thm thi gian
vui v?
Liu c th hc c nhng k nng mi theo cch tn t thi gian v cng sc hn
khng?
T kinh nghim ca ring ti, xin tr li l: C th.
Cun sch ny l cuc tm kim ca c nhn ti nhm kim tra tnh ngh thut v
khoa hc ca vic hc k nng nhanh chng lm th no hc bt c k nng no
nhanh nht c th. Mc ch ca cun sch ny l gip bn hc c nhng k nng mi

trong khong thi gian k lc.

Theo kinh nghim ca ti, s mt khong 20 gi thc hnh ph v ro cn tht
vng: i t mc hon ton khng bit g v vic bn ang c gng lm ti mc c th
lm tt vic mt cch ng ngc nhin.
Cun sch ny l cch tip cn mang tnh h thng hc nhng k nng mi nhanh
nht c th. Phng php mang tnh ph qut. Vn khng phi l bn mun hc ngoi
ng, vit tiu thuyt, v chn dung, khi nghip hay li my bay. Nu bn u t t nht
20 ting hc nhng iu c bn ca mt k nng, bn s ngc nhin vi mc thnh
tho m bn c th t c.
Bt k k nng bn mun hc l g, cun sch ny s gip bn t c k nng vi
t thi gian v nng lng hn. Ch cn mt cht n lc tp trung, c chin lc, bn s
thy mnh nhanh chng tin b m khng tht vng.
Trong cun sch ny, chng ta s bt u vi nhng nguyn tc hc k nng nhanh:
Lm cch no hc nhng k nng mi nhanh nht c th. Nhng tng v bi tp
thc hnh ny khng h phc tp, nn s khng mt qu nhiu thi gian hc.
Sau , ti s gii thch cch p dng nhng nguyn tc ny trong thc t bng cch
ch cho cc bn bit, ti hc nm k nng mi di y trong vng cha ti 20 ting
mi k nng vi khng qu 90 pht thc hnh mi ngy nh th no.

Pht trin bi tp yoga c nhn

Vit chng trnh my tnh da trn web

Hc li cch g 10 ngn

Khm ph boardgame(2) c nht v phc tp nht trong lch s

Lt vn

Ti hi vng cun sch ny c th khuyn khch bn phi bi danh sch nhng vic
mun lm ca bn, kim tra li danh sch v cam kt hc c iu mi m no .
Josh Kaufman
Fort Collins, Colorado, M

1
Chn dung tc gi ngi nghin hc
Sng no thc dy, ti cng quyt tm phi thay i th gii v vui v. i
khi iu ny khin cho vic lp k hoch theo ngy ca ti tr nn kh khn.
E. B. WHITE, tc gi cun Mng nhn ca Charlotte

Xin cho cc bn, tn ti l Josh Kaufman, v ti l mt ngi nghin hc.

Cc gi sch nh v vn phng ca ti u y p sch, dng c v nhng thit b
cha tng c s dng, cc th loi. Hu ht nhng th u dn dn b bi ph.
Ti c mt danh sch di ngong nhng th cn hc. Gi hng trn trang
Amazon.com hin ti ca ti c 241 mn hng tt c u l nhng cun sch ti mun
c. Ti khng th bc vo mt hiu sch m khng quay ra vi ba hoc bn cun sch
mi, thm vo b su tp 852 cun m ti ang c.
Mi ngy, ti li ngh ra mt tng cho mt d n khc hay mt tri nghim mi, v
ti li thm vo danh sch vn khng ngng di thm ca mnh c tn l mt ngy no
/c th. Ch nhn vo nhng vic m ti mun hc cch lm cng khin ti thy
chong ngp, v vy ti khng my khi nhn vo danh sch .
Ti mun hc cch pht trin cng ty xut bn ca mnh. Ti mun hc cch quay v
bin tp video. Ti mun sn xut c mt chng trnh pht thanh. Ti mun hc cch
t chc nhng bui tho lun v ging dy tt hn.
Ti c nhng tng cho sn phm mi, nhng ti khng bit lm th no pht
trin n. Ti c cc tng v chng trnh my tnh mi, nhng ti khng bit lm th
no to ra chng. Ti c nhiu tng vit lch trong u hn l thi gian v nng
lng vit ra.
Ti mun hc cch v. Ti mun hc cch cho thuyn kayak. Ti mun hc cch cu
c bng rui nhn to. Ti mun hc leo ni. Ti mun c th chi c ghi ta, n
ukulele, piano v violin in.
C nhng tr chi ti thch trong nhiu nm nh tr c vy, nhng ti vn cha hc
c cch chi. C nhng tr chi ti bit cch chi nh c tng, nhng ti khng
thc s gii, v vy nhng tr khng th v lm, v ti khng chi chng thng xuyn.

Ti thch tng chi gn, nhng trn no ti chi cng u ha thnh tr ci cho
mi ngi. (Ti thng ni rng ti chi gn ma-ra-tng v khi nh c 18 l, ti
chy c c mt vng ma-ra-tng.)
C v nh mi ngy ti li thm mt s k nng mi vo danh sch nhng vic ti
mun mnh c th lm c danh sch di v tn. Khi c qu nhiu th cn hc, ti s
c t thi gian hn.
V bn cht, ti l ngi thch t mnh lm vic ca mnh. Nu c vic g cn lm, ti
mun t mnh lm hn l nh ngi khc gip . Ngay c khi ngi khc c th lm vic
nhanh hn hoc tt hn ti, ti cng khng n tc mt ci th hc tri nghim
ca bn thn.
lm cho mi vic phc tp hn, Kelsey, v ti, cn m mt cng ty ring, cung cp
cc kha o to lin tc cho nhng ging vin dy yoga. Cng ty mang li li ch cho c
hai chng ti, v th lun c rt nhiu vic cn phi lm.
cuc sng tr nn th v hn, chng ti cho n thnh vin mi ca gia nh,
con gi Lela. Lela mi c chn thng tui khi ti vit cun sch ny.
Trc khi c Lela, ti v Kelsey thng nht, nu c con, chng ti mun t vic t
mnh nui con ln hng u. Mt trong nhng l do chnh khin ti t b cng vic qun
l trc y ca mnh ti mt tp on thuc danh sch Fortune 500 l c th lm vic
linh hot nh, t t lch trnh cho mnh, v dnh cng nhiu thi gian cng tt bn gia
nh.
Ti v Kelsey cng chia s trch nhim lm cha m. V c hai chng ti u lm vic
ti nh nn Kelsey lm vic bui sng khi ti chm sc Lela. Bui chiu, Kelsey trng con,
cn ti lm vic ti lc n ti. Nh vy ti c khong 25 ting lm vic mi tun, cha
k khong thi gian ti c th tranh th c khi Lela chp mt.
Sau khi Lela cho i, ti c cm gic ti khng c thi gian lm vic, ni g ti
chuyn hc thm k nng mi. Vi mt ngi nghin hc nh ti, l c mt vn bc
xc.
Ti khng mun t b vic hc v hon thin bn thn, k c khi c nhng trng trch
mi. Ti khng c nhiu thi gian rnh, nhng ti sn sng u t nhng g ti c theo
cch thng minh nht c th.14
chnh l l do khin ti quan tm ti vic hc k nng nhanh: Phng php hc k
nng mi mt cch nhanh chng.
Ti mun tip tc hc thm cc k nng, nhng ti khng mun qu trnh ko di
mi. Ti mun nm bt c cc im mu cht mt cch nhanh chng c th tin b
vt bc m khng phi cm thy tht vng thng xuyn .

Ti tin l bn c th hiu c. Bn c bao nhiu thi gian rnh mi ngy sau khi
hon thnh cng vic v ngha v vi gia nh? Bn c cm thy bn cn 36 n 48 ting
mt ngy cui ngy mi c thi gian ngi xung hc mt th g mi m?
C mt cu ni th ny: Hy lm vic theo cch thng minh hn, ng lm vic chm
ch hn. iu ny c ngha l qu trnh hc k nng thc ra khng phi l s gi bn
dnh cho n m l iu bn thu lm c t qung thi gian .

ng v vn qu, Malcolm Gladwell

Nm 2008, Malcolm Gladwell vit cun sch Nhng k xut chng. Trong cun sch ,
tc gi c gng gii thch l do khin mt s ngi thnh cng hn nhng ngi khc.
Mt trong nhng tng m Gladwell nhc i nhc li l nguyn tc 10.000 gi.
Da trn nghin cu ca tin s K. Anders Ericsson ca i hc bang Florida, t c
biu hin xut chng cn 10.000 gi (bnh qun) luyn tp.
10.000 gi tng ng vi 8 gi luyn tp mi ngy trong khong ba nm ri lin
tc, khng ngng ngh, khng c cui tun v cng khng c ngh l. So vi tiu chun
260 ngy lm vic mt nm khng gin on th khong thi gian tng ng vi
mt cng vic ton thi gian trong gn 5 nm. l trong trng hp bn dnh 100% thi
gian v tn dng 100% nng lng cng n lc ca mnh.
Trn thc t, cp tp trung ch ny thc s l mt th thch. Ngay c nhng
ngi thuc ng cp th gii trong nhiu lnh vc cnh tranh gay gt (v d nh trong
m nhc v th thao chuyn nghip) cng ch c th tp trung nng lng trong khong
ba ting ri luyn tp mi ngy. iu c ngha l c th mt c thp k hoc
nhiu thi gian hn na pht trin mt k nng ti mc thnh tho.
Nghin cu ca tin s Ericsson ch ra rng, v bn cht, nu bn mun thnh tho
mt k nng mi, bn s phi tri qua mt qu trnh di. tr thnh ngi gii nht th
gii v bt c vic g cng i hi nhiu nm luyn tp khng ngng ngh. Nu bn khng
chu b thi gian v cng sc, bn s ch lun theo sau v b lu m bi nhng ngi .
Nhng k xut chng lt vo danh sch nhng cun sch bn chy nht v nm trong
danh sch ny sut ba thng. Ch qua mt m, nguyn tc 10.000 gi c mt khp
mi ni.
Khng nhng phi dnh thi gian luyn tp gi bn cn phi b ra 10.000 gi
na? Hu ht chng ta u t cho mnh l ngi may mn nu c th dnh ra vi ting
mi tun. Vy th ti sao phi quan tm ti vic b ra qu nhiu thi gian nh vy gii
mt vic g ?

i Cha i, hy nhn vo cng vic ca ti v tht vng i!

Trc khi t b ht hi vng, hy xt ti iu ny.
C mt phn trong nghin cu ca tin s Ericsson rt d b xem thng: l nghin
cu v biu hin mc chuyn gia. Nu bn mong mun tr thnh mt Tiger Woods
tip theo, c l bn cn phi dnh ra t nht 10.000 ting luyn tp bi bn v c h
thng tt c cc kha cnh ca gn. Hu ht cc gn th chuyn nghip u bt u chi
t khi cn nh v luyn tp khng ngng ngh trong t nht 17 nm. c th mang
ng cp th gii cn phi c thi gian.
Ngc li, chuyn g s xy ra nu thng gii PGA khng phi l mc tiu ca bn?
Chuyn g s xy ra nu bn ch mun chi gn tt c th chi thoi mi, khng
lm bn thn mt mt, c mt khong thi gian vui v v c c hi chin thng trong gii
u cc cu lc b a phng?
li l mt vn hon ton khc. Mun t ng cp th gii phi cn ti 10.000
gi n lc tp trung, nhng pht trin kh nng th hin tt v mc ch ring ca
bn thn th khng i hi phi u t nhiu nh th.
Ni vy khng c ngha l lm gim gi tr ca vic luyn tp bi bn m tin s
Ericsson cp: Luyn tp c mc ch v c h thng nhm ci thin k nng. Luyn
tp bi bn l ct li ca vic hc hi k nng. Vn l cn luyn tp bi bn n mc
no t c mc tiu ca bn. Thng th iu khng cn nhiu nh bn tng.

Cht lng, khng phi s lng

Tip nhn khi nim va l cha kha hc k nng nhanh. Trong cun sch ny,
chng ta s tho lun v vic pht trin kh nng, ch khng phi s thnh tho t
ng cp th gii. Chng ta s x l khc cua ca ng cong hc hnh v nn thng n
cng nhanh cng tt.
Hy 10.000 gi cho nhng ngi chuyn nghip. Chng ta s bt u vi 20 gi n
lc chuyn tm, tp trung, thng minh.
Chng ta ang nhm ti nhng kt qu m bn thn mong mun ch vi mt phn n
lc. C th bn s khng bao gi ginh c huy chng vng, nhng bn s t c
nhng phn thng bn quan tm trong thi gian ngn hn.
Nu cui cng bn quyt nh phi thnh tho k nng , bn s c c hi tt hn
thnh cng nu bn bt u vi 20 ting hc k nng nhanh. Bng cch bit bn thn
ang hng ti iu g, hc nhng nguyn tc c bn, luyn tp theo cch thng minh v
pht trin mt quy trnh luyn tp, bn s tin b nhanh hn v u n hn. Bn s t
c trnh chuyn gia trong thi gian k lc.

Th no l hc k nng nhanh?
Hc k nng nhanh l mt qu trnh mt cch chia nh k nng m bn ang c lm
ch thnh nhng phn nh nht c th, xc nh phn no l quan trng nht, sau ch
tm luyn tp phn trc tin. Ch n gin vy thi.
Hc k nng nhanh c bn bc chnh:

Chia nh k nng thnh nhng phn k nng nh nht c th;

Hc nhng phn k nng nh nht c th luyn tp theo cch thng minh v t

iu chnh trong sut qu trnh luyn tp;

Loi b nhng ro cn v mt sinh l, tinh thn v tnh cm xut hin trong qu trnh
luyn tp;

Luyn tp nhng phn k nng quan trng nht trong vng 20 ting l t nht.

Hc k nng nhanh khng phi l mn khoa hc thn tc. Ch n gin l bn quyt

nh iu cn luyn tp, tm ra cch tt nht luyn tp, dnh thi gian luyn tp,
sau luyn tp cho ti khi bn t c mc tiu ca mnh.
Chng c g thn k trong u ch l s n lc thng minh, c chin lc, c
u t vo vic bn quan tm m thi. Ch cn chun b mt cht, bn s c c nhng
k nng mi mt cch nhanh chng, tn t cng sc hn.
Ni nh vy khng c ngha l kt qu s c ngay lp tc. Khao kht mun c tha
mn ngay lp tc chnh l mt trong nhng l do chnh khin mi ngi khng hc c
k nng mi mt cch nhanh chng.

Quan nim sai trong Ma trn

Bn c nh cnh trong phim Ma trn khi Keanu Reeves m mt ra, chp mt vi ln v
th thm Ti bit Kung fu khng?
ng tic l ti phi ni cho bn bit: Hc k nng nhanh khng c ngha l nhanh
nh th.
Hollywood chi x chng ta mt v lin quan ti hc k nng nhanh. D chc chn
s tht tuyt nu c th hc cch iu khin mt chic trc thng Bell 212 trong vng 5
giy bng cch ti trc tip phn mm vo no chng ta, nhng khoa hc hin nay cn
cch xa khoa hc vin tng.

Cho ti khi iu ny tr thnh hin thc, nhanh c ngha l dnh thi gian t hn so
vi bnh thng hc mt k nng nu bn tri qua mt qu trnh ging nh hu ht
mi ngi: m m, lung tung v khng nht qun.
Mt trong nhng k nng chuyn nghip u tin m ti hc c l pht trin trang
web: c th xy dng nhng trang web hu ch, c cng dng. Bt u vi trang web c
bn Angelfire. com nm 1996, ti t hc cch c v vit HTML v CSS (ngn ng
chung ca web), s dng Adobe Photoshop chnh sa hnh nh, nh cu hnh my ch
web, v duy tr cc h thng h tr cng vic ca ti.
Ti khng c hc nhng vic t thi cp ba hay i hc. Mc d ti hon
thnh chng trnh c nhn chuyn ngnh h thng thng tin doanh nghip, nhng
nhng kin thc ti hc c trn ging ng hon ton khng ging vi nhng g ti
vn lm hng ngy.
Ti hc k nng pht trin web bng cch th ngu nhin v tm hiu trong qu
trnh thc hin. Mi khi gp mt cng ngh hoc cng c mi c th ci thin trang web
hoc lm gim khi lng cng vic ca ti, ti lin th nghim ngay. Sau mt khong
thi gian di, cc k nng ca ti u c ci thin.
Cch hc hi cc k nng pht trin web ngu hng ca ti ch phc v mt mc ch:
Ti c c mt cng vic da trn nhng k nng , v hin ti ti bn c cc
thng tin v web kim sng. Nhim v c hon thnh, nhn t mt gc no .
Mt khc, ti phi hc hi mi th mt cch kh khn. Bn chc chn c th t ti
trnh ca ti trong vng cha y 15 nm nu bn tip cn chng theo cch mang tnh
h thng. Nhng nu bn luyn tp nhng k nng ny mt cch thng minh, bn hon
ton c th t c trnh ngang nga ti trong vng mt thng.
chnh l iu ti mun ni khi s dng cm t hc k nng nhanh. Nu bn c th
hc hu ht nhng g ti bit v thit k web trong vng mt thng tp trung thay v 15
nm th l c mt s tin b r rt. iu cng hon ton c th xy ra.
Thi gian bn cn hc mt k nng mi ch yu ph thuc vo lng thi gian tp
trung m bn c th u t cho vic ch ng luyn tp v tri nghim thng minh, cng
nh ph thuc vo mc thnh tho m bn mong mun.
ng k vng s t c kt qu ch sau mt m. Bn ch nn k vng tng thi gian
bn cn u t cho vic hc s t hn so vi khi bn lao vo qu trnh hc m khng c
chin lc c th.
Trc khi chng ta khm ph phng php ny mt cch chi tit, c mt iu bn nn
bit: Hc k nng nhanh khng c im g chung vi hc cch hc trng. Hc thut
gn nh khng c g trng vi hc k nng, ch cha ni ti vic nhanh chng thnh tho
k nng .

Hc k nng so vi vic hc bnh thng

Cng nh rt nhiu hc sinh trung hc M, ti tng hc ngoi ng. Trong bn nm
lin, ngy no ti cng c mt lp hc ting Ty Ban Nha. im s ca ti rt cao, u
l im A.
Hin nay, ngoi mt s cu hola, cmo ests v muy bien, ti khng th ni chuyn
c vi mt ngi Ty Ban Nha bn x t cu mnh. (Ti thm ch cn khng bit
phi ni g nu ti c mt ngy ti t.)
Ngc li hon ton, bn ti, Carlos Miceli li trng thnh cng vi ting Ty Ban
Nha Argentina. Hi cp ba, Carlos mun ni ting Anh tri chy nn cu y quyt
nh s n lc ni chuyn vi ngi Anh bn x cng nhiu cng tt. Trong qu trnh
, cu y pht hin ra Skype v lp ra trang web ring ca mnh c th ni v vit
ting Anh thng xuyn.
Carlos cha bao gi theo mt kho hc no. Cu y cng hon ton khng bit cc quy
tc ng php ting Anh. Cu y cn khng th ni cho bn bit cu y bit ting Anh
mc no. iu qu thc khng quan trng. Quan trng l cu y c th vit v ni
ting Anh tri chy.
Tin s Stephen Krashen ca i hc Nam California l mt chuyn gia trong lnh vc
hc ngoi ng th hai. Mt trong nhng nhn nh chnh ca Krashen l hc hi, tip thu
ngoi ng, hon ton khc vi hc ngoi ng.
Khi cn i hc, ti hc rt nhiu ting Ty Ban Nha. Ti hc hng nghn t vng,
chia ng t v quy tc ng php. Ti hc tt ti mc bi kim tra no cng t im
rt cao.
Tuy nhin, nhng bi kim tra li chng lin quan g ti kh nng ca ti trong vic
luyn tp k nng ni ting Ty Ban Nha v hiu c nhng g ngi Ty Ban Nha ni
vi tc bnh thng ca h. Nu mc tiu ca ti l c th ni ting Ty Ban Nha tri
chy, th ch mt vi tun n lc ni chuyn vi ngi Ty Ban Nha chc chn s em li
kt qu tt hn nhiu so vi bn nm hc.
Nhng thi k , ni c ting Ty Ban Nha tri chy li khng phi l mc tiu ca
ti. Ti ch mun qua c k kim tra cui cng m thi. Ngc li, Carlos li khng n
lp m bt tay vo luyn tp. Thay v chia ng t, Carlos li luyn tp iu thc s quan
trng: Giao tip vi ngi khc bng ting Anh.
Xt t gc hiu qu v gi tr lu di th cch tip cn ca Carlos hn hn cch ca
ti. iu ny khng cn phi bn ci.

Gi tr ch thc ca vic hc

Ni nh vy khng c ngha l vic hc k nng m bn mun thnh tho khng quan

trng. Hc l iu quan trng, nhng khng phi theo cch bn ngh. Vic hc nhng
khi nim lin quan ti k nng gip bn t bin tp hoc t chnh sa khi bn ang
luyn tp.
Nu bn bit cch chia ng t trong ting Ty Ban Nha, bn c th d dng t chnh
sa cu ni ca bn hn khi bn ni chuyn vi ngi bn x. Nu bn hc cc t vng
thng dng, bn c th hiu r hn nhng g ngi bn a ni, ng thi nh c t
hoc cm t thch hp s dng khi b tc.
Tin s Krashen gi l gi thuyt gim st. Vic hc gip bn lp k hoch v thay
i bn thn trong khi luyn tp. chnh l l do ti sao vic hc li quan trng. Vn
ch ny sinh khi chng ta nhm ln gia vic hc vi vic hc hi k nng.
Nu bn mun thnh tho mt k nng mi, bn cn luyn tp n theo ng cnh.
Vic hc s h tr vic luyn tp, nhng khng th thay th cho vic luyn tp c. Nu
biu hin l iu quan trng th ch ring vic hc l khng bao gi .

Hc k nng vi rn luyn
C s khc bit ln gia hc k nng v rn luyn. Rn luyn, trong hon cnh ny, c
ngha l ci thin mt k nng m bn hc c thng qua vic lp i lp li k nng
. l vic xy ra sau khi bn hc c mt k nng c bn nu bn mun tip tc
tin b.
Ly vic chy vit d lm v d. Hu ht chng ta u hc c k nng chy t khi
cn nh. Ngoi vic t chn ny trc chn kia v chy cho ti khi cn mc 42 km, chng
c k nng no mi cn phi hc hi.
Tuy nhin, cn phi rt n lc mi c th tng cng sc khe v ci thin do dai
hon thnh phn chy vit d. Qu trnh tng cng v ci thin chnh l rn luyn.
Cng rn luyn nhiu, bn cng tr nn khe mnh v cng sm hon thnh phn chy
vit d.
Lin quan ti chy vit d cn c mt yu t na, l lm cch no ng k tham
gia cuc ua, lm th no tiu chun tham gia nhng s kin ln nh gii chy vit
d Boston.
Chng hn, mt vn nh nh ma st gia o v da bn s khng phi l vn ln
nu bn ch chy 5 km, nn hu ht nhng ngi chy u khng ln tn g v vn .
Nhng ma st s tr thnh vn ln nu bn chy khong 42 km.
Rn luyn v hc hi chc chn s gip cho vic hon thnh cuc ua tr nn d dng
hn, nhng khng phi l tip thu k nng. Nu khng tip thu k nng th vic rn
luyn l iu khng th v chng c ch g. Chun b v chm sc sc khe c th khin

cho vic tip thu k nng tr nn d dng hn, nhng hai vic khng th thay th c
vic rn luyn.
Tuy nhin, hc li cch chy cp c bn l tip thu k nng. Nhng th thut nh
chy b kh cng (Chirunning) gip ngi chy hc c k nng di chuyn theo cch ti
thiu ha sc lc v trnh mt khi tin v pha trc gia cc bc si. Luyn tp mt
cht, ngi chy c th hc c k nng ct li ca vic chy v iu ny s c cng c
khi rn luyn sau ny.

Tip thu k nng vi gio dc v o to

Bt chp nhng n lc cao thng ca cc gio vin v gio s trn khp th gii, nhng
phng php gio dc v o to hin i li chng c tc ng g ti vic tip thu k
nng.
Tip thu k nng i hi phi rn luyn k nng . Vic ny yu cu phi c nhng
giai on chuyn tm tp trung v ko di. N i hi tnh sng to, linh ng v t do
hnh thnh tiu chun thnh cng ca bn thn bn.
ng tic l hu ht phng php gio dc v o to hin i nht ch yu cu vic
tun th n gin. Mc tiu chnh khng phi l tip thu c nhng k nng hu ch,
m l chng thc vic hon thnh b tiu chun ty tin nht, c hnh thnh bi
nhng y ban tiu chun, v mc tiu thng qua mt s phm cht nht nh m mt vi
bn th ba no c v quan tm.
Sng to, linh ng v t do th nghim cc yu t quan trng ca vic tip thu k
nng nhanh li mu thun vi qu trnh o to. Nu cc tiu chun qu linh ng, th
chng khng phi l cc tiu chun, ng khng no?
ng tic l gio dc v o to kht khe c th ngn chn ng k vic tip thu k
nng. Vn chnh l chi ph c hi: Nu iu kin cn thit c o to li kht khe
ti mc lm gim kh nng dnh thi gian rn luyn k nng theo yu cu, th qu trnh
o to li bt cp hi.
Ly mt ngi thng minh, c ng lc v quan tm ti vic hnh thnh mt cng ty
phn mm lm v d. Vic hon thnh tm bng c nhn v khoa hc my tnh ti mt
trng i hc danh gi thng mt t nht bn nm.
Cui giai on bn nm, anh chng sinh vin mi tt nghip ny b ra hng nghn
gi hc thut ton v phn tch cc trnh bin dch(1) vt qua hng chc k thi, nhng
vn khng h gn mc tiu thnh lp cng ty phn mm ca mnh. Anh chng sinh vin
ng thng ny ca chng ta ghi nh c rt nhiu th v lp trnh my tnh, t nht
l tm thi, nhng vn khng bit lm th no to ra c mt chng trnh my tnh
m mi ngi thy hu dng, ng mua.

Vic hnh thnh mt cng ty phn mm i hi phi tip thu nhng k nng mi: hc
ngn ng lp trnh, thit lp v duy tr h thng my tnh, tm kim cc cng c v
chng trnh sn c, to mu th nghim, tm kim ngi s dng ban u, tm ngun
ti tr cn thit v x l nhng nhim v hnh chnh doanh nghip thng thng.
C s chng cho no gia vic hnh thnh mt doanh nghip v vic c c mt
chng ch gio dc khng? Chc chn l c. Nhng cn phi lu l: Hu ht n lc ca
vic c c chng ch u c dnh cho qu trnh p ng cc yu cu. Liu nhng yu
cu c gip bn t c nhng k nng cn c tn ti c trong th gii thc hay
khng li l mi quan tm th ba.
Trong cun sch u tin ca ti, MBA c nhn: Bc thy ngh thut kinh doanh (The
Personal MBA: Master the Art of Business) (2010), ti gii thch ti sao ti quyt nh
b chng trnh o to i hc v kinh doanh t hc nhng nguyn tc v thc t
kinh doanh hin i v xy dng cng ty ring ca mnh. Bng cch khng hc trng
kinh doanh v dnh thi gian gy dng doanh nghip thc s, ti hc c rt
nhiu v tit kim c 150.000 la trong sut c qu trnh. Xt t vic ti mun hon
thnh, vic dnh thi gian t mnh tip thu nhng k nng kinh doanh cn hiu qu
v tt hn vic ti hc trng kinh doanh.
Nu bn mun lm tt bt c vic g coi trng biu hin thc t, th bn cn phi rn
luyn k nng trong bi cnh thc t. Ch hc thi th khng bao gi .

Sinh l thn kinh v k nng: Tnh mm do ca no b v b

nh c bp
Mt iu cui cng trc khi chng ta bc vo tm hiu chi tit v tip thu k nng
nhanh: Bn phi nhn thc c l bn c kh nng hc k nng mi.
iu ny c v k cc, nhng tht d tin rng cc k nng ca bn l c nh rng
bn gii, c ti nng, hoc c nng khiu v vic g hoc khng.
Trong cun T duy: Tn tm l hc v thnh cng (Mindset: The New Psychology of
Success) (2007), nh tm l hc Carol Dweck trch dn phn ln ni dung ca mt
nghin cu ch ra rng, cc c nhn thng c mt trong hai cch nhn nhn tr c ca h
lm vic nh th no.
Theo tin s Dweck, nhng ngi c t duy c nh cho rng k nng v ti nng l
nhng th mang tnh bm sinh, rng con ngi sinh ra c mt s kh nng nht nh.
Nu ngi c t duy c nh khng gii ton th c n lc luyn ton th no cng ch l
s lng ph. Sao phi bn tm khi bn khng bao gi c th gii (ton) c nh?
Ngc li, nhng ngi c t duy pht trin li cho rng, k nng v ti nng s pht
trin cng vi s rn luyn v tnh kin nhn. Nu mt ngi c t duy pht trin lm sai

mt vi php ton, iu khng c ngha l bi v h khng c ti nng ton hc, m ch

l h cha rn luyn . Vi s rn luyn v bn b, vic h c th lm ch k thut ch
l vn thi gian.
C tin tt cho bn y, nu bn thuc nhm nhng ngi c t duy c nh: C nghin
cu ch ra rng, tt c cc b no u c kh nng ci thin k nng v kh nng thng
qua vic rn luyn. Khuynh hng di truyn c tn ti, nhng ch l th yu so vi sc
mnh ca vic rn luyn mt cch thng minh, c tp trung. Bn c th ci thin bt c
k nng no, min l bn sn sng rn luyn.
No b ca con ngi c tnh mm do thut ng c cc nh khoa hc v thn
kinh s dng ch vic b no c th thay i v mt vt l phn ng vi mi trng,
hnh ng v h qu ca nhng hnh ng . Khi bn hc bt k k nng mi no, d l
k nng vt l hay tinh thn, th h thn kinh trong no b ca bn cng thay i khi bn
rn luyn k nng .
Theo li tin s John Medina (Quy lut ca b no (Brain Ruler), 2009) th n-ron
hnh thnh cng nhau s kch thch ln nhau, to thnh nhng kiu mi c o trong
vng trn vt l ca no b. Theo thi gian, cc n-ron ca bn bt u kch thch theo
cch hiu qu hn phn ng vi nhng phn hi bn nhn c t mi trng ca
mnh khi rn luyn.
Nu bn lm vic v k nng ng (ngha l k nng lin quan ti chuyn ng), th
lc u bn s thy kh d dt v chm chp. Bn phi ngh v mi vic bn ang lm, v
bn thng phm phi nhng sai lm kh chu. Hc nhng iu c bn l mt cuc vt
ln khng ngng ngh.
Khi bn rn luyn, s phi hp gia cc c s tr nn t ng v ng b vi cc qu
trnh tinh thn ca bn. Bn c c kh nng tp trung tt hn i vi nhng yu t
khng d pht hin trong vic bn ang lm, v bn hc c phng php iu chnh
cch tip cn i vi nhng phn hi bn nhn c t mi trng.
Bn bt u lm nhng vic pht huy tc dng nhiu hn v lm nhng vic khng
pht huy tc dng t i. Cui cng, bn c th thc hin m khng cn ch ti mi chi
tit.
Theo ngn ng hc thut, qu trnh ph bin ny c gi l hc k nng theo m
hnh ba giai on, v n c ng dng cho c cc k nng v mt th cht v tinh thn.
Ba giai on l:
1. Giai on nhn thc (ban u) hiu vic bn ang c gng lm, nghin cu,
ngh v qu trnh v chia nh cc k nng thnh nhng phn c th x l c.
2. Giai on lin tng (trung gian) rn luyn nhim v, ch ti phn hi ca
mi trng v iu chnh cch tip cn ca bn da trn nhng phn hi .

3. Giai on t qun (sau cng) thc hin k nng mt cch hiu qu v thnh
tho m khng cn suy ngh hoc cn nhc mt cch khng cn thit ti qu trnh.
Qu trnh tip thu k nng thn kinh hc ny xy ra mi lc, ngay c khi bn ang
c cu ny. Khng c ci gi l no ngng tr. No ca bn lun hc hi, m ha v cng
c cc k nng mi.
Nh tin s Dweck ni trong cun T duy (Mindset) th: No bn cng ging nh
mt loi c, bn cng dng nhiu th n cng pht trin. Bn cng luyn tp nhiu th k
nng ca bn cng nhanh nhy, hiu qu v t ng.
qu thc l mt tin tuyt vi i vi vic tip thu k nng. Nu tm tr v c th
bn c th hc hi biu hin theo nhng cch mi v tt hn, th chng ta c th xc
nh c cch y nhanh qu trnh .

2
Mi nguyn tc hc k nng nhanh
Ti nhn ra rng tr thnh bc thy v karate khng phi l hc 4.000 th
m l thc hin mt s th 4.000 ln.
CHET HOLMES, tc gi cun C my bn hng cui cng

By gi chng ta bit r tip thu k nng c ngha l g. Hy cng kim tra xem lm
cch no thc hin c iu mt cch nhanh chng. Ni dung ca chng ny l
gip bn c c mt bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra khi tip thu bt c k nng
mi no.
Ti nhn thy tht hu ch khi cho rng nhng nguyn tc ny l cch nui cy
m nh tm thi. Tip thu k nng nhanh din ra t nhin khi bn t m v quan tm
ti iu g ti mc, nhng quan tm khc u b gt qua mt bn, t nht l tm thi.
Hy ngh v nhng nguyn tc ny nh cch xc nh mt k nng ng m nh
tm thi, tp trung vo k nng , gt ht nhng ro cn hoc nhng iu gy xao nhng
khin bn khng rn luyn hiu qu c.
Di y l 10 nguyn tc chnh ca vic tip thu k nng nhanh:
1. Chn mt d n ng yu.
2. Tp trung nng lng ca bn vo ch mt k nng.
3. Xc nh mc thnh tho m bn mong mun.
4. Chia k nng thnh nhng k nng nh hn.
5. Tm c nhng cng c then cht.
6. Loi b nhng ro cn luyn tp.
7. Dnh thi gian chuyn tm luyn tp.
8. To vng phn hi nhanh.
9. Luyn tp tnh gi.

10. Nhn mnh s lng v tc .

Nhiu nguyn tc trong s ny i vi bn l bnh thng v n. Hy nh: Ch bit
nhng nguyn tc ny thi th cha . Bn cn phi thc s s dng chng gt hi
c thnh qu.

1. Chn mt d n ng yu
Karl Popper l mt trong nhng trit gia v i nht ca th k XX. ng l ngi ph
bin tng c th chng minh mt iu g l sai mt cch khoa hc. Theo thut ng
chuyn mn, nu bn khng th chng minh c iu g l sai bng cch quan st
hoc th nghim th khng phi l khoa hc tht s.
Popper ni rt nhiu iu thng thi, nhng ti ngh mt trong nhng cu ni thng
thi nht ca ng l: iu tuyt vi nht c th xy n vi con ngi l tm thy vn ,
phi lng vn v sng ch c gng gii quyt vn , tr khi c mt vn
khc cn ng yu hn xut hin.
Nu bn mun c mt cng thc sng tha mn, hiu qu, th bn khng c i
ngc vi cu ni .
Tip thu k nng nhanh i hi phi chn c mt vn hoc mt d n ng yu.
Bn cng hng khi vi k nng bn mun hc bao nhiu th bn cng nhanh hc c k
nng .
Trong thc t, tm c mt d n ng yu l vn mang tnh c nhn. Chng hn,
hc ni v vit ting Trung ph thng khng nm trong danh sch nhng k nng cn hc
hin ti ca ti, v ti khng c nhu cu cp bch phi hc ngay lc ny, v cn rt nhiu
d n khc m ti quan tm hn. Nu ti quyt nh chuyn sang hc k nng ni ting
Trung ph thng trong tng lai, th iu c th tr nn ng yu, nhng ti vn cha
quyt nh.
Mt khc, ti c bit quan tm ti vic hc cch chi c vy, tr chi trn bn c
chin lc c nht th gii, c ngun gc t Trung Quc hn 3.000 nm trc. l mt
tr chi tuyt vi, v ti mun hc cch chi t khi ti v tnh bit ti tr chi ny vi
nm trc.
Hc cch chi c vy i hi phi tm hiu. Lut chi rt n gin, nhng c chnh
xc nhng kiu suy lun ca nhng qun c en v trng trn bn c li l c mt th
thch. My tnh thng tr c nhiu nm nay, nhng ngay c nhng chic my tnh tt
nht cng gp kh khn khi u vi mt ngi chi c vy nhiu kinh nghim.
Bnh thng, vi nhng vic bn quan tm, bn s hc nhanh hn nhng vic bn
khng quan tm. Gn y ti c bit quan tm ti vic hc cch chi c vy, v th ti s

hc cch chi c vy trc, v dnh ting Trung ph thng li hc sau.

Nu bn tp trung vo vic hc k nng quan trng nht (ngha l d n bn yu thch
nht) trc nhng vic khc, bn s hc c k nng nhanh hn trong khong thi
gian ngn hn.

2. Tp trung nng lng ca bn vo ch mt k nng

Mt trong nhng sai lm d mc phi nht khi hc k nng mi l bn c gng hc qu
nhiu k nng cng mt lc.
Vn ch l mt bi ton n gin: Hc k nng mi i hi phi dnh thi gian
tp trung v chuyn tm ch . Nu bn ch c mt hoc hai ting mi ngy rn luyn
v hc hi, v bn dng khong thi gian v nng lng cho 20 k nng khc nhau th
chc chn khng c k nng no c nhn thi gian v nng lng t c tin
b ng k.
Mt s ngi kh tip thu c nguyn tc ny hn so vi nhng ngi khc. C nhn
ti lun l mt kiu ngi Phc hng: C hng trm th thuc hng trm lnh vc khc
nhau m ti mun hc ti mt thi im no . V mt tnh cm, tht kh ti c th
quyt nh tr hon hc nhng iu mi m ti khm ph hoc nghe ni.
Tuy nhin, khi ti c gng hc tt c mi th cng mt lc, ti li khng thc s hc
c g. Thay v tin b, ti li mt qu nhiu thi gian chuyn gia cc k nng khc
nhau, bi ri v chuyn sang mt vic g khc. chnh l cng thc tip thu k
nng cc k chm.
Hy chn mt v ch mt k nng mi m bn mun hc. Hy dnh ton b nng
lng cng s tp trung ca bn vo vic hc hi k nng , v gt nhng k nng khc
sang ch ch. David Allen, tc gi cun hon thnh vic (Getting Things Done)
(2002), gi lp danh sch mt ngy no /c l danh sch nhng vic bn mun
khm ph mt lc no trong tng lai, nhng cha quan trng bn tp trung vo
chng ngay lc ny. Bng cch thm mt vic vo danh sch , bn s tm thi gii
phng bn thn khi trch nhim hnh ng hay suy ngh v tng cho ti khi bn
quyt nh chuyn n sang trng thi hot ng.
Ti khng th nhn mnh ngha l g. Tp trung vo ch mt k nng quan trng l
vic v cng cn thit i vi vic hc k nng nhanh. Bn khng vnh vin t b nhng
k nng khc, ch l bn dnh chng cho sau ny m thi.

3. Xc nh mc thnh tho m bn mong mun

Mc thnh tho mong mun l cm t n gin. nh ngha tt c ngha l g.
Bn mun th hin k nng m bn ang hc tt ti mc no?

Mc thnh tho mong mun l cu khng nh ngn gn v vic bn mun thnh

tho k nng mc no. Hy ngh v n nh mt cu miu t v iu bn ang c
t c, v iu bn c th lm khi t c. Mc thnh tho mong mun ca bn
cng chi tit, c th bao nhiu th cng tt by nhiu.
Vic xc nh mc thnh tho gip bn tng tng ra s nh th no khi th hin
theo mt cch c th no . Mt khi bn quyt nh c chnh xc bn mun hoc
cn phi tt ti mc no, th s d hn xc nh lm cch no t c nh vy. Ni
nh Charles Kettering, nh pht minh h thng khi ng t in, th: Mt vn khi
c xc nh r rng c ngha l c gii quyt mt na.
Cch bn xc nh mc thnh tho mong mun ph thuc vo nguyn nhn ban
u bn chn hc k nng . Nu mc ch ca bn ch l hc cho vui, th mc tiu ca
bn l khi bn khng cn cm thy kh chu v bt u thy thch vic rn luyn. Nu
mc ch ca bn l thnh tho, th mc thnh tho ti thiu ban u m bn c
th chp nhn c l nh th no?
Khi bn t c mc thnh tho mong mun ban u, bn vn c th chn
tip tc nu bn mun. Mc thnh tho mong mun tt nht c v nh nm ngoi
tm vi, ch khng phi nm ngoi kh nng c th.
V mt nguyn tc, mc thnh tho mc tiu ca bn cng thoi mi, bn cng
nhanh chng hc c k nng . Nu bn t duy theo t duy ca bc thy th gii, th
c v nh l mt tiu xo: Bn ang h thp ro cn bn c th thng nhanh hn,
ng khng?
chnh xc l iu chng ta ang lm, v khng phi l tiu xo g. Hy nh, trnh
bc thy th gii khng phi l mc tiu cui cng ca vic hc k nng nhanh. Chng ta
ang nhm ti kh nng tip thu v hiu qu vi tc ln nht, ch khng phi nhm
ti s hon ho.
Quan trng l phi nh rng mt s k nng c lu v an ton m bn nn a
vo mc thnh tho mc tiu ca mnh. B thng (hoc mt mng) v hc k nng
mi c th hy b mc ch.

4. Phn chia k nng thnh nhng k nng nh

Hu ht nhng vic m chng ta cho l k nng thc ra u l mt nhm nhng k nng
nh hn. Mt khi bn xc nh c mt k nng tp trung, bc tip theo l ph
v n chia nh n thnh nhng phn nh nht c th. Chng hn, chi gn l k nng
c nhiu chi tit ph: Chn ng gy, pht bng, nh ra ngoi h ct
Mt khi k nng c ph v ph hp, s d dng hn nhiu xc nh k nng
nh no l quan trng nht. Bng cch tp trung vo nhng k nng nh quan trng

trc, bn s nhanh chng tin b m khng cn phi tn nhiu cng sc.

Vic chia nh mt k nng cng gip bn d dng trnh c cm gic qu ti. Bn
khng phi luyn tp tt c cc phn ca mt k nng cng mt lc. Thay vo , s hiu
qu hn nhiu nu tp trung vo nhng k nng nh c th em li kt qu tng th kh
quan hn.
Vic chia nh k nng trc khi bt u cng gip bn xc nh nhng phn k nng
khng quan trng i vi ngi mi bt u luyn tp. Bng cch loi b k nng nh
hoc nhng th thut khng quan trng ngay t u qu trnh, bn c th u t nhiu
thi gian v nng lng cho vic hc nhng k nng nh quan trng trc.

5. Tm c nhng cng c then cht

Hu ht cc k nng u c nhng iu kin tin quyt luyn tp v thc hnh. Tht
kh chi qun vt nu bn khng c vt, hoc kh c th hc li trc thng nu bn
khng c tip cn vi mt chic trc thng.
Bn cn phi tip cn vi cng c, yu t hoc mi trng no trc khi c th luyn
tp hiu qu? Lm cch no bn c th c c nhng cng c tt nht m bn c th
tm thy v c kh nng mua?
Dnh mt cht thi gian xc nh nhng cng c cn thit trc khi bt u luyn
tp s gip bn tit kim c thi gian qu bu. Bng cch m bo bn c nhng
ngun lc cn thit trc khi bt u, bn c th ti a ha thi gian luyn tp ca mnh.

6. Loi b nhng ro cn luyn tp

C rt nhiu th c th cn tr vic luyn tp ca bn, khin cho vic hc bt k k nng
no cng tr nn kh khn hn nhiu. Nhng ro cn ny c th l:

N lc luyn tp trc. Chng hn nh s dng cng c khng ng ch, khng tm

c ng cng c trc khi luyn tp, hoc b qua vic xy dng cc iu kin cn
thit.

S dng ngun gin on, ngt qung. Chng hn nh s dng thit b i mn

hoc ph thuc vo ngun c thi gian vn hnh hn ch.

Nhng iu gy xao lng. Chng hn nh ti vi, in thoi ku, email n.

Ro cn tm l. Chng hn nh s hi, nghi ng v xu h.

Mi mt yu t ny u c th khin cho vic bt u luyn tp kh khn hn, v t

gim tc hc hi ca bn.
Da vo sc mnh tinh thn vt qua nhng ro cn ny l mt chin lc chc
chn tht bi. Chng ta c rt nhiu sc mnh tinh thn c th s dng mi ngy, v
s l tt nht nu s dng sc mnh tinh thn mt cch thng minh.
Cch tt nht u t sc mnh tinh thn vo vic h tr vic tip thu k nng l s
dng n loi b nhng ro cn nh nhng i vi vic luyn tp. Bng cch sp xp li
mi trng ca bn khin cho vic bt u luyn tp d dng nht c th, bn s hc
c k nng trong khong thi gian t hn rt nhiu.

7. Dnh thi gian chuyn tm luyn tp

Thi gian bn dnh hc hi mt k nng mi cn phi ly t u . ng bun l
chng ta thng mun hc k nng mi v tip tc thc hin nhiu hot ng khc m
chng ta thch, nh xem ti vi, chi tr chi in t
Ti s hc khi ti tm c thi gian, chng ta thng t ni vi mnh nh vy.
S tht l y: tm c thi gian l chuyn hoang ng.
Cha c ai tng tm c thi gian cho bt c vic g, theo ngha bt ng pht hin ra
mt ngn hng thi gian c bit, kiu nh bn tnh c nht c t 20 la trong ti o
khoc ca mnh vy.
Nu bn ch tm c thi gian lm vic g , th bn s khng bao gi lm c
vic . Nu bn mun tm c thi gian, bn cn phi to ra thi gian.
Bn c 24 ting u t mi ngy, 1.440 pht, khng hn khng km. Bn s khng
bao gi c nhiu thi gian hn. Nu bn ng khong 8 ting mt ngy, bn cn 16 ting
ty s dng. Mt vi ting trong s s c dng chm sc bn thn bn v
nhng ngi bn thng yu. S khc c dnh lm vic. Cn li l thi gian bn c
hc k nng. Nu bn mun ci thin k nng ca mnh nhanh nht c th, th bn c
th dnh thi gian hc cng nhiu cng tt.
Cch tt nht to ra thi gian hc k nng l xc nh khong thi gian t gi tr s
dng, sau chn cch loi b chng. Ging nh lm th nghim, ti ngh nn c mt
bng theo di n gin, ghi li cch bn s dng thi gian trong vi ngy. Tt c nhng g
bn cn ch l mt cun s.
Kt qu ca bng theo di thi gian ny s lm bn bt ng: nu bn chn ct b
nhng khong thi gian t gi tr s dng, bn s c thm nhiu thi gian hc k nng.
Thi gian bn c th dnh ra mi ngy cng nhiu th tng thi gian cn phi b ra hc
k nng mi cng t. Ti khuyn khch nn to ra t nht 90 pht luyn tp mi ngy

bng cch ct b cng nhiu hot ng t gi tr cng tt.

Ti cng khuyn khch bn nn cam kt trc l s hon thnh t nht 20 ting luyn
tp. Mt khi bt u, bn cn tip tc luyn tp cho ti khi t ti mc 20 gi. Nu
bn b kt, hy tip tc thc hin: Bn khng th dng cho ti khi bn t c mc
thnh tho mong mun hoc (cho ti khi) u t 20 ting. Nu bn khng sn sng
u t t nht 20 ting th hy chn k nng khc hc.
L do ca vic ny rt n gin: Giai on u ca qu trnh hc k nng thng c
cm gic kh hn so vi kh thc s ca chng. Bn thng bi ri, v s vp phi
nhng vn cng ro cn khng mong mun. Thay v t b khi bn vp phi kh khn
n gin nht, vic cam kt trc s dnh ra 20 ting s khin cho vic kin nh vi con
ng bn chn tr nn n gin hn.
Hy ngh v cch tip cn ny nh mt bi tp v tnh gan gc: Bn s khng mt
vn nh xu, ng ngn ngn cn bn lm vic bn quyt nh l mnh thc s mun
lm. Hoc l bn s gii quyt vn , hoc l bn s lm ht sc cho ti khi t mc 20
ting. n lc , bn s vo v tr tt hn quyt nh s tip tc nh th no.

8. To vng phn hi nhanh

Phn hi nhanh ngha l nhn thng tin chnh xc v cch bn biu hin nhanh nht c
th. Thi gian nhn phn hi chnh xc cng chm th thi gian hc k nng cng lu.
Chng hn, ly ngh thut lm pho mt l v d. Thng phi mt c thng hoc c
nm hon thnh qu trnh ha hc tinh vi nhm to ra pho mt nguyn cht, v khng
c cch no y nhanh qu trnh m khng lm hng kt qu. Nu phi mt su
thng xc nh pho mt ca bn c ngon hay khng, th s chm tr trong phn hi
khin cho vic hc k nng nhanh tr nn kh khn hn.
Theo l t nhin, phn hi nhanh s dn ti vic hc k nng nhanh. Nu phn hi
n ngay lp tc, hoc ch chm tr mt cht, th s d dng hn rt nhiu kt ni
thng tin vi hnh ng ca bn v a ra nhng iu chnh thch hp.
Hnh thc phn hi tt nht l gn nh ngay lp tc. chnh l l do ti sao nhng
k nng nh lp trnh c th tr thnh cht gy nghin m du nh vy: Bn to ra mt
thay i nh, v ch mt phn nghn giy sau my tnh c th cho bn bit thay i
c tc dng hay khng. Nu bn khng thch phn hi, hy to ra thay i mi v th li.
C rt nhiu ngun phn hi hu ch. Nh Atul Gawande, bc s phu thut k cu v
mt ngi chi qun vt khng chuyn, gii thch trong mt bi bo ng trn t The
New Yorker th nhng hun luyn vin v ngi hng dn c kinh nghim c th cho
bn nhng phn hi ngay lp tc v cch bn ang biu hin v gi cch iu chnh cn
thit.

Hun luyn vin khng phi l ngun phn hi nhanh duy nht. Nhng thit b ghi
hnh nh my quay phim cng c th gip bn xem li hnh nh ca mnh khi bn thc
hin k nng. Nhng cng c nh chng trnh my tnh, thit b h tr o to v cc
thit b khc c th ngay lp tc ch cho bn bit khi no bn mc sai lm hoc c iu g
khng thch hp.
Ngun phn hi nhanh m bn tch hp vo qu trnh luyn tp ca bn cng nhiu
th bn cng nhanh hc c k nng.

9. Luyn tp tnh gi
B no ca chng ta c hnh thnh hc ch cc kiu mu, kch thch nhng
hnh ng tim nng v xc nh iu g c th xy ra tip theo. No b khng phi c
hnh thnh c lng chnh xc thi gian phi mt bao lu cho vic g hoc bn
phi dnh bao nhiu thi gian lm vic g .
Trong giai on u ca qu trnh luyn tp k nng mi, rt d nh gi qu cao
lng thi gian bn dnh ra luyn tp. Khi bn khng gii (v bn bit iu ),
thi gian dng nh di l th, v c v nh bn luyn tp c mt qung thi gian
lu hn so vi thi gian thc t bn b ra.
Gii php cho vic ny l luyn tp tnh gi. Hy mua mt thit b m ngc t t v
hn thi gian m ngc trong 20 pht. Ch c mt nguyn tc l mt khi bn bt u
tnh gi, bn cn phi luyn tp cho ti khi ht gi. Khng c ngoi l.
Th thut n gin ny s gip cho vic hon thnh nhng thi k luyn tp di hi
tr nn d dng hn, ngay c khi bn mt mi hoc chn nn.
Thi k luyn tp bn hon thnh c cng nhiu th vic hc k nng ca bn cng
nhanh hn. Hy dnh thi gian luyn tp t ba n nm ln mi ngy, v bn s thy
bn thn tin b trong mt thi gian rt ngn.

10. Nhn mnh s lng v tc

Khi bt u hc mt k nng mi, bn s b thi thc phi tp trung vo vic luyn tp
tht hon ho y chnh l cng thc to ra s tht vng. Tt nhin l biu hin ca
bn s chng th no gn ti mc hon ho c.
Thay v c gng tr nn hon ho, hy tp trung vo vic luyn tp cng nhiu, cng
nhanh cng tt, trong khi vn duy tr c mc tt.
Trong cun Ngh thut v ni s (Art & Fear) (2001), hai tc gi David Bayles v Ted
Orland chia s mt giai thoi rt th v v gi tr ca s lng:

Trong ngy khai ging, thy gio dy lm gm tuyn b s chia lp thnh hai
nhm. ng ni, tt c nhng ngi pha bn tri ca xng lm gm s
c nh gi cn c vo s lng sn phm m h lm ra, cn tt c nhng
ngi bn phi s c nh gi da trn cht lng sn phm.
Phng php ca ng rt n gin: Vo ngy kt thc kha hc, ng s em
theo chic cn v cn thnh qu ca nhm s lng: 25 cn t im A, 20
cn t im B, Tuy nhin, nhm c nh gi da vo cht lng ch
cn lm ra c mt chic bnh mt chic hon ho t c im A.
n lc xp hng c mt chuyn k l xy ra: Nhng tc phm t cht
lng cao nht u l tc phm ca nhm c nh gi da trn s lng.
C v nh trong khi nhm s lng bn bu hon thnh khi lng cng
vic v hc hi t sai lm ca mnh, nhm cht lng ch ngi suy ngm
v s hon ho, v cui cng chng c g th hin s n lc ca h ngoi
m l thuyt v mt ng t st.
K nng l kt qu ca vic luyn tp chuyn tm, bn b, v trong giai on u luyn
tp, s lng v tc hon ton p o cht lng. Bn luyn tp cng nhanh v thng
xuyn th bn cng nhanh chng hc c k nng .
Ni nh vy khng c ngha l bn nn b qua hnh thc luyn tp t t. Mt s k
nng, c bit l nhng k nng i hi phi hnh ng hoc chuyn ng c th, th yu
cu l phi t n mt s th hin tt nht. Nu bn luyn tp k thut trong hi ha,
bt chc Jackson Pollack(1) vi hng trm bc v mt ngy s chng th gip g cho bn
nu mc tiu ca bn l v mt bc chn dung ging nh tht. K thut l iu quan
trng.
Trc tin, cn phi m bo bn ang luyn tp bng mt hnh thc tt c th
t c mc thnh tho mong mun ca mnh. Mt khi bn luyn tp vi dng
thc tt trong t nht 80 n 90% thi gian, hy y nhanh tc hc c k nng
nhanh hn.
chnh l 10 nguyn tc n gin m bo bn s luyn tp k nng quan trng
theo cch hiu qu v nng sut nht c th.

C tc dng khng?
Phng php ny c thc s gip bn hc k nng nhanh hn khng? Nghin cu ch
ra l hon ton c th.
Trong nhng nghin cu mang tnh hc thut v vic hc k nng dn truyn v khi
ng, cc nh nghin cu pht hin ra mt im chung: Khi nhng ngi tham gia
nghin cu bt u luyn tp mt k nng mi, biu hin ca h thng c ci thin

mt cch ng k trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn. Khng cn phi luyn tp qu

nhiu i t rt chm v cc k km sang nhanh va phi v gii ng k.
Trong vn hc, iu ny c coi l lut luyn tp nng lc, v thng c nhc i
nhc li. Tc dng ca n c bit n rng ri trong gii nghin cu v hc k nng t
nht l t nm 1926, v n c s dng rt nhiu ln trong cc nghin cu v c k
nng th cht v tinh thn. Thm ch c mt nghin cu cn cho rng: Bt c l thuyt
no v hc k nng nu khng ph hp vi chc nng hc ca lut nng lc th u c th
b loi b ngay lp tc.
Cc nghin cu mang tnh hc thut ch ra rng lut luyn tp nng lc c hnh
vng cung nh th ny, vi thi gian biu hin trn trc y v kt qu luyn tp trn trc
x:

V thi gian l mt i lng tng, nn ng cong dc xung. Bng cch luyn tp, s
tn t thi gian hn hon thnh nhim v ra.
Tht th v khi lu rng, nu bn t li tn cho trc y l bn gii ti mc no
(ngha l, bn nh ngha biu hin bng thut ng chung chung hn so vi mt n v
thi gian), bn s c khi nim c bit n rng ri, l ng cong nhn thc.
M hnh chung ca ng cong nhn thc trng ging nh th ny: Khi bn bt u,
bn s, nhng bn s tin b rt nhanh khi bn hc nhng phn quan trng nht ca k
nng. Sau khi nhanh chng t n mt mc no ca mt k nng, t l tin b ca
bn gim, v h qu l s tin b s tr nn chm hn nhiu.

Ngc vi cch s dng thng thng, ng cong nhn thc c dng dc ng l tt

ch khng xu. Biu gii thch r l do: ng cong nhn thc c dng dc ng cho
thy t l hc k nng rt nhanh. ng cong cng dc, bn cng hc c nhiu trong
mi n v thi gian.
Bn c th ngh v bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra m ti phc ha nh mt
cch lm cho ng cong nhn thc ca bn dc ng hn mt cch c ch ch. Bn
thn cc nguyn tc ch l nhng th thut n gin, khin cho hai giai on mang tnh l
thuyt u tin ca qu trnh hc k nng (nhn thc v lin tng) tr nn d thc hin
hn.
Mt khi bn bt u luyn tp mt iu g mi m, k nng ca bn s t nhin
c ci thin mt cch ng k trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn. Vn ch l bt
u luyn tp nhanh nht c th. Khng phi l ngh v vic luyn tp hay lo lng v vic
luyn tp, m l thc s luyn tp.
Tht s rt d c cm gic nh bn ang u t rt nhiu thi gian cho mt k
nng m khng luyn tp t g. Nu bn mun hc mt iu g trong khong thi gian
di, bn m v vic s gii vic , nhng bn li ngn ngi bt u, bn c th mt
hng nm nng lng tinh thn v tnh cm m khng tin b c cht no. Nu bn
khng bit bn ang c gng i u hoc khng c chin lc r rng n c , bn
c th lm lng ph mt phn nng lng.
Mi nguyn tc ny c thit k gip bn loi b nhng g khng hiu qu v
thay th n bng cc hot ng cn thit cho qu trnh hc k nng. Thi gian v nng
lng bn dnh cho hai giai on u ca qu trnh hc k nng cng nhiu, v thi gian
dnh cho nhng vic khng gip g cho bn cng t th bn cng nhanh chng hc c k
nng . Ch n gin vy thi.

Th cn mi m th sao?
y khng phi l cch duy nht hc k nng mi, nhng chc chn n l cch linh

ng nht. Nhng phng php khc c th em n kt qu tng t, nhng li i hi

phi nh i tng ng.
Phng php ph bin nht hc k nng nhanh l mi m: Thay i hon ton mi
trng ca bn theo cch to hng khi cho vic luyn tp cn thn v lin tc. Nu bn
mun hc ting Php, chng hn nh vy, th hc mt cch mi m ng ngha vi vic
sng Php khong vi tun hoc mt thng.
Nhn chung l cch ny hiu qu. Nu bn chuyn ti Php, bn s buc phi rn
luyn k nng ni ti mi thi im khi bn y. Sau khong vi ngy kh chu lm
quen vi mi trng mi xung quanh, bn s nhn thy k nng ca mnh tin b vi tc
rt nhanh.
Mi m c tc dng v n m bo bn hon thnh nhng gi rn luyn quan trng
u tin m khng tht bi: Bn khng th chy trn khi mi trng ca mnh, v th
vic rn luyn din ra hon ton t ng.
Bt li ca s mi m l n thng i hi phi coi k nng l u tin hng u trong
mt khong thi gian di. Nu b li tt c nhng vic khc, ng gi hnh l v chuyn
ti Php l la chn c th thc hin c ca bn th hc ting Php thng qua s mi
m l mt chin lc tt.
ng bun l, hu ht chng ta u c nhng cam kt m chng ta khng th (hoc
khng mun) b li: gia nh, cng vic, khon vay th chp phi tr Trong nhng
trng hp ny, phng php ny kh hoc khng th thc hin c.
Trong tnh hung ti t nht, tng hc mi m tr thnh mt ro cn thc s: Nu
bn tip tc ch mt c hi hc mi m trc khi hc mt k nng mi, bn c th gy
lng ph khong thi gian qu bu ln ti vi nm.
Hy n nhn c hi hc mi m khi n ti, nhng ng ph thuc vo n. Nhng th
thut ny c thit k gip bn hc c nhng k nng mi, ngay c khi bn ch c
mt hoc hai gi rnh mi ngy.

Kch hot li nhng k nng c

Quan trng l bn phi ch rng nhng nguyn tc ny hu dng ngay c khi k nng
m bn mun hc khng hn l k nng mi i vi bn. Hon ton c th s dng
nhng th thut ny hc li nhng k nng c trong khong thi gian k lc.
Chng hn, ti hc cch chi kn trumpet t hi cp ba, v ti tp chm ch
chi kh tt loi kn ny. Nhng t khi tt nghip v hc i hc, ti khng h ng ti
n.
Nu ti quyt nh nhc chic kn trumpet ln, ti s khng phi mt qu nhiu thi

gian luyn tp kch hot li k nng (chi n) ca mnh. Ti bit nhng k nng
nh cn thit, v th ti s tp trung vo cch t mi (kim sot c quanh mi trong khi
thi hi vo ming kn), c nt nhc, nh li v tr t ngn tay tng ng, v xem li l
thuyt m nhc c bn (nhp, phch, chc nng v biu hin).
S ch mt khong vi ting luyn tp hc li k nng . Vic kch hot li ch yu
i hi phi c thi gian, loi b ro cn i vi vic luyn tp v luyn tp tnh gi.

Bt u nghim tc l lm c mt na
i khi bn s mun t b chic n ghi-ta. Bn s ght n ghi-ta. Nhng
nu bn c gn vi n, bn s c tng thng xng ng.
JIMI HENDRIX, ngh s chi ghi-ta in ni ting
Bn khng cn s dng tt c nhng nguyn tc ny cho mi k nng m bn hc, nhng
bn s lun thy t nht mt vi trong s l cn thit.
Ti thy c tc dng khi ngh v nhng nguyn tc ny nh mt bng lit k nhng
mc cn kim tra. Bt c khi no bn quyt nh hc mt iu g mi m, ch cn xem
qua bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra v xc nh xem nhng nguyn tc no c
th ng dng cho d n ca bn.
y l bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra hc k nng:
1. Chn mt d n ng yu.
2. Tp trung nng lng ca bn vo ch mt k nng.
3. Xc nh mc thnh tho m bn mong mun.
4. Phn chia k nng thnh nhng k nng nh.
5. Tm c nhng cng c then cht.
6. Loi b nhng ro cn luyn tp.
7. Dnh thi gian chuyn tm luyn tp.
8. To vng phn hi nhanh.
9. Luyn tp tnh gi.

10. Nhn mnh s lng v tc .

Chnh l vy y. Hy p dng bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra ny cho k nng

quan trng hin ti ca bn, v vic rn luyn ca bn s tr nn hiu qu, nng sut
hn, gip bn hc k nng nhanh hn.
Nh ti ni, phng php ny khng phi l mn khoa hc thn tc. N ch n
gin l kin thc, chin lc v s chun b thng thng p dng cho k nng m bn
mun ci thin. Khng hn, khng km.
Gi chng ta hy cng kim tra xem hc v nghin cu c th khin cho qu trnh hc
k nng ca bn hiu qu hn nh th no.

3
Mi nguyn tc hc hiu qu
Khng vn no c th chng li c cuc b ca vic suy ngh lin
tc.
VOLTAIRE

Nh chng ta tho lun chng 1, hc khng ging vi vic tip thu k nng. Tuy
nhin, iu khng c ngha l hc khng quan trng. Tin hnh nghin cu mt cht
trc khi bn lao vo luyn tp c th tit kim thi gian, nng lng v s dng cm
chu ng ca bn.
Hc gip vic luyn tp ca bn hiu qu hn vic ny gip bn dnh nhiu thi
gian luyn tp hn cho nhng k nng nh quan trng nht trc tin.
Vi tinh thn , di y l 10 nguyn tc quan trng ca vic hc hiu qu:
1. Nghin cu k nng v cc ch lin quan.
2. Khai m tm tr.
3. Xc nh hnh mu tinh thn v mc ni tinh thn.
4. Tng tng iu ngc li vi iu bn mun.
5. Ni chuyn vi ngi ang thc hnh k nng t ra nhng trin vng.
6. Loi b nhng iu gy xao lng trong mi trng ca bn.
7. S dng s cng c v lp li cch qung ghi nh.
8. To lch trnh v bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra.
9. D on v kim nghim d on.

10. Trn trng h thng sinh hc ca bn.

1. Nghin cu k nng v cc ch lin quan

Hy dnh ra 20 pht tm kim trang web, gh vo ca hng sch hoc lt qua cc chng
sch trong th vin a phng tm sch v cc ngun ti liu lin quan ti k nng
bn mun hc. Mc tiu l xc nh c t nht ba cun sch, a DVD hng dn, ti
liu hoc ngun tham kho khc c lin quan ti k nng bn mun hc.
Trc khi bn hong s, hy nh l bn khng cn phi dnh hng gi ghi nh
nhng ti liu . Ngc li, thi gian dnh c hoc xem khng phi l thi gian dnh
cho vic luyn tp.
Khng phi l bn ang nhi nht kin thc tham gia mt k thi u. Mc ch ca
vic nghin cu ban u ny l xc nh nhng k nng nh quan trng nht, nhng
yu t thit yu v nhng cng c cn thit cho vic luyn tp nhanh nht c th. Nhng
iu bn bit trc v k nng cng nhiu th s chun b ca bn cng thng minh
hn. Mc tiu l thu thp c lng kin thc su rng v k nng nhanh nht c
th, to ra mt ci nhn tng quan v qu trnh hc k nng .
i vi vic hc k nng nhanh, c lt tt hn l c k. Bng cch ch ti nhng
tng v cng c xut hin i xut hin li trong cc ng cnh khc nhau, bn c th tin
tng chnh xc ca nhng m hnh m bn ch v chun b vic luyn tp tng
ng.
Nu bn mun nng c chic bnh sng b hon ho, hy c mt vi cun sch
lin quan ti vic nng bnh v bt bnh. Thay v sng to li qu trnh, bn s tm thy
nhng k thut c sn nhng k thut c hon thin sau nhiu nm bi nhng
bc thy trong lnh vc ny. Nu bn thy nhng k thut hoc qu trnh ging nhau
c miu t trong nhiu ngun khc nhau, th chc chn l nhng iu quan trng
cn phi bit.
Mt khi bn tm thy iu g c v l k thut hu ch nht, bn c th th nghim
n trong chnh cn bp ca bn, tit kim cho bn hng lot ln th v sai.

2. Khai m tm tr
Mt s nghin cu ban u ca bn c cha cc khi nim, k thut v tng m bn
khng hiu. Thng th s c mt s th c v c bit quan trng, nhng bn li khng
hiu n c ngha g. Bn s c nhng t m bn khng on ra ngha, v thy ngi dy
k nng lm nhng vic m bn khng th hiu c.
ng ht hong. S m h ban u ca bn l iu hon ton bnh thng. Thc ra,
cn l iu tuyt vi. Hy b qua s m h tin v pha trc.
Nghin cu ban u l mt trong nhng cch tt nht xc nh cc k nng nh v
tng quan trng, nhng rt c kh nng l bn s khng bit chng c ngha l g.
ngha s xut hin sau, khi bn bt u luyn tp.

Tin s Stephen Krashen, chuyn gia ngn ng m ti cp n lc trc, gi y

l u vo va mc. D nhin, thng tin mi m bn tip nhn khng phi l d hiu lm
v n khng lin quan ti bt c th g bn bit hoc c kinh nghim. Theo thi gian,
chnh thng tin s tr nn d hiu hn khi bn c mt vi kinh nghim dt lng
lm vn. Ni nh ging s dy yoga danh ting T. K. V. Desikachar: Nhn bit c s
m h thc ra l mt dng thc ca s r rng.
Nhn bit c bn thn ang bi ri l mt vic rt c gi tr. Vic c th gip bn
nh ngha chnh xc iu bn thy bi ri, m h, m vic ny li gip bn xc nh c
bn cn phi nghin cu hoc phi lm g tip theo gii quyt s bi ri, m h .
Nu bn khng bi ri vi t nht l mt na ni dung nghin cu ban u ca bn, th
c ngha l bn ang hc khng nhanh nh kh nng c th ca bn. Nu bn bt u
cm thy s hi hoc do d v tc hin ti ca bn th c ngha l bn ang i ng
ng. Gi d bn ang lm mt d n ng yu, lc u bn cng bi ri, m h th p
lc bn trong buc bn phi lm sng t mi vic cng ln, v bn s hc cng nhanh.
Khng sn sng khai m tm tr l ro cn cm xc ln nht i vi vic tip thu k
nng nhanh. Cm thy mnh ngc chng c g th v c, nhng t nhc nh bn thn rng
luyn tp c th gip bn chuyn t bi ri, m h sang r rng nhanh nht c th.

3. Xc nh hnh mu tinh thn v mc ni tinh thn

Khi tin hnh nghin cu, thng th bn s bt u ch ti cc hnh mu: Cc tng
v k thut lp i lp li nhiu ln.
Nhng khi nim ny c gi l hnh mu tinh thn, v chng thc s rt quan
trng. Hnh mu tinh thn l n v c bn ca vic hc l cch hiu v gi tn
c mt s vt hoc mt mi quan h tn ti trn th gii ny. Khi bn thu thp c
cc hnh mu tinh thn chnh xc, s d dng hn on c iu g s xy ra khi bn
thc hin mt hnh ng c th. Hnh mu tinh thn gip bn d tho lun vi ngi
khc v kinh nghim ca bn thn hn.
V y l v d chng minh: Gn y ti c gip b ti lp mt trang web. Khi thc
hin, ti c gng gii thch ti ang lm g. Lc u, vic khin c hai b con ti u
mt mi. Ti thng xuyn s dng nhng t nh my ch v b ti hon ton khng
hiu ti ang ni v iu g.
Khi hiu c my ch l mt chic my tnh c bit, truyn ti trang web ti
ngi yu cu, v my ch l chic my tnh khc vi chic my tnh m chng ti ang
s dng, th b ti thy d hiu vic b con ti ang lm hn. Trong trng hp ny, my
ch l mt hnh mu tinh thn mt khi bn quen vi thut ng ny, vic hiu c
qu trnh lp mt trang web s d dng hn rt nhiu.

Bn cng s ch ti mt vi th c v ging vi th g m bn thn thuc.

l nhng mc ni tinh thn: nhng php so snh, n d bn c th s dng nh cc
khi nim mi.
Trong trng hp my ch web, hy tng tng n mt ngi th th. Khi bn ti
th vin v hi mn mt cun sch, ngi th th s tm trn cc k sch vi hng trm
hoc hng ngn cun sch tm ng cun m bn cn. Khi ngi th th tm thy
cun sch, h s mang n n cho bn. Nu khng tm c cun sch , ngi th th
s ni vi bn l: Ti khng th tm c cun sch m bn yu cu.
chnh xc l cch m my ch web hot ng. Khi bn yu cu mt trang web c
th no , my ch s tm kim trang web trong b nh. Nu tm thy, n s mang
n cho bn. Nu my ch khng tm thy trang web , n s gi cho bn mt tin nhn
Li 404: Trang web khng tm c. Ngh v phn mm my ch nh mt th th my
tnh l cch hu hiu ngh v cch vn hnh ca h thng.
Nu bn c th xc nh c hnh mu tinh thn v mc ni tinh thn trong nghin
cu ban u ca bn cng nhiu th bn cng d s dng chng trong qu trnh luyn tp.

4. Tng tng iu ngc li vi iu bn mun

C mt cch khc thng c c hiu bit v mt k nng mi, l suy ngm v
thm ha thay v s hon ho.
S th no nu bn lm sai mi vic? S th no nu bn nhn c kt qu t nht?
y l phng php gii quyt vn c tn l php nghch o, v n rt hu dng
trong vic hc nhng iu cn thit. Bng cch nghin cu iu ngc li ca iu bn
mun, bn c th xc nh c nhng yu t quan trng nhng khng th nhn thy
ngay lp tc.
Ly vic cho thuyn kayak vt thc lm v d. Ti cn bit iu g nu ti mun
cho thuyn kayak trn mt con sng ln c nc chy xit, lm chm?
V y l php nghch o: S th no nu c chuyn khng hay xy ra?

Ti s b lt p xung dng nc v khng th ngoi ln c.

Ti s lm ngp chic thuyn kayak ca mnh, khin n b chm hoc ngp, kt qu l

mt lun chic thuyn.

Ti lm mt mi cho.
Ti b p u vo .

Ti b ht vng khi thuyn, mc kt trong xoy nc (mt im trn sng m nc

to thnh mt vng xoy nh my git) v khng th thot ra ngoi c.

Nu ti c gng lm tt c nhng vic cng mt lc khi gia dng nc d, c

l ti s mt mng vin cnh ti t nht c th xy ra.
Suy ngh ng s ny rt c ch v n ch ra mt s k nng rt quan trng ca vic
cho thuyn kayak:

Hc cch lt li thuyn khi b lt m khng b ht vng ra ngoi.

Hc cch ngn khng cho nc trn vo thuyn kayak, tt nc nu cn thit.

Hc cch khng b mt mi cho trong dng nc xit.

Hc v c s phng nga an ton khi th thuyn tri quanh nhng tng ln.

Thm d dng sng trc khi cho thuyn trnh hon ton nhng im nguy him.

S m phng tinh thn ny cng gip ti lp c mt danh sch nhng th cn mua:

ti cn phi u t mt chic o phao, m bo him v nhng dng c an ton khc.
Lc ny, thay v (1) vt sng (2) vui v (3) khng thit mng, ti c mt danh sch
nhng k nng nh luyn lp v (mt danh sch) nhng hnh ng cn phi thc hin
m bo ti thc s s c vui, gi c c v sng st c sau cuc hnh trnh.
Php nghch o pht huy tc dng.

5. Ni chuyn vi ngi ang thc hnh k nng t ra

nhng trin vng
Hc trong giai on u gip bn t ra nhng k vng thch hp: Th no l biu hin
ph hp i vi ngi mi bt u?
Khi bn bt u hc mt k nng mi, thng th bn s nh gi thp tnh phc tp
ca nhim v , hoc nh gi thp s lng cc thnh t lin quan cn phi hon thnh
thc hin tt k nng . Nu k nng c lin quan ti kh nng to dng uy tn x hi
th s thn b i km vi n cng c th che m nhng k vng ban u.
Rt nhiu ngi mun tr thnh ngi sao nhc rock nhc cy n ghi-ta in ln ch

 thy tht kh c th va chi gii, va ht ng nhc, va trng tht honh trng

cng mt lc c. Mt phn ca vn nm ch tr thnh mt ngi sao nhc rock
khng phi l mt k nng n l. l mt tp hp nhng k nng nh c lin quan, m
mi k nng li i hi phi chuyn tm luyn tp mi tin b c.
Ni chuyn vi nhng ngi t c k nng trc bn gip xa tan nhng
hiu lm v lm tng trc khi bn u t thi gian v cng sc vo . Bng cch bit
c th trng ch vo iu g khi thc hin, bn s thy d duy tr c mi quan tm ca
bn thn vi vic luyn tp hn, v trnh c cm gic tht vng, chn nn trong giai
on u ca qu trnh.

6. Loi b nhng iu gy xao lng trong mi trng ca bn

Nhng iu gy xao lng l k th s mt ca qu trnh hc k nng nhanh. Chng git
cht s rn luyn chuyn tm, m thiu s rn luyn chuyn tm th s dn ti vic hc
k nng chm (hoc khng hc). Bn c th chn trc vic ny bng cch dnh ra t
pht d bo v loi b (hoc gim bt) cng nhiu iu gy xao lng cng tt trc khi
bn bt u luyn tp.
Nhng iu gy xao lng quan trng nht xut pht t hai ngun chnh l in t v
sinh vt.
Ti vi, in thoi v internet l nhng thit b in t gy xao lng. Hy tt chng i, rt
phch ngun, chn chng li hoc nhc chng ra khi mi trng ca bn trong lc bn
luyn tp, tr khi chng thc s cn thit cho vic luyn tp.
Ngi nh, ng nghip v th cng l nhng i tng gy xao lng. Bn khng th
ngn cn ngi khc, nhng c th bo cho h bit trc l bn s khng gip c g
trong lc luyn tp. iu ny lm tng kh nng h s tn trng thi gian luyn tp ca
bn m khng lm phin bn.
Cng c t yu t gy xao lng trong lc bn luyn tp bao nhiu th bn cng nhanh
chng hc c k nng by nhiu.

7. S dng s cng c v lp li cch qung ghi nh

c th s dng ti liu m bn hc c trong lc luyn tp, bn cn phi c kh
nng nh nhanh li nhng tng c lin quan. Nhiu k nng i hi phi c kh nng
ghi nh, t nht l mt mc no .
Vn nm y: Tr nh ca bn khng hon ho. Bt c khi no bn hc c iu
g mi, bn c th s qun n tr khi bn xem li khi nim trong mt khong thi
gian nht nh no . Qu trnh lp li ny gip cng c tng, v gip no bn dung
np khi nim vo b nh di hn.

Cc nh nghin cu pht hin ra rng tr nh ca chng ta i theo ng cong phn

r: Cc khi nim mi cn c cng c thng xuyn, nhng thi gian bn bit khi
nim cng lu th bn khng cn thng xuyn xem li khi nim mi c th nh li
chnh xc c.
Cng c v lp li cch qung l k thut ghi nh gip bn xem li nhng khi nim
v thng tin quan trng mt cch h thng. Nhng tng kh nh c xem li thng
xuyn, cn nhng khi nim d hn v c hn c xem li t hn.
Nhng chng trnh phn mm th flash nh Anki, SuperMemo v Smart gip vic
cng c v lp li cch qung tr nn rt n gin. H thng lp li cch qung ph thuc
vo m hnh tng kt th flash, v bn cn to ra nhng tm th flash ca ring mnh.
Bng cch to ra nhng tm th flash trong lc chia nh k nng, bn bn mt mi tn
trng hai ch.
Khi bn to ra c nhng tm th flash, s ch mt vi pht mi ngy xem li
chng. Bng cch h thng ha qu trnh tng kt v theo di kh nng nh li, nhng h
thng ny c th gip bn hc nhng tng, k thut mi trong khong thi gian k lc.
Nu bn lin tc xem li nhng b th nh th bn s nh c nhng khi nim v
tng cn thit rt nhanh.
Quan trng l bn phi nh rng hc k nng khng ch dng li vic hc theo ngha
hc thut. Nu bn quan tm ti vic ghi nh cc khi nim, tng hoc t vng ch
vt qua mt k thi, bn khng cn g hn ngoi vic lp li cch qung.
K thut ny pht huy tc dng tt nht trong nhng trng hp cn phi nh li
thng tin. Nu bn ang hc nhng t vng thng dng bit thm mt ngoi ng mi
th cng c v lp li cch qung l bin php cc k hu ch. Trong nhng trng hp
khng cn phi nh li thng tin, tt hn ht l bn nn b qua nhng tm th flash
ti a ha thi gian luyn tp v th nghim.

8. To lch trnh v bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra

Nhiu k nng cng c chung mt s c im: hnh thnh, chun b, duy tr To ra mt
h thng n gin l cch tt nht m bo nhng yu t quan trng ny m tn t
cng sc nht c th.
Bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra c ch cho vic ghi nh nhng vic cn phi thc
hin mi khi bn luyn tp. l cch h thng ha qu trnh, gii phng s ch ca
bn tp trung vo nhng vn quan trng hn.
Lch trnh l cu trc m bo bn tip cn k nng theo mt cch thng nht. Hy
ngh ti cu th bng r ngi xy dng thi quen nm t do t trc. Lau tay ln
qun, th lng vai, bt bng t trng ti, p bng ba ln, dng khong ba giy v nm.

 chnh l lch trnh.

To lch trnh v bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra gip bn luyn tp hiu qu
hn. Hai vic cng gip vic luyn tp ca bn d hnh dung hn, qua gip bn tn
dng li th ca vic nhc li v mt tinh thn, m iu ny c th gip ch cho vic rn
luyn v mt th cht.

9. D on v kim nghim d on
Mt phn ca qu trnh hc k nng l th nghim: Th nhng vic mi xem chng c
hiu qu khng.
S kim nghim ch thc ca vic hc hiu qu khng phi l d on. Da trn iu
bn bit, liu bn c th on c mt thay i hoc mt th nghim s thnh ra th
no trc khi bn thc hin n khng?
Hnh thnh thi quen a ra d on v kim nghim d on s gip bn hc k
nng nhanh hn. l bin th ca mt phng php khoa hc c bn yu t chnh:

Quan st gn y bn ang quan st iu g?

Hiu bit bn bit g v ch ?

Gi thuyt bn ngh iu g s ci thin biu hin ca bn?

Kim nghim bn s th lm g tip theo?

Ti khuyn khch bn s dng mt cun s ghi chp hay mt cng c no theo

di nhng th nghim ca bn, v hnh thnh gi thuyt khi bn luyn tp. Bng cch ghi
chp nhng d on ca bn v to ra cc tng mi, bn s c thm nhiu th nghim
kim nghim.

10. Trn trng h thng sinh hc ca bn

B no v c th bn l nhng h thng sinh hc c cc nhu cu sinh l nh cn nc,
thc n, luyn tp, ngh ngi v ng. Tht s rt d chn p, kht khe vi bn thn
iu gy phn tc dng. Nu khng c u vo thch hp, c th v tm tr bn khng th
cho ra nhng kt qu hu ch c.
Theo Tony Schwartz, tc gi cun Sc mnh ca vic ton tm ton (The Power of
Full Engagement) (2004) v gii bt c vic g (Be Excellent at Anything) (2011), chu
trnh hc ti u l khong 90 pht chuyn tm tp trung. Nu nhiu hn, c th v tm

tr bn s cn c ngh ngi. Hy s dng c hi luyn tp, ngh ngi, n cm, chp

mt hoc lm vic khc.
Nguyn tc ny rt hp vi nguyn tc luyn tp tnh gi. Bng cch t ng h hn
gi t 60 n 90 pht trc khi bn bt u luyn tp hoc nghin cu, bn s d nh
n vic ngh ngi khi xong vic.
Bn cng c th chia vic luyn tp ca mnh thnh nhiu phn nh hn, c th ngh
nhanh gia nu cn: 20 pht tp, 10 pht ngh, 20 pht tp, 10 pht ngh,

Gian ln
Quy tc mi ni. Chng ta u ang c gng hon thnh vic g .
THOMAS EDISON, nh pht minh
Bn khng cn s dng tt c nhng nguyn tc ny cho cc k nng m bn hc, nhng
bn s thy t nht vi nguyn tc trong s l cn thit.
Ti thy hu dng nht l cho rng nhng nguyn tc ny ging nh mt bng lit k
nhng mc cn kim tra th hai. Bt c khi no bn quyt nh hc mt k nng mi, ch
cn xem li bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra ny v quyt nh nguyn tc no c th
ng dng c cho d n ca bn.
y l bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra hc hiu qu:

Nghin cu k nng v cc ch lin quan.

Khai m tm tr.

Xc nh hnh mu tinh thn v mc ni tinh thn.

Tng tng iu ngc li vi iu bn mun.

Ni chuyn vi ngi ang thc hnh k nng xc nh c c th k vng vo iu g.

Loi b nhng iu gy xao lng.

S dng s cng c v lp li cch qung ghi nh.

To lch trnh v bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra.

D on v kim nghim d on.

Trn trng h thng sinh hc ca bn.

Vy y. Hy p dng bng lit k nhng mc cn kim tra ny cho k nng quan

trng hin ti ca bn, v bn s hc c l bn cn phi bit iu g luyn tp hiu
qu v nng sut.

a l thuyt vo thc hnh

Tht so rng lm sao khi ngi xung vit khi cha tng ng ln sng.
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
l thuyt ri, n gi thc hnh thi.
Chng ta lt qua nhng iu c bn ca vic hc k nng nhanh, nhng bit cch
lm nhng vic ny khng quan trng bng vic thc s bt tay vo thc hin chng. Hy
nh: Khng luyn tp th khng hc c k nng.
Thay v nhc i nhc li v l thuyt hc k nng, ti s ch cho bn cch lm thc s.
Ti s s dng nhng nguyn tc ny hc mt vi k nng mi, v bn s c ngi
hng gh u chng kin.
Di y l nhng k nng ti d nh hc:

Yoga: pht trin mt bi tp t th (asana) nh

Lp trnh: to mt ng dng web chc nng

nh my: hc li cch nh my khng cn nhn vo bn phm vi cch b tr bn

phm khng theo tiu chun

Chin lc: chi c vy, tr chi trn bn c phc tp v c nht trn th gii

Lt vn: lt v di chuyn trn mt nc lng

Ti khng c kinh nghim v bt k k nng no trong s nhng k nng trn. S dng

nhng k thut v phng php ti va mi miu t, mc tiu ca ti l hc c mi k
nng trong s trong vng 30 ngy hoc t hn. Thi gian d tnh hc mt k nng
l khong 20 gi, trung bnh 60 n 90 pht luyn tp mi ngy.

V nhng v d ny
Nhng k nng ny hon ton mang phong cch ring. u l nhng vic ti c hng
th hc v mt vi l do m ti s gii thch c th sau. Nhng k nng bn mun hc c
th hon ton khc, nhng qu trnh hc k nng c bn s ging nhau.
Ti hi vng bng cch ch cho bn thy cch ti s dng qu trnh ny hc c
nhiu k nng khc nhau trong cc lnh vc khc nhau, bn s thc s hiu c cch s
dng nhng th thut ny tr nn thnh tho hn nhng k nng quan trng vi bn.
Nu bn quan tm ti mt hoc hai v d ny hn nhng v d khc th cng iu l
bnh thng. Hy c nhng chng trc. Nu bn bt u c mt chng v nhn
thy k nng chn ngt hoc khng ph hp vi tnh hung ca bn, hy b qua
chng . Ti ch s dng mt phng php ct li cho tt c cc v d ny, v th bn
khng cn lo l s b mt phn quan trng no trong cch tip cn ca ti.
Ti vit nhng chng ny di dng hng dn, vi gi nh rng bn cha bao gi
nhn thy cc k nng trc y, v th bn khng c bt c kinh nghim hoc hiu
bit no t trc. Ngoi vic minh ha cho phng php, ti hi vng bn cng c th thu
lm c cht t kin thc qu gi v nm k nng th v rt ng luyn tp ny.
Nu bn c nhiu kinh nghim mt trong nm b mn ny, nhiu kh nng l bn
s nhn ra mt thiu st no trong vn hiu bit ca ti, mt sai lm no trong
cch din t di dng ca ti hoc c s bt ng no vi phng php ca ti. iu
hon ton bnh thng. Hy nh rng: Ti ang bt u nh mt ngi hon ton
mi, v ti khng bit ti ang lm g. (Cha bit th ng hn.)
Nhng g bn s c l tng quan v qu trnh hc mi mt k nng ca ti. Ti
rt c gng m bo nhng thng tin trong cun sch ny u chnh xc v hon
thin, nhng chc chn vn c sai st. Trong tt c cc trng hp, phng php nghin
cu v luyn tp c mc ch, c ch l iu quan trng nht.
Trc tin l yoga.

4
YOGA
BI HC: NG LM MI CHUYN KH HN MC CN THIT
Ti khng nh gi tin b ca ti trong vic hc yoga qua vic ti c th
gp hoc vn ngi nh th no, m thng qua vic ti i x vi v con nh
th no.
T. K. V. DESIKACHAR, Ging s dy yoga danh ting

Ti ang gi i.
cho d hiu: Ni mt cch tng i th ti vn l mt ngi tr, nhng ti bt u
mt vi iu v c th khin ti lo lng.
Khi thc dy vo bui sng, ti thng thy au m phn gia lng. Sau mt ngy
di ngi trc my tnh, c v vai ti cng cng v nhc mi. hon ton khng phi l
cm gic d chu.
Tnh ti thi im ny, ti vn cha ngh nhiu v c th ca mnh. N ch bit hot
ng thi. Sau khi hc ht trung hc, ti khng cn chi cc mn th thao na. Khi hc
cao ng, ti bt u i x vi c th mnh nh mt loi phng tin m mc ch duy
nht ca n l gip ti vn chuyn b no ca mnh t lp hc ny ti lp hc khc. T
khi tt nghip, iu vn khng thay i, v ti tn thi im ny ti vn cm thy n.
Lc ny, nhng nm thng b b c th ui kp ti.
Ti gi v ti bit iu .

Anh nn thc s tm hiu yoga

Kelsey, v ti, tp yoga t khi hc cao ng. Ngy no c y cng i b xung ph
ti phng tp v dnh t nht mt ting vn vo ngi vi nhng t th khc
nhau trong mt cn phng rt m. C y thch vic , v lun v nh vi v mt hnh
phc, th thi.
Tun no Kelsey cng ni vi ti: Anh cng nn th yoga i. Tuyt lm y. Ri anh
s thch n cho xem.

Ti do d. Yoga vi ti m ni khng phi th c sc ht.

Vn khng phi l vic ko cng ngi. Ti tham gia chy trng cp ba, th
nn ko cng khng phi l vn ln. Vic yu thch ca ti l chy vt ro 110m. Vic
ny i hi phi rt linh hot.
Luyn tp chy vt ro lin quan rt nhiu ti vic ko cng, v ti vn duy tr c
s linh hot m ti pht trin trong sut nhng nm ny, c bit l gn khoeo.
Thm ch by gi, qua hn mt thp k, ti vn c th chm lng bn tay xung t m
khng cn phi gp u gi.
Ni thng ra, l do ti chn ch khng tp yoga l v mn c v k cc th no y.

Th gin gng mt
Cui cng, Kelsey cng thuyt phc c ti th tp yoga, coi nh mt quyt tm ca
nm mi. Ti lm vic ti nh, nn c y vin vo bo ti: Hc yoga l cch tt ra
khi nh v gp g mi ngi. Ti vn cn hoi nghi, nhng vn quyt nh lm va lng
c y.
Chng ti ng k tr thnh thnh vin Pure Yoga, phng tp mi toanh pha ng
New York. Nhiu lp hc trong s do Marco Rojas, gio vin yu thch nht ca v ti
v cng l mt trong nhng ngi hng dn hng u ca thnh ph, ging dy.
Hy tng tng mt phin bn tr hn kiu Antonio Banderas trong chic qun yoga
v bn s c Marco. Anh ta p trai, li cun v c cht ging Ty Ban Nha cun ht. Cc
lp ca Marco u cht cng, v anh ta l mt thy gio tuyt vi, v cn v 99% nhng
ngi theo hc yoga thnh ph ny u c cm tnh vi anh ta. (V ai c th trch h
c?)
V l mt ngi mi nn ti c gng ht sc c th theo c lp hc ca Marco.
Ti khng bit v cc t th, cng khng bit mi t th c gi l g, v th ti ch quan
st nhng ngi khc ang lm g v c gng bt chc. iu i hi phi rt tp
trung. Ti c th c gng, nhng thc s l mt cuc vt ln. Mt s t th nh trng
cy chui qu tht nm ngoi kh nng ca ti.
Ti c gng ng cui phng c th quan st mi ngi ang lm g, ng thi
cng l gim thit hi gia tng trong trng hp ti ng (vic ny xy ra thng xuyn
hn mc ti mun tha nhn).
Ti thch cc bui hc ca Marco, nhng ti khng thc s hiu iu g ang din ra.
C thi thong Marco li phi dng bn thm ca ti v iu chnh, gip ti thc hin t
th chnh xc.
Trong mt ln, Marco dng chn ca mnh chng chn ca ti, chng vung gc

vi sn nh. Sau anh ta chp ly tay ca ti v ko.

S dng c bn u ly hng lm tr. Tt. Gi th th gin gng mt i no.
Lc ti ang nhn nh, v v l do c tay ti chm ti ngn chn m ti th lng
gng mt.

Tnh trng tin thoi lng nan kiu ch gia nh

D ti thch nhng kha hc ca Marco, nhng tht kh c thi gian dnh cho chng.
Mi bui hc ko di mt ting ri, cha k thi gian i b ti phng hc, thay , tm
sau khi tp xong v li i b v nh.
D phng tp ch cch ni ti vi dy nh, nhng ti vn phi mt nguyn hai ting.
Khi ti ang lm vic ti nh cho mt cng ty thuc danh sch Fortune 500 vi mt
cng vic i hi kht khe, v ti thng phi hp trng vi thi gian hc. Chng ch g
khi cc lp hc u din ra vo khong gia bui sng v bui chiu, ng ngha vi vic
nu theo hc ti s phi b c cng vic. Ni chung, vic sp xp cng vic ca ti kh
linh ng, nn ch yu l vn tm l thi: Tht kh thuyt phc bn thn l hon
ton c th vn vo c th trong hai gi ng h khi m ti vn cn nhiu vic phi lm.
Cui cng, ti cng hc khong 15 bui trong nm . D cm thy rt tuyt sau
mi bui hc, ti vn khng thy thoi mi vi vic phi dnh thi gian cho n.
Ngoi ra, ti cng khng tp nh. Ti khng bit lm th no. lp hc, ti bt
chc nhng hc vin khc. Ti c th ln trn tm thm nh v dui thng ngi,
nhng trong suy ngh ca ti, khng phi l yoga thc s.

Khi tr sn sng, thy s xut hin

Sau khi chng ti chuyn ti Colorado, mt ti n, Kelsey ni vi ti l c y nh New
York. C y nh nhng lp hc ca Marco, v nh kha hc gii phu ca Leslie Kaminoff
m c y tham gia sau khi hon thnh chng ch ging dy yoga. Leslie l ng tc gi
ca cun Gii phu hc Yoga (Yoga Anatomy) (xut bn ln u nm 2007, ln th hai
nm 2011), mt trong nhng cun sch v yoga bn chy nht mi thi i, v ti liu ca
ng c s dng trong tt c cc chng trnh o to gio vin dy yoga trn khp th
gii. ng tic l theo kha hc ca Leslie, bn phi sng thnh ph New York, v th
Kelsey phi ngh hc khi chng ti chuyn nh.
Nn c ai a kha hc ca Leslie ln mng, c y ni.
Tht chuyn c nh chm bim. Ch vi tun trc, Kelsey cn gip ti tung ra kha
hc trc tuyn u tin ca mnh, v th c y bit cch lm. V c y cng ng v
kha hc ca Leslie: V kha hc ny ch dnh cho nhng ngi sng thnh ph New

York, trong khi hc sinh t khp mi ni trn th gii u mun tham gia, nn s ngha
hn nhiu nu c th a kha hc ny ln mng.
Ti ch cho c y mt s tht hin nhin l: Kelsey hon ton c th to ra mt
kha hc nh th nu Leslie sn sng c y thc hin. Ti hm , c y gi cho
Leslie mt li ngh.
Hai hm sau, Kelsey v Leslie ng bt tay vo thc hin, v Kelsey thnh lp
cng ty u tin ca c y, cng ty cung cp kha hc yoga trc tuyn.
V c hai chng ti cng lm vic nh, nn ti bng nhin c nghe rt nhiu v
yoga. Mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut l quan st hnh nh mi lp hc, sau a ra
nhng ch thch chi tit cho ngi bin tp hnh nh v vit li. Kt qu l, ti c
nghe chi tit v kha hc ca Leslie khi Kelsey sn xut n.

Thi im ti quyt nh hc yoga nghim tc

Mt trong nhng iu u tin khi gi quan tm, hng th ca ti vi yoga l ging ni
ca Leslie. ng y khng c v g ca mt ngi o l, nh ti vn ngh. Ngc li, ng y
c 30 nm kinh nghim v gii phu hc, sinh l hc, y hc th thao, v khng c kh
nng chp nhn nhng thut ng nh nhng.
Theo quan im ca Leslie, yoga rt c gi tr v n hu ch. Khi luyn tp, yoga rt tt
cho vic tng cng sc khe, ci thin s do dai v duy tr vn ng.
Yoga thm ch cn hiu qu hn khi bn tp trung vo hi th khi luyn tp. Hu ht
mi ngi u cho rng yoga l s kt hp k l ca th dc nhp iu, th dc th thao
v vn ngi, nhng khng phi nh vy. iu khin yoga tr thnh yoga l s kt hp
gia vic th, chuyn ng v trng thi tinh thn li vi nhau.
Leslie cng gii thch mt s thut ng yoga k cc. Nhng ngi mi c th
nghim vi c th v tm tr. H c lm nghin cu khoa hc trc khi nhng nguyn tc
hin i nh gii phu hc, sinh l hc v tm l hc nhn thc c chnh thc ha.
Kt qu l, khi nhng ngi mi bt u ny thy iu g th v, la chn duy nht
ca h l gii thch iu h thy bng nhng cu chuyn hoc n d. Chng hn, khi
ngi tp yoga pht hin ra rng t th c bit v k thut th thng c xu hng kch
thch mt s phn ng tnh cm c th th h c th gii thch iu h ch theo cch tt
nht c th.
Ti bit l mnh cha hot ng , th nn video ny thu ht c s ch ca
ti. Liu c phi s cng v gin m ti cm nhn v c th mnh chnh l vic cc c
ca ti ang tr nn x cng khng? (Tht rng mnh!)
l mt cch gii thch hp l, nhng khng phi l kh nng duy nht. Theo Leslie,

au lng v au c cn c th l v thiu oxy chy vo cc c hin tng vn c gi l

thiu mu cc b. Vn ng khng c th gy thiu mu chy vo cc c. Khi cc c
thiu oxy, c quan th cm ni au bt u bng ln, to ra cn au dai dng, m . Tnh
trng ny cng ko di, bn cng b au.
Thng xuyn cng thng v nn th cng c th gp phn gy thiu mu cc b.
Nhng nguyn nhn ny thng i km vi nhau: Thng th mi ngi s nn th khi c
cm gic cng thng. Nu bn gip cc c ca mnh nhn c nhiu oxy hn bng cch
vn ng, th v gim mc cng thng ni chung th cc cn au c s bin mt.
C ng thng xuyn v lng oxy ht vo l hai yu t quan trng gip gii phng
cn au c v duy tr chui hnh ng. Yoga kt hp c ng, hi th v thin, do n
c bit hiu qu trong vic lm gim hoc loi b cn au c kinh nin.
Vi ti, th l . Ti s hc cch tp yoga.
Gi th ti phi bt u th no y?

Thc ra Yoga l g?
Nu ti nh tp yoga, ti cn phi c mt vi hiu bit c bn v vic ti nh lm. Nu
yoga ch c ngha l ko cng c th, th ngi ta hn gi n l ko cng ri.
Ha ra, mu cht xc nh bn cht ca yoga l phi hiu c n bt ngun t u
v lm th no n tr thnh yoga m chng ta gi hin nay?
Yoga tn ti di nhiu dng thc khc nhau sut hng nghn nm. Bng chng
c ghi nhn sm nht v yoga xut hin trong nhng vt dng c khai qut di ch
kho c lin quan ti nn vn minh thung lng Indus (nm Pakistan v ty bc n
hin nay) t nm 3300 n nm 1300 trc cng nguyn.
Va l trit hc va l thc hnh, yoga l mt b k thut phi tn gio c gn kt vi
nhng truyn thng tn gio v trit l ca khu vc. Cc thy tu Veda (V )(1) c i
hon thnh cc nghi l t nhin phc tp kt ni th gii vt cht vi th gii thn
thnh nhm tm kim thn Brahma, ni tr ng ti thng ca mi sinh vt. T yoga
bt ngun t ting Phn c c ngha l ci ch. Theo ng ngha con b b buc vo ci
cy lm vic trn ng. Thng qua cc nghi l, cc thy tu c gng buc th gii tinh
thn vi th gii vt cht.
Theo thi gian, truyn thng Veda (V ) mt dn tm quan trng. Cc thy tu bt
u khm ph tng v bn ng (atman), bn cht ca ci ti ch thc. Nghi thc t
nhin bn ngoi chuyn thnh thin nh ni ti, v nhng ngi ang thc hnh v mt
tinh thn) bt u t b th gii vt cht v nghi thc phc tp lang thang trong rng
su, thc hnh thin nh v thc hin li th sng ngho kh, kh hnh tm kim s

tht cui cng.

Yjavalkya, nh hin trit sng trong thi k m by gi chng ta gi l Upanishadic,
cho rng, chnh vic hiu c ci ti ca con ngi ngn cn chng ta bit c ci
ti ch thc ca mnh. Bng cch b i ci ti chng ta c th tr thnh mt ngi c bn
ng, linh hn hoc mt ci ti ch thc. Yjavalkya cng gii thiu tng nghip
(karma) khi nim m ng nh ngha l nhng hnh ng c thc hin c gii
phng khi ci ti. Bng cch tch bit c th vi bn ng, hon ton c th t c iu
m c Pht sau ny gi l s khai sng.

Bc vo tp t th (asana)
Kin thc trit hc ca Yjavalkya dn n s pht trin ca iu m hu ht
nhng ngi luyn tp yoga u coi l ct li ca yoga ng thi: Cc t th kt hp vi
vic ht th v thin nh. Hc gi v lch s tn gio Karen Armstrong gii thch trong
cun S bin i k diu (The Great Transformation) rng:
Yoga l mt trong nhng thnh tu v i nht ca n , v trong dng
thc pht trin nht, ban u n c (nhng ngi luyn tp) thit k
gii phng purusha [ci ti] khi s kh khn ca t nhin.
Loi yoga c in ny rt khc so vi loi yoga vn c dy phng Ty
hin nay. N khng phi l kiu tp th dc, v cng khng nhm gip ngi
ta thy tt hn v cuc sng m hon ton ngc li. Yoga l s tn cng c
h thng vo ci ti, l mt ch n ung kht khe trong khong thi gian
di khin ngi thc hnh phi hy b nhn thc thng thng vi nhng
sai lm v o tng, thay vo l cuc khm ph diu k v ci ti ca bn
thn.
Yoga l cng vic ton thi gian. N khng dnh cho nhng ngi ua i, hc kiu ti
t, hay nhng ngi yu tim. Yoga l s kh luyn tinh thn, dnh ring cho nhng thy
tu v nhng ngi c uy tn ln. Nhng ngi tp yoga c in khng nhm mc ch
khe hn hay linh hot hn. H n lc chia r mi lin kt gia linh hn (atman) v
th xc. Mt nhim v nng n.

Lut l ca Yoga
Vo th k th II trc cng nguyn, mt hc gi c tn l Patajali bt u tng hp
cc trit l v bi tp yoga thi . Phn tm lc nhng bi tp yoga tt nht (raja hay
hong gia) ca Patajali tr thnh Yoga Sutras ca Patajali, tp hp nhng cu cch
ngn m sau ny tr thnh ti liu c s cho nhng ngi tp yoga.
Trong cun Yoga Sutras, Patajali phc ha tm mt c bn, hay phn ca bi tp

yoga hong gia:

Yama o c

Niyama t thanh lc

Asana t th

Pranayama kim sot hi th

Pratyahara kim sot cm gic

Dharana nh

Dhyana thin

Samadhi mit mi/trm ngm

Patajali gi h thng ny l ashtanga hay yoga tm chi. Bng cch luyn tp tt

c tm chi (nhnh) ca yoga, ngi tp c th tri nghim cm gic kaivalya: Tch ri
hon ton linh hn ca ngi tp ra khi th gii vt cht, a ti hnh phc mi mi.
iu m hu ht mi ngi ngh ti khi nghe thy t yoga gp ngi theo nhng
t th l l ch c mt chi, asana (t th). T th thng c luyn tp vi cc k
thut th c bit gi l pranayama (kim sot hi th). Mc ch ca bi tp ny l
chun b cho vic thin (dhyana).
H thng ca Patajali coi yoga nh mt trit l, ch khng phi mt h thng cc bi
tp. T th thng b hn ch bi mt s t th ngi c nh khc xa so vi nhng ng
tc m ngi tp hin i vn hay tp.
Ni nh vy khng c ngha l khng c nhng t th mnh lit. Cc t th yoga
Hatha (mnh m) c t thi Yjavalkya, nhng s khe khon khng phi l u tin
chnh.
Ti liu su tp ni ting nht v cc bi tp yoga hatha l Hatha Yoga Pradipika ca
Maharishi Swatmarama, mt nh hin trit th k XV. Swatmarama coi yoga hatha l
cch l tng t c yoga raja (yoga tm thc) ca Patajali. Bng cch thanh lc c
th thng qua cc bi tp, luyn tp kim sot hi th v ht th u n trong lc trng
cy chui, Swatmarama tin rng nhng ngi luyn tp yoga hatha c th t c trng
thi thc cao hn.

Cha bao gi cc dng thc ban u ca yoga hatha c hiu thc s thu o. Cc
bi tp t th mnh m vn l mt nhnh t ngi bit n ca yoga raja cho ti khi
ngi B La Mn Mysore, n , cch mng ha nhng bi tp ny bn th k sau.

Yoga = Th + Chuyn ng + Thin nh

Tr li vi hin ti. Lch s c lin quan g ti yoga hin i?
y l iu khin ti ngc nhin: Xt v mt lch s, bi tp t th hin i chnh l s
sng to gn y. Tt nhin l phn trit l ca yoga c t vi nghn nm trc, nhng
bi tp thc s vi cc t th tiu tn thi gian trong khi ht th v thin nh li hon
ton mi.
Vic nhn mnh vo sc khe v s linh ng trong cc bi tp yoga cng hon ton
mi. Rt t ngi trong chng ta ch ng th tch linh hn khi th xc tm kim bn
ng thc s ca mnh. Hu ht nhng ngi luyn tp yoga hin i u khng phi
nhng ngi tu hnh kh hnh. Nhn chung, nhng ngi luyn tp yoga hin nay ch
yu u mun tng cng sc khe, ci thin s do dai v loi b cng thng.
V c bn, r rng cc bi tp yoga hin i l s kt hp ca chuyn ng, ht th v
thin nh. Bn thn cc t th khng phi l iu k diu. Chng thay i rt nhiu
sau nhiu th k.
V cng r rng yoga khng phi l cc chuyn ng thu ht s ch . Trong cc bi
tp c mt trit l: Bn dnh thi gian luyn tp tr thnh mt ngi tt hn. D
rng cc t th hin i u mi, nhng trit l yoga c t vi nghn nm trc, v tht
th v l trit l n gi vn ng. Yoga su sc theo kiu nhng cch chm sc sc
khe hin i khng c c.
Bn khng cn phi gng mnh tp cc t th in r. L mt yogi (ngi tp
yoga) thc s khng c ngha l phi bt chc c cc t th kiu nh t th Gumby,
m ch l luyn tp theo cch gip bn sng tt hn. Bn khng th thc hin c mt
t th v bn khng do dai, khng khe hoc v bn ang b thng? Khng vn
g, hy iu chnh t th , hoc thc hin mt t th khc. Ch cn bn tp trung vo
hi th khi di chuyn, v bn ch tm ti iu c th ang ni vi bn l bn lm ng
ri.
V c bn, bi tp yoga hin i l s kt hp ca vic ht th, chuyn ng v ch tm
thin nh, ch khng phi l cc bi tp th dc, nhp iu v cng khng nhm mc
ch tr nn siu do dai. Tr nn siu do dai hoc iu luyn khng khin bn tr
thnh mt yogi gii hn.

Xa b nhng hiu lm

Di y l mt s hiu lm thng thy v yoga:

Bn khng cn phi bit hng nghn t th tp yoga. Bit nhiu t th khng khin
bn tr thnh mt yogi gii hn.

Bn khng cn bit tn ting Phn, thm ch tn ting Anh ca cc t th. Bit tn ca

nhiu t th cng khng gip bn tr thnh mt yogi gii hn.

Mt s ngi tp yoga theo n gio, nhng nim tin tn gio khng nht thit gip
ch cho vic tp cc t th.

Mt s ngi tp yoga thc hin ch n king, n chay nh nhng ngi gim cn,
hoc tp Ayurveda(2), nhng ch n king c bit khng phi l iu kin tin
quyt tp cc t th yoga.

Mt s ngi tp yoga cng quan tm ti y hc, t vi v cc ch tng t, nhng

nhng quan tm ny khng phi l iu kin tin quyt thc hnh yoga.

Tt c nhng iu ny u l nhng hiu lm m ti c khi ln u tin nghe nhc

n yoga. Ch cn mt cht thi gian tm hiu xem bi tp yoga thc s l g cng
gim bt nhng lo lng ban u ca ti, cng nh gip ti khng lng ph thi gian cho
nhng th khng quan trng.

Yoga c nguy him khng?

Cn mt iu cui cng m ti bn khon: Liu ti c lm mnh b thng khi tp yoga
khng?
Khong thi gian ti nghin cu v cc t th, c mt bi bo mang tnh kch ng v
vic luyn tp yoga c ng trn t New York Times. Bi bo c ta Yoga tn ph c
th bn nh th no l bi vit ca nh bo thuc chuyn mc khoa hc William J.
Broad. Thc ra bi bo c trch t mt cun sch ca Broad l Khoa hc v Yoga:
Nguy c v phn thng (The Science of Yoga: The Rishs and the Rewards) (2012), cun
sch b cng kch mnh m sau khi c xut bn ch vi tun sau khi bi bo kia c
ng.
Bi bo gi li rt nhiu cuc tranh ci trong gii yoga. Broad trch dn mt s
nghin cu khoa hc v li ch ca vic tp cc t th yoga, ch yu lin quan ti vic cn
bng tnh cm v cm xc. Sau ng chuyn sang tn cng, cho rng yoga phi chu
trch nhim cho mt lot nhng chn thng quan trng, t bong gn ti t qu. Trong
mt s trng hp, Broad cn cho rng yoga phi chu trch nhim cho nhng ngi

luyn tp ri vo trng thi hn m.

Bi bo ny l mt v d v s o ngc c ch. Nh th no l tp yoga khng ng,
v nhng nguy c ch yu ca vic luyn tp cc t th yoga l g?
Phn ng ca cng ng nhng ngi dy yoga vi bi bo v cun sch ca Broad u
nhanh chng v gay gt: Da vo nhng chng c c th, c th ni Broad kch ng
c mi ngi. Yoga, ging nh bt c hot ng lin quan n c th no khc, cng c
nguy c, nhng nhng nguy c ny khng th tn hi nghim trng ti bn nu bn
luyn tp theo cch an ton.
D bn thc s c th lm tn thng bn thn khi tp yoga, nhng nhng vn v
sc khe nghim trng nh t qu hay hn m cc k him, v khng c bng chng
no cho thy luyn tp cc t th yoga c th tng nguy c b thng nghim trng. So vi
cc hot ng th lc khc, ngay c nhng mn th thao khng tip xc nh gn, yoga
cng c thng k l rt an ton.
i vi vic bong gn, cng c, rch c, nhng chn thng kiu ny chc chn c th
xy ra nu bn p c th phi thc hin nhng t th kh, bt chp cm gic au n v
kh chu. Nu bn tin rng nhng yogi ch thc c th gp ngi, chm mi vo mt
c chn, v bn p c th bn phi thc hin bng c t th , bn s c nguy c b
gin dy chng hoc t gn. Tng t nh vy, nu mt ngi dy yoga chnh t th ca
bn mt cch th bo, vt qua gii hn ca c th th nhiu kh nng bn s b chn
thng.
Khu vc d b tn thng nht l t sng c. Mt s t th nh trng cy chui
thng gy p lc ln u v c, v trong lc tp, nu bn ng khng ng, bn c th b
thng nghim trng c hoc ct sng.
Da trn nhng thng tin ny, ch cn ti lng nghe c th mnh, khng p mnh phi
tp gt gao, v trnh nhng trng lng khng cn thit ln t sng c, ti c th thu li
t vic luyn tp m khng phi i mt vi nguy c b thng. Tht tuyt khi bit iu
.

T th kh thi ti thiu
Ti chun b tt c bt u luyn tp vy ti phi bt u t u?
R rng l c rt nhiu kiu, dng v trit l v vic yoga trng nh th no. Tt c
u rt tt, nhng ti cn phi li mt bc v quyt nh mc ch ca yoga i vi ti l
g.
Ti sao ti li lm vic ny?
Ti mun nng ng hn, v c th ti ang th hin r rng l ti cn phi di chuyn

nhiu hn na. Bc s ca ti khuyn co ti nn tp cc bi tp lin quan n vn ng,

v nhc n yoga nh mt la chn. Ti bit v li ch ca c luyn tp v thin nh,
v ti thch yoga v n kt hp c c hai iu . Ti khng c thi gian ti cc
phng tp v theo hc cc lp di l th, v th ti thch luyn tp nh theo cch hiu
qu v an ton.
Nh th l chi tit xc nh c mc thnh tho mc tiu ri. Di y l
mc thnh tho mc tiu ca ti:
1. Hc chui t th m ti c th luyn tp tng cng s n lc, sc khe hng ngy
v s do dai ni chung.
2. Kt hp bi tp vi vic ht th v thin nh, thu c mt s li ch th cht v tinh
thn quan trng trong mt khong thi gian ngn.
3. Luyn tp an ton da theo tr nh trong khong 20 n 30 pht, iu chnh theo
khong thi gian, sc khe, s linh hot v mc nng lng ni chung.

dng cn thit tp yoga

Trc khi bt u luyn tp, ti cn mt s vt dng c bn. u tin v quan trng nht
l mt tm thm, lm m lt v gip tay, chn khng b trt khi v tr. Tp yoga c th
ra rt nhiu m hi, v nu bn b trt chn hoc tay, bn c th b thng, v th mt
tm thm tt l th rt quan trng.
Khi ti tp trung tm Yoga Pure, h cp cho ti mt tm thm tt. Tuy nhin, ti
thy tm thm hi ngn so vi ti. Ti thy mnh hay b trt ra mp thm, v mi
ln nh vy ti li phi dng li iu chnh. C l s tt nht nu ti c th tm c
mt tm thm di hn.
Sau khi nghin cu mt cht, ti t mua mt tm thm PRO di 2,15m ca
Manduka. l mt tm thm di, bn v c mu xanh rt p.
Ngoi ra, ti cn mua mt chic ti ng thm v vi chic khn tay, phng trng
hp tay ti m hi. Ti c qun soc v o thun, v vi chic qun di tp yoga, v
th ti sn sng v mt trang phc. Cc t th yoga c tp bng chn trn, v th ti
khng cn loi giy c bit no c.
Theo gi ca Kelsey, ti mua mt si dy cotton di v mt on tre, v c y ni
nhng th c th c ch khi iu chnh mt s t th.
l tt c nhng trang thit b m ti cn. Bn khng cn nhiu th tp yoga.

Hc cc t th
y l chin lc ban u ca ti: Kelsey l mt gio vin dy yoga qua o to, v th,
ti nn bt u vi s hng dn ca c y. Chng ti quyt nh dnh ra 90 pht mt
bui chiu hc nhng iu c bn.
Nu ti khng c mt gio vin dy yoga ngay trong gia nh, hn ti s phi thu mt
gio vin hng dn ring. Cch hc mt thy mt tr trong trng hp ny rt hu ch,
v chuyn ng l th kh c th hc c t sch v.
Nhng iu khng c ngha l ti b qua vic c sch. Ti mua mt s cun
sch nh:

Gii phu hc yoga ca Leslie Kaminoff v Amy Matthews (2011)

Yoga v sc khe ca Gary Kraftsow (1999)

Ashtanga Yoga: Trit l v thc hnh ca Gregor Maehle (2007)

Yoga tp trung vo hi th cng vi Leslie Kaminoff (DVD) ca Leslie Kaminoff

(2010)

Ti s dng nhng cun sch tham kho l ch yu. Trong c tranh nh v

hnh minh ha v cc t th, cng nh nhng hng dn chi tit v cch thc hin ng
mi t th, v vy ti c th tra cu thng tin nu cn. Ti s bit nhiu hn v iu ti
cn phi hc sau khi bt u luyn tp.
Ti v Kelsey tri thm ra v bt u. Trc tin l bi tp cho mt tri (Sun
Salutation).

Tun t bi tp cho mt tri

Bi tp cho mt tri l mt chui cc t th c thit k gip bn khi ng c
th, v th hu ht cc t th u bt u vi mt s vng trn.

Ch thch nhanh nu bn quyt nh th tp nhng ng tc ny: Mi ngi

mi khc, v cch ng thc hin mi t th ny ty thuc vo gii hn
ring ca tng c th. Nu bn ch ti iu c th ang ni vi bn, trnh tp
qu mc v iu chnh mi t th theo gii hn ca c nhn, bn c th luyn
tp t th ny mt cch an ton.

Di y l hnh minh ha cho chui t th ny:

1. Ht vo. ng thng phn trc tm thm, tay th lng theo ngi, u gi chng.
2. Th ra. Chp hai tay trc ngc theo t th cu nguyn.
3. Ht vo ng thi vn thng hai tay ln cao cho ti khi hai tay cao qu u. Sau ,
mt nhn theo hai tay. (Nu bn thy khng thoi mi khi nhn nh vy, th ch cn
nhn thng cng c.)
4. Th ra v gp ngi v pha trc, ly hng lm trng tm, t hai tay xung xung
sn, chm vo cc u ngn chn. Vn ht sc c th nhng khng c vn qu
mc. C th gp u gi cng c. Th gin c v vai.
5. Ht vo, mt nhn bc tng pha trc, tay vn chm t. (Ngoi ra c th dui thng
hai chn, ng thi tip tc th gin u v c.)
6. Th ra khi quay li t th gp ngi v pha trc.
7. Ht vo khi a chn ra pha sau trong t th chng y, c th c dn ht c,
trng lng c th dn ln hai tay v mi bn chn. Bn c th thu chn v v nhy
ln nu mun.
8. Th ra, h thp c th xung sn nh th bn ang chng y. Khng c t hn
xung sn, phi dng li khi cch thm vi cm. Vai, khuu tay v c tay phi to thnh
cc gc vung 90 , trnh b thng. Nu lc u thy t th ny qu kh, bn c
th t u gi xung sn. (T th ny c gi l Chaturanga Dandasana hay gi tt l
Chaturanga.)
9. Ht vo khi bn y ngi v pha trc, cong lng khi y cho ti khi thn ngi bn
thng ng. ng thi, xoay chn sao cho mi bn chn chm t, v cng chn cch
thm vi cm.

10. Th ra v xoay chn li, sao cho gt chn chm thm. ng thi, nng hng ln cao

cho ti khi c th to thnh hnh ch V. Th gin c v vai. Nu bn c cm gic cng

cc gn khoeo, c ngha l c tc dng, v hy tng tng nh bn ang th vo
. Duy tr t th ny trong t ba n nm nhp th.
11. Ht vo, sau th ra khi bn a hoc y chn v pha trc, cho ti khi chn di
vai.
12. Lp li bc 5 v 6.
13. Ht vo trong khi gi hai tay ln cao cho ti khi hai tay cao qu u, ging nh bc 3.
14. Thu hai tay v trc mt cho ti khi tay chp li trc ngc trong t th cu nguyn,
nh bc 2.
Bn s nhn thy l chui t th ny kt thc vi t th ging nh lc bt u. Khi
bn hon thnh chui t th ny, bn c th lp li bao nhiu ln ty , hoc d dng
chuyn sang mt t th ng khc.
Cn na, bn c mi bc u bt u vi vic ht vo hoc th ra khng?
Vic l c ch ch, mi chuyn ng u tng ng vi mt hi th. Tp trung vo hi
th chnh l im to nn s khc bit gia yoga v th dc nhp iu.
Bn c th coi bi tp cho mt tri nh t th kh thi ti thiu: Nu bn thc s
mun, ton b bi tp ca bn c th ch gm cc bi tp cho mt tri c lp i lp li.
Chui t th ny hp vi tt c cc nhm c ca c th, i hi s kt hp nhun nhuyn
gia sc mnh v s do dai. y l bi tp c tnh th thch cao nhng khng h phc
tp.
Trong bi tp ashtanga truyn thng, cho mt tri (hay cn gi l vinyasa) c thc
hin gia mi t th ring l. iu c ngha l bn dnh phn ln thi gian trong hai
ting thc hin cc bi tp chnh thc hin chui t th n gin ny. y chnh l v
d hon ho cho quy lut sc mnh trong thc t: Cc t th ph cu thnh nn phn ln
bi tp.
Tuy nhin, c th con ngi c phn ng vi chn thng, cng thng lp i lp li:
Nu bn thc hin qu nhiu bi tp cho mt tri, c kh nng bn s t lm b thng
chnh mnh. chnh l l do ti sao ch nn tp mt vi ln bi tp cho mt tri khi
ng, sau chuyn sang nhng t th khc.

Hy nh th nh Darth Vader(3)
Thng thng, khi tp cc t th s cn s dng mt th thut th c bit gi l ujjayi.
y l dng thc n gin nht ca k thut th (kim sot hi th) c s dng trong
khi luyn tp yoga, c thit k c th d dng tp trung vo hi th hn.

Pha sau c hng c mt b phn nh c gi l thanh mn, gn nh cng v tr vi

amian v dy thanh m. Nu bn tp trung vo khu vc trong mt lc, bn c th ch
ng thu nh thanh mn li mt cht, t kim sot khng kh vo v ra l phi ca
bn.
C th nhn thy c tc ng ca vic hn ch ny: Bn c th nghe thy (v cm
nhn c) lung kh lnh a vo l phi ca bn khi bn ht vo, v lung kh nng trn
ra khi bn th ra.
Cc ti liu yoga c i gn cho ujjayi v nhng k thut kim sot hi th khc nhng
c im thn b. Bt chp ujjayi c to nhit trong c th hoc khuyn khch dng
chy ca s sng hay khng, th chc chn n vn khin chng ta d dng tp trung vo
hi th hn.
Mc ch chnh ca ujjayi l gip gi hi th n nh, th thi v u n. Bng cch
duy tr ujjayi nh mt bi tp, tm tr ca bn c th d dng tp trung vo hi th hn,
gip bn tp trung ch . Nu bn ch quan tm ti hi th, khng quan tm ti bt c
th g khc, bn s thin c m khng cn phi c gng.
Ti hc c hu ht cc chui t th hay c s dng trong yoga, cng nh
nhng kiu th c bn trong khong 20 pht.
By gi, hy cng ti hc nhng t th ng ph bin.

Cc t th ng
CHIN BINH 1

T th chin binh l phn ct li cc lp hc ashtanga v vinyasa. T th ny thng

xut hin sau (hoc gia) chui t th cho mt tri, v c th thc hin nh mt chui
t th ring.
y l cch thc hin t th chin binh th nht: ng thng. Ht vo, mt chn li
li pha sau, mi bn chn li li to thnh mt gc khong 45 . Hai tay gi cao ln
u, song song vi nhau. Chn trc nn gp u gi, bn chn dui thng, cng chn gn
nh vung gc vi sn. Bn chn sau dui thng trn mt sn. Gi t th trong khong
t ba n nm nhp th.

CHIN BINH 2

T t th chin binh 1, dang hai tay v xoay hng v mt pha ca tm thm. (Nu chn
phi pha sau th xoay sang phi v ngc li.) Gi cho hai tay song song vi mt t,
m rng thng qua ngc. Gi t th ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th.
CHIN BINH 3

T th chin binh 3 c th d dng c gi l t th siu nhn. Mc tiu ln ny l di

chuyn phn thn v pha trc trong khi vn gi c thng bng trn mt chn, vi
ton b phn cn li ca c th song song vi mt t.
T v tr ng trung lp (v tr ng bnh thng, hoc chin binh 1), gi hai tay ln cao
qua u, nh nhng nhc mt chn ln khi sn. Di chuyn chn v pha sau trn
khng, ng thi y phn thn v pha trc, ly hng lm trung tm, cho ti khi t
c t th siu nhn. Hy tp trung vo vic cn bng cc c bn chn, gi cho phn
u gi pha di vng chc nhng khng c gh cht.
Gi nguyn t th trong khong ba n nm nhp th, sau quay tr li t th ng
ban u.
T TH VN MNH KAMINOFF

T t th ng thng, ht vo, xoay hai tay ra ngoi v a ln trn nh lc bt u chui

t th cho mt tri. Sau , th ra v xoay hai tay ngc li, hng vo trong v a

xung di, ng thi gp ngi xung pha trc sao cho ngc chm vo u gi. Lp li
vi ln, ht vo khi xoay ra v th ra khi gp ngi xung.
y l t th ng yu thch ca ti: T th ny em li cm gic rt tuyt sau khi
bc chn ra khi ging, hoc sau vi ting ngi my tnh. Li ch ca t th ny l n
khng gia tng trng lng ln cnh tay hay bn tay, rt tt nu bn b hi chng ng c
tay, ang phc hi sau chn thng hoc cn tng cng sc mnh, s do dai trc khi
th sc vi nhng t th kh hn.
GP NGI V PHA TRC

T t th ng thng ban u, ly hng lm trng tm v gp ngi v pha trc, c th

khuu u gi nu cn. Th lng c v vai, ci u xung khi c gng chm cc ngn tay
xung sn.
Th khi gp v khng gp u gi, ch lc bn bt u cm thy cng c. (Nu gn
khoeo ca bn linh hot, bn c th chm c lng bn tay xung sn, nhng khng c
c qu mc.) Sau khong ba n nm nhp th, hy quay tr li t th ng.
GP NGI V PHA TRC, CHN DANG RNG

T t th ng thng, dch chuyn hai chn v hai pha, to thnh t th hnh ch V rng.
Sau , ly hng lm trung tm, gp ngi v pha trc. Th lng c v vai, ci u
xung khi c gng chm lng bn tay xung sn. Sau khong ba n nm nhp th, tr li
t th ng thng.
T TH TAM GIC

T t th ng thng, di chuyn hai chn v hai pha, to thnh t th hnh ch V rng,

bn chn hng v pha trc. Sau , xoay hng sao cho mt trong hai chn hng v
mp thm. Gp u gi ca chn v khuu tay t ln . Tay cn li gi cao ln trn.
Cui cng, dui thng u gi va gp, v cnh tay chm mi chn hoc chm sn.
Gi t th ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th, tr v t th chn dang rng, sau
lp li cc ng tc vi na ngi cn li.
T TH GC BN M RNG

T t th ng thng, di chuyn hai chn sang hai bn, to thnh hnh ch V rng, chn
hng v pha trc. Sau , xoay hng sao cho mt trong hai chn hng v mp thm.
Gp u gi chn v khuu tay t ln . Tay cn li gi cao ln trn, sau (nu
thoi mi) chm lng bn tay xung sn. Cnh tay ca bn nn vung gc vi sn, to
thnh mt ng thng.
C mt bin th ca t th gc bn m rng m ti rt thch: Bn c th chp hai tay
trong t th cu nguyn thay v dui tay chm sn v gi cao ln trn. Sau khi gi t th
ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th, hy tr v t th dang rng v lp li cc ng tc
vi bn cn li.
T TH CI GH

ng thng, chn chm vo nhau, tay bung thng theo c th. Ht vo v gi thng tay
ln qu u. Sau th ra v gp u gi, vn gi hai chn chm vo nhau cho ti khi
bn to thnh t th ci gh, ngha l ging nh bn ang ngi trn mt chic gh tng
tng. (T th ny kh, v s cng kh hn nu bn gi t th ny lu hn.)
Gi t th ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th, sau tr li t th ng thng.
T TH CI CY

ng thng, hai chn chm vo nhau, hai tay bung thng theo c th. Nhc mt chn
ln, gp u gi li v dng tay cng chiu gi mt c chn. Gi thng bng trn chn cn
li, t bn chn ca chn kia ln i chn tr. C l bn s nhn thy cc c ca chn tr
vn ng in cung cho ti khi bn t c trng thi cn bng.
Mt khi chn vo ng v tr, chp hai tay trc ngc trong t th cu nguyn. Gi
t th ny trong khong t ba n nm nhp th, sau lp li ng tc vi chn kia.

Cc t th trn sn
T TH CON MO/CON B

Qu gi v chng tay, tay vai v chn cng rng bng vai. Th lng c v vai, mt nhn
xung sn.
Th ra khi khom lng, hp bng li. Bn s thy mnh nhn v pha hai chn. y l t
th con mo.
Tip theo, ht vo khi bn dui thng lng v tr v v tr ban u, sau khom lng
theo hng ngc li, ko bng xung st sn, ging nh lc bt u bi tp cho mt
tri. Bn s thy mnh hng mt v pha trc, v lng bn lm xung. y l t th con
b.
T TH NGI GP NGI V PHA TRC

Ngi trn thm tp, chn dui thng v pha trc. Ngn chn vung gc vi sn. Khng
gp u gi, xoay hng khi s dng c t u (c pha trc bp i), sau vi tay v
pha bn chn. Vi cng xa cng tt m khng thy au hoc kh chu. Gi t th ny
trong khong ba n nm nhp th.
T TH GP NGI V PHA TRC, MT CHN GP

Hy ngh v t th ny nh s kt hp ca t th ci cy v t th gp ngi v pha

trc. Nhc mt chn ln, gp u gi li, sau xoay chn sang mt bn. t bn chn
vo pha trong i, sau ly hng lm trng tm, ging nh trong t th gp ngi v
pha trc. Hy vi cng xa cng tt m bn khng thy au hoc kh chu, sau gi t
th ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th.
T TH STAFF

T th ny kh hn v ngoi ca n. Ngi ln tm thm, chn dui thng trc mt. Bn

chn vung gc vi sn. Chng hai tay xung sn, sau y tay xung sn, nh nhng
nng c th ln khi sn, c gng ngn chn vn hng thng ln. Gi t th trong
khong ba n nm nhp th.
T TH GC GII HN

Ngi xung sn, u gi t vo ngc. Sau , di chuyn u gi v hai bn cho ti khi

chng gn chm sn, v lng bn chn ca hai chn chm vo nhau. Dng tay gi bn
chn, v gi t th ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th.
T TH NGI VN XON

Ngi trn thm, chn dui thng trc mt. Mt chn gp u gi vo st ngc cho ti khi
bn chn gn vi u gi ca chn cn li. Sau , ly tay nhc bn chn t ln chn
ang dui thng. Chng hai tay xung sn ging nh trong t th staff.
Khi thc hin c t th , vng mt tay qua c th cho ti khi khuu tay chm
vo cnh bn u gi. (Nu chn phi ang gp, bn s phi vng tay tri.) Gp khuu tay
v gi cho cc ngn tay hng ln trn. Tip tc vn ngi bng cch nh nhng t cnh
tay ln chn. Hon thin ng tc vn ton b ct sng bng cch xoay u theo cng
hng khi bn vn ngi.
C mt iu r rng t th ny, l bn hon ton c th nhn ra s khc bit khi
quay cc phn khc nhau ca ct sng. Theo Leslie Kaminoff, t sng ngang lng ch
quay c mt gc khong 5 . t sng ngc quay mt gc 35 , v t sng c xoay
mt gc khong 80 n 90 , v th khi bn xoay c, bn c th nhn c pha sau
mnh.
Gi t th vn ngi ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th, sau quay tr li t th
ban u v tip tc vi bn kia.
T TH CHO THUYN

y l mt t th kh thc hin. Ngi ln tm thm, hai chn dui thng trc mt. Gp
u gi sao cho bn vn gi c thng bng khi ngi, v ngn chn chm nh xung sn.
Dui thng tay ra trc mt, sau chm hai chn li vi nhau khi nhc chn ln khi
sn. Gi hai cng chn thng v st li vi nhau, c th iu chnh nu cn gi thng
bng. Gi t th ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th, sau b ra.
T TH CON QU

Ngi xm trn thm, chng lng bn tay xung sn. Pha trong ca khuu tay tip xc vi
u gi tng ng, sau y ngi v pha trc cho ti khi ton b trng lc c th dn
v pha trc, v chn nhc hn ln khi mt t. Gi thng bng trn hai tay cng lu
cng tt, gi hi th u n.
T TH BNH XE

Nm nga trn thm, lng st sn. Co hai u gi ln cho ti khi bn chn t thng trn
thm, ngay di hng. Cng lc , t hai tay cnh tai, lng bn tay p xung. Khi ht
vo, ko mnh chn v y mnh tay sao cho c c th c nhc bng ln khi thm.
Gi t th ny trong khong ba n nm nhp th, sau t t h thn mnh xung sn.

iu chnh kh
Bn c l nhng t th ny thng kt thc vi cu gi trong khong ba n nm
nhp th khng? l s iu chnh c ch ch. Th l iu to nn s c o ca
yoga, v th, n phi l mt phn quan trng ca tt c cc t th. Th t ba n nm nhp
l mt khi u tt i vi nhng ngi mi bt u.
Nhng ngi luyn tp cc t th yoga thnh thc khng nht thit phi thc hin cc
t th phc tp hn, hay nhiu t th hn, m h ch thc hin cc t th chm hn,
kim sot nhiu hn v gi mi t th lu hn. Khi tin b hn trong cc bi tp, ti cng
s gi mi t th thm mt vi nhp th.

T th xc cht (shavasana)

Shavasana, theo truyn thng yoga, l mc ch cui cng ca tt c nhng bi tp gp

ngi v th ny. Hy nh, mc ch ban u ca cc t th l chun b cho vic ngi
thin. Truyn thng c ni tip trong cc bi tp hin i v mt l do n gin:
N thc s tt.
Shavasana l s gii phng tt c cc c b cng kt hp vi thin su. N thng c
gi l t th xc cht, nhng ng ci tn khin bn chn bc. T th ny thc ra
rt n gin: nm thng trn thm, hai chn dui thng, hai tay dc hai bn. Nhm
mt v gii phng ton b cng thng khi c th. Cc c ca bn khng cn phi lm bt
c vic g.
Qut mt lt c th bn, t u ti chn, v bt c khi no bn nhn thy c c no
co rt, hy gii phng chng, k c nhng nhm c m chng ta thng khng my quan
tm nh c, v thm ch l c li. Lc ny, bn cng khng kim sot hi th v bt u
th bnh thng.
Cm gic ta h bn ang tan chy. Sau mt khong thi gian rt di lin tc p cng
cc c, shavasana thc s l mt s th lng. C th kit qu c v khin bn phi th
thi u c, chnh v th s d thin hn khi bn thc hin t th shavasana.
Duy tr t th shavasana trong khong nm pht, sau ng dy. Bi tp cc t th
ca bn hon thnh.

Tm lc phng php
Lc ny, ti t c mc biu hin mc tiu ca mnh. Sau tng cng ba ting
hng dn, ti c th tp cc t th yoga nh theo cch an ton v hiu qu.
Hy cng tm lc li nhng im cn bn trong phng php m ti s dng
hc yoga:

Ti mua nhng vt dng cn thit: thm, dy buc

Ti dnh vi ting hc nhng iu c bn v iu chnh cc hiu lm cng vi

mt ngi hng dn c kinh nghim.

Ti hc c rng cc bi tp yoga lin quan ti chuyn ng thng qua cc t th

m vn tp trung vo hi th v duy tr trng thi tinh thn sng sut.

Ti hc c cc chui t th cho mt tri, 10 t th ng ph bin v 10 t th

ngi/vn mnh ph bin.

Ti hc c cc k thut th (kim sot hi th) khin cho vic tp trung vo hi

th trong lc tp tr nn d dng hn.

Ti hc c cch trnh b thng bng cch ch ti c th, iu chnh cc t th

nu cn thit, trnh tp qu mc v trnh dn trng lng khng cn thit ln t
sng c.

Ti luyn tp cho ti khi ti c th hon thnh cc chui t th theo tr nh, mt

khong 25 pht.

T y ti s i u tip
Hin ti, ti vui vi vic luyn tp cc t th yoga ca mnh. Sau khong ba ting nghin
cu v hc hi, ti c th tp yoga bt c khi no ti mun hoc cn, v ti khng cn
phi ph thuc vo cc lp hc c s ch dn ca gio vin trung tm na. Ti t lch
tp l 25 pht vo bui sng hoc bui ti.
Ti thch yoga kt hp cc bi tp vi vic thin nh. Sau khi luyn tp, r rng l c
th ti cm thy tt hn rt nhiu, k c cm gic ca ti. Nu tip tc luyn tp, chc
chn ti s t c thnh qu c v thin nh v cc bi tp chui chuyn ng.
Vn l ti cn phi luyn tp thng xuyn t c kt qu . Mu cht l
phi dnh thi gian mi sng v mi ti luyn tp. Thay v bt u mt ngy bng vic
vo mng kim tra th in t hoc bt tay ngay vo cng vic, ti s thay i lch trnh
ca mnh c th luyn tp yoga trc khi lm bt c vic g khc.
Chm sc c th cn tr thnh u tin hng u ca ti, ch khng phi u tin cui
cng. Yoga s gip ti khe mnh trong nhiu nm ti.
Ti khng cn tr thnh mt thy tu hay chuyn gia un do mi c th tn hng
c nhng li ch ca yoga. Ti khng cn bit mi t th. Ti ch cn luyn tp nhng
iu c bn nhng iu khng kh cht no.
Hn th na, ti hc c nhng g ti mun hc ch trong ba ting, tt hn rt
nhiu so vi k vng ca ti. Ti bt u d n ny vi hi vng hc c mt lot nhng
t th phc tp, nhng ha ra khng cn phi nh vy. Ti c th t c iu ti mun
bng cch n gin ha, iu gip ti c th t c kt qu m mnh mun trong
khong thi gian t hn.

Khi hc mt th mi, s chng ch g nu phc tp ha n ln.

5
LP TRNH
BI HC: VIC PHC TP S TR NN N GIN KHI BN
CHIA NH CHNG RA
Nu g li l qu trnh loi b cc li thuc v phn mm th lp trnh li l
qu trnh t cc li vo.
EDSGER DIJKSTRA, nh khoa hc my tnh danh ting

Ti bt u kim sng nh web t nm 2007, khi ti b cng vic ton thi gian l trng
phng marketing cho cng ty Procter & Gamble thnh lp cng ty t vn v xut bn
ca ring mnh.
Trang web quan trng nht ca ti, PersonalMBA.com, l phng k sinh nhai ca ti:
Ti l mt gio s kinh doanh hiu qu, nhng ti khng lm vic trng i hc. Mi
nm, ti li cp nht danh sch nhng cun sch kinh doanh tt nht dnh cho nhng
ngi mun t hc kin thc c bn nht ca kinh doanh.
Danh sch ti liu nn c ca The Personal MBA c mt lng c gi yu thch lu
nm k t khi n bn u tin c pht hnh nm 2005, v phn cp nht cho danh
sch p ng c ln sng quan tm ca cc c gi trn khp th gii. K t nm 2005,
PersonalMBA.com c hn hai triu lt truy cp.
Cun sch u tin ca ti, MBA c nhn: Lm ch ngh thut kinh doanh (The
Personal MBA: Master the Art of Business) (2010), l s m rng ca trang web
PersonalMBA.com, v tr thnh cun sch bn chy nht. Mt phn ca vic vit sch
l phi xc nh lm th no truyn b ngn ng, v th sau nhiu nm, ti lm vic
chm ch thu ht c nhiu ngi c mi.
Kt qu l cun sch c cao trong t New York Times, Wall Street Journal,
Fortune, Forbes v FastCompany, cng nh trn nhiu trang web blog ni ting khc.
Mi ln cun sch hay trang web ca ti c gii thiu li c hng nghn ngi gh thm
trang PersonalMBA.com ch trong mt khong thi gian ngn.

Ci gi ca s tin b

Cng lc c hng nghn v khch gh thm trang web ca bn l mt iu tuyt vi, vi

iu kin l nhng v khch c th thc s truy cp c vo trang web ca bn.
chnh l vn ca ti: bt c khi no trang web ca ti c mt lng ln khch gh
thm, n li b nghn mng, ch li cho nhng v khch mt mu thng tin bo li
kh hiu.
V y l mt v d in hnh: Lifehacker.com, mt trang blog ni ting, gii thiu
cun MBA c nhn ba ln trong vng by nm qua. Mi ln li c hng nghn ngi c
gng truy cp vo trang PersonalMBA.com cng mt lc, lm nghn my ch (my tnh
cung cp trang web theo yu cu ca khch ngh thm) ca trang web. Thay v cung cp
thng tin c yu cu, my ch ca ti li a ra thng ip Li thit lp kt ni vi c
s d liu hoc Li 503, thng ip s tng ng vi vic my ch ni xin lng
khoan dung.
Mi ln my ch ca ti sp v qu ti, mt phn linh hn ca ti cng cht theo. Ton
b thi gian dnh cho vic qung b trang web ca ti thnh cng cc. Hng nghn c
gi t m cui cng chu quan tm ti iu ti gii thiu, nhng v my ch ca ti b
sp, h li phi quay tr ra cng vi tm trng tht vng v trng rng. Cng tc
marketing ca ti cng rt tt, nhng h thng ca ti li khng th x l c nhu cu
bt ng.

Kim tra vn
Lc u, gii php ca ti l tng cng cho my ch bng cch tng nng lc x l v
thm b nh. iu c tc dng, nhng ch ti mt thi im no . Ngoi thi im
ra, trang web ca ti c th b nghn v sp bt c lc no chuyn thng xy ra
cng lc vi nhng ln marketing thng li.
Khi , PersonalMBA.com ang chy trn h thng qun l trang web ni ting l
WordPress. WordPress c ti u ha d s dng v ci t, khng chy di ti
nng. Theo cu hnh mc nh ca WordPress, tt c cc trang web u yu cu khi ng
mt tng hot ng ca my ch, to ra hng trm yu cu n nhm cung cp trang web
ti ngi c.
iu khin cho yu cu i vi mi trang web tr nn t . Ngha l, mi yu
cu li i hi mt lng ln b nh v nng lc x l mi hon thnh c. Nu mt
khch xem nm trang trn web, ngi khch to ra nm yu cu t. Nu hng
nghn khch cng a ra yu cu vo cng mt thi im, my ch s phi c gng thc
hin hng nghn qu trnh x l cng mt lc.101

H thng hng
Trong tnh hung ny, chic my ch ti nghip b bao vy s c gng p tr tt c cc

yu cu, nhng v mi yu cu li i hi rt nhiu ngun khc nhau, my ch s ht b

nh trc khi cc yu cu c thc hin. Lc , my ch gi c trng u hng, cn
khch l ngi km may mn.
gii quyt vn ny, ti i cng ty qun tr web nm ln, v dnh hng
trm gi nghin cu lm th no cc my ch chy trn nn WordPress c th gi
mng c trong tnh trng ti nng. Mi cu hnh my ch mi li tng mc phc
tp, v mi ln ci t mi li i hi phi lin tc bo dng nhiu hn.
Cui cng ti xy dng cu hnh my ch ring cho mnh, vin dn mt lot cc yu
cu h thng phc tp ci t, nh cu hnh v thay i cc ng dng my ch phc
tp m ti ch hiu va . Mi mt li hoc mt vn m ti gp phi trong qu trnh
hnh thnh hoc duy tr u ngn ca ti hng gi nghin cu v tm cch x l.
Th vn cha ht, tnh ph bin v bo mt km ca WordPress khin n tr thnh
mn mi ngon cho cc tin tc v nhng k gi th rc. C khong mt tun, mt lp trnh
vin n danh li tm thy mt vi l hng mi, sau s dng chng kim sot ti
khon ca ngi s dng hoc gi y th rc vo hng triu blog WordPress.
Ch ring vic bo mt cho qu trnh ci t WordPress v duy tr cc cp nht phn
mm hng u cng l mt vic lm ton thi gian ri, c bit khi bn duy tr nhiu
trang web. (Lc ti duy tr cng lc 12 trang web v tht bi mt cch thm hi.)
n mt lc, ti cht nhn ra mnh dnh nhiu thi gian hn gi cho cc trang
web ny lun trng thi trc tuyn thay v nghin cu v vit cho cc c gi ca mnh
c. iu chng c ngha g. Ti khng ch lm lng ph kh nng ca mnh, m cn
khng thc s hc cch lp trnh. Ti ch ang hc mt m nhng th lin quan ti mt
tnh hung c th v ch p dng cho vic chy WordPress. Chng hay ho g.
Ti quyt nh tm cch khc duy tr cc trang web ca mnh, v khng tn nhiu
thi gian lm tm c mt gii php thay th y ha hn.

Gii php tim nng

Mt hm, ti tnh c c c mt bi lun v Jekyll, chng trnh qun l web ca Tom
Preston-Werner (ni ting vi vai tr ngi sng lp kho m ngun m GitHub). Jekyll
c thit k thay th cho nhng h thng nh WordPress bng cch khin cho vic
chy web m khng cn ph thuc vo nhng yu cu t tr nn d dng hn.
Hy tng tng bn c hng trm ti liu x l ch cha thng tin quan trng, v bn
cn phi bin tt c chng thnh ging nhau cng phng ch, cng kiu mc Nu
bn vit mt chng trnh c th p dng mt thit k trang web m bn chn cho tt c
cc tp tin mt cch t ng (thay v cp nht tng tp tin bng tay) th bn s tit kim
c rt nhiu thi gian.

 chnh xc l iu m Jekyll lm c cho cc trang web. Hy chy mt lnh n, v

Jekyll s to ra mt trang web s dng cc tp tin trong my tnh c cha thng tin trang
web v mu thit k. Nu bn thay i thit k hoc ni dung trang, bn ch cn chy li
Jekyll, ton b trang web s c cp nht cc thay i mt cch t ng, gip bn tit
kim c rt nhiu sc lc.
Jekyll em li mt c hi y ha hn. V mt l thuyt, ti c th thay th
WordPress ch vi mt th mc gm cc tp tin vn bn n gin trong my tnh ca
mnh. Trang web ca ti c th m rt nhanh, n nh v ti s tit kim c cho mnh
hng trm gi bo dng my ch mi nm.
Tuy nhin, vn c mt vn : Jekyll c vit bng Ruby, ngn ng lp trnh m ti
khng bit. Ti khng c cht nim no v vic vit m bng Ruby hay chy cc ng
dng Ruby phc v nhng ngi dng thc s. Mt s vic ti cn phi lm chy
PersonalMBA.com i hi nhiu hn l vic nh dng n gin.
chy cc trang web s dng Jekyll ca mnh, ti phi hc cch lp trnh v trin
khai cc ng dng web chy bng Ruby.

Hc cch vit m
Ti mun dnh mt khong thi gian hc cch lp trnh, nhng nhng d n khc
lun chim v tr u tin. Nu ti c th hc cch vit m, c hi kinh doanh v xut bn
ca ti s c m rng ng k, v mi th ti lm xy dng doanh nghip u c
chy trn web.
C mt im quan trng cn phi lu l tt c mi vic ti lm cho ti thi im ny
u khng phi l lp trnh. HTML v CSS, hai ngn ng ti s dng xy dng cc
trang web u c gi l ngn ng nh du (markup). M HTML v CSS khng c
thng minh cho lm, n ch yu cu my tnh th hin cho ngi s dng mt tp tin vn
bn theo mt cch c th no (v d nh bi en on vn bn ny hay mc ca
phn ny c c ch 24).
Vic hnh thnh my ch ca ti cng nh vy. D ti sp xp cc phn mm li vi
nhau, th cng khng phi l ti ang lp trnh thc s. Thay vo , ti ch ci t cc
chng trnh c vit sn, sau thay i mt vi ci t. Lp trnh vin vit ra cc ng
dng m ti ang s dng, nhng ti khng cn phi c kin thc v lp trnh s dng
c chng. Lp cu hnh my ch v qun l l k nng hu dng, nhng khng phi lp
trnh.

Vy lp trnh l g?
Suy ngh u tin ca ti: Lp trnh l bt my tnh lm vic, nhng suy ngh cha c

th v c ch. Lm g? Vic y l vic g?

Mi nm trc, ti theo hc hai kha lp trnh c bn trng cao ng, th nn
vic khng th a ra c mt nh ngha hu dng khin ti thy hi xu h. Thnh
tht l th. Ti nh c mt vi thut ng c bn nh bin s (variable), vng lp
(loop), d liu vo (input), d liu ra (output), chc nng (function), hng i tng
(object orientation) v mt khi nim g gi l sp xp ni bt (bubble sort) nhng
khng bit g hn na.
Yu cu ca kha hc l hc c ngn ng lp trnh C++, v ti nh l mnh rt
chn nn khi mt hng ting ng h tm mt du chm phy b thiu khin c
chng trnh ca ti b t lit. Ti cn nh thy gio ca ti ni cu g i khi l:
Bn s khng bao gi s dng ti sp xp ni bt cho mt ng dng thc s no c,
nhng d sao chng ta vn c phi hc.
Ti vit mt s chng trnh c bn cho kha hc v ti buc phi vit: mc tiu l
phi vt qua kha hc vi xp loi gii, v ti lm c. ng tic l nhng chng
trnh m chng ti vit khi khng c gi tr s dng bn ngoi lp hc, v ti cha tng
s dng nhng khi nim trong mt thi gian di. D ti vn nh c mt s t,
nhng ti vn phi bt u li vi vic tm hiu cc tng chnh.
V ti khng th nh ngha c vic ti ang lm l g khi ni ti mun hc lp
trnh, nn ti gp kh khn trong vic xc nh mc thnh tho mc tiu. To ra mt
chng trnh my tnh c v c th hn, nhng vn cha hu ch lm.
n lc gii thiu ti bit g v lp trnh:

Ti bit cc lp trnh vin l ngi vit cc chng trnh, iu c ngha l l

mt cng vic sng to, c th c hon thnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau.

Cc chng trnh thng c gi l ng dng, v hai t ny c th dng thay i

cho nhau c.

Khi cc chng trnh my tnh c chy hoc thc hin, chng s tin hnh
nhng vic m chng c vit thc hin, bt k vic l g.

D liu vo v d liu ra l hai khi nim kh d nh, v chng hay c s dng.

D liu vo l thng tin hoc d liu m chng trnh s dng, v d liu ra l iu
bn nhn c khi chng trnh chy xong.

Bin s v c bn l trnh gi ch cho mt th g thay i. Bn c th to ra bao

nhiu bin s ty thch, v khin nhng bin s ny tng trng cho bt c iu g bn
mun.

Bn thn chng trnh l mt b ch lnh chi tit v cc quy tc, ni cho my tnh
bit chnh xc phi lm g vi d liu vo. Khi chng trnh chy xong, n s cho bn
d liu ra.

Chng trnh hng hoc hin th thng bo li khi c iu g khng n hoc my

tnh khng th xc nh c cn phi lm g tip theo.

Gi chng ta bt u n mt ni no . V y l mt bc tho d rt c bn:

Thay v lp trnh, gi chng ta c ba khi nim nh hn cn phi x l:

D liu vo thng tin bn s dng thc hin mt qu trnh.

Qu trnh mt lot cc bc m chng trnh thc hin vi d liu vo.

D liu ra kt qu cui cng ca chng trnh.

S phn chia ny hu ch hn nhiu. Vit mt chng trnh my tnh c ngha l xc

nh bn bt u vi thng tin g, cc bc miu t chnh xc iu m my tnh s thc
hin vi nhng d liu u vo , v xc nh u ra m my tnh s tr li khi chng
trnh hon thnh qu trnh thc hin.
Hy ngh v biu tin trnh th c v l hnh nh tinh thn hu dng cho thy
cch cc chng trnh vn hnh. Bn bt u qu trnh vi mt vi d liu u vo c th.
Sut qu trnh, bn thc hin nhng hnh ng c th khi cc iu kin c th ng hoc
sai. Qu trnh kt thc khi bn n c im cui ca biu tin trnh, v bn c c
d liu u ra: Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh hon thin m biu tin trnh miu t.
To ra mt chng trnh my tnh dng nh l mt cch khc thc hin qu trnh
suy ngh m bn vn lm khi to ra mt biu tin trnh. Bn s hi nhng cu hi
ging nhau v ging nh th ny:

Mnh bt u vi ci g?

Chuyn g s xy ra lc bt u qu trnh?

Chuyn g s xy ra sau ? V sau na?

Khi no qu trnh kt thc?

Mnh c c g khi qu trnh kt thc?

Biu tin trnh miu t cu tr li cho cc cu hi ny di dng hnh nh, cn cc

chng trnh miu t chng bng cch s dng cu ch, nhng qu trnh suy ngh th
ging ht nhau.
S tng ng v biu tin trnh c ch v n a ra mt vi gi v nhng khi
nim c th quan trng khc.
iu kin l nhng mnh kiu nh:

Nu X ng/sai th thc hin Y

Nu X l/khng phi l Y th thc hin Z

Khi X ng/sai th thc hin Y

Khi X l Y th thc hin Z

Trong khi X ng/sai th thc hin Y

Trong khi X l Y th thc hin Z

X, Y v Z trong trng hp ny l cc bin s, ngha l n c th tng trng cho bt c

th g. Bin s c th tng trng cho cc con s, ging nh trong i s c bn, hoc
chng c th tng trng cho cc t. i khi bin s ch l cc ch ci hoc biu tng, v
i khi chng li l cc t. D l g th chng cng th hin bt c iu g bn ang lm
vic cng.
Mnh iu kin (phn NU TH, KHI TH) ging nh cc mi tn c cu
hi trong biu tin trnh. Hy ngh v vic li t: NU n giao thng chuyn sang
mu , TH dng li. KHI n giao thng chuyn sang mu xanh, TH i. KHI n giao
thng c mu vng, gim tc v chun b dng li.
Nhng mnh iu kin ny ng c o su hn cht na, v c mt s m hnh
ph bin. ng/sai c v xut hin nhiu, v TRONG KHI dng nh m ch cho chng
ta bit chng ta nn tip tc lm iu g thay v ch thc hin mt hnh ng.
Trong tt c cc trng hp, mnh iu kin c cha tuyn b xc nh nn hay
khng nn thc hin hnh ng. Tuyn b ny c gi l mt iu kin, v n c th tn
ti di nhiu dng. i khi iu kin c dng c bn l so snh ng/sai (n ang
?), v i khi n li l php so snh ton hc (X ln hn 100 ?), v i khi n hm cha
c s suy lun logic (n bo hiu dng KHNG ?).
Mc ch ca iu kin l xc nh liu qu trnh lin quan c nn xy ra hay khng.

Nu iu kin ng hoc hp l, chng trnh s thc hin ch lnh. Nu khng, ch lnh

c lin quan s b b qua, v chng trnh s chuyn sang ch lnh tip theo.
Bin s ng/sai c gi l bin s Boolean, thut ng kh ph bin dng ch mt
vic g ch c hai la chn. C/khng v bt/tt cng l cc bin s Boolean. Bin s
Boolean rt quan trng trong cc chng trnh my tnh v chng l n v c bn ca c
nhng qu trnh n gin (nh ng/sai trong biu tin trnh) v vic bt/tt nt cng
tc in nh xu gc my tnh.
TRONG KHI trong trng hp ny l mt kiu iu kin c bit c gi l vng lp.
Vng lp khin cho qu trnh ang c yu cu lp li cho ti khi iu kin c p
ng. Tr li vi v d li xe: TRONG KHI n giao thng ang , khng c i.
Rt n gin, ng khng? Nu chng ta ngh v vic vit mt chng trnh my tnh
ging nh v mt biu tin trnh th qu trnh c bn s d hnh dung hn rt nhiu.
Ch cn mt vn nh cui cng: Chuyn g s xy ra nu my tnh b kt, khng
bit phi lm g, hoc ch lnh m my tnh ang c gng thc hin khng c ngha hoc
khng thc hin c? Chuyn g s xy ra?
Chng trnh t lit chng trnh dng hon ton v thng a ra mt thng ip
bo li thay v kt qu nh mong mun. Tt c chng ta u chng kin li Windows
ng s mn hnh xanh l hoc Li 404: khng tm thy trang web trong khi duyt
web. C iu g bt ng xy ra, my tnh bi ri v chng trnh t lit.
L mt lp trnh vin my tnh, cng vic ca bn l ngn chn tnh trng t lit v li
sai, khng chng xy ra. Cch tt nht thc hin iu l m bo chng trnh
lun c c thng tin n cn hon thnh qu trnh nh d kin, nhng iu
khng phi lc no cng l iu c th. Trong nhng trng hp m s khng chc chn
l iu kh trnh khi, s c ch khi c mt cch khi phc khi chng trnh tht bi
trong khi c gng hon thnh mt qu trnh no .
Nhng cu lnh phc hi li ny c gi l ngoi l, v chng rt hu ch. Bn c th
ngh v chng nh nhng cu iu kin li-c bit: NU chng trnh chun b hng
theo cch X, TH thc hin Y thay v (n) hng.
Ngoi l gn ging nh thm my pht d phng cho ta nh bnh vin. Hu ht thi
gian, my pht ch khng s dng. Tuy nhin, khi mt in, my pht khi ng, v
bnh vin s dng in t my pht thay v chm trong bng ti. l mt thit b hu
ch nu trong bnh vin ang c nhng bnh nhn phi s dng nhng my mc h tr
s sng chy bng in. Tht bi hon ton rt nguy him, do , k hoch d phng l
iu cn thit.
chnh l lp trnh c bn. Xc nh d liu u vo. t bin s. To ra nhng qu
trnh dn ti u ra mong mun. Hy ngh v cc qu trnh ny nh mt biu tin

trnh, thm iu kin v ngoi l nu cn thit. Nu mi chuyn tt p, bn cung cp d

liu u vo, chy chng trnh v nhn c kt qu mong mun.
y l s n gin ha ti a mt hot ng phc tp, nhng n chi tit tr nn
hu ch cho nhng ngi mi c th lp trnh. Bng cch chia nh lp trnh theo cch
ny, s d hn bn bit phi bt u t u.

Ngn ng lp trnh
y l phn th thut: My tnh khng ni cng th ngn ng vi con ngi. V c bn,
my tnh lm vic bng cch bt v tt cng tc in nh xu theo nhng cch v cng c
bit. Nu my tnh khng c cch dch yu cu theo ngn ng ca con ngi thnh vic
bt cng tc in, my tnh khng th thc hin c iu chng ta yu cu.
chnh l iu m ngn ng lp trnh thc hin: Chng a cho ngi lp trnh mt
cch c th ni cho my tnh bit khi no bt u, cn phi lm g v khi no th dng
li. Chng cng cho php ngi lp trnh xc nh th no l d liu u vo, qu trnh,
d liu u ra, v cn phi lm g khi chng trnh chy xong.
Mi ngn ng lp trnh c mt cch ring vit yu cu, gi l c php (syntax). C
php ca ngn ng c cha cc quy tc m my tnh s dng dch cc yu cu thnh
cc tn hiu bt-tt in t nh xu.
Mi ngn ng li c mt cch xc nh bin s, iu kin v ngoi l ring. Chi tit
c th khc nhau, nhng khi nim ct li th ging nhau.

Ngh nh mt lp trnh vin

Lp trnh vin thng ngh v vn theo cch c gi l gii m (pseudocode): ngn
ng ging nh mt m, nhng li khng c th my tnh c th thc hin c.
Hy ngh v n nh mt dng phc ha. Gii m gip bn ngh thng qua qu trnh gii
quyt vn .
V d v vic li xe m ti s dng chnh l mt dn chng v gii m. Nu ti bc
vo xe v ni to : NU ti xoay cha kha TH ng c s khi ng, th s chng c
chuyn g xy ra c. iu khng c ngha l cu ni v dng. Mnh ch l mt
cch ngh thng qua cc bc cn thit gii quyt mt vn hoc nhn c mt kt
qu mong mun.
Bn c th s dng nhng khi nim lp trnh c bn m chng ta tho lun
phc tho mt vi chng trnh n gin cho nhng nhim v ph thng.
C mt cch th v t mnh th nghim iu : Hy tm mt ngi bn, v nh
ngi gip bn hon thnh mt nhim v n gin nh lm bnh sandwich. Quy tc

duy nht l ngi bn ca bn ch c lm chnh xc nhng g bn bo anh ta lm,

khng hn, khng km. Anh ta khng c hc bt c th g, v ch c thc hin mi
yu cu theo ng ngha en ca n.
Ch vi pht, bn s thy mnh c mt cuc hi thoi nh th ny:
Bn: Nhc bnh m ln.
Ngi bn: Mnh khng hiu t nhc ln.
Bn: Di chuyn tay bn ti ch m mnh ni v nm ly n.
Ngi bn: Mnh khng hiu t tay.
Bn: (th di) N y ny. [Bn ch vo tay ca ngi bn.]
Ngi bn: Hiu ri.
Bn: Di chuyn tay bn ti ch m mnh ni v nm ly n.
Ngi bn: Mnh khng hiu t nm.
Bn: Gp ngn tay ca bn nh th ny ny. [Bn lm mu, gp v th cc ngn tay
ra.]
Ngi bn: Hiu ri.
Bn: Di chuyn tay ti chic bnh m v nm ly n.
Ngi bn: Mnh khng hiu t bnh m.
Bn: Chnh l th ny ny! [Bn ch vo chic bnh m.]
Ngi bn: Hiu ri.
Bn: Di chuyn tay ti chic bnh m v nm ly n.
Ngi bn: [Di chuyn tay ti chic bnh m, gp ngn tay v nh ra. Chic bnh m
khng x dch.]
Bn: Y L MT TR CHI NG NGN!
l mt v d ng ngn, nhng li gn ging vi vic lp trnh nh th no v c cm
gic ra sao, c bit l giai on u.
Chic my tnh ging nh ngi bn ca bn, khng hiu c bt c iu g bn yu
cu mt cch dt khot. Bt c qu trnh phc tp no m bn c gng nh ngha cn
phi c ch r, khng mp m.

y chnh l iu khin lp trnh tr nn kh khn: Ch mt s m h nh hoc mt

yu cu khng chnh xc cng c th khin ton b chng trnh b hng. Lp trnh l
mt ngh th cng khng rng lng xt gc : on m ca bn hoc l ng hoc
sai, v cn phi c th hin bng chi tit chnh xc.
My tnh khng n tng vi s quyn r hay hm hnh. Nu on m ca bn cha
hon thin, hoc vit khng tt, th ng dng ca bn s b hng, bn s mt d liu,
hoc bn s to ra mt li (bug): Mt mu m c to ra nhng h qu khng mong i
hoc khng d on c. Ging nh ton hc, logic hoc pht huy tc dng hoc khng.
Khng c im A no cho n lc c.
Nh ni, trong lp trnh khng c mt gii php duy nht cho mt vn c th
no ging nh trong ton hc. C hng nghn cch to ra kt qu mong mun vi
lng d liu u vo c th. L mt lp trnh vin, bn c th chn cch tip cn da
trn nhng cng c m bn c.
Khi bn quen vi vic my tnh khng th c c ngh ca bn, bn s hc cch
bt u a ra nhng yu cu m h thng c th hiu c, theo ng cch m bn
hc nh ngha cc thut ng v lm mu cc hnh ng c bn cho ngi bn ca bn
trong v d lm bnh sandwich trc khi a ra nhng yu cu phc tp.

iu g khin lp trnh ng dng web khc bit?

Lc ny chng ta c mt nh ngha v lp trnh. N c n gin ha, nhng vn
hiu iu chng ta ang c thc hin lc ny.
Ti khng quan tm ti tt c cc loi lp trnh, ti ch mun vit cc chng trnh c
th chy trn cc trang web. Nu bn tng s dng nhng chng trnh gi th da
trn web nh Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo Mail hoc i loi nh vy, bn s bit ti ang ni
v iu g. Nhng chng trnh ny chy trn trnh duyt internet ca bn. Bn khng
cn phi ti chng trnh phn mm v my tnh s dng. Bn ch cn ch trnh duyt
ca bn ti trang web , ng nhp v bn c th s dng.
S khc bit gia phn mm chy ti ch v phn mm chy t xa trn my ch web
l mt s khc bit quan trng. pht trin mt ng dng web, trc tin bn cn vit
mt ng dng, sau th nghim xem n c hot ng khng. Tt c vic pht trin
v th nghim u din ra trn my tnh ca ring bn.
Khi chng trnh hot ng, bn c th gi n ti mt my ch web sn xut
nhng ngi khc cng c th truy cp c. Mi ngi trn internet khng th truy cp
vo my tnh c nhn ca bn t trang web, nn vic ng ti phn mm ln mt my ch
web c truy cp thoi mi l bc cn thit mi ngi c th s dng c chng
trnh ca bn.

iu c ngha l qu trnh pht trin gm hai giai on quan trng: lp trnh v th

nghim, sau y chng trnh hon thin ln my ch sn xut t xa s dng thc
s. Ti cn phi xc nh hai giai on ny hot ng nh th no.
T kinh nghim vi HTML v CSS, ti cn bit thm mt iu: c hai u ngu ngc,
vi chng, bn khng th yu cu mt trang web c bn cha c bt c thng tin g.
Gi s bn c mt tp tin trang web vi ni dung Xin cho, th gii! v bn mun
thay t th gii bng tn ca mt ngi truy cp trang web. l mt suy ngh th v,
nhng cc trang web c bn khng c cch no phn loi thng tin sau ny s dng
li. Chng ch hin th vn bn trong tp tin, v tp tin cng khng c php t cp nht.
Thut ng k thut ch hin tng ny l trng thi (state). Cc trang web c bn
c xy dng bng cch s dng HTML v CSS khng c trng thi, v th chng c
coi l cc ngun khng c trng thi. Bn c th thm mt mu nh cho trang web hi
tn ngi s dng vi mt nt Lu bn cnh, nhng ci nt ny khng thc s lu bt
c thng tin no tr khi bn to c mt ch ring cha cc thng tin .
chnh l l do ti sao cc ng dng web li s dng hai cch tip cn ph bin
lu tr d liu cho sau ny: C s d liu (database) v b nhc nh (cookie(1)).
Cch tt nht hiu c s d liu lm g l tng tng mt chng th ghi ch. Gi
s bn ang c gng to ra mt cun s a ch, v bn mun ghi tn, s in thoi, a ch
e-mail, gii tnh v tui ca mi ngi bn ca bn.
Mi ngi bn c mt chic th ghi ch ring, v thng tin ca h c ghi trn tm
th . Nu mt trong s h thay i a ch e-mail, gi s nh vy, bn c th xa thng
tin c i v cp nht tm th vi thng tin mi. Khi bn nhn vo tm th ca mt ngi
bn no , bn c th nhn thy tt c cc thng tin ca h cng mt lc.
Bn c th ngh v c s d liu nh mt chng cc tm th ghi ch . Mi tm th
trong chng c gi l mt bn ghi (record(2)). Bn c th c bao nhiu bn ghi trong
c s d liu ty thch, nhng n mt lc no , chng th s tr nn kh qun l.
Thng s hiu qu hn nu chia chng th thnh nhng chng nh hn, t hn: gia
nh v bn b vo mt chng, ng nghip mt chng khc, chng hn nh vy.
iu c r rng khng? V y mi l iu th v: Hy tng tng chng th ghi
nh ca bn lc ny l mt chng th ma thut. Bn c th ni chuyn vi th ma thut
v yu cu n cho bn xem nhng tm th ph hp vi mt s iu kin c th, chng
hn nh:

Hy cho ta xem th ca John Smith.

Hy cho ta xem tt c cc th c gii tnh l n.

Hy cho ta xem tt c cc th c tui ln hn 50.

Kh hu ch, ng khng? V c bn, chnh l iu m c s d liu thc hin:

Chng cung cp cho bn mt cch lu tr cc thng tin c c cu, cng nh cch
ly li thng tin theo bt c cch no m bn mun.
Mi mt mu d liu m bn t vo mt tm th c gi l trng d liu (field).
Trng d liu trong c s d liu ca bn cng nhiu th bn cng c nhiu cch ly
li d liu khi bn mun.
C s d liu l cch ph bin nht lu tr d liu trn ng dng web. Nu bn
mun lu gi thng tin nh tn ngi s dng, a ch e-mail v cc thng tin khc th s
dng c s d liu l hp l nht. Mt khi John Smith ng nhp vo ng dng ca bn,
bn c th ng dng ca bn ly c tn qua bn ghi c s d liu ca John, sau
hin th Xin cho, John Smith!
Mt cch ph bin khc lu gi thng tin trn ng dng web l s dng cookie: Mt
on vn bn rt nh c lu trn my tnh ca ngi s dng. Cookie c bit hu
dng khi lu gi mt lng nh d liu vn khng cn tn ti trong mt thi gian di.
Trong trng hp chng trnh s a ch, s thch hp khi lu gi mt cookie khi John
Smith ng nhp. Tp tin cookie v John s cha cc thng tin nh tn ng nhp
(username) = johnsmith v ng nhp (loggedin) = ng. Nu John Smith thot ra khi
ng dng, nhng sau quay tr li, th ng dng c th nhn ra on cookie v cho php
anh ta truy cp m khng yu cu phi ng nhp li. C th t cookie ht hn trong
mt khong thi gian c th no , khin n tr nn c ch cho kiu lp trnh ny. (Nu
bn tng nhn thy dng ch Nh mt khu ny trn mt trang web th chnh l
cch cookie hot ng.)
iu m chng ta ang thc hin lc ny chnh l phn chia. y khng phi danh
sch ton din nhng iu khin lp trnh web tr nn c o, nhng n li hon
chnh cung cp mt b khung n gin v iu ti cn phi hc: bin s, iu kin,
ngoi l, mi trng cc b/sn xut, c s d liu v cookie.
Bn c thy vic chia nh ny c ch khng? Ti bt u vi mt khi nim m h
v iu ti mun lm, v gi ti c mt danh sch nhng k nng nh quan trng cn
phi hc.
Nhng ti vn cha sn sng hc u. Bn c nh ti cp n vic my tnh
khng hiu c ngn ng ca con ngi khng? Ti cn phi chn c mt ngn ng
lp trnh vit cc ch lnh cho chng trnh ca mnh, m vic ny i hi phi nghin
cu thm mt cht.

Chn ngn ng lp trnh ng dng web

C hng nghn ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau, v ngn ng mi vn c sng to hng
ngy. C php ca mi ngn ng li khc nhau v chu nh hng ln ca vic ngn ng
c thit k hon thnh. C mt s ngn ng ti u cho mt s nhim v c th
hn so vi mt s ngn ng khc.
Trc khi bt tay vo thc hin, ti quyt nh dnh mt ting m mm cc trang
web lp trnh ln xem ngn ng no c cc nh pht trin ng dng web khuyn
dng. Cng vic nghin cu ban u ny s gip ti quyt nh cn phi hc ngn ng
no v luyn tp k nng ban u no.
Hai trong s nhng im n ph bin nht ca cc nh lp trnh l Stack Overflow v
Hacker News, v th ti bt u bng cch tm kim li khuyn v ngn ng tt nht
hc.
Stack Overflow l mt trang web hi-v-p. l ni hi nhng cu kiu nh:
Lm th no ti c th thc hin c X? Nhng ngi lp m c kin thc v kinh
nghim hn s tr li nhng cu hi bng nhng gi , cch tip cn hoc sa li c
th, khin cho Stack Overflow tr thnh im n tt nht khi bn mun tm kim s
gip x l nhng vn lp trnh.
Hacker News l trang web tin tc x hi: Mt b su tp cc ng dn (link) n cc
cuc tho lun c lin quan. Cc ch trn Hacker News thay i theo tng pht, nhng
thng xoay quanh nhng pht trin mi trong lp trnh, cng ngh v kinh doanh, khin
cho Hacker News tr thnh mt a ch l tng tm kim cc kin, t nht l bn
chuyn v nhng pht trin mi trong lp trnh.
Ngn ng, th vin v k thut mi c cc nh lp trnh trn khp th gii to ra
hng ngy. Mt vi s kt hp gia cng ngh v cch tip cn kh hu ch i vi mt s
vn , nhng c nhng s kt hp li khng c nh vy. Thng th bn khng th
bit c cho ti khi bn th.
Tt nht, theo thut ng lp trnh, c lin quan ti vn m bn ang c gng x l
v ti nhng u tin c th ca bn. Nhn chung, li khuyn l (1) chn cng c gip bn
x l vn hiu qu v (2) nu bn c la chn, hy la chn cng c m bn thy
thch s dng. Ch th l .
Vic duyt d liu ca Stack Overflow v Hacker News khin ti ri vo tnh trng qu
ti thng tin: C qu nhiu thng tin x l cng mt lc, c bit l khi bn khng
quen vi cng ngh. Ti cn phi gim bt cc tp nhiu nu mun tm thy li khuyn
c th hn.
V y l mt th thut nghin cu m hu ht mi ngi khng bit: Nhng c my
tm kim thng thng cho php bn gii hn s tm kim ca bn trong mt trang web

c th thay v dn tri tt c cc trang. Mt m lm c vic ny trong Google nh

sau:
cm t cn tm trang: (vidu).com
Hy thay th cm t cn tm bng cm t m bn ang tm kim, v vidu.com
bng trang web m bn mun tm kim. Du ngoc kp c ngha l tm kim chnh xc
cm t . Khng c du ngoc kp, Google s cho ra cc kt qu l cc trang c cha tt
c cc t trong cm t , nhng khng hn theo ng th t bn mun.
Bng cch s dng th thut ny, ti tm c mt vi bin th ca cm t lp
trnh ng dng web, hc cch vit m v lp trnh cho ngi mi bt u, sau
dnh thm mt gi na hoc c cc kt qu.
y l iu ti tm thy: Nhng nh pht trin web dy dn kinh nghim gi nn
bt u vi mt trong hai ngn ng ph bin l Ruby hoc Python. Ruby v Python kh
d hc, v c th cho bn mt nn tng vng chc v cc khi nim lp trnh quan trng.
Ruby ph bin vi cc nh lp trnh quan tm ti cc ng dng web, cn Python li ph
bin hn vi cc nh khoa hc v ton hc, do n s hu nhiu th vin ton hc, khoa
hc v ha.
Ruby v Python, mi mt ngn ng li c nhng cng ng nh pht trin nng ng,
nhng ngun ti ti liu v sch min ph, nhng chng trnh v cng c c sn khin
cho cc tnh nng quan trng d thc hin hn. Chn ngn ng no s dng xem ra
ch yu li l vn tham kho.
Sau khi c mt vi v d v m c vit bng mi loi ngn ng ny, ti quyt
nh s hc Ruby. Di con mt cha qua o to ca ti, m Ruby c v sch, d c v
tng i d hiu. V phn ln nhng tng v th thut m ti hc s dng Ruby s
chuyn sang nhng ngn ng khc m c th sau ny ti s hc, nn ti cn phi lm sao
qu trnh hc th v ngay t ban u.
Ngoi ra, c rt nhiu chng trnh v cng c m ti mun s dng h tr hoc
hc c ngn ng Ruby. c bit, Jekyll c vit bng Ruby, nn hc Ruby s gip ti
gii quyt c mt vn nan gii. Python cng c nhng cng c tng t, nhng c v
phc tp, kh s dng.

Chn mt b khung
Ngoi vic a ra li khuyn v ngn ng lp trnh, cc nh lp trnh ng dng web cn c
kin gay gt v b khung (frame works): Th vin v m gip cho vic thc hin nhng
vic m hu ht cc ng dng u cn tr nn d dng hn.
Th vin rt quan trng v my tnh thc hin chnh xc nhng g bn yu cu chng
lm. Khng hn, khng km.

 l mt th thut, v on m m bn cung cp l tt c nhng g m my tnh quan

tm. iu cng ging nh cu ni ca Carl Sagan, nh vt l hc ni ting: Nu bn
mun c mt chic bnh to t con s khng, th trc tin bn cn phi to ra mt v
tr.
V tr trong chng trnh ca bn c xc nh bi (1) ch lnh v yu cu trong c
s m, (2) th vin m chng trnh ca bn nhp v, v (3) h thng m chng trnh
ang chy trn . Nu on m l cn thit hon thnh mt hot ng c th
nhng li khng tn ti trong h thng, th chng trnh ca bn s khng chy hoc bo
li.
Hu ht cc ngn ng lp trnh u cha nhng th vin ph bin m hu ht cc
chng trnh u cn, nhng ch c mt s cng c chuyn dng. chnh l lc cn phi
c b khung. Thay v m ha mi th ngay t u vic ny s tn rt nhiu thi gian,
vic s dng b khung gip bn nhp v s dng nhng th vin ng tin, qua kim
tra dnh cho nhng nhim v c th, t gip bn tp trung vo phn ct li ca ng
dng thay v ti to li c v tr.
Hin ti, Ruby t ho vi mt vi b khung pht trin ng dng web chnh. Trong s
c hai b khung ph bin nht l Ruby on Rails v Sinatra.
Ruby on Rails (thng c vit tt l Rails) l mt trong nhng b khung ng dng
web quan trng hng u do Ruby pht trin. c David Heinemeier Hansson to ra
nm 2004, Rails d dng tr thnh b khung Ruby ph bin nht, v c s dng
pht trin mt vi ng dng thnh cng cng ty 37signals cng ty ng dng web thuc
s hu t nhn m Hansson l i tc. Tnh ti nay, c hng nghn doanh nghip pht
trin ng dng web quan trng vi cng vic kinh doanh bng cch s dng Rails.
Rails ph thuc nhiu vo ngi to: Cc chng trnh c ci t sn to ra mt
lng ln m vn bn tho sn vi mt yu cu n nht. Vn bn tho sn sau c
iu chnh da trn nhng yu cu c o ca ngi lp trnh. Thay v dnh hng gi to
ra mt ng dng ngay t u, Rails gip cc nh pht trin to ra mt ng dng chc
nng m khng tn nhiu cng sc, ch cn h bit h ang lm g.
Ngc li, Sinatra l b khung rt nh c Blake Mizerany thit k v pht trin.
Thay v ph thuc vo ngi to ra, Sinatra tp trung vo vic cung cp cho ngi pht
trin mt s chc nng n gin ph bin m hu ht cc ng dng u cn, sau l ht
nhim v.
ng dng Sinatra to cm gic n gin hn so vi ng dng Rails. Mt yu cu n
nht trong Rails cng c th to ra t nht 10 th mc v 20 tp tin. Ngc li, ng dng
Sinatra thng khng c cha y trong mt tp tin n l. Thay v to ra hng tn
m c th cn phi loi b, Sinatra li u tin vic gi cho d n n gin v ch thm
m hon thnh cng vic.

Ging nh chn ngn ng, chn b khung ch yu cng l vn tham kho v chn
cng c tt nht cho cng vic. Rails thng c s dng cho nhng d n ln vi nhiu
ngi lp trnh, cn Sinatra ph hp vi nhng d n nh hn. Hai ng dng ny c
nhiu tnh nng ging nhau, v th, mt bi phn tch mi y trn trang RubySource.com
kt lun rng, cui cng l s la chn mang tnh ch quan.
GitHub l kho m ngun m m nhiu ngi lp trnh s dng tung ra v duy tr
cc d n ca h. Tht d tm thy v d v cc ng dng c vit bng Rails v Sinatra
c cm nhn v mi loi khung, v th ti dnh thm mt gi na duyt cc d
n cng khai.
y c mt nguy c khng h nh: t c tin b trong lp trnh, bn cn phi
cam kt mt vic. Mt khi bn chn c ngn ng v b khung, s d hn nhiu
bt u hc mi th bn cn bit vit c mt chng trnh. Tuy nhin, nu bn
chn ch trong vic a ra la chn, bn c th mt hng nm ch c gng tm kim
mi trng lp trnh hon ho.
S tt hn khi chn mt ngn ng v b khung cun ht bn, cam kt khm ph n
trong mt khong thi gian, v chp nhn nhng nh i khng th trnh c thay v
mt hng nm tm kim v khng tin b c cht no. Duyt Stack Overflow v
Hacker News hng ngy khng phi l lp trnh.
Cui cng, ti quyt nh l s bt u vi Sinatra. V d rng Rails c th tit kim
rt nhiu thi gian nu bn bit bn ang lm g, nhng ti li khng bit ti ang lm g.
Trc gic ca ti ni cho ti bit Sinatra l la chn tt nht ti thi im . C php
r rng, n gin v d hiu. M duy nht tn ti trong ng dng Sinatra l m m ngi
pht trin thm vo. C nhiu ti liu vit v b khung v d tm thy nhng v d v cc
ng dng ang hot ng trn GitHub, cng nh s gip trn Stack Overflow.
C th mt lc no trong tng lai, ti s th Rails. Nhng lc ny, ti s bt u
vi Sinatra.

Chia nh kt qu cui cng

Khong 5 gi ng h tm kim s b em li tt c nhng g ti cn bt u: chia
nh cng vic lp trnh web, ngn ng, b khung v mt d n c th. n lc bt tay
vo lm vic.
Vit m mt ng dng Sinatra phc v cho trang web Jekyll l mc thnh tho
mc tiu ca ti, nhng ti cn phi chia nh nhng g n trong mnh ny xc nh
c iu tip theo cn thc hin. Ti cn phi lm c vic g?
Thm mt gi nghin cu, ti i n cc quyt nh sau:

1. Chy Jekyll to ra trang web hon thin t cc tp tin thng k cc b. Ti s cn to

ra mt mu HTML cho trang web vi cc th nh dng c bit, v xut khu kho
lu tr cc bi ng ti t trang PersonalMBA.com vic ny c miu t trong mt
bi hng dn ca Paul Stamatiou.
2. ng dng Sinatra x l cc yu cu t khch gh thm trang web, chuyn giao cc tp
tin c yu cu. Ti cn phi vit ng dng ny ngay t u.
3. C trang web Jekyll hon thin v ng dng my ch Sinatra u cn phi c ng
ti trn mt my ch web.
4. hon thin tt c nhim v ny, ti cn xc nh cch ci t phin bn mi nht
ca Ruby, cng nh Sinatra v cc chng trnh khc m ti cn, vo my ca ti.
Yu cu cui cng ny l mt v d hay ho v vic tm kim cc cng c cn thit. Nu
ti khng th xc nh c cch ci t Ruby vo my ca mnh th ti khng th lm
c bt c vic g, vy nn s l im khi u tt nht.

Quan trng l phi lu rng cng ngh web thay i hng ngy. Nhiu kh nng l
nhng yu cu c th trong phn ny s tr nn li thi khi bn c cun sch ny.
ng lo lng, v phng php mi l iu quan trng, ch khng phi yu cu.
Tng t nh vy, bn s b thi thc l phi che y phn m trong chng ny.
l mt thi thc t nhin: N c v phc tp v bn s khng th ngay lp tc bit
c n c ngha l g.
Ti khuyn khch bn u tranh chng li s thi thc ny. Nhng ci tn, yu cu
v biu tng ny cng khng quen thuc vi ti, ging nh vi bn. Chng ny ni
v qu trnh xc nh iu ny c ngha l g, v lm sao s dng n. Nu bn c
gng c m, bn s nhn c nhiu hn t chng ny.
Tin ln no!

Nng cp Ruby
Ti c my tnh, l im khi u, v bn khng th lp trnh c nu khng c
my tnh.
Hin ti, ti ang s dng mt chic MacBook Air ca Apple, h iu hnh Mac OS X
10.6. Ch cn thc hin mt thao tc tm kim nhanh l bit h iu hnh l Ruby
phin bn 1.8.7 ci t sn. l mt tin tt, v v mt l thuyt ti c th bt u chy
cc chng trnh Ruby trn chnh my tnh ca mnh.

Vn l Ruby 1.8.7 khng phi l phin bn mi nht ca Ruby. Khi ti c ci t

Jekyll, h thng bo cho ti bit chng trnh cn phin bn mi nht 1.9.1, iu c
ngha l ti s phi xc nh cch nng cp. Ti nh quay li vi Google thi.
Mt s thao tc tm kim c bn a ra kt qu l hai chng trnh c thit k
vic qun l cng on ci t Ruby c d dng hn: rbenv v ruby-build. C hai
chng trnh u c duy tr bi Sam Stephenson, ngi pht trin Ruby 37signals.
Cng vi , nhng chng trnh ny c th gip bn ci t nhng phin bn mi ca
Ruby v ni cho my tnh ca bn bit cn phi s dng phin bn Ruby no.
C mt bn hng dn v trang t liu rbenv cho bit cch ci t chng trnh vo
my ca bn. Cc yu cu ci t nh sau:
$ cd ~
$ git clone git://github.com/sstephenson/ruby-build.git
$ cd ruby-build
$ sudo ./install.sh
$ cd ..
$ git clone git://github.com/sstephenson/rbenv.git .rbenv
$ mkdir p ~/.rbenv/plugins
$ cd ~/.rbenv/plugins
$ git clone git://github.com/sstephenson/ruby-build.git
$ echo export PATH=$HOME/.rbenv/bin:$PATH >> ~/.bashprofile
$ echo eval $(rbenv init -) >> ~/.bashprofile
$ exec $SHELL
$ rbenv install 1.9.3-p125
$ rbenv rehash
$ rbenv global 1.9.3-p125
iu ny trng c v ng s, nhng ch l mt danh sch cc yu cu m thi. Hy
chia nh n ra.
Nhng yu cu ny c a vo mt chng trnh c tn l Terminal, c ci t
sn trong cc my tnh ca Apple. Nu bn tng nhn thy cc hacker trn phim g

in cung vo my tnh ang hin th nhng dng vn bn di ngong, c ngha l chic

my tnh ang chy chng trnh Terminal.
Ti m Terminal v nhp yu cu u tin:
$ cd ~
Yu cu ny rt d hiu. $ l k hiu Terminal hin th khi n sn sng cho mt
yu cu mi. cd l vit tt ca change directory (chuyn th mc), mt thut ng khc
ch th mc. Tm kim nhanh cho ti bit ~ l vit tt ca th mc gc ca ngi s
dng, th mc trong my tnh ca ti, ni lu gi h s.
Ti g yu cu v nhn nt Enter. Lc ny, Terminal hin th nh sau:
joshkaufman $
l iu ng mng, ti ang th mc gc ca mnh. Ti g yu cu th hai:
$ git clone git://github.com/sstephenson/ruby-build.git
My tnh tr li:
git: command not found (khng tm thy yu cu)
C v nh chng trnh git khng c ci t trong my ca ti. Ti cn phi xc nh
cch ci t n.

Git l g?
Sau khi tm kim hng dn v cch ci t git vo Mac OS X, ti thy Heroku Toolbelt.
Heroku l cng ty my ch ng dng web nn h c hng th vi vic gip cho cc nh
pht trin c th d dng to ra cc ng dng web.
Heroku Toolbelt l chng trnh ci t mt vi cng c pht trin phn mm ph
bin m cc nh lp trnh cn c pht trin ng dng trn Heroku. git l mt trong
nhng chng trnh .
Ti ti gi ci t v, chy v c xc nhn l mi th c ci t chnh xc. n
lc th li yu cu trc:
$ git clone git://github.com/sstephenson/ruby-build.git
Ti nhn c kt qu l:
Cloning into ruby-build
remote: Counting objects: 1004, done.

remote: Compressing objects: 100% (453/453), done.

remote: Total 1004 (delta 490), reused 937 (delta 431)
Receiving objects: 100% (1004/1004), 108,77 KiB, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (490/490), done.
Thnh cng! Done (hon thnh) l mt du hiu tt, v ti khng nhn c thng
bo bo li. Tin ln no!
Ti tip tc vi phn cn li ca cc yu cu. Da trn thng tin trong phn hng dn
ci t, tt c nhng g ti phi lm l ti cc tp tin cn thit, s dng mt yu cu c
gi l echo t ng thm on vn bn vo tp tin xc nh cu hnh my tnh ca ti,
sau khi ng li chng trnh c tn l SHELL trn my tnh lu li cc thay i.
Mt khi SHELL khi ng li, rbenv v ruby-build c ci t. Oa!
Gi n lc ci t phin bn mi nht ca Ruby:
$ rbenv install 1.9.3-p125
Chng trnh t ng ti m ngun Ruby v xy dng n, y ra mt lng n tng
cc thng tin chy trong chng trnh Terminal ang c x l. (Lc ny ti cm thy
mnh ging nh mt ngi lp trnh ch thc trong phim ca Hollywood.)
Yu cu ny gip my tnh nhn ra c mt phin bn mi ca Ruby c ci t.
$ rbenv global 1.9.3-p125
Yu cu ny t phin bn 1.9.3-p125 l phin bn mc nh ca Ruby trn chic my
tnh ny. Ti liu hng dn cho ti bit chy yu cu ny c th m bo chc chn my
tnh ca ti ang s dng phin bn mi:
$ ruby -v
V ti nhn c:
ruby 1.9.3p125 (2012-02-16 revision 34643) [x8664-darwin11.3.]
Thnh cng ri! chnh l iu phi t c, da trn bn hng dn.
Theo ti liu, nu ti mun ci t mt phin bn mi ca Ruby vo chic my tnh
ny, tt c nhng g ti phi lm l chy li rbenv install, rbenv rehash v rbenv global.
Qu d.
D rng lc u cc yu cu nhn c v ng s, nhng thc ra chng li rt n gin.
Nhng th trng khng khc g thm ha ngn ng thc ra li ch l nhng k hiu. Mt

khi bn bit k hiu tng trng cho ci g th cc yu cu t nhin cng tr nn d

hiu.
Hy nh, chng ai sinh ra bit iu ny (lp trnh). Hu ht thi gian, tt c nhng
g bn cn phi lm l dnh vi pht c ti liu, sau c gng thc hin theo ti liu
.

Ci t th vin Ruby (Gems)

Gi th phin bn mi nht ca Ruby c ci t. n lc xc nh cch ci t cc
th vin m ti cn, bao gm c Sinatra.
Cc th vin ca Ruby c gi l gems, v ha ra l chng rt d ci t. Di y l
cc yu cu ci t gem Sinatra:
$ gem install sinatra
cp nht Sinatra, a ra yu cu nh sau:
$ gem update sinatra
Chng c g d dng hn th!
Tuy nhin, trc khi ti ci t qu nhiu th vin, ti mun chc chn l chng
trnh gem c cp nht. V my tnh ca ti s dng phin bn Ruby c, nn c v nh
cc phn mm lin quan cng cn phi cp nht theo.
Sau mt thi gian ngn tm kim, ti tm thy yu cu cp nht chng trnh gem ca
Ruby:
$ gem update--system
n gin.
Khi ti chy yu cu gem install (ci t gem), ti thy yu cu cng ci t cc
gem b sung, nh rack, rack-protection v tilt. Nhng th vin ph ny c gi l (th
vin) ph thuc (dependencies). Sinatra ph thuc vo nhng th vin chy, v th
yu cu gem install ci t chng mt cch t ng.

c sch
Lc ny ti sn sng chy ng dng Ruby, ti quyt nh nhc hai cun sch tham
kho v Ruby c nhiu ngi trn Stack Overflow khuyn c: Ngi thnh tho Ruby
(The well- Grounded Rubyist) (2009) ca David A. Black v Ruby hng bin (Eloquent
Ruby) (2011) ca Russ Olsen. C hai cun u l sch v lng c thit k gii thiu

cho c gi nhng khi nim v th thut Ruby ph bin, cng nh nhng on vn bn

tham kho c bn nht.
Ti cn mua c cun Sinatra: Ci v chy (Sinatra: Up and Running) (2011) ca Alan
Harris v Konstantin Hasse. Cun sch ny c thit k nh phn gii thiu c bn v
b khung Sinatra. D c rt nhiu ti liu v Sinatra trn mng, nhng cun sch ny
cng c rt nhiu v d iu ny gip bn d dng xc nh c cch s dng Sinatra
cho nhng nhim v ph bin.
Nh vy l c rt nhiu ti liu tham kho bt u, v th ti dnh ra 90 pht
xem nhanh tt c nhng g ti thu lm c t trc n gi.
Ti ngi xung cng vi ng sch, v vi mi cun ti li c lt bng mc v ph
lc, ch ti nhng thut ng v tng c v quan trng. Ti cng nm bt cc khi
nim xut hin i xut hin li, cng nh th t ca phn m u. Ti c cc mc
chnh v cc ct ni dung bn l. Khi x l xong ng sch, ti cng lm tng t vi
cc trang web.
V y l iu ti hc c. Ngoi bin s, iu kin, ngoi l v nhng iu c bn
khc ca lp trnh, Ruby c xy dng quanh hai tng ct li l i tng v phng
php.
i tng l danh t ca th gii lp trnh. l nhng th chng ta c th lm g
(v hoc vi chng). Gi s ti mun to ra mt bin s mi trong Ruby c gi l
firstname, v ti mun n c tn ti. Trong Ruby, yu cu nh sau:
firstname = Josh
Rt n gin. Bng cch t Josh trong du ngoc kp, ti ang ni cho Ruby bit
firstname l mt chui k t (string): Dy va c ch va c s. iu khin firstname
tr thnh mt i tng trong loi chui k t. (Loi l mt kiu i tng c th vi
nhng c im nht nh.)
Chui k t khng nht thit ch l loi cc i tng. y l i tng thuc loi s
nguyn:
million = 1000000
Nu i tng l danh t trong lp trnh th phng php li l ng t. Chng l
nhng vic m chng ta c th lm v (hoc vi mt i tng).
Gi s ti c hai chui i tng c cha tn v h ca ti:
firstname = Josh
lastname = Kaufman

Ti c th s dng du cng (+) ghp nhng chui k t ny li vi nhau, thut ng

ch vic xp chng li gn nhau:
fullname = firstname + lastname
Mt cu vui, fullname (tn y ) c cha g? Nu bn on l Josh Kaufman th
bn nhm.
Hy nh, my tnh ch lm chnh xc nhng g bn bo n lm. Chng ta cha bo n
thm khong cch gia Josh v Kaufman, v th n s khng thm u. Tn y
trong trng hp ny l JoshKaufman.
Nu chng ta mun sa li sai nho nh ny, chng ta cn phi thay i on m
thm khong cch vo:
fullname = firstname + + lastname
Du + l mt phng php, v cch phng php hot ng ph thuc vo cc i
tng m chng ta ang x l. Nu chng ta s dng s nguyn thay v chui k t, h
thng s thc hin php cng thay v php ghp:
sum = million + million
Tng (sum) bng bao nhiu? 2000000
Cc phng php c ci t sn ca Ruby c th gip bn thc hin ngay c rt
nhiu vic th v. Gi s ti mun thy tn y ca mnh c vit ngc. Thay v phi
vit bng tay hoc vit mt chng trnh nho nh o ngc cc ch ci, ti c th s
dng phng php reverse (o ln) c sn dnh cho mi i tng chui k t:
fullname.reverse
V y l kt qu ti nhn c: namfuaKhsoJ
Ti cng c th s dng nhiu hn mt phng php cng mt lc. Nu ti mun o
ln cc ch ci trong tn ca mnh v tt c cc ch ci u c vit thng, th ti c
th chy on m ny:
fullname.reverse.downcase
Kt qu nhn c l: namfuakhsoj. Chnh xc lun!
Hc vit m Ruby ch yu l hc cch s dng, sng to v iu khin cc i tng,
cc lp v cc phng php. Ngn ng ny c rt nhiu th c ci t sn, v Ruby cho
php bn to ra, iu chnh hoc loi b cc i tng, cc lp v cc phng php ty
theo thch ca bn. iu khin ngn ng ny hu dng v linh ng hn.

Ti liu hng dn chnh thc ca Ruby c cha danh sch kiu mu ca tt c nhng
i tng v phng php c th s dng ngay. Xem nhanh mt lt c v l hi qu,
nhng iu li gip bn nhn ra bn khng cn phi s dng tt c nhng th .
Chng mang tnh la chn, v bn c th s dng chng khi cn.
Ti liu hng dn cn c mt mc ch khc, l khi bn c gng lm iu g m
Ruby khng hiu c, thng tin bo li c th ni cho bn bit chng trnh b hng
u.
Gi s chng ta ang c gng chy mt chng trnh nh sau:
animal = Zebra (con vt = nga vn)
number = 7 (s lng = 7)
puts animal + number (in con vt + s lng)
Lnh put l cch ni khc ca lnh in (print). Chng ta mun chng trnh hin kiu
ch animal + number c ngha l g.
V y l kt qu ti nhn c khi c gng chy chng trnh:
TypeError: cant convert Fixnum into String from program.
rb:3:in +
(Li nh my: Chng trnh khng th chuyn s nhp thnh chui k t
rb:3:in +)
Nu khng s dng ngn ng my tnh th: bn khng th s dng s hc cng mt
s vo mt t m vn c ngha c, v th my tnh hin th thng bo bo li. Th
chng khc no c gng thc hin php chia cho khng (0), nn chng trnh dng li.
sa chng trnh, chng ta hoc l cn phi i s thnh mt chui k t
phng php + c th ghp hai bin s li vi nhau, thay v c gng s dng s hc; hoc
l phi iu chnh chng trnh thc hin mt vic g khc.
V y l chng trnh c sa i:
animal = Zebra
number = 7.to_s
puts animal + number
(con vt = nga vn

s lng = 7.to_s
In con vt + s lng)
Khi chy chng trnh, chng ta s nhn c kt qu l Zebra7 (Nga vn 7).
Phng php c ci t sn .to_s bin s 7 thnh chui k t, v th Ruby c th
thc hin php ghp.
Chng ta cng c th lm iu g hon ton khc bit, kiu nh th ny:
animal = Zebra
number = 7
number.times {puts #{animal}}
(con vt = nga vn
s lng = 7
s lng.ln {in #{con vt}})
V y l kt qu:
Zebra
Zebra
Zebra
Zebra
Zebra
Zebra
Zebra
(Nga vn)
Chng ta va s dng vng lp iu kin c bn c tch hp sn trong Ruby:
number.times c ngha l thc hin vic ny X ln, vi X l gi tr ca bin l s lng.
Nu chng ta thay i gi tr ca bin ng vt hay s lng, chng ta s thay i kt qu.
(ng vy, bn c th iu chnh chng trnh ny in gu ti hng t ln nu bn
thc s mun.)

Nhn xt v g li
Khi c, ti cn mt c im c bn na trong Ruby: nhn xt. Bt c khi no bn
bt u mt dng chng trnh vi # (thng c gi l du thng), Ruby s dch dng
nh mt li nhn xt v s b qua n.
Thm nhn xt cho mt chng trnh khin cho vic theo di chng trnh tr nn
d dng hn, v bn c th gii thch bng ngn ng n gin iu bn ang c gng thc
hin. V nhn xt trong chng trnh Animal Print trng s nh th ny:
# Assign variables
animal = Wombat
number = 1000000000
# Print loop
number.times {puts #{animal} }
(# Gn bin s
con vt = gu ti
s lng = 1000000000
# vng lp in
s lng.ln {in #{con vt} }
Nhn xt cng l mt th thut khc phc s c c bn: bn c th ch thch mt vi
dng m cng mt lc c lp vn hoc li sai. Kt hp vi cc cu lnh in (print
hoc put) c t ng ch, bn c th thc hin chng trnh tng bc mt m
bo mi th u hot ng ng nh mong i.
Sau tng cng 8 ting nghin cu v ci t, gi ti ang chy phin bn mi nht ca
Ruby. Ti c th ci t bt c th vin no m ti mun, v ti c kin thc c bn
v cch thc hot ng ca cc chng trnh Ruby.
Quan trng l cn phi ch rng, ti tn lc ny ti vn cha thc s lp trnh c
bt c th g. Ton b qung thi gian va ri c dng vo vic nghin cu, ci t
Ruby, v xem vit mt chng trnh Ruby s c cm gic nh th no.
Gi hy cng khm ph nhng chng trnh phc tp hn.
n lc phi bt tay vo lm ri y

ng dng #1: Trang web tnh bng Sinatra

Ti c tng cho ng dng web u tin ca mnh: mt ng dng Sinatra phc v
cho trang web HTML c bn. Mc thnh tho mc tiu ca ti i vi ng dng ny l:
1. To ra mt ng dng Sinatra c bn c th a mt trang web n gin n ngi s
dng cui cng (ngi c).
2. Kim tra ng dng trn my tnh ca ti m bo n hot ng.
3. Trin khai ng dng vo sn xut trn Heroku, khin n sng nhng ngi
c thc s c th s dng.
Chnh xc l vy. Khng c g c bit, ch l mt chng trnh Sinatra n gin chy
trn mt my ch cng cng.
Vy th ti nn bt u t u? Hy cng im li bn lit k nhng mc cn kim tra
ca ti:
1. Chn mt d n ng yu.
2. Tp trung nng lng ca bn vo ch mt k nng.
3. Xc nh mc thnh tho m bn mong mun.
4. Phn chia k nng thnh nhng k nng nh.
5. Tm c nhng cng c then cht.
6. Loi b nhng ro cn luyn tp.
7. Dnh thi gian chuyn tm luyn tp.
8. To vng phn hi nhanh.
9. Luyn tp tnh gi.

10. Nhn mnh s lng v tc .

Ti c mt d n c xc nh r rng. Ti chia nh k nng v ti bit chng
trnh ny trng nh th no khi c hon thnh. iu a ti n vi nhng cng c
cn thit: C th g cn hon thnh d n ny m ti cha c khng?
Ha ra l cn: Ti cha c ti khon Heroku. iu d gii quyt: Ti truy cp vo
trang Heroku.com, click vo ng k, xc nhn a ch e-mail v to mt khu.
V ti ti Heroku Toolbelt (chng trnh ti s dng ci t git), th vin

(gem) Heroku cng c trn my ca ti, nn ti sn sng.

Da trn ti liu hng dn, cn mt iu cui cng ti cn phi lm my tnh ca
ti c th ni chuyn c vi Heroku, l to ra cha kha SSH mt tp tin c
bit ng vai tr nh mt khu. Mt khi c cha kha, ti s phi ng ti ln Heroku
h thng c th nhn bit c my tnh ca ti v cho php n truy cp.
May mn l Heroku c ti liu hng dn v cch lm vic ny. Ti chy yu cu
ny to cha kha:
$ ssh-keygen t rsa
v yu cu ny ng nhp vo Heroku:
$ heroku login
v yu cu ny thm cha kha vo ti khon Heroku ca ti:
$ heroku keys:add
Tuyt vi. Ti vo c. Gi ti bt u vit ng dng nh th no?

To ra ng dng c bn
n lc duyt qua ti liu ca Heroku. iu tuyt vi l c ti hai ti liu hng dn
c v hu dng:

Bt u vi Ruby trn Heroku

Trin khai cc ng dng da trn Rack (Rack-based Apps)

Da trn nhng hng dn ny, c v nh ti cn phi:

1. To ra cc tp tin chng trnh trn my tnh ca ti.

2. Thm chng vo kho git (bt k l g)
3. S dng yu cu git push heroku master gi ng dng hon thin ln Heroku.
May mn l ti liu hng dn c mt v d, v l mt ng dng Sinatra! Vic ny
s d dng hn ti tng.
Ti to mt th mc trong my tnh ca mnh. Th mc ny c gi l th mc gc,
v tt c cc tp tin trong chng trnh s c lu gi y.

Tip theo, ti m phn mm bin tp vn bn (ti ang s dng TextMate) v to ba

tp tin theo ng hng dn:
application.rb
config.ru
Gemfile
Phn ct li ca chng trnh s nm application.rb. Cc ng dng ca Ruby lun c
phn ui l .rb.
config.ru l ni ci t cu hnh Rack. Hy nh l Sinatra c xy dng trn nn
Rack, nn hon ton d hiu khi n c mt tp tin xc nh cu hnh ring. Cc tp tin
Rackup c phn ui l .ru.
Gemfile l ni xc nh gem no s c chng trnh s dng. Chng trnh ca bn
s ch c mt Gemfile, nn n vn lun c gi l Gemfile. C v cng n gin.
Sau khi to cc tp tin, ti liu hng dn Heroku gi nn vit mt chng trnh n
gin Xin cho, th gii! kim tra vic thit lp. V y l iu trong application.rb:
require sinatra
get / do
Hello World!
end
(yu cu sinatra
nhn / lm
Xin cho Th gii!
kt thc)
Cn y l nhng g din ra trong config.ru:
require ./application.rb
run Sinatra::Application
(yu cu ./ng dng.rb
chy Sinatra::ng dng)

V y l nhng g din ra trong Gemfile:

source http://rubygems.org
gem sinatra
(ngun http://rubygems.org
gem sinatra)
Nh vy l cng khng nhiu m lm v cng tng i d hiu, ng khng?

Gemfile ni cho my ch bit phi thm gem Sinatra vo, c nh vy mi chy c

ng dng. Gem s c ti v t RubyGems.org.

Tp tin config.ru thit lp ng dng chnh, sau thc hin chng trnh.

Khi chng trnh c chy, n s hin th dng ch Xin cho Th gii! bt c khi
no c ai truy cp / (k hiu ch trang ch ca mt trang web).
C thc s d dng th khng nh?

Ti liu hng dn cho ti bit cn mt vic na cn phi lm, l lu gi cc tp tin

trong kho git (i khi c vit tt thnh kho). Thc ra ti khng chc iu c ngha
l g, nhng ti bit l git c ci t, v h cung cp cc yu cu:
$ git init
$ git add -A
$ git commit -m Initial Commit
Yu cu u tin to ra mt kho git mi trong th mc gc hin c. Yu cu add -A
thm tt c cc tp tin trong th mc vo kho. Yu cu commit -m chuyn cc tp tin ti
kho, cng vi tin nhn t ngi lp trnh cho bit iu g ang c chuyn. (Ti vn
khng hiu s khc nhau gia thm v chuyn, nhng ti ghi ch tm hiu
thm sau.)
Sau khi nhp nhng yu cu ny, my tnh thng bo vi ti:
[master (root-commit) 8ed1099] Initial commit
3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 Gemfile

create mode 100644 application.rb

create mode 100644 config.ru
([thc hin (chuyn-gc) 8ed1099] chuyn ch u
3 tp tin i, 9 lng ghp(+), 0 xa(-)
to trng thi 100644 Gemfile
to trng thi 100644 ng dng.rb
to trng thi 100644 config.ru)
C v nh c! Ch cn mt vic cn lm na thi, l to mt my ch mi cn
trng trn Heroku, sau y chng trnh ca ti ln my ch .
Ti chy on yu cu ny to my ch:
$ heroku create
($ to heroku)
V ti nhn c:
Creating shielded-springs-2049 done, stack is stack is bamboo-ree-1.8.7
http://shielded-springs-2049.heroku.com/|git@heroku.com:shielded-springs-2049.git
Git remote heroku added
thnh cng! Ngn xp (stack) cho bit phn mm m my ch ang chy, v
thng ip cho ti bit URL ca my ch.
Cn y l yu cu cui cng:
$ git push heroku master
Nu tt c u n, ti s chnh thc y ng dng u tin ca ti ln Heroku.
V y l kt qu ti nhn c:
Heroku receiving push
Ruby/Sinatra app detected
Gemfile detected, running Bundler version 1.0.7
Unresolved dependencies detected; Installing

Using-without development:test
! Gemfile.lock will soon be required
!Check Gemfile.lock into git with git add Gemfile.lock
! See http://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/bundler
Fetching source index for http://rubygems.org/
Installing rack (1.4.1)
Installing rack-protection (1.2.0)
Installing tilt (1.3.3)
Installing sinatra (1.3.3)
Using bundler (1.0.7)
Your bundler is complete! It was installed into ./.bundle/gems/
Compiled slug size: 500K
Launching done, v4
http://shielded-springs-2049.heroku.com deployed to Heroku
Gi l lc kim tra thnh qu y Ti m trnh duyt web, iu hng ti
http://shielded-springs-2049.heroku.com v y l iu ti nhn thy:
Xin cho, Th gii!
THNH CNG!

n thi k ca Sinatra
Gi th ng dng n gin ca ti c hnh thnh v ang chy, cui cng ti cng c
th bt u hc cch vn hnh ca Sinatra. Ti liu hng dn v Sinatra rt d hiu, v
c rt nhiu v d, chnh v th m ti quyt nh l s bt u t .
Ct li ca cc ng dng Sinatra l tuyn/hng. Cch tt nht hiu c khi
nim ny l xem v d.
Cc ng dng Sinatra c bn ca chng ta u c mt tuyn n, tuyn ny cha gc
trang web nho nh ca chng ta. Nhng ngi s dng internet thng coi gc trang web
l trang ch ca trang web.

Nu bn truy cp google.com hay yahoo.com, trnh duyt web ca bn s gi mt yu

cu n my ch ca Google hoc Yahoo. Yu cu ny c gi l yu cu NHN (GET),
v n buc my ch phi cho bn bit bt c th g trong th mc gc ca trang web. Giao
thc (protocol), hay dng thc my tnh s dng gi yu cu, c gi l HTTP (ch
vit tt ca hypertext transfer protocol c ngha l giao thc truyn ti siu vn bn).
http:// m bn vn nhn thy u mi trang web c ngha nh th.
GET l dng yu cu HTTP ph bin nht, nhng khng phi l dng duy nht. Cn
c thm ba ng t HTTP na, l:

POST gi mt ngun ln my ch

PUT cp nht ngun trn my ch

DELETE xa ngun trn my ch

Nu bn tng ng mt nhn xt cng khai trn mt trang web, nhn xt ca bn

c gi ti my ch bng cch s dng mt lnh POST. Nu bn vit sai v chnh sa li
li nhn xt th li nhn xt c chnh sa ca bn c gi ti my ch thng qua
mt lnh PUT. Nu bn ngh nhn xt ca mnh tht ng ngn v chn xa n i, trnh
duyt s gi mt lnh DELETE.
Cc tuyn bao hm cc lnh GET, POST, PUT v DELETE chnh l ct li cho thy
cch vn hnh ca cc ng dng Sinatra. Mi mt tuyn bn to ra l mt iu kin:
Thc hin X nu tuyn Y nhn c mt yu cu GET/POST/PUT/DELETE.
Cc tuyn ca Sinatra cn c th cha cc bin c gi l tham s (parameter). Cc
ng dng Sinatra thng s dng tham s nh d liu u vo cho qu trnh c trong mi
tuyn.
Hy cng thay i ng dng Sinatra n gin Xin cho, Th gii! lc trc ca chng
ta cho ngi s dng bng tn ca h. V y l tuyn s thc hin iu :
get /hello/:name do
Hello, #{params[:name]}!
end
ng dng ny hot ng bng cch cho php my ch nhn vo bt c iu g trong
phn tn ca tuyn, sau s dng n vo ng dng ny. Yu cu trong tuyn l mt
ch lnh n gin hin th tham s tn ti ngi s dng.
Sinatra cho php bn t tn cho cc tham s (v d nh : name), nhng n cng c

tham s i din (hay cn gi l splat) c th cha bt c th g.

V y l cch chng ta s dng n trong ng dng Hello c iu chnh ca
chng ta:
get /hello/* do
Hello, #{params[:splat]}!
end
C v kh th v. Gia cc tham s c t tn v cc tham s i din, bn c th to
ra mt s tuyn rt thng minh. Cc tuyn bn to ra s quyt nh cch thc vn hnh
ng dng Sinatra ca bn.
Nh vy l chi tit cho vic xc nh cch vit mt chng trnh p ng c
mc thnh tho mc tiu ca ti. V Jekyll ang hnh thnh nhng tp tin m ng
dng s truyn ti p li yu cu GET ca ngi s dng, nn tt c nhng g ti cn
phi lm l vit mt vi tuyn chp nhn nhng yu cu , tm kim tp tin chnh xc
trong h thng v chuyn n n ngi c.
Da trn ti liu hng dn Jekyll, chng trnh t cc trang web hon thin vo mt
th mc c gi l trang trong kho gc. Tuyn ti trang c Jekyll t ng to ra.
Nu chng ta mun chuyn trang About (v trang web) c trn http://example.com/
about, chng ta cn phi t mt tuyn v About trong cc tp tin Jekyll ca chng ta, v
chng trnh s to tp tin in_site/about/index. html trong th mc gc ca trang web.
iu c ngha l ti phi to ra mt tuyn mi trong Sinatra c mt tp tin no
theo yu cu GET ca ngi s dng. V vic to ra nh sau:
# Index handler
get /? do
## File.read(_site/index.html)
end
# Post handler
get /*/? do
## File.read(_site/#{params[:splat]}/index.html)
end
File.read() l yu cu c ci vo Ruby. File l mt i tng, v .read l mt

phng php. Cch s dng rt n gin: iu g xut hin trong phn () chnh l v tr
ca tp tin m bn mun chng trnh c, c lin quan ti th mc gc ca ng dng.
n gin thi.
Chuyn g s xy ra nu tp tin khng tn ti? Nu vy th cn phi c ngoi l, v
Sinatra c hai tuyn li c bn c ci t sn: not_found (khng tm thy) v error
(li). Hy lm cho c hai tuyn u tr li cng mt trang li:
not_found do
## File.read(_site/error/index.html)
end
error do
File.read(_site/error/index.html)
end
Tt c nhng th khc u gi nguyn. Ti s khng thay i bt c th g config.ru
hoc Gemfile. Ti s ch thm cc tuyn mi cho kho git ca chng trnh, xc nhn thay
i, sau y chng trnh c cp nht ln Heroku. Xong!
ng dng web hot ng u tin ca ti hon thnh. Phi mt c ting ti xc
nh cn phi thc hin nhng bc nh th no, v thm mt ting na xc nh
lm cch no chuyn thng tin v thit k trang web ca ti t WordPress sang Jekyll.
Tng thi gian hon thin l khong 10 ting, bao gm c thi gian nghin cu v
xem li khi nim lp trnh. Cng khng ti!

ng dng #2: Codex, c s d liu ghi ch c nhn

ng dng u tin ca ti hot ng, v n hot ng rt tt. N n gin, nhng
trong trng hp ny, li l mt li th ln. Cng t phn ng c ngha l chng trnh
cng t b hng.
Gi hy cng tm hiu mt th phc tp hn mt cht.
Bn c nh cuc tho lun v c s d liu ca chng ta lc trc khng? Cc trang
web c bn khng th t cp nht, v th chng khng th lu gi thng tin c. ng
dng u tin ch hot ng v cc tp tin tnh: chng khng thay i. Bt c thay i no
i vi cc tp tin u c thc hin thng qua Jekyll, mt chng trnh tch bit. ng
dng ny nhanh v n nh v n khng ph thuc vo c s d liu.
Vy cn nhng ng dng s dng c s d liu th sao? C s d liu l mt phn ln

ca cc ng dng web ni chung, v th ti cn phi hiu cch thc hot ng ca chng.

hc v cch chng hot ng, ti cn phi bt u lm vic vi mt d n ph thuc
vo c s d liu.
Mt trong nhng ng dng ti s dng hng ngy l Backpack, mt ng dng c
37signals pht trin. Li ch ln nht ca Backpack l to ra cc trang cha c bt c
th g (vn bn, danh sch, hnh nh, tp tin) Khi bn lu thng tin trong mt trang vo
Backpack, sau ny bn c th truy cp vo thng tin t bt c my tnh no, v tt c
cc thng tin u c lu gi trong c s d liu ca ng dng.
Ti t hi l: Liu ti c th t mnh to ra th g tng t nh vy khng? Cng
ng th y nhng ti phi bt u nh th no?
Trong khi nghin cu Jekyll, ti c c mt bi vit ca Tom Preston-Werner,
nh lp trnh to ra Jekyll. Bi vit c tn l Pht trin phn mm da trn
Readme (Readme(3) Driven Development).
Readme l tp tin c ngi lp trnh a vo th mc gc ca ng dng trong qu
trnh vit m. Tp tin ny cha cc thng tin v cch thit lp, xc nh cu hnh v s
dng chng trnh.
Tom lp lun rng, tt nht l nn vit tp tin Readme cho chng trnh u tin,
trc khi bn bt u vit m. Hu ht nhng ngi lp trnh u vit m trc, sau
mi (c th) vit Readme. Nh th l b l mt c hi: vit Readme trc gip bn xc
nh chnh xc chng trnh s lm vic nh th no. Readme c th l mt cng c thit
k m cng c th l mt ti liu hng dn.
Ti ly mt cun s ghi chp v ghi li nhng vic ti mun ng dng ca mnh lm
c, cng nh nhng c im m ti mun ng dng ca mnh c:

Chng trnh l mt ng dng ghi nh v tham kho n gin.

ng dng c thit k cho mt ngi s dng.

ng dng s dng Sinatra v c s d liu to ra, lu gi, cp nht v xa cc bn

ghi d liu.

ng dng cho php ngi s dng to ra cc trang c cc nh dng th v nh bi en,

nghing, c mc

ng dng yu cu phi nhp mt khu truy cp, v gi thng tin trong c s d liu
an ton nht c th.
ng dng c giao din p.

ng dng c th d dng c trin khai trn Heroku hoc mt trang ch tng t

khc.

Ti s gi ng dng ny l Codex, mt t c dng ch sch, v ng dng ny s ch

yu c s dng nh thng tin hay danh sch tham kho, v nhng th tng t nh
vy.
Thut ng lp trnh web dng ch loi ng dng ny l CRUD, l t vit tt ca
Create (to ra), Read (c), Update (cp nht) v Delete (xa). Cn phi cp rng
nhng chc nng ny v c bn u ging nh GET, POST, PUT v DELETE, v vy hon
ton c th s dng cc tuyn ca Sinatra xy dng ng dng ny. Khc bit ln nht l
vic a c s d liu vo.
C nhng kiu la chn c s d liu no trn Heroku? Ti khng bit, phi xem li
ti liu hng dn thi.
Theo mc nh, Heroku s dng c s d liu c gi l Postgres. Mi ng dng mi
c phn b mt c s d liu pht trin mc nh. iu c tc dng vi ti, nhng
lm th no ti c th s dng c, v ti cn phi s dng ci g th nghim chng
trnh trn my tnh ca mnh?

Nhp DataMapper
tr li nhng cu hi ny, ti quyt nh tm kim trn Stack Overflow. Tt c cc
kin trn trang web ny u ng nht mt im, l s dng th vin c tn l
DataMapper gip cho vic pht trin ny tr nn n gin hn.
DataMapper l kiu chng trnh c gi l cng c v bn mi quan h i
tng (object relational mapper), thng c vit tt l ORM. ORM gii quyt c
mt vn cp thit i vi nhng ngi lp trnh: C s d liu thng s dng ngn
ng ring, loi ngn ng khc vi ngn ng m cc nh lp trnh s dng to ra ng
dng. Ngn ng c s d liu ph bin nht l SQL, ngoi ra cn c hng trm th ngn
ng khc.
Gi s chng ta l ngi lp trnh cho trang web Amazon.com, v chng ta mun hin
th mt danh sch cc cun sch ca nh vn J. K. Rowling, tc gi ca lot truyn Harry
Potter ni ting. Khi , yu cu SQL s nh sau:
SELECT * FROM Book WHERE author = J.K. Rowling ORDER BY title;
Lnh ny s ly ra tt c cc bn ghi c trng author cha tn J.K. Rowling t c
s d liu tn Book v sp xp chng theo th t bng ch ci ca tn sch.

ng tic l vic lm cho SQL hay bt c ngn ng truy vn c s d liu no khc

chy mt m vi nhng ngn ng lp trnh nh Ruby l c mt vn . Lp trnh bng
mt loi ngn ng kh ri, hung h l bng vi loi ngn ng cng mt lc.
Nhng li chnh l ni ORM pht huy tc dng: Chng cho php ngi lp trnh
vit m bng mt ngn ng, sau ORM s dch ngn ng sang ngn ng ca c s d
liu. D dng hn nhiu.
Nh vy, DataMapper l mt th vin, gip cho vic lin lc vi c s d liu bng
cch s dng Ruby tr nn d dng hn. Theo mc nh, DataMapper cung cp mt lot
nhng c tnh hu ch cho vic to ra, c, cp nht v xa bn ghi truy cp c s d
liu. V DataMapper c hnh thnh mt thi gian, v c th nghim cn thn, nn
trong hu ht cc trng hp, s dng n s ng tin hn nhiu so vi vic t to ra mt
loi m c s d liu ring.
DataMapper c th s dng nh mt loi gem, v c ci t nh sau:
$ gem install data_mapper
DataMapper l mt th vin ln, v th nn ci t tng bc mt. y l khi nim
c gi l h m-un, v n l du hiu xc nhn vic lp trnh tt. Di y l yu
cu ci t ton b cc gem ring l:
$ gem install dm-core dm-aggregates dm-constraints dm-migrations dm-transactions
dm- serializer dm-timestamps dm-validations dm-types
Thay v ci t ton b th vin, bn c th ch ci t nhng phn m chng trnh
ca bn s s dng, nh vy s hiu qu hn nhiu.

S dng DataMapper
Gi th DataMapper c ci t, ti cn phi xc nh cch s dng n (1) ni
chuyn vi c s d liu v (2) thit lp c s d liu lu tr v ly li cc thng tin
m ti mun.
Da trn ti liu hng dn v Postgres ca Heroku, yu cu di y s cho php ng
dng Sinatra ca ti ni chuyn c vi c s d liu:
DataMapper.setup(:default, ENV[DATABASE_URL] ||
sqlite3://#{Dir.pwd}/database.db)
Trong trng hp ny, k hiu || c s dng nh mt cch khc ni hoc.
ENV[DATABASEURL] l mt bin m Heroku s dng tng trng cho c s d liu
trong ng dng ca bn. Nu c s d liu ny khng c th n s s dng la chn th

hai c s d liu c gi l Sqlite.

Sqlite c mc nh ci t trn cc dng my tnh ca Mac, nn n sn sng s
dng. DataMapper c th ni chuyn c vi c Postgres v Sqlite nu ti ci t hai
gem ny:
$ gem install dm-sqlite-adapter dm-postgres-adapter
iu ny c ngha l ng dng ca ti s s dng Postgres khi n c chy trn
Heroku, v s dng Sqlite khi n chy trn my tnh ca ti. Trong trng hp no th
on m ca ti cng vn nh vy, ngay c khi c s d liu s dng loi ngn ng khc.
iu thc s rt tuyt.
Nhc ti vic chy ng dng ny trn my tnh ca ti Lm sao lm c iu ?

POW!
Ti tm kim thng tin v cch chy kiu chng trnh ny trn my ca ti t hai trang
Stack Overflow v Hacker News. May mn l c mt s la chn. C v nh ti c th ci
t cc loi th vin (nh Foreman hoc Shotgun) chy ng dng ny khi ti nhp
mt yu cu vo Terminal, hoc ti c th ci t mt chng trnh gi cho chng
trnh lun chy.
Chng trnh trong cch th hai nu trn l Pow, mt my ch Rack cu hnh s 0
cho Mac OS X. Trang web cam kt gip cho vic thit lp duy tr pht trin ni b trn
my tnh ca ti tr nn n gin v ch mt khng qu mt pht. Nghe c v tuyt vi
ti!
Vic ci t Pow ch mt khong 10 giy: N i hi phi c mt yu cu Terminal
ti v v ci t ng dng. Mt khi c ci t, bn phi chy mt yu cu ni
chng trnh ca bn vi chng trnh Pow, v Pow s cho php bn c chy n trn
my tnh ca bn.
C mt gem ca Ruby c gi l Powder c tc dng gip cho qu trnh ny thm ch
cn d dng hn:
$ gem install powder
Khi gem c ci t, bn chy on m ny ci t Pow:
$ powder install
Sau , bn vo kho d liu gc ng dng ca bn v nhp yu cu ny vo:
$ powder link

Vy thi. Kho gc ca ti c gi l codex, v th ng dng ca ti lc ny c th

chy trn my tnh c nhn ca ti ti http://codex.dev, v ti c th th nghim tc
phm ca mnh.
Nu ti thay i yu cu ny s khi ng li chng trnh:
$ powder restart
Tht n gin. Gi ti sn sng bt tay vo xy dng. Ti dnh ra mt ting ri
mi ti vit m, v ti s tip tc cho ti khi hon thnh.

Vit m, kim tra, sa li

Lc ny, ti s miu t iu ti s thc hin thay v cch ti thc hin.
y l hnh nh ng dng m ti mun c khi hon thnh:

Bn s thy l thit k ny c ba phn: thanh iu hng trn cng, khu vc ni

dung chnh v thanh bn. Ti t chng li vi nhau bng cch s dng Bootstrap do
Mark Otto v Jacob Thornton to ra (c hai cng l lp trnh vin Twitter).

Thay v to ra mt thit k trang web ngay t ban u, Bootstrap l mt th vin

HTML v CSS vit sn, cho s dng hon ton min ph. S dng Bootstrap s tit kim
rt nhiu thi gian: bn c th t mt mu c bn ban u cho ng dng ca bn ch
trong vi pht thay v vi ngy.
n v c bn ca ng dng ny l trang (page), ni hin th bn ghi c lu gi
trong c s d liu. Thng tin trang thuc khu vc ni dung chnh. C mt nt dn ti
mn hnh, ni c danh sch tt c cc trang trong c s d liu, v hai nt cui. Nt u
tin gip bn bin tp, chnh sa trang hin ti, v nt th hai cho php bn thc hin
thao tc xa.
Thanh bn c ba tnh nng chnh. trn cng, c mt khung mu cho php bn to
mt trang mi, vic ny i hi phi nhp tiu . Th hai, c mt danh sch cc trang
m ngi s dng thm vo thanh bn, c coi nh khu vc tham kho nhanh. Th
ba, c mt phn tham kho lin quan ti vic nh hnh, gip ngi s dng nh c
cch s dng nhng tnh nng nh hnh ph bin.
Thanh iu hng trn cng c v kh n gin. N c cha mt ng dn (link)
ti trang ch, v mt ng dn th hai ti mn hnh danh sch tt c cc trang. Ti c
th thm cc mc khc cho thanh iu hng sau nu ti thch, nhng l tt c
nhng g ti thc s cn lc ny.
Mi ng dng web u c mt trang ch, v th ti cn phi quyt nh ti mun c
nhng g trn trang ch . T rong trng hp ny, ti ch mun hin th bn ghi trang
ch trong c s d liu.
Vy th c g trong mt trang? V mi trang l mt bn ghi c s d liu, v cc bn ghi
c cc trng cha thng tin thc, nn ti cn phi ni vi DataMapper l cn phi thit
lp cc trng no. V on m lm c vic l nh th ny:
class Page
include DataMapper::Resource
property :id, Serial
property :title, String
property :content, Text
property :lastupdated, DateTime
end
DataMapper.finalize
on m ny s dng DataMapper to ra mt loi i tng mi c gi l trang

(page). Lc ny Ruby c th s dng trang nh bt c mt i tng no khc, v ti c

th to ra v s dng cc phng php xy dng, iu chnh v xa cc trang. Khi ti to
ra mt s thay i trn mt trang, s thay i s c lu gi trong c s d liu thng
qua DataMapper.
Lnh DataMapper.finalize yu cu ng dng thit lp nhng trng ny trong c s d
liu thc nu chng cha tn ti.
Nh vy l c s d liu ca ti c thit lp, gi l lc xc nh tuyn no Sinatra
c th k vng phc v. Di y l danh sch ca ti, da trn nhng g ti bit t trc
n gi:
# Show home page
get /
# Creates new note from new page form
post /
# Displays requested note
get /:url/
# Edits requested note
get /:url/edit
# Saves user edits to note
post /:url/edit
# Deletes specified note
delete /:url/
# List all pages in database
get /all/
# Error handling
not-found
error
l mt danh sch hay ho. ng dng ca ti s xoay quanh nhng yu cu m ti to
ra cho mi tuyn.

Slug, Slug mi ni!

Bn cn nh khi ti ni rng, c s d liu ging nh mt chng th ghi nh ma thut, v
bn c th tm chng theo bt c cch no m bn mun khng? Chng ta cn mt cch
tm kim bn ghi cc trang c th, chnh l l do ti sao bn thy: url trong nhng
tuyn ny. Ni dung ca tham s url s ni cho c s d liu bit phi ly li bn ghi no.
Chng ta c th s dng tiu trang nh mt tham s, nhng c mt vn , l
trnh duyt web khng thch nhng th nh ch trng, ch ci vit hoa v cc k t c
bit (kiu nh $ v %) xut hin trong a ch web. Trong khi , tiu trang rt c th
s c nhng th , v vy bn cn c mt cch loi b chng.
Chui k t duy nht xc nh trang web c gi l slug. Phn slug trang web ca ti
c thc hin da trn tiu trang vi nhng nguyn tc sau m bo a ch web
thn thin:
1. Tt c cc ch ci u c vit thng.
2. Khng c k t c bit ch c ch ci v s.
3. Khng c khong trng tt c cc khong trng nn c thay th bng du gch
ngang.
Phng php thc hin vic ny l to ra mt cch chp nhn tiu trang, sau
chuyn n sang nh dng slug. m nhn vic chm sc nhng s thay th l mt
chng trnh c tn gi l regular expressians, n bin i hoc tm kim vn bn trong
chui k t da trn cc nguyn tc c nh sn.
Gi ti c th s dng phng php slug ha bin i mt chui k t kiu nh
Tiu Trang thnh tiu -trang, ph hp vi vic s dng trong a ch trang
web.
Ngoi ra, nu chng ta lu tr slug cng vi tiu ca trang, chng ta c th s dng
n ly li bn ghi trang bng cch s dng tham s: url.

To trang
Ti bt u bng vic vit ra danh sch cc tuyn cn thit. Tuyn trang ch rt d: ti
iu hng n ti /home/slug v ti mun trang ch th hin bn ghi chnh.
Tuyn to trang c gn kt vi mt mu nh phn trn cng ca thanh ph.
Ngi s dng nhp tiu trang vo mu ny, sau kch vo nt. H thng nm bt
tiu trang, slug ha n, sau lu tiu , slug, v thi gian to ra c s d liu. Sau
, h thng s gi yu cu GET c cha slug, hin th trang mi.

C mt chi tit nh rt quan trng trong tuyn to trang: chuyn g s xy ra nu

trang c ri? Ti khng mun vit ln mt trang c cha d liu. V tnh nh
mt d liu l iu khng th chp nhn c.
May mn l DataMapper gii quyt c vn c bit ny bng mt phng php
c tch hp sn .first-or-create (ln u-hay-to ra). Trc khi to trang, DataMapper
s kim tra xem trang c hay cha. Nu trang tn ti, DataMapper s khng
vit ln n, v thay vo , Sinatra s iu hng trnh duyt ti trang web c .
Vn c gii quyt.

Chnh sa trang
Chnh sa trang lin quan ti hai tuyn ring bit. Tuyn u tin nhn (GET) trang
ngi s dng mun, chnh sa, sau hin th ni dung trong bn ghi ca trang di
dng m ngi s dng c th chnh sa c.
hin th nhng trang ny, ng dng da vo mt c php mu c gi l ERB yu
cu c bn ca HTML, v Ruby. ERB cho php ngi lp trnh vit HTML c cha cc
thnh t c th thay i c. V ERB x l trang trc khi n c hin th ti ngi s
dng, nn n c th thay i vn bn trn trang mi khi trang c ti, da trn cc yu
cu trong mu ca Ruby.
Nt lu (save) trn mn hnh chnh sa c nhim v gi yu cu ng (POST) ti ng
dng cp nht bn ghi ca trang.

Xa trang
Vic xa trang i hi phi lu n mt im: Cn phi nh, v tnh lm mt d liu l
khng th chp nhn c. Nu bn chun b xa mt trang, bn cn phi chc chn
rng ngi s dng thc s c nh xa trang .
S l sai nu lin kt trc tip nt xa vi tuyn xa (DELETE) trong ng dng. Cch
s xa trang ngay c khi ngi s dng v tnh kch vo nt.
Chin lc tt hn l s dng qu trnh gm hai giai on. Vic nhn vo nt xa trn
trang a ngi s dng ti mt mn hnh xc nhn tiu ca trang m ngi s dng
mun xa. Nu ngi s dng mun thc hin, h c th kch vo nt xc nhn gi
yu cu XA (DELETE). Nu ngi s dng v tnh nhn vo nt xa, h c th nhn
c nt quay li (back) hoc hy (cancel) trn trnh duyt web.

Ln u khi chy ng dng

Cc tnh nng c bn c t vo ng v tr, nhng ti li gp phi mt vn : Khi

ti kim tra ng dng bng cch truy cp vo trang ch, ngay lp tc ti nhn c thng
bo bo li. Chng trnh ang c gng tm kim bn ghi trang ch trong c s d liu,
nhng n khng tn ti v ti ch va mi bt u ng dng!
Gii php cho vn ny l to ra mt qu trnh qun l mt ln, s dng chng
trnh c tn gi l Rake. Cc chng trnh Rake c lu gi trong tp tin Rake (Rakefile),
thuc th mc gc ca ng dng.
Rakefile hot ng nh nhng ng dng Ruby thng thng, ch khc mt iu:
Chng tn ti bn ngoi chng trnh chnh ca bn, v bn cn phi thao tc bng tay
chy cc yu cu .
chnh l iu khin Rake tr nn hu dng khi thc hin nhng vic nh thm cc
thng tin mc nh cho c s d liu trc khi chng ta chnh thc chy chng trnh
thc. Ti sao chp phn quan trng ca application.rb vo Rakefile, sau a ra yu cu
to mt trang ch mi trong c s d liu. Sau , tt c nhng g ti cn phi lm l
chy yu cu ny mt ln:
$ rake setup
Rake to ra bn ghi trang ch, v ng dng ca ti khng cn bo li khi khi ng
na. Khi ti y ng dng ny ln Heroku, ti s chy yu cu Rake t xa ci t c s
d liu trc khi ti c gng s dng ng dng .
n lc ny, chng ta t c tt c cc c tnh quan trng vo ng v tr ca
chng. Gi l lc thm mt s iu th v.

Thm phn h tr thanh bn

Ti va mi nhn ra l ti khng a cch to thm trang vo thanh bn nh nh
ban u ca mnh. c tnh ny i hi phi c Boolean, v n ch c hai gi tr: Trang ny
c cho l s hin th thanh bn, hoc l khng.
Ti thm on m ny vo trng phn loi ca DataMapper:
Property : sidebar, Boolean, :defaul => false
Ti khi ng li ng dng, bin tp bn ghi, v ton b chng trnh b ph hy. Oi!
Ti c gng xc nh xem sai u, nhng ti khng gp may. Sau khi bi tung ti liu
hng dn v DataMapper v tm kim trn Stack Overflow, ti pht hin ra l s dng
cc bin Boolean theo cch ny khng ph hp vi dng HTML. Cn phi c mt cch
tip cn khc:
property :sidebar, Enum[ :yes, :no ], :default => no

y l mt cch khc lm iu tng t. Enum, vit tt ca t enumerate (m,

lit k), to ra mt danh sch cc la chn, v nh dng s quyt nh cn phi lu la
chn no trong c s d liu.

Thm phn bo an
Th cn thng tin ng nhp th sao? Nu ti y ng dng ny ln Heroku m khng i
hi tn ng nhp v mt khu th bt c ai cng c th nhn thy nhng g ti lu gi
trong c s d liu.
Ha ra l cc trnh duyt web hin i u h tr mt giao thc bo an c gi l
Thm nh quyn c bn HTTP. y l mt cch n gin yu cu ngi s dng nhp
tn ng nhp v mt khu trc khi h c th s dng chng trnh. Nu ngi s dng
khng th cung cp c thng tin chng t quyn c truy cp th h s c iu
hng sang trang bo li.
Di y l on m cho php thm nh quyn c bn trong Sinatra:
user Rack::Auth::Basic, Restricted Area do |username, password|
[username, password] == [ENV[ADMIN_USER], ENV[ADMIN_ PASS]]
end
Trong trng hp ny, ti ang lu gi tn ng nhp v mt khu thc s trn
Heroku nh cc bin s mi trng m ti c th t bng mt lnh Terminal. iu
cho php ti s dng cng mt on m cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau, cng nh cho
php bn nhn thy on m ny nhng khng cho bn thy mt khu ca ti!
y cng l mt v d cho thy ti sao vic bit Sinatra c xy dng trn nn Rack
li l iu quan trng. C rt nhiu th vin nh Rack::Auth::Basic, v ti c th s dng
bt c th vin no trong s vi Sinatra.

M hon thin
Di y l phn m u trong tp tin Readme ca Codex:
Codex l mt ng dng web tham kho dnh cho mt ngi s dng c
vit bng Ruby. Codex s dng Sinatra v DataMapper to ra, lu gi, cp
nht v xa cc bn ghi trang t c s d liu n gin c tn l Postgres.
ng dng sn sng trin khai ngay lp tc tr n Heroku.
nh dng Markdown c s dng cho tt c cc trang, khin cho vic vit
cc trang phc tp tr nn d dng hn nh cng c nh du n gin.

Thm nh quyn HTTP v SSL bt buc dnh cho tt c cc lu lng

(traffic), gi cho thng tin ca bn c bo mt. Giao thc t mi
(bootstrap) gip cho cc trang ca bn trng p v cun ht hn.
Ti liu Readme cn tip tc vi nhng hng dn chi tit v cch ci t ng dng
trn Heroku. Pht trin phn mm da trn Readme l mt cch tip cn rt tt.
Tng cng, Codex khin ti mt 10 ting xy dng. Chnh v vy m tng thi gian
u t cho vic hc lp trnh ca ti c nng ln con s 20 gi. (Ti mt nhiu thi
gian vit chng ny hn so vi vic vit mt ng dng thc s.)
Sau khi to ra Codex, ti tham d mt bui gp mt nhng ngi lp trnh s dng
Ruby a phng, v tnh nguyn gii thch cch chng trnh hot ng. Phn hi
rt tch cc, v ti c khen ngi v phn m vit gn gng, c ng v d hiu. Mt
trong s nhng ngi tham gia cn nhn xt rng, cht lng phn m cn tt hn cc d
n c nhng lp trnh vin chuyn nghip vit m ng y thy.
Nhim v hon thnh.

Tm lc li phng php
Hy cng tng kt li nhng iu ct li trong phng php m ti s dng hc
cch lp trnh:

Ti dnh mt cht thi gian hc lp trnh v ng dng web ni chung l g, sau

chia nh nhng k nng ny thnh nhng k nng nh hn, d hiu v d thc
hnh hn.

Ti t ra mc thnh tho mc tiu bng cch chn hai d n c th m ti

mun to ra, sau xc nh nhng d n ny s nh th no khi c hon thnh.

Ti chia nh nhng d n ny thnh nhng bc nh hn, sau xc nh nhng

bc nh no c v quan trng nht.

Ti m bo rng ti c nhng cng c cn thit lm vic (v d nh phin bn mi

nht ca Ruby), v ti c th tm v s dng c bt c cng c ph tr no m ti
cn.

Ti tm c mt s ngun ng tin v lp trnh, nhng ti ch c lt qua phn

hng dn bt tay vo vit cc chng trnh thc s.

Trc tin ti lm vic vi nhng bc nh quan trng nht, nh xc nh cch

kim tra cc chng trnh trn my tnh, y ng dng hon thnh ln my ch sn

xut,

Ti s dng cc v d tham kho bt u v gy dng s t tin, sau th

nghim nhiu cch tip cn khc nhau xc nh lm cch no lp trnh c
nhng tnh nng m ti mun.

Khi ti mc li, chng trnh s b hng v gi cho ti mt thng ip bo li, to ra

mt vng lp phn hi nhanh.

Sau khi mc li, ti th nghim mt s cch sa li. Nu ti khng th t mnh

sa c li, ti s tm kim s gip .

Ti tip tc s dng cch tip cn xy dng/ th nghim/ sa sai cho ti khi cc

chng trnh c hon thnh.

Tng thi gian s dng: khong 20 ting. 10 ting dng nghin cu, v 10 ting cn
li l lp trnh hai ng dng m hin ti c hon thnh v a vo s dng.

T y ti s i u tip
Ti vn ang tip tc lp trnh cc ng dng web k t khi hon thnh cc d n c bn
ny, tp trung vo nhng chng trnh gip cho vic iu hnh doanh nghip ca ti tr
nn d dng hn.
Ti t ho ni rng ton b cng vic kinh doanh ca ti hin ti u chy trn phn
mm m ti t mnh to ra. Cc ng dng ca ti c th thc hin cc giao dch bng th
tn dng, gi th in t v qun l vic truy cp trang web cho cc khch hng ca ti.
Bng cch hc vit m, gi ti c mt i qun robot nho nh c lp trnh thc
hin mnh lnh ca mnh.
Mt bao lu vit c tt c nhng chng trnh ? Tng cng l khong 90 gi,
bao gm c 20 gi m ti trnh by chi tit trong chng ny.
V y, thm mt li ch na: Bt c khi no ti thy mt lnh vc kinh doanh ca
mnh c v nhm chn v lp i lp li, ti s bt u ngh ti vic vit m. Chng trnh
c th x l vn ny s hot ng nh th no? Thng th s c cch h thng ha
qu trnh theo cch khin cho cuc sng thng nht ca ti tr nn d dng hn.
Ti cng s hc thm nhng th thut mi, kiu nh ty chnh my tnh vic lp
trnh c nhanh hn. Ti s hc phm tt trn bn phm khi chnh sa vn bn tit
kim thi gian, v ti va mi nng cp Terminal ln iTerom2 v Z-Shell vic vit m

tr nn d dng hn.
Ti vn ang luyn tp v cha phi l chuyn gia, d theo bt c tiu chun no. Ti
phi nghin cu mi th, v ti vn phi mt mt lc mi gii quyt c vn , li sai
v li. Tht s rt kh chu.
Tuy nhin, ti vn ang to ra nhng chng trnh c th gii quyt cc vn theo
cch trc din v ng tin. thc s l iu c ngha.
Ti chin u vi chic my tnh, v ti thng.

6
G 10 NGN
BI HC: THI QUEN C KHNG CN PHI CHT THM
Bt c vic no ng lm ban u cng c v khng ng lm.
RAY CONGDON

Tnh ti thi im ny, ti hc c nhiu k nng mi nhng lnh vc m ti t c

kinh nghim t trc. Lc u, thiu kinh nghim chc chn l mt ro cn, nhng t
nht no b ca ti cng khng ch ng can thip vo qu trnh hc.
Chuyn g s xy ra khi bn luyn tp mt th g hon ton mi v cng vi , b
no ca bn cn phn khng na?
Tc ca cng ngh hin i khin cho vic hc li tr nn rt ph bin: Chuyn g
s xy ra nu chng trnh phn mm bn s dng thc hin cng vic thay i, hay
mt chng trnh mi tr thnh cch hiu qu nht hon thnh mt nhim v?
Chuyn g s xy ra nu bn nhn c mt cng vic mi i hi bn phi lm vic vi
nhng cng c mi? Hc li k nng mt cch nhanh chng cng quan trng khng km
vic hc mt th mi.
Ti t m khng bit cm gic mnh hc li mt th g thc s quan trng s nh
th no?
Ti bt u lit k nhng vic m ti bit cch lm, sau o xi danh sch tm
nhng k nng m (1) ti gii, v (2) c mt s phng php thu c kt qu nh
nhau. Khng tn qu nhiu thi gian ti tm ra mt ng vin y ha hn.
K nng no ? G 10 ngn.

Cuc sng pha sau bn phm

Theo David Allen, tc gi ca cun sch hon thnh cng vic (Getting Things Done)
(2002), nu cng vic ca bn i hi phi s dng bt c loi my tnh no, th vic hc
cch g bn phm bng 10 ngn l iu quan trng nht bn c th lm ci thin nng
sut ca mnh.

Tc g thng thng l khong 70 t trn mt pht. Nu bn khng th g c t

nht 60 t trn mt pht vi t l g sai thp, c ngha l bn hn ch kh nng lm
vic hiu qu ca chnh bn thn. N lc bn dnh cho vic g phm cng t, th thi gian
v nng lng bn c thc hin nhng nhim v c gi tr cao hn cng nhiu.
Ti g 10 ngn c khong 17 nm, c l cn lu hn. Khi cn i hc, hc sinh no
cng c yu cu tham gia mt kha hc g 10 ngn, v ti nh l mnh cm thy rt
bun chn. Ti bit cch g nhanh, v th ti hon thnh cc bi tp ch trong vi pht,
sau dnh thi gian cn li trn lp xc nh lm cch no my x l vn bn nh ra
nhng k t trng c v l l, kiu nh k hiu (), nh du phn () v du chm than
(!).
Ti hc cch g nhanh 10 ngn ch yu l nh dnh rt nhiu thi gian lm vic vi
my tnh vo thi gian rnh ri. Vic luyn g nhanh ca ti bt ngun t yu t khch
quan ch khng phi do ti ch tm hc: Ti hon ton khng c nh ci thin tc
hay chnh xc. Ch l ti hay s dng my tnh, v trong qu trnh , ti hc cch
nh my.
iu khng c ngha l ti ni rng mnh gii. Cc ngn tay ca ti lt khp
bn phm thay v dnh hu ht thi gian hng phm c s, nhng phm gia bn phm.
Phng php ca ti khng phi l g chnh xc, m hon thnh cng vic mi l tt c
nhng g ti quan tm.
D rng kiu g ca ti khng phi tuyt vi, nhng n li thit thc. Trong cng vic,
ti s dng my tnh rt nhiu, v tc cng nh chnh xc khi nh my ca ti gip
ti hon thnh cng vic.

Tuy nhin, thnh thong, ti li v tnh c c mt bi bo v cc cch b tr bn

phm thay th: Sp xp cc phm khc so vi QWERTY cch b tr mc nh ph bin
ca phn ln bn phm ngn ng ting Anh c sn xut mi nm.
C ngi cho rng QWERTY c thit k cc k khng hiu qu v l mt thit k
kinh khng. C nhiu cch khc sp xp cc phm trn bn phm sao cho chng c th
h tr ngi s dng g nhanh hn, chnh xc hn v t tn cng sc hn.

N lc tch ly l mt vn ln: chn thng cng thng lp i lp li (RSI) v hi

chng ng c tay l nhng ri lon tay v c tay ph bin, c th do hoc c th b nng
thm v nh my. D ti cha gp phi nhng triu chng , nhng ti c vi ngi
bn thn b, v iu chng th v cht no. Ti mun trnh nhng ri lon nu
c th.
Ti d nh s vit v lp trnh nhiu nm sau ny na, v tr khi nhn dng ging ni
suy ngh-thnh-vn bn tr thnh phng php chnh c my tnh s dng, nu khng
ti vn cn nh my trong tng lai. C l quan tm ln nht ca ti l hc nh my
theo cch hiu qu nht c th, ngay c khi iu gn lin vi s bi ri v khng thoi
mi trong mt thi gian ngn.
Tm bit QWERTY, ti chun b hc li cch g 10 ngn y.

Cch b tr bn phm kiu QWERTY tr thnh tiu chun ton

cu nh th no
Ngc vi nhng hiu bit thng thng, nh dng bn phm kiu QWERTY khng phi
c thit k lm gim tc ca ngi nh my, m l mt gii php cho vn k
thut c kh.
C. L. Sholes, ngi c tin l pht minh ra cch b tr bn phm kiu QWERTY cho
my nh ch, to ra mu dng th vo nm 1868. Sholes khng phi l ngi u
tin to ra my ch, v c t nht 51 nh sng ch khc tng th trc ng, v Sholes
nghin cu cc cng trnh ca h, tch hp nhiu tnh nng trong thit k ca h vo thit
k ca ng.
Cc phm trong bn mu u tin ca Sholes c sp xp theo th t bng ch ci.
Thi im , khng ai tng tng rng ngi ta s (hoc c th) hc cch nh nhanh
bng 10 ngn tay. Xp cc phm theo th t bng ch ci gip nhng ngi s dng cha
qua o to c th tm thy ch ci thch hp khi m c bng hai ngn tay tr.
Tuy nhin, c mt vn ln vi bn mu ny, l: Cn g ch s b dnh li vi
nhau khi cc ch ci lin k c g qu nhanh. Nhng ch ci thng c s dng
nhiu nht trong ting Anh l cc nguyn m AOEUI v cc ph m DHTNS. Trn bn
phm, ch S v ch T nm ngay cnh nhau. Nu mt cn g ch i ln, cn mt cn g
ch li i xung th my s b kt, buc ngi nh my phi dng li v g cn g ch
bng tay.
x l vn kh chu lp i lp li ny, Sholes nh ti s gip ca mt thy
gio c tn l Amos Densmore. Densmore tin hnh nghin cu nhanh cc ch ci hay
c s dng trong ting Anh, sau , Sholes s dng nghin cu ny t cc cp
ch ci hay i vi nhau, kiu nh TH, sang hai pha ca cn g ch trnh trng hp b
va chm.

Chin lc ny khng gii quyt c vn trit , nhng n ci thin c ng

k (vn ), ti mc Sholes ng k bn quyn cho thit k ca mnh nm 1872. E.
Remington & Sons, mt cng ty ni ting vi vic sn xut v kh khi mua li bn
quyn ca Sholes nm 1873.
Sau khi thm vo mt s ci tin c kh, nh thm phm Shift ngi nh my c
th chuyn gia vit hoa v vit thng cc ch ci, Remington bt u sn xut hng
lot my nh ch vi bn phm c b tr kiu QWERTY, vi nh bn ra th trng
kinh doanh vo nm 1874.
Remington khng phi l cng ty duy nht bn my nh ch. Nhng cng ty khc,
nh Hammond v Blickensderfer, cho bn cc thit b cnh tranh, mi cng ty li c mt
cch b tr bn phm ring ca h.
Thi im , cc cng ty ph thuc ch yu vo cc bn ghi chp v th t dng vn
bn. My nh ch c th tit kim rt nhiu sc lc, nhng ch khi ngi vn hnh bit
cch s dng my. bn c hng, cc cng ty phi gii quyt c nhu cu o to
ngi nh my sao cho h c th s dng c ci my k cc .
iu dn ti mt ng lc th trng th v: Cc cng ty sn xut my nh ch t
tuyn v o to ngi nh my, vn hnh hiu qu cc trung tm sp xp vic lm.
Nu ch doanh nghip mun thu mt ngi c th nh my, h s gi cho Remington
cng ty c th cung cp c my nh ch v ngi c th s dng thit b .
Cc cng ty cn ngi nh my v my nh ch, cn Remington c th cung cp c
hai. V khi mt cng ty no cn mt my nh ch mi, hay mt ngi nh my mi,
cch hiu qu nht l mua mt my nh ch QWERTY mi v thu mt ngi nh my
bit s dng QWERTY. Sau khong 60 nm, QWERTY tr thnh tiu chun c cng
nhn trn thc t, v cc cch b tr cnh tranh vi cch b tr QWERTY dn bin mt.
Sau nhiu thp k, QWERTY thng lnh ton th gii.

Cnh tranh xut hin: Dvorak

Nm 1932, August Dvorak, gio s trng i hc Washington nhn c phn
thng 130.000 la t Hi ng Gio dc Carnegie cho vic nghin cu thit k bn
phm. Mt trong nhng nhn t th v ca nghin cu ny l nhn ra: QWERTY c
thit k gii quyt mt vn k thut c kh khng cn tn ti na. C cn cch
no tt hn thit k bn phm khng?
Bn nm sau, Dvorak ng k bn quyn cho sn phm Bn phm n gin ha
Dvorak m ng tuyn b l siu vit hn nhng cch b tr khc. C s ca li khng nh
ny rt n gin: Cch b tr ca Dvorak l t nhng k t thng c s dng nhiu
nht ngay di cc ngn tay ca ngi s dng hng phm c s.

Dvorak cng khng nh cch b tr ny d hc hn, v tip tc cc nghin cu vi cc

t chc, o to mt lng ln nhng ngi nh my, m ch yu l cc t chc trong
qun i M. Kt qu thu c l: v Dvorak t mnh thc hin cc nghin cu, nn rt
nhiu phn trong kt qu b nghi ng.
Mt nghin cu c tin hnh c lp ca C quan qun l dch v cng Hoa K, c
quan chu trch nhim o to ngi nh my cho chnh ph Hoa K, pht hin ra
rng, nhng ngi nh my bng bn phm kiu QWERTY qua o to phi mt hn
100 gi t c tc nh my trc h c, nu h c o to li vi bn
phm Dvorak. Th l qu lu. Do , nghin cu xut nhng ngi nh my cho
chnh quyn nn s dng bn phm QWERTY. Cc nh my v cng ty sn xut my nh
ch cng theo m lm.
Dvorak tip tc tn ti nh mt la chn ph, nhng gc tiu chun, n hon
ton tht bi. D c rt nhiu li khng nh tch cc cho rng n hiu qu hn cch b
tr bn phm kiu QWERTY, nhng n vn khng th thay th c v tr ca bn phm
kiu QWERTY. Dvorak phai nht theo thi gian, v cn xa mi ng c v tr th
hai.

Thch thc mi xut hin: Colemak

QWERTY v Dvorak khng phi l hai kiu b tr bn phm ting Anh duy nht tn ti.
D phn ln nhng ngi nh my u hc QWERTY, nhng cc nh sng ch v ngi
yu thch vn tip tc cng cuc sng to thit k bn phm hng thp k qua. Hu ht
nhng cch b tr ny u cha bao gi c cng b rng ri, nhng nm 2006, nh
internet, c mt cch b tr bn phm hon ton mi bt u thu ht c s ch ca
nhng ngi nh my a mo him.
Chuyn l th ny. Shai Coleman, mt lp trnh vin my tnh, quyt nh th bt
tay vo thit k bn phm. Mc ch ca anh rt n gin, ch l to ra mt cch b tr bn
phm hiu qu tng ng vi cch b tr bn phm ca Dvorak, nhng d hc hn.

Mt trong nhng vn chnh ca Dvorak l n thay i mi th: mi phm ch ci

trong Dvorak li khc hon ton so vi bn phm QWERTY. Nu lc u bn hc cch
nh my trn QWERTY, th mc thay i khin cho vic hc Dvorak thc s tr
thnh mt cn c mng.
T hn na hin nay my tnh l cng c nh my c bn, nn vic s dng cc phm
tt thc hin cc nhim v lp i lp li (nh lu mt tp tin, ct v dn vn bn,)
ngy cng tr nn ph bin. Nu bn quen lm vic vi mt s cch kt hp bn phm
nht nh, th Dvorak thc s kh chu: khng ch tt c cc ch ci u thay i v tr, m
tt c cc phm tt cng khc.
Chin lc ca Coleman l kt hp nhng phn tch ca my tnh v b d liu ln
lin quan ti cc ti liu ting Anh, vi tng bo tn cng nhiu phm cng tt duy
tr c cc phm tt nh c. Phn bn tri ca bn phm cng nh hu ht hng di
cng gn nh c gi nguyn. Ch nhng phm quan trng mi c thay i. Thut
ton ca Coleman xut hu ht cc thay i, ch li mt s phm m h cn phi
nh gi.
Cui cng, cch b tr mi ca Coleman (c anh gi l Colemak) thay i 17 phm
so vi cch b tr tiu chun QWERTY. Da trn cc con s, n hiu qu hn hn so vi
QWERTY v hiu qu hn Dvorak mt cht. Hn na, v Colemak ch i mt s phm,
nn c v nh nhng ngi s dng QWERTY s d dng hc c hn.
Coleman to ra mt trang web (colemak.com), trong c cc chi tit v cch b tr
bn phm mi ny, cng nh c hng dn v cch ci t v s dng bn phm . So vi
n lc tn km ca Dvorak ph bin cch b tr bn phm ca ng trong nhng cuc
hp vi cc t chc ln, th internet gip cho vic qung b s tn ti ca bn phm
Colemak trc tip v r hn.
Kt qu l Colemak gi l cch b tr bn phm ting Anh ph bin th ba, ch ng
sau QWERTY v Dvorak. Cch b tr ny gi c ci t vo hu ht cc h iu hnh
ca my tnh mi, v c hng nghn ngi s dng trn khp th gii. Hon ton khng
t i vi mt bn phm c pht trin bi mt ngi say m.

Colemak trng nh th no?

Di y l s b tr bn phm Colemak:

Ngoi vic thay i v tr ca mt s phm k t c s dng thng xuyn nht,

Colemak cn bin phm Caps Lock thnh phm Delete th hai. Thay i ny l mt trong
nhng ci tin ln nht ca Colemak. Khng c ai (ngoi nhng k ph hoi mng
internet) s dng phm Caps Lock mt cch thng xuyn, nhng phm ny li chim
mt v tr c a: v tr thun tin ngn t ca bn tay tri c th d dng chm ti,
v ngay cnh phm A trn hng phm c s.
Vic i phm Caps Lock thnh Delete gip nhng ngi s dng bn phm Colemak
c th sa li sai, m khng phi di chuyn bn tay phi ra khi hng phm c s,
nhn vo phm Delete tn trn cng bn phi ca bn phm. iu ny gip tit kim
c rt nhiu cng sc. Ch mt thay i nh thi gip gim c t 15 n 20%
khong cch di chuyn tay so vi QWERTY. Cng nhiu li sai c bn sa bng ngn
tay t ca tay tri th Colemak cng tr nn hiu qu.

Thay i my tnh ca ti
May mn l tht d dng chnh bn phm Apple v sp xp li chng m khng lm
nh hng ti my. V Apple s dng bn phm kiu Chiclet(1) c kch thc ging nhau,
nn vic chuyn bn phm sang nh dng Colemak ch mt khong nm pht.

Bng cch s dng mt chic tuc-n-vt c rnh nh, ti nh nhng by mt trn

cng bn phi ca mi phm ln, lun u ca tuc-n-vt vo, sau di chuyn n dc
theo mp bn phi ca phm. Khi tuc-n-vt vo c n phn gia ca phm, phm
s hy c ch ko c tch hp sn trong bn phm, khin cho phm ny ra ngoi khi
c nhn.
Khi bn hiu r, s rt d sp xp cc phm cn phi thay i. Sau , ti s
dng s b tr bn phm Colemak xp li cc phm vo bn phm theo ng v tr.
Tt c nhng g cn lm ch l n nh nhng, v cc phm s gn cht vo ch ca chng.
ch l mt qu trnh n gin, nhng cn phi lu rng vic ny rt c th s lm
my tnh b mt quyn c bo hnh. V l do an ton, ti lm th vi mt bn phm
Apple khng dy d phng trc, sau mi thay i cc phm trn chic MacBook Air
ca mnh, khi thy t tin vi qu trnh .
Gi th ti c bn phm Colemak trn my tnh xch tay. Tht tuyt, ng khng?

Ti nh my nhanh c no?
Lc ny bn phm ca ti sn sng, ti tin gn ti vic to ra mt thay i ln. Tuy
nhin, trc khi tip tc, ti mun bit hin ti ti nh my nhanh c no. iu ny s
gip ti xc nh c mc thnh tho mc tiu.
Trong trng hp ny, mc thnh tho mc tiu ca ti rt n gin: Ti mun t
c tc nh my bng Colemak nhanh nh bng QWERTY cng sm cng tt. Ti

cng khng k vng l s vt qua c tc , v tc nh my khng phi l mt

yu t hn ch trong cng vic ca ti. Ti ch mun c th nh nhanh ging nh trc
y m khng phi tn nhiu cng sc.
Thng tin duy nht m ti thc s cn trc khi thay i l thng tin v tc nh
my ca ti, v th ti tm bi kim tra nh gi tc nh my c bn trn mng.
Bi kim tra ny rt n gin: Khi bn nhn nt Bt u (Start), chng trnh s a
ra 100 t ngu nhin t mt cun sch c no . Nhim v ca bn l phi nh my
on vn bn nhanh nht c th, vi cng t li cng tt. Khi hon thnh, bn ch cn
nhn nt Dng (Stop), v chng trnh s cho bn bit tc nh my v t l nh sai
ca bn.
Khi nh xong, ti nhn nt Dng, v nhn c kt qu l 61 t/pht, chnh xc l
100%, khng c li sai. Cng khng t, tc nh my ca ti t n ng ngng m
David Allen a ra. Ti khng phi l mt con qu tc , nhng ti c th nh my kh
tt, hon thnh cng vic.
Vy l ti c mi th ti cn: Ti bit mnh nh my nhanh nh th no, bn phm
ca ti nh dng Colemak, v ti bit cch kch hot cch b tr trong h iu
hnh. Chng cn g cn phi chun b na.
Th y. Ti sn sng b QWERTY li pha sau cha nh?

Lt trn bn phm
Hoc l by gi, hoc l khng bao gi. Ti chuyn my tnh sang dng Colemak, sau
ng bng ci t li. K t gi pht ny, ti khng th nh my bt c ch no bng
QWERTY cho ti khi ti hon thnh cuc th nghim ca mnh.
Trnh duyt web ca ti vn cn bi kim tra tc nh my. Ti bt ng h m
gi v bt u g.
V y l n tng u tin ca ti: #%&@.
C v hi cng iu qu, nhng c cm gic nh ti mt i mt phn no b.
Ti quen vi vic nh my trc tip cc t xut hin trong tm tr mnh (ngh t
no nh t y). By gi ti khng bit v tr ca bt c phm no. Ti phi truy tm hu
ht cc phm, k c nhng phm khng thay i v tr so vi QWERTY. Tht nc ci!
Ti nhn thy th g trn mn hnh, v cc ngn tay ca ti di chuyn mt cch v
thc, v th ti nh my mt cch vng v, ng ngha l sau ti li phi xa i. Phi
mt ti vi giy ti mi g c mt t n gin, v ti lo l ti ang lm mn phm
Delete.

Mi t li l mt cuc vt ln mi. Ti nhn ng h, v nhn ra mnh mt ti vi

pht ch g c hai cu. Thm ch, ti cn cha lm c mt na. Ti thc s ngh
ti vic b cuc, nhng vn tip tc nhn nt. Thi gian tri qua, ti gn nh mun b
cuc t nht 10 ln.
Cui cng, mt khong 20 pht ti nh c on vn bn c 100 t . Vy th
ti s tr li th in t nh th no y? Ti s lm vic ra sao? Ti c th lm c g
h tri?

Ti l k th ca chnh mnh
y l ro cn chnh ngn cn mi ngi vi vic hc cch s dng mt bn phm c b
tr theo cch mi. Thay i v mt k thut khng l g so vi thay i v cm xc.
Khi bn quen vi mt tc c th no , hoc khi d dng hon thnh mt
nhim v, th bt c th g cng bt ng s hn. iu ny c bit ng vi nh my:
Nu bn quen vi vic nh my m khng phi tn cht cng sc no, v t nhin
li phi tn rt nhiu cng sc, th vic nh my s tr thnh mt vic kinh khng. T
hn na l bn s c suy ngh nu quay tr li vi cch bn vn quen th mi th s tt
hn rt nhiu.
Lc ny, b no chng gip c g cho chng ta: B no thng c xu hng cho rng
nhng g chng ta ang phi tri qua cng s tip tc nh th trong tng lai. Lc ny, b
no ca chng ta ang m mui. Nu ti ch c th g c nm t trong mt pht th ti
khng bao gi c th lm vic c na! S nghip ca ti s tiu tan! Gia nh ti s
cht i!
Tt nhin l iu khng ng, nhng n li c v ng hin ti. Cm gic mi
chnh l ro cn ln nht i vi vic hc.
Ti tt my tnh v ly ra mt cun s ghi chp cng cy bt. Ti cn mt k hoch
tng tc nh my khi s dng Colemak, v ti cn n ngay lp tc.

V li bn t duy
Yu cu u tin v cp bch nht ca vic ny l ti khng bit cc phm mi c t
u. ng l ti c bng tham kho v tr cc phm c in ra, v cc phm trn bn
phm c b tr theo dng bn phm Colemak, nhng b no ca ti lc ny li khng
th khp c khao kht g ch vi chuyn ng ca ngn tay.
Gip no v bn cch b tr mi di dng cc chuyn ng ca ngn tay l u tin
hng u ca ti. Ti cn phi cng thit thc cng tt.
May mn l mi ngi hc cch g 10 ngn t hng thp k nay, nn c rt nhiu

cng c h tr. Hng dn cch nh my, nh Mavis Beacon v Typing Trainer, c t

nhiu nm nay v cng khng t lm.
Nhng ng tic l nhng chng trnh ny u cho rng bn mun hc cch g 10
ngn bng cch s dng bn phm QWERTY, v l la chn an ton nht khi cho rng
nhng ngi s dng chng trnh ny mun hc cch s dng bn phm tiu chun.
Nhng chng trnh ny u bt u vi cc phm hng phm c s. M hng phm c
s bn phm QWERTY v Colemak hon ton khc nhau, v th nhng ti liu hng
dn v QWERTY chng gip ch g cho ti.
May mn l ti c mt ngi dn ng. Khi truy cp Hacker News trong lc nghin
cu chng trnh, ti tm thy mt bi c ng trn Keyzen, trang web hun luyn
nh my m ngun m do Rye Terrell to ra. Terrell pht trin Keyzen gip nhng
ngi lp trnh hc cch nh my nhanh hn. Chng trnh c chy trong trnh duyt
web tiu chun, v c nhng du cu khng ph bin nh ngoc n, ngoc kp hay du
gch ngang: Nhng du ngi lp trnh thng xuyn s dng nhng hu ht nhng
ngi dy cch nh my li b qua. Terrell ti ln trn b m ngun ca Keyzen trn
GitHub, v ku gi nhng ngi lp trnh khc s dng hoc thay i b m ngun .
Chng trnh rt n gin: N hin th b 17 k t, bt u bng cc ch ci trong
hng phm c s. Nhim v ca bn l g cc k t theo ng th t.
Khi bn g, chng trnh s pht ra hiu ng m thanh. K t ng s pht ra ting
tch tch nh my nh ch c in, cn k t sai s pht ra ting xoch xoch v bin k
t thnh mu .
Khi bn hon thnh mt tp hp (t hoc k t), chng trnh s cung cp thm mt
tp hp mi. Nu bn g sai, chng trnh s t ng a k t vo tp hp tip theo
m bn cn g. Cn nu bn g ng tt c cc k t ca ba tp hp trong mt hng, bn
s nghe thy mt ting ding! khin bn thy tha mn, v iu c ngha l bn
nng trnh ca mnh ln mt bc. Khi , Keyzen s gii thiu tip mt k t mi, v
qu trnh hun luyn li tip tc.

Thay i Keyzen
Theo mc nh, Keyzen, cng nh hu ht cc chng trnh dy nh my, u h tr
QWERTY. Tuy nhin, v chng trnh l ngun m, nn ti c th iu chnh sao cho ph
hp vi vic hc Colemak.
Qu trnh hc lp trnh ca ti c t pht huy tc dng ri y.
Ti sao chp on m ngun ca Keyzen, sau m cc tp tin ca chng trnh trn
my tnh c nhn. Bn thn chng trnh rt n gin, nn rt d tm ra phn chng
trnh kim sot k t no s c hin th, v cng rt d sp xp li chng theo bt c

cch no m ti mun.
Chng trnh gc gii thiu cc k t trn hng phm c s ca QWERTY trc tin,
bt u vi ngn tr, sau thm cc k t cho ti khi hng phm c s ht ch. Tip n
l hng trn cng, bt u t gia bn phm ti vng ngoi bin, sau l hng di cng,
cng theo nguyn tc nh vy.
S dng Keyzen nh mt m hnh o to, ti chnh sa chng trnh dng b
k t ca Colemak. Kiu phm vt l vn gi nguyn, nhng tun t lc ny li l di
dng Colemak ch khng phi QWERTY.
Khi ti ng chng trnh, ti c ti liu hng dn nh my bng Colemak ca
ring mnh. Thnh cng ri!

K nng vn ng tinh
Ti c ti liu hng dn nh my u tin ca mnh, v mc tiu u tin ca ti rt
n gin, ch l: Nhn bit v tr ca cc phm trn bn phm.
Ti m Keyzen v bt u nh my (c ngha l ch trng)
nn_nn_n
n_nn_n_
nnn_nn_
tntt_tn
t_tntt_
tttttnt
Cch luyn tp ny chng c g th v, nhng li cn thit. Bng cch rn luyn cch
xc nh v tr ca mi k t theo trt t na-ngu nhin, ti gip cho no b ca mnh
bin vic nhn thy (hoc ngh ti) mt k t thnh chuyn ng tinh ca cc ngn tay.
Ngoi ra, Keyzen cn gip ti hc rt hiu qu theo mt s cch. Trc tin, Colemak
c thit k t nhng ch ci thng c s dng nhiu nht vo hng phm c s
di cc ngn tay khe nht. Keyzen gii thiu nhng ch ci ny trc tin, nn ti c
th thnh tho ARSTDHNEIO trc QWZXYM.
Khi ti mc bt c li sai no, Keyzen li a ra ng k t trong dy k t luyn
tp. Kt qu l ti dnh hu ht thi gian luyn tp nhng k t m ti thy kh. y
l hc theo kiu lp li cch qung. Cch hc ny khi kt hp vi nhng phn hi ngay
lp tc c th gip cho vic luyn tp tr nn cc k hiu qu.

Ti xy dng lch trnh lm vic: t nht l hai phin, mi phin 20 pht, gia hai
phin c thi gian ngh gii lao ngn vo cui ngy, trc khi i ng.

B thi quen nhn bn phm

Lc ny ti c by ting luyn tp lm vn git lng, tng ng vi 45 pht mi ti.
Ti s hon thnh c ton b bi luyn tp Keyzen khng my kh khn. Ti vn g
sai, nhng nhng li sai ny cng lc cng t xut hin. Khi ti lm li bi kim tra tc
nh my, kt qu ca ti tt hn rt nhiu: 20 t/pht.
Trong ngy, ti cn nhn c thm cc bi tp b sung di dng cc bc th in t
quan trng cn phi tr li gp. Khi ngi xung nh my, ti khng cn thy kinh khng
na. Ti g chm, nhng c th t t tin b. Th l tt lm ri!
Tuy nhin, ti nhn thy mnh rt hay nhn bn phm. Nh v tr chnh xc ca cc
phm trn bn phm rt hu ch cho vic g nhng chui k t k quc, v d nh mt
khu, nhng cng l mt bt li: Bt c khi no ti cm thy khng chc chn, ti li
nhn xung. Nu ti mun g nhanh bng 10 ngn, ti cn phi b thi quen cng
nhanh cng tt, nhng vic tht kh thc hin, v nhn xung bn phm l vic tn rt
t cng sc.

Bn phm Das
b thi quen xu l c nhn chm chm vo bn phm, ti quyt nh s dng mt
cng c mi: bn phm hon ton trng khng.
Bn phm Das l bn phm b o nht m bn c th tm thy. Model S bn cui
khng c bt c k hiu g trn bn phm. Nu bn khng th g m khng nhn bn
phm th bn khng th s dng c bn phm Das. Tht th v khi nhn thy phn ng
ca mi ngi khi trng thy bn phm ny: Ngay c nhng ngi nh my lo luyn
cng thy ht hong.
Ti cm bn phm Das vo, v dng mt t giy che bn phm my tnh xch tay ca
ti li, ti khng th nhn thy bt c phm no. Cm gic tng t nh khi ti chuyn
sang Colemak ln u tin: Ti thy bi ri v ht hong, nhng ch trong mt lc thi.
Nhng k nng chuyn ng m ti hc c trong by ting luyn tp pht huy tc
dng, v ti nhn thy mnh c th g kh tt. Bt c khi no ti qun mt ch ci no
, ti li mt vi giy tm n bng cch th v sai, nhng cui cng ti cng g c.
Khi khng th nhn vo bn phm, ti ch cn bit tp trung vo mn hnh. Bn phm
Das hon thnh trng trch ca n. Bng cch i bn phm, ti t ng thay i
c hnh vi ca mnh.
Cng vi bn phm Das, ti i c phng php tp luyn ca mnh. G phm bt k

 tr nn li thi, v th ti chuyn sang mt chng trnh c tn l Type Fu. Ngoi cc

k hiu v cc t ngu nhin, Type Fu cn c mt kho nhng cu thnh ng v cc trch
dn, gip cho vic luyn tp tr nn th v hn. Chng trnh cng ghi li nhng k t m
bn b l nhiu nht. Vic ny rt c ch. Lc ny, ti thy J, U, V v B l kh g nht.
Mi ti, ti li luyn tp khong 45 pht. Sau khong 14 ting luyn tp cn thn, lc
ny ti c th nh my vi tc 40 t/pht.
Vi tc ny, ti c th s dng th in t v lt web gn nh bnh thng.
Thm ch ti cn c th nh my mt n di nm trang giy m khng qu kh khn.
Vic khin ti mt nhiu thi gian hn bnh thng, nhng hon ton khng phi vic
kh chu nht m ti tng lm.

Ch tm luyn tp v luyn tp thm

V ti c th lm vic c, nn ti mun kim tra gi thuyt: Ch tm luyn tp quan
trng nh th no?
Hin ti, ti ang chuyn tm luyn tp, v ti tp trung vo nhim v v lm vic tch
cc tin b. Cn nhng ln nh my trong ngy l luyn tp thm: Bt c khi no ti
vit mt bc th hay mt bi lun, ti li nh my bng Colemak, d ti tp trung ti
ni dung ca on vn bn hn l k thut nh my.
Ti t hi chuyn g s xy ra nu khng chuyn tm luyn tp mt thi gian, m ch
son tho th in t hoc lt web thi? Ti i c 2/3 qung ng t ti mc
thnh tho mc tiu (60 t/pht) ch sau 14 ting chuyn tm luyn tp. Liu luyn
tp thm c th gip ti i ht on ng cn li m khng cn phi n lc tp trung
khng?
Ti quyt nh lm mt th nghim: Ti s tm thi dng vic luyn tp chuyn
tm trong 30 ngy, v xem chuyn g s xy ra. Ti s tip tc nh my mt cch bnh
thng vi Colemak m khng chuyn v QWERTY. Vi khong thi gian ti c th
luyn tp thm t c tc 60 t/pht, ng khng?
Sau 30 ngy, ti li lm bi kim tra tc . Bn c mun on tc nh my ca ti
khng?
40 t/pht. Khng c mt cht tin b no.
D ti cng hay nh my, nhng ti li khng ch ng tp trung vo vic ci thin
k nng ca mnh. Nh vy l luyn tp thm khng tin b.
Nu bn mun ci thin mt k nng, bn cn chuyn tm luyn tp, t nht l trong
giai on u ca qu trnh hc k nng . l bi hc ti rt ra c.

Cm tng t 60 t/pht
Ti rt thch nh my bng Colemak. Ti khng cn thy kh chu na. Thay vo , ti
t hi khng hiu lm th no ti c th xoay s vi QWERTY lu nh vy c.
G trn QWERTY c cm gic nh tay bn phi bay khp bn phm: Rt nhiu chuyn
ng tay, theo mi hng. Cch b tr khng h logic mt cht no: Cc k t bn thng
xuyn s dng li c t nhng ch kh vi ti nht trn bn phm.
Ngc li, Colemak cho bn cm gic bn ang xoay nh cc ngn tay cc t xut
hin trn mn hnh. Bn tay ca bn r rng l di chuyn t hn, v bn tn t thi gian
hn vi ti cc k t hng trn cng v di cng. l s thay i tuyt vi so vi
QWERTY, v ti khng th tng tng l c th quay li dng QWERTY nh th no.

Tm lc li phng php
Hy cng tm lc li nhng im ct li ca phng php m ti s dng hc cch
g bng 10 ngn:

Ti hc cch i bn phm ca mnh sang nh dng Colemak.

Ti to ra mt vng phn hi nhanh bng cch sp xp li cc phm tht trn bn

phm. Nu ti qun k t c xp u, ti c th tm thy d dng.

Ti s dng chng trnh dy nh my Keyzen hc cch nh v tr cc k t, hc

nhng k t c s dng nhiu nht trc. Keyzen a cc k t m ti nh sai vo
b k t luyn tp tip theo, v th ti dnh hu ht thi gian luyn tp nhng k
t kh cho ti khi chnh xc ca ti c ci thin.

Ti luyn tp 45 pht mi ti, ngay trc lc i ng, no ca ti c th cng c

nhng k nng chuyn ng vo tr nh di hn mt cch hiu qu nht.

Khi t c tc lm vic (20 t/pht), ti chuyn sang chng trnh Type

Fu, tp trung vo g cu cng nhanh cng tt, vi chnh xc l 99%.

T y ti s i u tip?
Gi ti c th nh c 60 t/pht trn Colemak, ti khng cn phi tip tc luyn
tp tng tc na. Vi vn tc ny, ti c th vit nhanh nh ti mun. V tc
nh my khng cn l yu t hn ch trong cng vic ca ti na, nn luyn tp tng
tc nh my khng cn l u tin ln nht ca ti.

Tc nh my cng chnh l mt k nng. Mt s ngi nh my nhanh nht trn

th gii c th t tc trn 180 t/ pht vi bn phm bnh thng, nhng tin b
trong tc kim tra khng nht thit phi ng ngha vi tc vit hoc m ha.
Nhng bi kim tra tc ny thng yu cu bn nh my nhng g bn nhn thy trn
mn hnh, v th k nng quan trng m nhng ngi nh my nhanh phi luyn tp l
phi c trc on vn bn, v gi n trong tr nh ngn hn lu cc ngn tay c
th g li c.
Ti cng thch c th vit mt bi vn hon thin vi tc trn 180 t/pht, nhng
nh th c ngha l cn hn c ngi nh my c tc nhanh nht. nh my s kh
hn v chm hn khi bn phi to ra nhng th m bn s a vo trang giy.
iu khin ti thy ngc nhin nht vi vic hc Colemak l tht d dng khi ti c
20 nm kinh nghim g 10 ngn bng QWERTY. Ti ngh rng cn phi tn hn 20
ting thay th hai thp k ca k c c bp(2). Ti sai.
No ca chng ta d thay i hn chng ta ngh.

7
C VY
BI HC: HY KHM PH, SAU QUYT NH
C vy s dng nhng nguyn liu v khi nim c bn nh: ng thng
v ng trn, g v , trng v en, kt hp nhng iu bng cc nguyn
tc n gin to ra nhng chin lc tinh t v chin thut phc tp kch
thch tr tng tng.
IWAMOTO KAORU, k th c vy chuyn nghip 9 ng

Ti l mt thanh gm trong bng ti, l mt anh lnh gc thnh.

Ban m tri lnh, tuyt ang ri. Pha sau ti, nh uc bp bng soi ri ng bo ti.
Chng ti ng trn chin ly ca lu i, quan st. Ch i.
u kia ca cy cu dn vo lu i, ngi ch huy ca qun th ang tc gin h ho
chun b my bn tn cng. Binh lnh, trm cp v c nhng ngi lang thang u
ang chun b v kh git ngi. Thy ng ang triu hn nhng sinh vt qui d. Sng
ci v my bn la nhng v kh c thit k p tan cnh cng ca chng ti
c chun b.
L ngi ny nh cp ti sn qu gi nht trong vng quc ca ti: Qu cu pht
sng y sc mnh. H s khng ly c n. Khng phi trong phin gc ca ti.
Tt c chng ti u c chun b k lng. C hai bn ch ti ang ng, binh lnh
u ang b tr my bn v bn tn, sn sng trt cn ma , ma tn xung i qun
xm lc. Gia nhng tuyn phng ng l my bn la sn sng nhm thng qun
th. i qun bo v v cc thy php lm php v khin phn chiu quanh vnh ai,
gip bo v chng ti khi tn bay v ba ch, t nht cng c mt thi gian.
Chng ti ch. Tuyt ri v nh la t ngn uc bp bng, nhy ma trn b o gip
st sng bng ca ti.
Chng ti s khng gc ng. Chng ti s khng chn bc. Chng ti s chin u.
V chng ti s chin thng.
Ngoi kia, trong bng m, mt tng khng l xut hin, bay trn u k th. Tng

 lao thng vo cnh cng ta lu i, v ph hy hon ton, lm v vn lp g gia c.

K th ku la, sau trn qua cu.
Ngay lp tc, gm v khin ca ti vung ln. bay ti tp, mang theo sc mnh v
cn thnh n ca tt c cc chin binh.
V CNG L!

H v kh xung, ti khng c nh lm hi bn
Ch huy mt i qun tin hnh mt cuc vy hm quy m ln l mt cch tiu khin
th v vo ti th By.
Ti khng phi ngi thch xem tivi, phim nh hay th thao. Thay vo , bn s thy
ti chi nhng tr chi video nh World of Warcraft hay Guild Wars 2 mt ting, thm
ch hai ting ng h.
Ti thch tr chi, c bit l nhng th thch lin quan ti vic gii li nguyn, chin
u vi qui vt v nh la i phng.
Th h ca ti l th h u tin ln ln vi nhng tr chi trn my tnh v video. Bt
u vi nhng tr nh Atari hay Nintento, tr chi cng lc cng tr nn chi tit v phc
tp hn. Hin nay, tht kh c th nh rng trn internet v chin u vi nhng ngi
chi khc khi h c ng minh khp ni trn th gii.
Mt trong nhng l do khin ti thy hng th vi tr chi l v cn phi c mt s k
nng c th chi gii c. Bt k ai cng c th to ra mt nhn vt, nhng c th
tham gia chin u v ginh c chin thng th bn cn phi bit bn ang lm g.
C rt nhiu th cn phi hc. Kh nng no c th gy st thng cao nht, hoc c
th bo v bn khi nguy him? Qui th ca k th c th lm g? Chin lc no l tt
nht khi chin u vi nhng ngi chi thc khc?
Cng chi nhiu, ti cng chi tt hn. chnh l l do ti sao tr chi li th v.
Xt v lch s, tr chi video rt mi. Tuy nhin, nhng tr chi v k nng v may ri
li l mt phn tri nghim ca con ngi t hng nghn nm nay.

Tr chi bn c chin thut c nht th gii

Cch y mt thi gian, ti tnh c bit ti mt tr chi th v. So vi nhng tr ti vn
ang chi, tr chi ny rt tnh lng, trm mc. Tuy nhin, n sau v ngoi l c mt
s kch tnh. Bn c l bn ca mt cuc chin v i, v ngi chi l nhng v tng,
nh nhau ginh quyn ti cao.

C vy l tr chi c nht trn th gii, vn c chi theo dng thc nguyn thy.
Da trn nhng ghi chp lch s, c vy bt ngun t thi Trung Quc c i, v tn ti
theo nguyn tc chi hin nay t nht l 3.000 nm. Thm ch, c mt s nh s hc cn
c tnh con s l 4.000 nm. Nu s nm c coi l mt ch s nh gi cht lng
th c vy rt c cht lng.
Tn ting Trung ca c vy l weiqi. Wei c ngha l bao vy, v qi c ngha l tr
chi bn c. Ghp li, hai ch ny tr thnh weiqi c ngha l tr chi bao vy. l
cch miu t th v v n gin v iu kin ginh c phn thng trong tr chi: bao
vy i th.

Chin thut
phng Ty, c vua l mt tr chi chin thut trn bn c ph bin nht, do , chng
ta c th s dng c vua so snh. Nhn qua, hai tr chi ny c nhiu im tng ng.
Mi tr chi u c hai ngi chi, mt chi qun en v mt chi qun trng. Tr
chi din ra trn mt bn c. Qun en i trc. Hai ngi chi ln lt di chuyn cho ti
khi tr chi kt thc. Bn c th coi tr chi nh mt cuc u qun s, hai ngi chi l
hai v tng hai chin tuyn.
l im ging nhau cui cng.
C vua c chi trn bn c c 64 , mi cnh 8 . Mi qun c ng mt . Bn c
m phng mt chin trng v cc qun c l nhng ngi lnh.
Di y l hnh bn c vua khi mi bt u tr chi:

Ngc li, c vy c chi trn bn c c 19 theo chiu ngang v 19 theo chiu

dc. Cc qun c (cc vin en v trng) c t trn giao im ca cc ng thng,
khng phi c t trong cc . Chnh v th, c 360 giao im trn bn c vy, gp
5.625 ln so vi bn c vua.
Di y l hnh bn c vy khi mi bt u tr chi:
Bn c nhn thy s khc bit khng? Bn c vy khng ch ln hn, m cn khng c
qun c no trn bn c khi mi bt u. Trong c vy, qun c thng c thm vo
trong qu trnh chi. Cn trong c vua, cc qun c b nhc ra khi chng b n.

Hy ch l bn c c hnh vung. Nhng chm nh trn bn c (c gi l im

sao) l nhng im i xng. Nhng im ny rt quan trng, v chng ta s ni v
chng sau.
Trong c vua, c su loi qun khc nhau, mi loi li c quy tc v kh nng ring.
Tt ch i thng, tr khi di chuyn bt qun c khc. Tng c th i cho, nhng
khng th i ngang hoc dc. Xe c th i ngang hoc dc, nhng khng i cho. M c
th nhy qua qun c khc, nhng ch c th di chuyn hai theo chiu ngang v mt
theo chiu dc, hoc hai theo chiu dc v mt theo chiu ngang. Hu c th i dc,
ngang, cho, nhng khng th nhy qua qun c khc. Vua c th di chuyn theo bt c
hng no, nhng ch c th di chuyn mt mi ln, tr khi n nhy qua qun xe bng
cch s dng mt nc c c bit gi l nhp thnh. C rt nhiu th cn phi nh.
So snh c th thy, mi th c vy cng nh vy: qun c c t vo mt giao
im. Tr khi qun c b n sau trong lc chi, qun c cn nm trn bn c l qun
c cn c i.
Cc qun c trong c vua b cc qun c ca i phng n, ging nh mt cuc u

tay i trn chin trng vy. Qun xe dng mt cy gy ln p vo u qun tng, v

tng phi ri cuc chi.
Qun c trong c vy b n khi bao xung quanh n l cc qun c ca i th. Khi
qun c mu en b bao vy mi pha bi cc qun c mu Trng, th qun c mu en
phi u hng v b bt lm con tin.
Cc vn c vua chuyn nghip thng phi di chuyn t 30 n 40 bc. Cn trong c
vy, 30 nc u mi ch c coi l m u, vn c kt thc sau khong 100 nc i.
Mt vn c vy thng kt thc thc s sau 250 nc i.
Ni tm li, quy m c vy ln hn ca c vua rt nhiu. Nu mi vn c l mt cuc
chin, th bn c chnh l bn chin s.
Vy chnh xc th chi c vy nh th no? Chng ta hy cng o su tm hiu.

Nguyn tc chi
D bn tin hay khng th c vy cng ch c by nguyn tc ln, v chng ta va mi
cp ti hai trong s by nguyn tc :
1. Cc qun c c t trn cc giao im.
2. Ngi chi qun en v qun Trng ln lt t qun c trn bn c.
Nm nguyn tc xc nh din bin ca trn u v iu kin thng l:
3. Qun c b n khi b qun c ca ch th bao vy mi pha.
4. Khng c php chi mt qun c va mi b bt (t t).
5. Khng c php lp i lp li lt i trong mt vng v tn trn bn c.
6. Tr chi kt thc khi ngi chi ht qun c, mt ngi thua hoc c hai ngi cng
b lt (pass).
7. Ngi chim nhiu trn bn c nht vo cui vn c l ngi thng.
Trong khi thi u, s c thm mt s nguyn tc c a thm vo loi b nhng
iu cn m h (v d nh iu g to thnh mt vng lp?), xc nh phng php tnh
im v trnh trng hp ha im. Cn khng, l ton b nguyn tc.
Kh n gin, ng khng?
Hc nguyn tc ca c vy rt n gin, ch mt vi pht. Bn thn cc nguyn tc
khng phc tp cht no.

Tuy nhin, c mt cu ngn ng c ni v c vy l vi k d hc nan tinh (hc ch mt

mt khc, nhng gii c phi mt c i, hay c vy d hc kh gii). Kt hp cc
nguyn tc n gin ny vi bn c n gin v cc qun c n gin, bn li nhn c
mt s phc tp n mc mun n tung u.

Quy m ca v tr
C vua ch hn ch cho nhn loi sng trn tri t, trong khi c vy vt
khi th gii ny. Nu mt hnh tinh no c nhng sinh vt bit l lun th
h phi bit nh c vy.
EDWARD LASKER, kin tng c vua v tc gi ca cun Goand GoMoku
Gi s chng ta mun to ra mt chng trnh my tnh chi c vy rt gii, kiu nh
Deep Blue, chng trnh tr tu nhn to ni ting nh bi Garry Kasparov, k th
ot chc v ch th gii nm 1996.
Thng thng, my tnh nh la ngi chi thng qua sc mnh tnh ton siu vit:
Chng c th tnh ton c tt c cc kh nng di chuyn hp l c th xy ra trn bn
c, sau chn nc c c kh nng thnh cng cao nht theo tnh ton, da trn ngun
d liu khng l v nhng vn c trc .
Trn bn c vua, kiu tnh ton ny khng phi l d, nhng cng khng phi l khng
th. C 64 , v s di chuyn ca mi qun c b rng buc bi nhng nguyn tc nht
nh. V mi qun c ch c th di chuyn theo nhng cch nht nh, nn chng trnh
ch cn xem xt mt nhm la chn nho nh.
Trong c vy, ngi chi c th t qun c vo bt k giao im no trn bn c. Vn
c bt u vi 360 kh nng la chn, v th ngay t ban u, chng trnh tr thng
minh nhn to cn non nt ca chng ta c rt nhiu th phn tch ri.
Di y l kt qu:
360 359 358 357 356 = 5.880.282.488.640
Vy l c ti hn 5 nghn t kh nng c th xy ra, v mi ch l 5 nc i u tin.
Tnh ton phi nhanh kinh khng. Bn c nh ti tng ni, thng th mt vn c
vy s ko di trong khong 250 nc c khng? Ty thuc vo nhn nh ca bn, c
khong 2,08 ln 10170 cch di chuyn qun c hp l trn bn c vy c kch thc 19 x
19 .
Nu php ton l ng th c nhiu vn c vy hn c ht nguyn t trong v tr.

Theo tnh ton v mt ton hc, mi mt vn c vy tng c chi l mt vn c vy

cha tng c chi trc trong lch s, ngay c khi bn sn sng tin vo kh nng c
hng t nn vn minh tin tin ngoi v tr cng bit chi c vy.
Trong thi i cng ngh hin nay, ngay c mt chic my tnh hin i nht vi
nhng thut ton tt nht cng phi mt khong 400 nm tnh ton c mt nc i
ti u, y l vi gi nh my tnh hon thnh mt php tnh ch trong vi phn nghn
giy.
No = n tung. Tr chi ny ln qu.

Vy th k th (v my tnh) chi c vy nh th no?

Nu ngi chi ph thuc vo phn tch gii ton chi c vy, h s pht in ln.
Nhng nhng k th c kinh nghim li khng h ha in, v h c th xc nh c
nhng nc c tt nht trn bn c ch trong vng vi giy. Lm sao h lm c iu ?
Ngi chi c vy cn c vo vic nhn dng kiu xc nh cc nc c c gi tr
cao. Ngi chi s dng rt nhiu t kch thch trc gic nh hng v sng kin.
Nhng k th c vy gii nht c v ph thuc nhiu vo hnh hc, thm m v cm xc
khi tin hnh phn tch v suy lun logic.
iu c ngha: No ngi khng phi c sinh ra ngu nghin nhng con s
trong gii thut, nhng li rt gii trong vic nhn dng kiu. Bng cch nhn dng cc
kiu i ca cc qun c trn bn c, cng nh kiu m cc qun c th hin, nhng ngi
chi c vy k cu c th c v c tnh hung hin ti, sau tm ra nc i tt nht.
Tt c nhng vic khng mt n 400 nm.
Thm ch, n tng hn, nhng ngi chi c vy gii nht cn c th on trc c
cc qun c s c sp xp nh th no trong tng lai, thng l trong khong 30 n
40 nc i. Nu bn chi c vi mt ngi chuyn nghip, c th bn s cm thy anh
ta/c ta ang c c tm tr ca bn vy.

S dng cm gic ca bn...

C vy i hi phi c chin thut ca ngi lnh, c s chnh xc ca nh
ton hc, c tr tng tng ca ngi ha s, c cm hng ca nh th, c s
trm tnh ca trit gia v c tr thng minh tuyt nh.
ZHANG YUNQI, trch t mt ti liu ni b ca Hc vin c vy Trung
Quc, 1991
Mt trong nhng bi bo u tin ti c v c vy a ra mt lp lun kh th v:
chi c thc ra khng phi l tranh u hoc ch ng i th. Chi c l lm ch bn

thn.
Tr chi may ri c t nhng bui u ca nn vn minh nhn loi. Khi bn xc
xc, thn may mn s quyt nh ai l ngi thng. K nng khng phi l yu t quyt
nh.
Ngc li, nhng tr chi k nng thng tp trung vo vic nh la hoc chi tt
hn ngi kia. Ai bc l nng khiu v kim sot tt nht? Ai c th tm thy nhng c
hi ln trc tin? Ai gii pht hin im yu ca i phng hn? C vua thuc nhm
ny: Gii ng ngha vi vic phi thnh tho cc th thut v c v c i th.
Xt v kha cnh ny, c vy l mt tr chi c nht v nh: Chp qun l mt cch
c lp sn vi ch lm yu nhng k th mnh. Nu i th ca bn bt u vn c
vi mt vi qun trn bn c nhng v tr chin lc chnh, th iu c nh hng
nghim trng ti cch bn chi. Di y l v tr c th c t ca nhng qun c chp:

Trong mt vn c vy c chp qun theo ng chun gia hai ngi chi ngang sc
ngang ti, mi ngi chi c th ginh chin thng sau khong na vn u. Nu mt
ngi ln t ngi kia, th trong vn c tip theo, ngi thua s bt u vi mt hoc hai

qun c b sung trn bn c.

Chnh v c im chp qun ny m bn c th ngh c vy l tr chi bn u li
chnh mnh. Chnh xc, bn a ra la chn da trn nhng bc i ca i th, nhng
thng trn u khng phi l mc tiu duy nht.
Khi k nng ca bn pht trin hn, s lng qun c chp m bn cn s gim i. Khi
bn chi vi nhng i th mnh, bn c th u ngang nga vi h. V cui cng, bn
thm ch cn c th chp qun cho nhng i th yu hn.
Lch s c vy chng minh vai tr lm ch bn thn i vi tr chi ny: Mun chi
gii phi lm ch c suy ngh v cm xc ca bn thn. Nhng ngi gii c th hc
cch nhn cc du hiu ca qun c bit c trng thi tinh thn v tnh cm ca i
th.
Theo truyn c k li, nhng cao c thi xa c th c k ph v nhn ra khi no
ngi chi tc gin, bi ri, ghen t hay tham lam, cng nh xc nh c chnh xc thi
im ngi hu bc vo rt tr.

Qun c Ninja
Qua nhiu th k, h thng chp qun ca c vy pht trin thnh h thng xp loi:
S khc bit v th hng c quyt nh bi s lng qun c m ngi chi c nh
gi l km hn c th t trn bn c khi bt u vn c.
Tin hay khng ty bn, nhng h thng nh gi bng ai trong v thut bt ngun
t cch xp hng ca c vy. Khi k nng ca k th pht trin hn, anh ta s tng c
th hng ca mnh.
Nhng ngi mi bt u thng c xp cp 35 (tng t nh ai trng). Khi
ngi chi mnh hn, th hng ca anh ta s gim dn cho ti khi t cp 1 (cp 1 l cp
cao nht).
Cp cao hn cp 1 l 1 ng, tng ng vi ai en. T y, th hng tng dn cho
ti khi k th t 9 ng, th hng chnh thc cao nht, cn 10 ng ch l danh hiu vinh
danh ngi ginh chin thng trong gii u quc t.
C nhiu cch xc nh c th hng ca k th c vy. Cch u tin l thng qua
thi u: Nu mt ngi c th thng hu ht cc trn u vi nhng k th cp 12, nhng
li thua hu ht cc trn u vi cc k th cp 8 th ngi c l ch t cp 10. K th
cng tham gia nhiu trn u xp hng th th hng ca k th cng chnh xc.
Cn mt cch khc nh gi, xp hng k th, l hon thin th c vy: Sp xp
bn c th hin mt tnh hung no , v yu cu k th quyt nh nc c tip theo
t c mt kt qu c th v d nh bt nhm qun en hay cu qun trng. Khi k

th tng th hng, kh nng gii quyt vn mt cch chnh xc ca k th cng

c nng ln.
V c vy c t rt lu, nn c c mt kho tng s v cc th c vy nghin
cu. Nhng th c ny c sp xp theo kh: K th cp 20 s phi vt ln vi nhng
th c cp 10, trong khi k th 1 ng li thy nhng th c cp 10 tht n gin v d
dng. Chnh v c nhng th c xp hng ny m c vy tr thnh tr chi bn c th hc
trong lc chi. Hon thin cc th c trong nhng cun sch ny l cch hay t mnh
luyn tp k nng chi c vy, cng nh c lng c kh nng ca bn.
Ti sn sng bt u. Ti cn phi luyn tp g y?

Khi ng
Tht kh chi c vy nu khng c bn c v qun c, v th ti mua mt b c vy
ca Yellow Mountain Imports, cng ty phn phi sn phm c vy nhp t cc nc trn
th gii ti M.
Bn c v qun c vy khc nhau rt nhiu v gi c v cht lng. Bn c th mua
c mt bn c vi cc qun c bng nha n gin vi gi vi la, v th c th d
dng chun b c mt b trang thit b c bn bt tay vo thc hnh.
Ngc li, nhng bn c cht lng cao cp c lm bng g g, loi vt liu truyn
thng vn c s dng Nht Bn, c bn vi gi hng chc nghn la. Cng nh
vy, bn c th mua nhng qun c c lm bng v v trai tht, nhng s phi tn
kha kh y.
Sau khi nghin cu, ti chn bn c bng g vn sam (thng c mu trng) v b
qun c Yunzi, do cng ty cng tn Trung Quc sn xut. Cng ty xem thnh phn ca
cc qun c nh mt b mt kinh doanh: Qun c c cm gic cng v mn, to ra m
thanh d nghe khi bn t chng ln bn c, v gi c li phi chng. i km vi cc qun
c l nhng chic bt g truyn thng. Nhng chic bt ny c t bn cnh bn c
trong sut qu trnh chi.
Ngoi vic mua bn c v qun c, ti cn chn thm mt s cun sch v c vy dnh
cho ngi mi bt u, trong c:

C vy: Gii thiu v tr chi, tc gi Cho Chikun (2010)

Cun sch th hai v c vy: iu bn cn bit sau khi hc c cc nguyn tc

chi, tc gi Richard Bozulich (1998)

Lm cch no khng chi c vy, tc gi Yuan Zhou (2009)

Nhng bi hc c bn v c vy, tc gi Toshiro Kageyama (1996)

Nguyn l khai cuc trong c vy, tc gi Otake Hideo (1992)

Ti tm thy nhng cun sch ny qua mt trang web c tn l Senseis Library trang
web c hng trm trang thng tin v bnh lun v lch s cng th thut chi c vy. C
trang l mt danh sch rt di nhng kin v nhng cun sch hay nht lin quan ti c
vy, do nhng cao c tng hp. y c th xem l ti sn qu gi trong giai on u ca
qu trnh hc hi ny. Ti c ht c trang lit k gn 100 cun sch .
V y l cch ti chn xem nn c cun sch no trc: Cun C vy: Gii thiu
v tr chi c l nm trong tp nhng cun u tin nn c dnh cho ngi mi bt
u, th nn khng cn phi ln tn. Tng t nh vy, Cun sch th hai v c vy cng
l cun sch rt ng c v l ti liu m u v chin lc. Vi gi nh l bn bit
cc nguyn tc c bn, cun sch tp trung nhiu hn vo nhng th thut c bn.
Cun Lm no khng chi c vy l mt v d v iu ngc li, v ti rt thch c
cun sch ny. Bn c th hc c rt nhiu v vic lm tt mt iu g bng cch
hc t cc li sai. Vi hu ht cc k nng, bn cn phi t mnh nghin cu iu ngc
li, nhng trong trng hp ny, c c mt cun sch c vit bi mt chuyn gia cho
bn. Tht tuyt, ng khng?
Cun Nhng bi hc c bn v c vy, thng c gi l cun sch vng, l cun
sch m hu ht nhng k th cao tay u gii thiu nh cun khoa gio gip h tin b
nhanh nht. C v nh l cun sch nng cao, khng ph hp vi ngi mi bt u,
nn ti s n li v c sau khi ti hc c nhng iu c bn.
Cui cng, ti chn cun Nguyn l khai cuc trong c vy, v d l t phn tch ca
ti th r rng khai cuc l mt iu cc k quan trng. V bn c vy hon ton trng trn
khi bt u vn c, ngoi tr nhng qun c c chp, v th 30 40 nc c u tin s
hnh thnh mt cu trc c nh hng quan trng ti ton b vn c cn li. Nu bn
khng bit cch khai cuc chnh xc, trong khi i th ca bn li bit, th bn chc chn
s thua. Chnh v vy, khai cuc l mt ch rt ng hc ngay t u.

Theo chn Th trng

Cng ngh hin i gip cho vic luyn tp c vy tr nn n gin hn mt cht.
SmartGo (C vy thng minh), mt chng trnh c sn trn iPhone v iPad, bao gm
mt chng trnh AI c tch hp sn, mt c s d liu v cc th c vy dng nh
gi th hng, v cc vn c i vo lch s bn nghin cu.
SmartGo c thit k tn dng li th mn hnh cm ng ca thit b, v th bn
c th t qun c ln bn c bng cch chm vo giao im thch hp. iu ny gip

cho vic hon thin th c vy tr nn n gin hn nhiu. Thay v tng tng v gii
php, chng trnh s cho bn phn hi ngay lp tc. Vng phn hi nhanh ny gip cho
vic luyn tp cc th c tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu, c bit l cc th c cn phi di
chuyn nhiu hn mt ln gii c.
Ti sn sng. Ti c mi th ti cn hc cch chi. Ch cn mt vic na m
ti cn lm l m bo rng ti s dnh thi gian chi c vy ch khng phi chi
mt tr g khc.

Loi b iu gy xao lng

C vy khng hp dn, cun ht nh tr chi hnh ng cm gic mnh. Hc chi c vy
cn phi c thi gian v s tp trung. Ti sn sng chi cc tr chi khc, nhng ti li c
rt t thi gian rnh ri. Nu ti mun tin b trong tr c vy nhanh nht c th, ti cn
phi tp trung.
iu c ngha l ti cn phi loi b nhng iu c kh nng khin ti xao lng.
Mi e da ln nht chnh l nhng tr chi khc: Thi gian dnh cho vic nh qui th
khng phi l thi gian dnh cho vic hc c vy. Nu ti cn tip tc chi tr chi video,
ti s khng cn cht thi gian no hc.
Hy nh, thi gian l th khng bao gi c th tm thy c, m phi to ra.
Chnh v vy, ti quyt tm s khng chi bt k tr chi no khc cho ti khi ti
dnh ra t nht 20 ting cho c vy. Ti khng c php xao lng nu mun hc mt
cch nhanh chng.
Tm bit nh, World of Warcraft tht tuyt khi bit bn.
Trc khi bc vo cuc phiu lu mang tn c vy, ti phi hy ti khon World of
Warcraft v xa tr chi ny trong my tnh ca ti. Nu tr chi khng c ci t th
d c mun ti cng khng th chi c. Ti s khng chi tr chi video trong bt c
hon cnh no cho ti khi th nghim vi c vy ca ti chnh thc hon thnh.

Nguyn tc ca tr chi, kim tra li

Cch tt nht bt u l kim tra li cc nguyn tc. Ti c tt c cc nguyn tc
, nhng ti cn phi xem chng nh th no trn bn c.
C mt c im th v ca c vy khin cho vic hc tr nn d dng hn, l: Bn
c th thay i kch thc bn c. V bn c i xng, nn bn c th m rng hoc thu
hp n, min sao bn chn s dng l. Nguyn tc v th thut th vn vy.
Bn c thi u c kch thc 19 x 19, nhng hc, tt nht l bt u vi bn c 7 x 7.

C l khng gian c th hc nhng tng chnh, v cng nh va khng

b lon.
Gi hy cng xem cc nguyn tc s nh th no trn mt bn c thc s.

Cho ti kh hay cho ti cht

Hy bt u vi nguyn tc th ba ca c vy: Qun c s b bt khi chng b cc qun
c ca i th bao vy xung quanh.
Khi bn t mt qun c vo mt giao im, nhng giao im lin k vi qun c
c gi l kh. Hy ngh n ngi lnh trn chin trng: Nu c mt ni an ton rt
lui, ngi lnh s khng b bt.
Mt qun c c th c ti a bn kh:

Kh s gim khi i th tn cng bng cch t mt qun c vo ngay st qun c ca

bn. Cuc tn cng ny gim s lng kh ca qun c trng xung cn ba:

Cuc tn cng khc li gim lng kh ca qun c trng xung cn hai:

Ch no qun trng! Ch cn mt kh thi:

Tnh hung ny c gi l atari (cht kh). Nu qun en loi b nt kh cn li ca

qun trng, qun trng s b bt lm t binh, v b nhc ra khi bn c:

Tnh n lc ny th vn cn kh n gin. Nu bn khng mun qun c ca bn b

bt, bn cn phi m bo chng c cng nhiu kh cng tt. Nu bn mun bt qun c
ca i th, hy loi kh ca chng.

Lm n ng t t
y l c hi tt tm hiu nguyn tc th t: Khng c php chi qun c va mi
bt qun (t t).
Hy cng xem li tnh hung cui cng:

Hnh ny c gi l hnh c hoa, v n rt ph bin trong c vy. Khong trng gia

cc qun en khng cn kh, v th nu bn trng t mt qun (trng) vo , n chc
chn s b bt ngay lp tc. Nguyn tc th t cm nc c t t kiu ny. Nguyn tc
ny s tr nn v cng quan trng khi chng ta bt u nhn vo mt nhm cc qun c
ln hn, v th, chng ta s quay tr li vi n sau.

Tr li gc
gia bn c vy, cc qun c thng c nhiu kh cho ti khi chng b tn cng. cc
gc v cc cnh bn ca bn c, c t kh hn, v khng c nhiu giao im vng ln cn.
Trong hnh di, qun en ch cn li mt kh duy nht, chnh l giao im c nh
du l a:

Qun en ang trong tnh hung atari. Nu bn trng t mt qun vo v tr a,

qun en s b bt lm t binh.

V d ny minh ha s khc bit gia cc gc v gia bn c. cc gc, ch cn hai

qun bt c qun ca i phng. gia th cn c t nht bn qun. Cn cc
cnh, cn ba qun bt c qun ca i th.
Kt qu l, thng th thit lp v bo v vng lnh th cc gc ca bn c l d dng
nht. cc cnh bn kh hn mt cht, v gia l kh hn c, v cn qu nhiu qun
by c i phng.
chnh l l do ti sao nu bn xem phn m u ca mt vn c vy, bn s thy
nhng k th gii lun tun theo mt kiu chung. Trc tin, h s hnh thnh cc v tr
gc ca bn c. Mt khi vng lnh th ban u c an ton, h s m rng sang cc
bn. Gia bn c l vng lnh th cui cng, v c dnh cho phn cui vn.

Ti v cc, nhng khng xa hn

Nh vy l chng ta va c hc nguyn tc v bt qun, gi hy cng kim tra
nguyn tc th 5: Khng c lp i lp li mt lt i trong mt vng v tn.
Tnh hung ny c gi l ko t ting Nht c ngha l v tn. Trong c vy, vng
v tn l iu c th xy ra, v nu c chp thun, n c th lm hng hu ht cc vn
c.
Di y l hnh nh ca vng v tn. Qun en c th bt qun trng (c nh du
bng mt hnh tam gic), nu bn en t mt qun c vo v tr a:

Bn c chuyn g din ra khng? Chng ta c cng mt kiu, ch l o ngc

li m thi. Gi th nu bn trng t mt qun vo v tr a, th bn trng c th bt li
c mt qun ca bn en:

Nu khng c quy tc ko, qun en v qun trng c th bt qua bt li cho ti khi ht

gi. chnh l l do quy tc ny tn ti: Trong tnh hung ny, bn mt qun trc
khng c quay li tnh hung ko cho ti khi qua t nht mt lt, trnh vng lp
v tn.

iu kin thng
Gi hy cng xem lm cch no kt thc vn c. Di y l quy tc s 6: Vn c kt
thc khi ngi chi ht qun, mt ngi thua hoc c hai cng khng mun i tip.
n gin th thi. Vy lm cch no chng ta xc nh c ai thng?
l quy tc s 7: Ngi chim c nhiu t trn bn c nht vo cui vn c l
ngi ginh chin thng.

Hy cng xem v d. Trn bn c 7 x 7, c 49 giao im. Gi s bn c c chia ra nh

sau:
Qun en kim sot pha bn tri ca bn c, vi tng cng 28 giao im. Qun trng
chim gi bn phi bn c, vi 21 giao im. Qun en thng.
V y l mt bin th: Qun en chim c mt ch trong vng lnh th ca
qun trng. Gi t ca qun en l 29 v t ca qun trng l 20:

Vic m t ny s d nhm hn khi bn c ln hn vi cc nhm qun ri rc

khp mi ni, v d nh vn c di y:

Nguyn tc chung m t l: nu vng t no b tranh chp, th c hai bn u

khng c tnh im vng t . i khi nhng ngi chi gii s nhng t cho i
th, v th vng t s c tnh l chim c. Nu c bt ng v vic ai kim sot
vng lnh th no vo cui vn c, ngi chi s tip tc chi cho ti khi tranh ci c
gii quyt.
Tnh im l mt k nng, i hi phi luyn tp.

Tn cng!
l nhng quy tc c bn. Vy cn nhng th thut thng thng th sao?
iu u tin cn bit l th no l mt cuc tn cng. Tn cng trc tip loi kh ca
qun c ca i th. Di y l v d cho thy qun en ang tn cng qun trng bng
qun c c nh du bng hnh tam gic:

Bn cng c th tn cng gin tip, bng cch t mt qun c gn qun c ca i

th. Tn cng gin tip l cch cng c v th ca bn trong mt khu vc trc khi cuc
cng kch trc din ca bn bt u. Hnh bn di cho thy qun en ang e da qun
trng c nh du bng hnh tam gic.

M cng
Tn cng l yu t c bn ca cng. Yu t c bn ca th c gi l kt ni v mi ni.
Nhng nc c cn bng cng v th c gi l tip cn.
C mt cch tip cn ph bin c gi l m i tun (c t tn theo cch di
chuyn ca qun m trong c vua):

M i tun l nc c cn bng gia cng v th: N gn cc qun c khc nn c th

d dng kt ni khi cn thit, nhng n c th m rng nh hng hn nc c mtbc.
M i tun ln thm ch cn hiu chin hn:

Nc c ny i th ly sc nh hng: N m rng phm vi ca ngi chi, nhng

qun c li kh c th c bo v nu b tn cng.

Tre mnh hn st thp

V chin lc phng th, c mt dng (th) rt vng chc c gi l t tre (bamboo
joint). Chin lc nh sau:

Dng t tre rt mnh v d i th ca bn c c gng tn cng nh th no th bn

vn c th d dng kt ni vi qun c ca mnh.
Trong trng hp ny, nu qun trng tn cng im a, qun en c th kt ni
imb.

Tng t nh vy, nu qun trng tn cng im b, qun en c th kt ni im

a.

Mt khi qun en c kt ni theo kiu t tre, qun trng s phi mt thm 9 qun
bt c c nhm. Kh c th nh bi c s bo v .
n gin m, ng khng? Tn cng, phng th v bt qun c v rt d hiu, v nc
c m i tun hay t tre l nhng th thut n gin hiu v nh.

Ti a ha thi gian luyn tp

Cc trang mng v c vy khng phi l ni tt nht dnh cho nhng ngi mi bt u
trn mng. T lu c rt nhiu trang web v chng trnh nh vy, khong t nhng
nm 1990, nn phi mt mt thi gian tm ra cch s dng chng.
C v nh khng c my k th th hng thp. V nu bn khng chi gii, th vic b
thua i thua li khng phi l mt tri nghim d chu. Hu ht nhng trn u m ti
tm thy u l cc trn u gia nhng k th cp tm hoc hn.
Ti c gng xem mt s trn, nhng tc hc ca ti rt chm. Ti c th theo
st c cc nc c, nhng li khng hiu ti sao cc k th i nc c . i khi din
bin ca cc nc c qu nhanh, v ti khng th phn tch kp. Ti chc chn n sau mi
qun c l mt hm no , nhng ti cn qu non nt c th hiu c hm l
g.

Phi mt c ting chi xong mt vn c vy. y li l mt vn na. Nhiu khi

ti bt u theo di mt trn u, nhng ch c mt lc li phi b y vt ln vi
Lela hoc gip Kelsey lm vic nh. V vn c ang din ra trc tip, nn iu c ngha
l ti khng th theo di trn u phn tch c.
Ti th cch tip cn trm trn, v da trn th nghim trc ca mnh, ti
nhn thy khng phi l cch hiu qu nht mt ngi mi bt u c th tin b
c. Ti quyt nh i chin lc, thay th vic m mm lng tng bng vic nghin
cu c t chc.

Ngi u vi my
Ti no ti cng dnh ra 45 pht nghin cu cc th c vy, trc tin l bng cch s
dng chng trnh SmartGo trong iPad ca ti, sau l nghin cu seri sch Th c vy
xp hng (Graded Go Problems) ca Kiseido.
Sau khi nghin cu cc th c, ti chi mt vn c vi chng trnh tr thng minh
nhn to (AI), c tch hp sn trong SmartGo trn bn c nh vi kch thc 9 x 9. Lc
u, SmartGo qut ti ti t, d chp ti ti tm qun. Tht l xu h!
Tuy nhin, khi ti nghin cu, cc trn u ca ti bt u tin b nhanh chng. Ti
hc c cch li dng nhng qun c chp ca mnh bng cch kin tr tn cng, tn
cng qun trng nhanh gn v hnh thnh si dy lin kt vng chc bt c khi no c
th.
Khng phi mt nhiu thi gian gim s qun c c chp ca ti xung cn su,
ri nm khi ti thng AI c vi vn. Sau khong 30 vn u, ti ch cn chp bn qun.
c tnh im s l mt vic kh khn: i khi ti ngh ti s lm tt, nhng khi tnh
im, ti li thy im mnh khng cao. V thng c ngha l phi to ra nhng nc c
c li, gip tng vng t bn kim sot, nn l c mt vn . Thng thng, nc c
m ti cho l c th lm tng lnh th ca mnh th li khng phi nh vy, lng ph mt
nc c m li to c hi cho i phng.

Cc dng tht bi
Cng vi vic nghin cu cc th c vy, ti c nhng cun sch chn t danh sch
sch hay nn c ca Senseis Library. Nhng g ti hc c gip ti ng k.
Nghin cu cun Lm cch no khng chi c vy tht khng ph thi gian. Theo
Yuan Zhou, tc gi cun sch, ngi mi bt u thng mc phi nhng sai lm khin
h phi tr gi t:
Ngi chi cha c kinh nghim thng m qung i theo i phng.

Chng hn, khi b tn cng, ngi km hn s thng phn ng bng cch phng th,
b chy hoc phn cng ti ng khu vc , thay v xem xt tt c cc kh nng c th
xy ra.

Ngi chi cha c kinh nghim thng khng ch n ton b bn c.

i khi, nc c tt nht li khng nm ni xy ra hnh ng, m pha bn kia ca
bn c, cch xa tt c mi th. Trn u th v, v ngi chi km thng khng nhn
thy c hi n sau nhng khu vc tnh lng hn ca bn c.

Ngi chi cha c kinh nghim khng i nc c c li nht. C vy i hi

phi suy ngh v li ch v chi ph: Mi nc c c th phi tr gi bng mt qun c,
v bn lun mun c li nhiu nht cho qun mnh. Thng th iu ny c ngha l
phi hi sinh mt hoc hai qun, bn c th thu c li ch ln hn u .

Ngi chi cha c kinh nghim khng coi trng tin th (sente). Trong c
vy, khi u rt quan trng nu bn mun on c cng nhiu cng tt phn ng
ca i phng. Thay v tp trung vo ng i nc bc ca h, bn mun i
phng phi lo lng v vic ngn nhng mt mt c th xy ra, l l phng th.
Ngi no c th to ra v duy tr tin th, ngi s lun ginh c phn thng.

Ngi chi cha c kinh nghim khng gii c tnh lnh th. Kt qu l, h
s mt rt nhiu thi gian chin u hoc bo v mt gc nh no trn bn c,
trong khi i phng chim c mt vng t rng ln khng c bo v.

Ngi chi cha c kinh nghim thng ghen t vi v tr ca i phng.

Zhou gi y l hin tng mt v thng khin ngi chi thc hin nhng nc
c bt li ch v cm thy vng t ca i phng ang ngy cng rng hn.

Ngi chi cha c kinh nghim khng chng c nhng m tng.

Bn rt d b cm d bi mt nhm cc qun c m bn c th bt c ch bng mt
hoc hai qun, m khng tnh ton l bn khng th i hai nc cng mt lc v i
phng s phn ng vi iu bn lm. Kt qu l bn lng ph qun c qu gi ca
mnh, ch vi m tng ho huyn l i phng qu ngc bit bn ang lm g.

Nhng iu ny u ng vi ti, c bit l iu cui cng v m tng. nhiu ln

ti tn cng mt nhm, vi hi vng i phng khng nhn ra k hoch ca mnh?
bao ln ti tham bt b mm, lao vo mt cuc chin nh m qun mt bc tranh ln
hn?
Sau khi c cun Lm cch no khng chi c vy, vn c ca ti c ci thin
ngay lp tc. Mt trong nhng iu ln nht m ti cn phi sa l suy ngh cho rng bt

qun ca i phng l cch ngn nht ginh chin thng. Trong c vua v c tng,
iu ng, nhng trong c vy, iu li khng ng.
Bt qun cng c ch, nhng khng phi l iu kin cn v thng. Bo m
an ton cho vng lnh th, vng t ca mnh mi l mc tiu ca c vy, v nhiu khi,
bn c th hon thnh c mc tiu m khng cn phi bt bt c qun no ca i
phng. Phi mt mt lc mi tiu ha ni bi hc : Bt qun c v tt, nhng thc
ra n c th phn tc dng.

Cch ngn
Cch ngn l cng c dy c vy hiu qu. V vn c rt phc tp nn cc quy tc gip
ngi chi c th nh c cch chi trong nhng tnh hung thng thng.
Mt trong nhng v d u tin v cch dy ny l Mi quy tc vng ca c vy ca
Wang Jixin mt k th c vy i ng.
1. Tham lam khng em li phn thng.
2. Khng c vi v khi xm nhp lnh th ca i phng.
3. n qun ta khi tn cng qun ch.
4. Hi sinh mt qun c nm quy n tin th.
5. B nh cu ln.
6. Khi gp nguy, hi sinh.
7. Trnh nc c nng vi.
8. Nc c cn phi phn li i phng.
9. Chng nhng v tr mnh m, chi an ton.

10. Tm kim an ton, trnh chin u khu vc bit lp hoc trong tnh hung yu
th.
C rt nhiu cu chm ngn ging nh vy v c vy:

im trng yu ca i phng cng l im trng yu ca mnh.

Khi nghi ng, hy thot tin (tenuki chi ch khc).

C kh nng cht trong nc i cho gia hai qun mnh st vi qun ca i phng.

Ngi bt u chi cht kh (atari).

Hnh c hoa (ponnuki) ng gi 30 im.

H quyt tm trc khi tn cng.

Th con sn st bt con c r.

Ngi giu khng cn tranh chp vt.

ci ln lng h th kh c th xung c. (ng bt u vic g m bn khng

sn sng kt thc.)

C rt nhiu th hc: Khng nhng phi hc cc cu cch ngn ny v bit ti sao

chng tn ti, m bn cn cn phi hiu khi no th b qua chng. V suy cho cng, chnh
cch ngn cng dy chng ta rng: Khng c m qung nghe theo nhng cu cch
ngn.
Cn c nhng cu cch ngn dnh ring cho ngi mi bt u. Cu cch ngn yu
thch ca ti l Ch sau c m th 10 bn mi nhn thy nm m, v sau l ch sau
c m th 20 bn mi c th chn c chng. Theo kinh nghim ca ti t trc ti
gi, iu rt ng: Nhng ngi k cu c th tn cng ti theo nhng cch m ti
thm ch cn khng nhn ra.
Ti cn phi hc nhiu lm.

t mc 20 gi
Da trn ghi ch ca ti, sau khong mt thng nghin cu, ti t mc 20 gi. Ti
ang u v ti hon thnh c g?
Theo c s d liu trong SmartGo, ti gii quyt c 150 th c xp hng, v x
l n cc th c ca cp 18. Ti chi 33 vn c, v hin ti ch cn c chp bn qun
khi chi vi chng trnh tr thng minh nhn to.
Ti cng hon thnh cun u tin trong seri Th c vy xp hng ca Kseido,
tng ng vi cp t 30 n 25. Ti ang c cun sch th hai, tng ng vi cp t
25 n 15, vy nn c th c lng ti ang khong cp th 18 n 20. Cng khng t.

Tm lc li phng php

Hy cng tm lc li phn ct li ca phng php m ti s dng hc cch chi

c vy:

Ti hc nhng quy tc c bn ca tr chi.

Ti mua bn c, qun c v mt s cun sch v chin lc c vy dnh cho ngi

mi bt u.

Ti tm ra vi cch hc nhng nguyn tc chin lc quan trng nht bng cch

gii quyt cc th c vy xp hng, c trn my tnh v trong sch.

Ti dnh qung thi gian luyn tp ban u gii quyt cc th c vy xp hng, lp

li nhng bi tp m ti khng th tr li hoc gii thch trong ln th u tin.

Ti luyn tp cc th c v chi cho ti khi t mc 20 gi. Lc ny, ti c th thoi

mi gii quyt cc th c cp 20, tng 15 cp t cp th 35 lc mi u.

T y ti s i u tip?
Ti c cm gic ln ln v c vy. Ti hc c tng i v tr chi ny, hiu
c n su xa th no, v bit ti cn cch danh hiu bc thy c vy xa nh th
no. Ti tin b ng k t khi bt u, nhng thc s chi gii tr ny, ti cn phi
i mt chng rt di na.
Mt khc, thi gian rnh ca ti rt hn ch, trong khi c vy c v cn phi chuyn
tm, tp trung cao ging nh vit m v lp trnh. D c vy cng th v, nhng sau
mt ngy di, c cm gic chi c vy cng ging nh lm vic vy.
Thm na, thng phi mt c ting ng h mi hon thnh c mt vn c trn
bn c 19 x 19, v tht khng lch s khi ngi chi phi dng cuc chi hon thnh
mt ngha v gia nh no . T trc n gi, hu ht cc vn c ca ti u l chi vi
my tnh, v my tnh lc no cng sn sng v khng quan tm ti chuyn ti phi dng
li lm vic g mt lc.
Ti bt u nh gi cao c tnh phc tp n au u nhc c ca cc th c vy, v
th ti s tip tc gii cc th c khi c cm gic mun gii cc cu . Ti thch luyn
tp c vy hn l gii ch sudoku hay nhng tr chi kiu nh vy, v vy cc chng
trnh c vy c ci vo in thoi ca ti, lun sn sng cho ti chi bt c khi no
ti c cht thi gian rnh ri.
Ti nh dy Lela cch chi khi con b ln hn mt cht. Cc quy tc cng n gin,
mt a tr bn tui c th hiu c, v ti cng tng c nhng k c p khi chi c

vua vi b ti khi cn nh. C vy l cch tt dy tr nhng k nng quan trng nh

phn tch, chin lc hay trao i, v ti ngh l b con ti s c nhiu thi gian th v
trong nhng nm sp ti.
Hn th na, ti khng c khao kht chy bng l phi dnh thm thi gian hc c
vy. Ti hc v n tha mn tr t m ca mnh, v tip tc hc khng cn l u
tin ln ca ti na.
Th l ri. Chng c lut no quy nh bn phi hc ti khi gii mi th m bn
tng hc. Cuc sng phi nh i, v chng c g sai khi khm ph nhng iu mi m,
hc mt cht, sau quyt nh khm ph iu g khc.
Bn khng cn phi t ai en trong mi vic mi c th sng cuc i thoi mi,
tha mn c.

8
LT VN
BI HC: VN MI TRNG
Chng ta chin u khng phi bng mu v tht, m bng cu oxy, si
carbon, bng ci ti, c m v bng ch bt khut ca chng ta.
CHRIS ZEITVOGEL, ngi chi lt vn

Ti ang gia h, liu mnh cng bum ln. Tht l kh, v cc c cnh tay, chn
v lng ca ti u ang ku go.
Mt cn gi ty bc mnh cun tung nhng gn sng nh khin con thuyn di chn
ti chao o. Ti cho cnh bum ri xung nc, tm dng mt lc ngh ngi v
iu chnh s rung lc ca con thuyn di chn.
Ti nhn v hng ty: Mt cn bo ang hnh thnh, y cc m my en v pha
ni. n lc quay thuyn li.
Ti ci xung vi on dy ko, sau ko, nng thuyn ca ti ra khi vng nc t
nht l 13 ln trong vng 30 pht. Ti hi vng c th tr li t lin trc khi cn bo p
xung.
Bo gn lm ri Ti khng gii li ci my k cc ny, nhng ti phi hc. Cho
thuyn quay li b bin s khin ti gi nhanh mt.

Cn nhc tng lt vn
tng u tin ca ti l cho thuyn: H rng cho thuyn. ng tic l thuyn
c mi cho tiu chun li to v knh cng, thm ch nhng mi cho nh nht cng rt
di v d gy. y l c mt vn v ti khng c kh nng gi an ton cho mt chic
thuyn to v di trn h.
Vn tng t cng xy ra vi thuyn bum, cng thm vn chi ph na: Ngay c
mt thit b c bn nht cng tn c ng tin. Ngoi vn phc tp lin quan n vic
neo u, ti khng mun phi b hng chc nghn la cho mt b c cu truyn ng.
Khi nghin cu cc la chn ca mnh, ti tnh c xem c mt video ca James

Douglass, mt gio s v sinh hc bin trng i hc Florida Gulf Coast. Ngoi l mt

chuyn gia v sinh hc, Jim cn l mt ngi chi lt vn lo luyn v chia s rt
nhiu thng tin hu ch v mn th thao ny trn trang blog ring ca ng.
Trong video, Jim trang b cho chic thuyn bum Formula-class mt chic my
quay HD chng nc, c gn trn u so cng bum, quay c mi hot ng cng
mt lc. Sau , ng lao xung nc, lt trn nhng con sng nh v thc hin nhng c
o chiu nhanh v n tng.
Ti b chong ngp v xem i xem li video vi ln. Ti cha bao gi chi lt
vn, nhng t nhin ti li mun th.
Lt vn tha mn mi tiu ch ti ra: Ti c th t mnh tri nghim v trang thit
b cn thit cng khng ln hay cng knh. V da trn nhng tm hiu do t m ca ti,
cng khng phi th vui qu xa x. Ti cn mua thit b, nhng nhng thit b c bn
khng th khin ti ph sn c.
Lt vn c v th v, nhng trc khi vo cuc, ti mun chc chn n phi an ton.
Bn cht ti khng phi l mt ngi a mo him. Nu lt vn l mt mn th thao
nguy him, ti s chn chi mt mn khc.
Nu chi lt vn, ti mun bit cc nguy c c th xy ra trc khi chi. Chuyn g c
th xy ra?

Lt vn c nguy him khng?

Lt vn thng c gn mc l mn th thao mo him, nhng mc mo him li
ph thuc vo kiu lt m bn mun thc hin. Trn nhng mt h phng lng, khp
kn kiu nh mt h m ti s hc, iu khin mt chic thuyn nh s th v, phn
khch hn. khng phi l vic in khng.
Ngc li, lt vn trn bin s c nhiu nguy him hn. Sng x vo b, khin cho
vic lt vn kh khn hn, v nu thuyn xa b th l mt vn rt ln. Bin
thng em li nhiu nim vui hn, kiu nh nhy ln nhng sng, nhng cng gia tng
nguy c. So vi vic lt vn ngoi bin, lt vn sng h trong t lin an ton hn
nhiu.
Tuy nhin, d bn chn lt vn u th vn c nhng nguy c tim tng, m ch
yu l cht ui v gim thn nhit. Khi bn ng trn mt ming vn tri ni gia
dng nc, dng tay gi cho chic thuyn ng thng trong mt ngy nhiu gi, nhng
chuyn xu c th xy ra nu bn khng chun b trc.
Nguy c cht ui bt ngun t hai nguyn nhn chnh: b thng v kit sc. Nu bn
ng theo cch c th khin cho chn tay b thng nghim trng hoc chn ng, bn c
nguy c b bt tnh di nc. Nu bn mt ti mc khng th quay tr li vn, hoc

khng th iu khin vn quay tr li b c, cht ui l kh nng hon ton c th

xy ra.
Cch tt nht ngn vic cht ui l (1) s dng thit b ni c nhn (thng c
gi l o phao) v (2) lun i cng ngi khc, d trn b hay trn mt nc. Nu xy ra
vn g, bn cn c ngi no bn gip .
Gim thn nhit l mt vn nguy him ti tnh mng. Trong iu kin lnh, t v
c gi, c th bn mt nhit rt nhanh. Mt khi thn nhit ca bn tt xung di 35
C, tim, phi v h thn kinh ca bn bt u ngng hot ng, dn n t vong, d nhit
c th bn ang khi phc li mc bnh thng (khong 37 37,5 C).
iu khin cho vic gim thn nhit tr nn c bit nguy him l n xy ra t t. Khi
nhit c th gim, nhng triu chng nh run ry, ri lon, mt kim sot v mt mi
s xut hin, lm gim linh hot v kh nng phn on. Nu bn phi da vo kh
nng phn on v k nng vn ng tm ng v nh, th s tn cng ca hin tng
gim thn nhit l mt nguy c ln nhng li hay b coi thng.
Khi nhit nc trn 25 C, gim nhit khng phi l mt nguy c nghim trng.
Di ngng 25 C , cn phi m bo chc chn bn c lp cch nhit trc khi
mo him dn thn vo dng nc. chnh l lc cn n qun o ln.
Qun o ln c lm bng cht liu mng, linh hot, c kh nng cch nhit di
nc kiu nh cao su tng hp. Nhng b qun o ln hin i c phn loi da trn
dy (tnh bng milimt) ca chng, v thng c thit k phn thn dy hn so vi
chn tay. Thit k ny nhm hai mc ch: cch nhit tt hn phn thn, gip gi nhit
cho c th hiu qu hn, cn phn chn tay mng hn, gip cho vic c ng d dng
hn. Khi lt vn trong iu kin lnh, ca bn cn c tnh linh hot v c s cch
nhit.

Chun b
Ngun thng tin u tin ca ti l trang web ca Jim vi hng t bi vit v b quyt
dnh cho ngi mi bt u. Mt trong nhng bi vit u tin m ti c l T r li 18
cu hi thng gp nht v lt vn, trong c hng dn v cc thit b cn thit.
T danh sch Q&A (Hi & p), c v nh ti s cn t nht mt tm vn, mt cnh
bum, mt o phao v mt b qun o ln. Ti c tt c cc bi vit v lt vn trn
trang web ca Jim, lp mt danh sch cc thit b c v hu ch, c gng ct gim danh
sch xung cn hai la chn m ti cho l tt nht, sau vit cho Jim mt e-mail
cm n ng, nhn tin xin ng li khuyn.
iu quan trng nht l loi vn v bum m ti cn c. Video lt trn tm vn
Formula-class ca Jim rt n tng, v ti thch mnh cng c th lm c nh vy,

nhng ti khng bit l bt u vi mt tm vn Formula c phi l mt tng tt hay

khng. Theo nghin cu ca ti th mt la chn khc l tm vn hiu Rio do cng ty
Starboard sn xut. Rio ni ting l thn thin (d s dng) vi ngi mi bt u, v
cng l loi vn ph hp vi hu ht cc iu kin: n khng bay nhanh nh vn
Formula, nhng c th c s dng trong nhiu iu kin khc nhau.
Ti khng bit phi lm g, nn ti hi kin ca Jim:
Ti l mt ngi hon ton mi i vi mn lt vn thm ch cn cha t
chn ln tm vn ln no.
Ti hi vng ng c th cho ti vi li khuyn bt u.
Ti ang tm mua b thit b lt vn, v ti ang phn vn la chn gia
tm vn Rio c M v Starboard Formula 167.
Rio c v l tm vn ph hp vi ngi mi bt u, nhng ti mun hc
[lt trn mt nc] nhanh nht c th. Ti ch lt vn trn mt nc phng
lng, v lt trong iu kin t gi.
Vn Formula, t nhng g ti c n by gi, lt nhanh hn v tt hn tr
ong iu kin t gi.
Xin hi l: Hc bng vn Formula c sao khng? Ti c kh nng kin nhn
cao vi nhng kh chu ban u, v ti thch mua mt tm vn n (chc
nng) hn l mt tm vn a chc nng. Nu hc bng vn Formula, liu ti
c nguy c lm gy n v b thng khng?
Cm n bt c li khuyn no m ng a ra. Ti rt trn trng s gip
ca ng!
Khong mt ting sau, Jim tr li:
1. Vic vn Formula tt hn trong iu kin gi nh l mt hiu lm. Loi vn ny ng
l c tim nng ln trong iu kin gi nh hn bt c loi vn no khc (7 8 hi
l), nhng bn cn phi l mt thy th lo luyn c th iu khin mt cnh
bum rng khong 11 12 mt vung th mi t c tim nng .
2. Chc chn bn s khng b thng nu c gng hc bng mt tm vn cng thc, tr
khi c ko mt chic bum qu to c th khin bn b au lng. L do khin bn
khng lm mnh b thng l v nhiu kh nng bn s khng th lm cho tm vn di
chuyn c mt cht no! Tuy nhin, bn hon ton c th lm b thng tm vn
v vn cng thc c b mt mng ti mc c th d dng ku vang khi bn lm ri n
lc ng.

3. Vn Rio c M c l l loi vn tt nht cho c vic hc cp tc v lt thoi mi, d

GO 171 c th l mt la chn tt.
4. Chin lc ca ti l nn c mt s loi bum vi cc kch thc khc nhau bn c
th tng gii hn sc mnh m bn c th x l ln, bt chp sc gi. Vi nhng bc
u tin, bn s cn mt cnh bum nh hn su mt vung Ti c mt thit b o
sc gi gip xc nh cn phi s dng bum c no c th lt c trong iu
kin sc gi nh vy.
5. C hi tt nht bn c th lt c gn lin vi bum loi nh trong iu kin gi
mnh, v cn t k thut c th li c mt cnh bum loi nh trong iu kin
gi mnh hn so vi mt cnh bum loi ln trong iu kin gi nh.
Nhng thng tin ny ng l rt qu. Jim xa b mt s hiu lm ca ti v loi
vn m ti cn c bt u, cng nh loi bum m ti nn s dng khi bt u. Lng
tt ca Jim khi chia s, a ra li khuyn gip ti tit kim c vi nghn la, v
gip ti trnh c tm trng tht vng.
Lc u, ti mun mua mt chic bum ln, nhng Gary ngi c hn 20 nm
dy lt vn nhanh chng khuyn ti b nh . ng ni bum ln c th tt
trong iu kin gi nh hn, nhng ch trong trng hp khi ti bit cch s dng n.
im tr ca bum ln l chng nng hn v kh nng ln khi mt nc hn. Nu
ti bt u vi mt chic bum ln khi vn phi tm hiu cch gi thng bng v cch r
sng, c ngha l ti chn sng, theo li Gary ni.
Ti khng mun chn sng, nn ti nghe theo li khuyn ca Gary v chn mt
chic bum nh hn. Mt ln na, cn phi nghe theo li khuyn ca ngi i trc dy
dn kinh nghim hn trc khi a ra quyt nh. Sau khong na ting ni chuyn vi
Gary, ti quyt nh t hng ca Isthmus.
Ha ra cc cng ty thng mi vn ti tu thy c th, v sn sng chuyn nhng
ngoi c kiu thit b lt vn ti bt c ni no bn mun, nn vic mua sm thit b
n gin hn ti tng. Gary d tnh phi mt khong mt tun nhn c cc vt
dng cn thit, nn trong khi ch i, ti bt u t hc cch s dng chng.

Dng li, anh bn tay m!

Mt cht thi gian duyt web dn ti ti mt s ngun gii thiu v lt vn:

Hng dn dnh cho ngi mi bt u v ngh thut lt vn ca Frank Fox (1988)

Lt vn ca Peter Hart (2005)

Hc lt vn trong mt tun ca Phil Jones (1992)

Ngi mi bt u ti ngi thnh cng (DVD) ca Jem Hall (2006)

Nhng ngun ti liu ny u lm tt cng vic gii thch cc thut ng, l thuyt v
k thut c bn. DVD hng dn ca Jem Hall c bit lm tt cng vic ging gii cch
x l vn khi di nc: Ging gii cc chuyn ng phc tp bng cch lm mu s d
dng hn. Trong trng hp ny, sch bt li hn, v ngay c nhng hnh minh ha tt
nht cng c th gy nhm ln nu so vi mt video hng dn chi tit.
C mt iu khin ti n tng ngay lp tc l c rt nhiu kin thc chuyn ngnh
hng hi c s dng trong lt vn. Ngi lt vn cng c gi l nhng thy th
v cc thut ng c s dng trong ti liu hng dn u bt ngun trc tip t ngnh
hng hi.
nhiu nm tri qua k t khi ti i thuyn, th nn ti cn phi xem li. Nu bn
khng bit cc thut ng th vic c sch hng dn c th rt kh chu, v vy quan
trng l bn cn phi bit nhng im chnh. Di y l mt vi im nh th:

Hng gi cc hng ng, ty, nam, bc khng my hu ch trong khi i thuyn,

v gi lin tc thay i. Hng thng c gn lin vi hng gi: pha n gi c
ngha l di chuyn vo vng gi, cn pha kn gi c ngha l di chuyn cng vi gi.

Hng tu tng t nh vy, tri v phi c lin quan ti hng i hin ti ca

tu, thuyn. Mn tri c ngha l pha bn tri ca tu thuyn, cn mn phi c ngha
l bn phi.

Trc v sau pha trc ca tu thuyn c gi l mi tu cn pha sau c gi l

ui tu. Hng v mi tu c gi l ng mi tu, cn hng v ui tu c gi
l ui tu.

Quay thut ng dng ch vic quay tu l i hng v tr bum. S khc nhau

gia chng nm ch u no ca tu/thuyn s i xuyn qua gi trong lc quay tu.
Nu bn di chuyn vo vng c gi v quay u, ngha l bn i hng. Nu bn ra
khi vng c gi v quay u, ngha l bn ang tr bum.

gi
Ngoi vic c sch, ti cng bt u ch nhiu hn ti thi tit. Trc khi quan tm ti
lt vn, ti khng bao gi n gi, tr khi gi thi c bit khc thng. Cn by
gi, ti thy mnh thng xuyn theo di gi, nghin cu cn thn ngn cy c lng
tc gi.
Tt nhin, loi gi duy nht thc s quan trng l gi vng nc m bn d nh
lt vn. kim tra tc v hng gi h, ti chn mua mt thit b o gi b ti
c tn Kestral 3000. Thit b nh nhng tin dng ny gip ti kim tra c tc gi
hin ti h, th nn, thng tin chnh xc hn so vi thng tin trn mng. Chic my
cng c th o c c nhit nc v khng kh, v th ti c th m bo s khng
ra ngoi (chi lt vn) nu nguy c gim nhit cao.
Khi theo di gi trong vi ngy, ti bt u ch ti cc kiu gi. h, gi nh thng
thi t hng ng vo bui sng, sau tng tc v chuyn hng thi t hng bc
ty bc vo bui chiu (thng l vo khong bn gi chiu). V ti s h thuyn t
hng ng ca h, nn tt nht ti nn i vo lc chiu. Bn gi cng l thi im l
tng cho lch trnh chung ca ti: Nu ti sp xp ngy lm vic hp l, ti c th ra khi
nh trong khong mt ting hoc lu hn m khng b lm phin.

Lp ghp
Lc ny ti c tt c cc thit b. Ti cn phi xc nh c cch lp vn v bum li
vi nhau qu trnh ny gi l lp ghp.
May mn l Isthmus hng dn cho ti. Lp ghp l c mt vn i vi nhng
ngi mi s hu thuyn lt sng nh ti, v l mt qu trnh phc tp lin quan n
nhiu b phn khc nhau. Khi bn c gng xc nh ci no ch no, bn s rt d b
nhm.
Isthmus gii quyt vn ny bng cch cung cp mt video chi tit, v th bn c
th theo di qu trnh lp ghp v lm theo. Video hng dn l iu l tng cho vic

hc kiu ny: Ti xem video hng dn vi ln v ghi chp li trc khi th lp ghp thit
b ca mnh.
Nh c nhng ghi chp ca mnh, ti c th lp ghp thuyn lt sng ca ti trong
khong 30 pht: Khng t lm cho ln th nghim u tin. Ti ang mc qun o ln,
thuyn ca ti sn sng v gi ang thi. n lc h thy.

Cuc hnh trnh u tin

Ti em vn v bum xung mp nc, gn ct bum vo b, sau th vn thuyn
xung h. Gi ang thi t hng ty bc vi tc khong 19km/gi, to thnh nhng
gn sng nh trn mt h. Khng vn g, ti sn sng.
Ti tro ln vn, ng ln, sau nghing ngi vi dy ko bum ln (si dy c
gn vi ct bum). Bng cch git mnh ln pha trn, ti c th ko bum ra khi mt
nc cho ti khi n thng ng, gn nh vung gc vi vn thuyn.
Khi bum ri khi mt nc, on dy ko t di chuyn v pha kn gi, trnh gi.
iu gip ti c th cng bum ln m khng cn dng thm sc, v th ti ch cn
ng nguyn ti ch, dng c hai tay gi ct bum. V tr t nhin ny chnh l im
khi u ca lt vn, v vy ti c cm gic kh d chu. Tnh ti thi im ny, ti vn
ang lm rt tt.
Vic tip theo ca ti l phi buc cng dy gi bum: B mt tay ra khi ct bum,
chp ly so cng bum v ko. Bng cch ny, ti s to thm lc v bt u di chuyn.
Khng cn g na

T gii cu
Trong 40 pht trn h ngy hm , ti ng theo cc t th: ng v ng trc,
ng sau v ng sang hai bn. Ti thy ung nc h thy bun nn v chn,
cnh tay ti, lng ti u au nhc v phi cng i cng li bum.
Cui cng, ti cng quyt nh l ri. Ti lnh, mt v kit sc. n lc v
nh thi.
ng tic l ti khng bit cch iu chnh ci vn cht tit ny, v mi khi ti c gng
cng bum, ti li khin cho n chm su xung nc nhiu hn. Gi y ti v pha nam,
rt xa im u tin khi ti xung nc.
Chnh vo lc , ti quyt nh l n lc luyn tp k thut t cu ly mnh m
ti c c t mt cun sch no . Ti nm xung vn thuyn, v xp bum sao
cho n nm dt trn u ti, vi phn u ca cnh bum hng ngc v pha ui

thuyn. Sau , ti bt u dng tay lm mi cho, t t y mnh v pha b.

Thi gian chm chp tri. Ti khng b y ra qu xa, nhng cng phi mt ti 10 pht
cho ct lc tr v b. Tay khng phi l mi cho hiu qu, ngay c trong nhng
trng hp tt nht, m lc ny li khng phi l trng hp tt nht.
Cui cng, khi ti t chn ln b, th thch ca ti vn cha kt thc. V ti cch
kh xa ch xung lc u, nn cuc ra khi u tin ca ti kt thc bng mt cuc i
b trong xu h. Ti buc c th mt mi r ri ca mnh phi mang cc vt dng tr v
xe t, li v nh v vt ra.
khng phi mt khi u thun li.

Phn tch s vic sau chn thng

Sau khi ngh ngi, ti tng kt li chuyn i ca mnh. Chuyn g xy ra ? Ti
sai u?
Trc tin, gi qu mnh i vi mt ngi va mi bt u. Vi ngi no c
kinh nghim, th chuyn c l khng thnh vn , nhng vi mt ngi ln u tin
t chn ln vn thuyn nh ti, gi nh th l qu mnh, qu nhanh.
Th hai, ti khng c kinh nghim gi thng bng trn bt c loi vn no. Ti lt
vn, cha bao gi chi vn trt, cng cha bao gi lm bt c vic g i hi phi gi
thng bng trn mt b mt chuyn ng. Nhng con sng do gi to ra khin cho vn
thuyn u a v iu khin ti s hi.
Th ba, vic thm lc cho cnh bum lm thay i trng lc trn vn thuyn. Nu ti
khng thay i v tr ca mnh theo ng cch b li, chc chn ti s ng. Nu ti
khng nhanh chng b cnh bum ra khi cm thy mt kim sot, th c kh nng ti s
b ln nho. Ti cn phi hc cch thay i v tr theo bt c hng no c th ng
c trn vn thuyn, c bit khi c gi mnh.
Th t, ti khng c cc thit b an ton thch hp. R rng l ti cn c mt chic
m bo him bo v u khi ct bum phng trng hp ti b ng. Ti b thn cht
gi tn mt ln, nhng ti may mn. Ti s khng mc sai lm tng t mt ln na:
Ti t mua ngay mt chic m bo him ri.

Hc t qu kh
C vi vic ti c th lm trnh cho ln luyn tp tip theo ca ti khng ging ln u
tin.
Th nht, ti phi chc chn ln luyn tp tip theo ca mnh s din ra vo mt ngy

t gi hn. C th s khng th v, nhng iu s gip ti luyn tp m khng b

chong ngp.
Th hai, ti cn phi tp ng thng bng trn vn bng cch dng vn thuyn m
khng c bum gn km, s dng mi cho di chuyn. Bng cch loi b bin s ca
cnh bum, ti c th cm nhn c th no l thng bng trn vn, v hc nghing
theo bt c hng no m khng b lt p. khng phi l mt cuc th nghim hon
ho, v bum s lm thay i trng tm ca vn thuyn mt khi n c gn vo vn
thuyn, nhng nh vy vn cn tt hn l lin tc ng.
Th ba, ti c th dnh ln tip theo luyn tp vi cnh bum, hc cch cm nhn
s thng bng ca cnh bum. Nu ti ch tm, ti c th cm nhn c hng di
chuyn ca cnh bum, v bit iu c nh hng nh th no ti vn thuyn. Ti c
th bit khi no nn y trng lc ca mnh li cn bng lc ca cnh bum, khi no
dng li trnh b ng v pha sau, v khi no mc v gi t nhin qu mnh khin
cho bum qu nng, khng x l c.
Nhng ngy tip theo tri lng gi, gip ti c c hi tch bch vic luyn tp gi
thng bng trn vn. Cuc th nghim thnh cng: Cui bui luyn tp, ti khng
cn s na v sau , mt ngy gi mnh cho ti c hi luyn tp gi thng bng
trn vn thuyn khi nc dp dnh. Ti vn phi vt qua tnh t m mun nhn xung
v xem nc chy di chn mnh, nhng ch mt lc tri qua cm gic gip ti tin
b vt bc trong vic ch ng ni s.
Vi ngy sau , tri nng m, gi khng qu mnh. Ti chun b, h thy v ko dy
ln trn, hng vo trung tm. Liu ti s c mt ngy ging ngy u tin khng?
Khng hn: Ngy hm ti ch ng c hai ln. Tp gi thng bng trn vn thuyn
khng gip ti rt nhiu, v ti c th trnh khng b ng khi cm thy vn thuyn
mt kim sot. Ti cng ko bum nhiu ln vo ngy hm , nhng nh th cng l tt
lm ri, tt hn nhiu so vi vic phi ung nc h. Ti tp cch thm lc cho bum v
t nhin ti di chuyn c.

Lm th no bn quay c th ny?
Lm cho vn thuyn di chuyn m khng ng l mt thnh cng, nhng n li ko theo
mt vn cng thng mi: Lm th no bn r c?
Ti th nghim vi nhng iu hc c t sch v v a DVD hng dn: Vic
quay vn thuyn di chn khi gi bum v tr trung tm rt c ch. Cng c ch khi bn
nh rng vn thuyn (v thuyn bum ni chung) khng th di chuyn trc tip vo cn
gi.
C mt khu vc gi l khu vc cht hay khng i c, l khu vc m rng mt gc

45 sang mi pha ca hng gi. Hy th di chuyn bt c v tr no trong khu vc

, bn s thy mnh b kha, v bn s dng li, hoc bt u di chuyn git li. di
chuyn vo vng c gi, bn cn phi hng vn thuyn t nht 45 v mt bn (tri
phi u c) ca hng gi, gi bum bng dy lo, sau i ng dy theo hng
khc sau khi di chuyn c mt lc. Bng cch tr i tr li, bn c th chy theo
ng dch dc ti im ch, ngay c khi ngc gi.
Mt iu cng quan trng khng km l phi dng lc quay/r c vn thuyn.
Khi bn di chuyn, vic thay i v tr ca cnh bum sang tri hoc sang phi s lm thay
i trng tm ca lc, im trng tm ca ton b lc m gi to ra trn cnh bum. Bng
cch thay i v tr ca cnh bum v pha mi, ui, mn tri hoc mn phi, tng quan
gia nhng trng im ny cng thay i, v vn thuyn s xoay thng bng li.
Khi quay tr li vn thuyn sau khi b ng, thng bn s thy mnh mt v tr k
cc. L tng nht, bn mun vn thuyn vung gc vi gi, v bum cha theo hng gi
thi. Vi v tr ny, bn c th ko dy bum ln trn khng qu kh khn.
Tuy nhin, nu bum cha theo hng ngc chiu gi thi, bn c nguy c b so cng
bum p vo mt khi bn ko dy bum ln bum n gi. Tng t nh vy, bn c
th thy vn thuyn ca bn cha v hng gi, tin thng vo khu vc cht.
cn bng, tt nht l s dng chn quay cnh bum sao cho n vung gc vi
vn thuyn, bt chp hng gi thi. Khi vn thuyn v bum vung gc vi nhau, bn
c th t t ko dy bum ln, gi xoay vn thuyn theo ng v tr. Mt khi bum
cng chiu gi thi, bn c th ko cng hon ton, sau tr bum theo bt c hng
no m bn mun i.
Sau vi ting tp luyn, ti hiu r. Ti khng c nhanh nhy cho lm, v nhng
c xoay ca ti cng khng c p mt cho lm, nhng ti c th h thy vn thuyn
ca mnh, lt ra gia h, v quay tr li gn nh ng ni ti xut pht. So vi ln
lt vn u tin ca ti, th y l c mt s tin b ln.

Tm lc phng php
Hy cng tm lc li nhng iu ct li trong phng php m ti s dng hc
cch lt vn:

Ti mua cc vt dng, thit b cn thit: mt vn thuyn, mt cnh bum, qun o

ln, o phao, m bo him v nhng thit b an ton khc.

Ti hc cch lp ghp vn thuyn v bum, cng nh tho d, bo dng, vn

chuyn v lu gi thit b mt cch an ton.

Ti hc c cch bo v bn thn khi nhng nguy c nh cht ui, chn ng v

gim nhit.

Ti hc c cch h thy vn thuyn t b, ko bum ln v tr trung gian, v thm

lc bum bt u di chuyn.

Ti hc c cch quay vn thuyn v cch iu chnh bum di chuyn trong

iu kin gi khc nhau.

Ti hc c cch khng b ng khi vn thuyn, tr li vn thuyn v ko dy

cng bum trong trng hp b ng.

T y ti s i u tip?
Ti s nhanh chng hc li nhng iu c bn ca k nng ny, v th ti ang chun b
cho mt th thch mi: chuyn t vn thuyn sang xung my, ngha l tng tc mt cch
chng mt. K hoch ch c th thc hin trong iu kin gi mnh, v tc tng cng
ng ngha vi nguy c va chm v chn thng cng cao hn, v th ti cn phi thc s
thoi mi vi nhng iu c bn trc khi th.
Ti cng s th s dng mt cnh bum ln hn. iu kin gi nh (v bin ng)
trn h khin cho vic s dng loi bum ln hn tr thnh mt tng th v, v th
ngay khi s dng thnh tho loi bum 4,7 mt vung, ti s bt u luyn tp vi loi
bum 7,5 mt vung. Vi hai loi bum , ti cn phi thng nht l s s dng bum
loi ln cho nhng ngy gi nh v bum loi nh cho nhng ngy gi mnh.
Ni tm li, lt vn l mt mn th thao th v. Ti thch thi gian trn mt nc,
c bit l by gi, khi ti khng hay ng na. Ti ang nng lng trng ch ma lt vn
tip theo v s tn dng ht nhng ngy tri gi nu c.

LI BT
Thnh tch c lin quan ti hnh ng. Ngi thnh cng, d nam hay n,
u tip tc tin bc. H c th phm sai lm, nhng h khng b cuc.
-CONRAD HILTON, Nh sng lp chui khch sn Hilton

Trong vng cha y mt nm, ti hc c nm k nng phc tp.

Ti khng phi l mt thin ti. Ti cng khng phi mt ngi c kh nng bm sinh.
Ti khng b cng vic ban ngy ca mnh. Ti cng khng b mi th chuyn tm vo
mt th g. Ti khng l l vi gia nh.
Ti ch dnh ra mt ting mi ngy luyn tp, v ti luyn tp theo cch thng
minh. Nhng k nng m ban u c v b him, kh nhn u tr nn d hiu theo tng
ngy, thm ch theo gi. Tt c nhng g bn cn ch l mt cht nghin cu, v khong
20 ting luyn tp chuyn tm, tp trung v kin tr.
Hn na, vic luyn tp ca ti tr thnh mt thi quen: Nhng k nng ny hin
nay tr thnh mt phn trong cuc sng thng nht ca ti. Vic hc nhng k nng
nh quan trng nht trc tin khin bn c th d dng tin b. Vo thi im bn c
nhng dng ch ny, ti s cn tin b hn nhiu trong mi k nng. Tin b ti mc no
ph thuc vo mc luyn tp ca ti.
Nu bn mun hc mt k nng mi, bn cn phi luyn tp. Khng cn cch no
khc.
Bn c th chun b. Bn c th nghin cu. Bn c th loi bt nhng cm d khin
bn sao nhng, v thay i mi trng ca bn sao cho c th d dng luyn tp hn. Bn
c th tm c nhng phng thc thng minh vic luyn tp hiu qu, nng sut
hn. Nhng cui cng bn vn phi luyn tp.
Con ng c v di li l con ng ngn nht. Khng c con ng tt mang tn
khng cn luyn tp. Khng luyn tp ng ngha vi vic khng hc c k nng. Ch
n gin vy thi.
Ti sao chng ta khng luyn tp? n gin l v chng ta bn v chng ta s. Cch
y rt lu, Shakespeare tng vit trong v kch Measure for Measure rng: Nghi ng l
k phn bi, khin chng ta nh mt nhng iu tt p m l ra chng ta ginh
c, ch v s phi th.
Ro cn chnh i vi vic hc k nng nhanh khng phi l ro cn th cht hay tr
tu, m l ro cn v cm xc. Vic g mi cng khin chng ta khng thoi mi, v tht

d tn rt nhiu thi gian, nng lng cho vic ngh v vic luyn tp thay v luyn tp
thc s.
May mn l ro cn kh chu ny c th d dng b ph v: Hc k nng lun em li
cm gic thch th hn so vi thc t. Bng cch dnh thi gian luyn tp, nghin cu
sm mt cht, chng li cm gic kh chu ban u, bn s nhn thy s tin b r rt
trong t 10 n 20 ting luyn tp u tin. Tt c nhng g bn cn b ra gt hi c
thnh qu l mt cht n lc, s kin tr v mt cht bo dn.
Bn khng cn phi chn hc nhiu k nng. Bn ch cn chn mt k nng thi. Hy
chn mt k nng t danh sch vic mun lm ca bn v c gng hc cho ti cng. Hy
hc ngoi ng ny, chi nhc c kia, khm ph tr chi ny, thc hin d n kia, nu mn
n , to ra tc phm ngh thut ny Thc ra, vic thc hin d hn nhiu so vi bn
tng.
Hy cam kt t trc l trong vng mt thng ti, mi ngy bn s dnh ra khong
mt ting luyn tp. Mt khi bn thc s bt u luyn tp, bn s hc c nhiu
v nhanh hn so vi k vng ca bn. Hy chia nh n ra, hy phn b thi gian, hy th
nhng vic mi, v b no ca bn s bt u hc c nhng th thut mt cch t
ng. chnh l cch vn hnh ca no b. Khi bn b vp hoc bi ri, hy th mt
cch tip cn mi.
Hy nh: Khi bt u, bn khng c php dng li cho ti khi t c mc
thnh tho mc tiu, hoc t ti mc 20 ting. Hy chin u nu cn, nhng ng
dng li. Hy th hin s gan gc ca bn, v tip tc tin v pha trc. Bn s n c
ch, tt c nhng g bn cn ch l luyn tp.
Suy ngh cui cng y: Thi gian duy nht bn c th chn luyn tp l ngay hm
nay.
Khng phi ngy mai. Khng phi tun ti. Khng phi thng ti hay nm ti. Ngay
hm nay.
Khi bn thc dy vo bui sng, bn c mt la chn. Bn c th chn u t thi gian
vo vic hc nhng k nng gip cho cuc sng ca bn thnh cng hn, ng sng hn
v th v hn hoc bn c th lng ph thi gian ca bn cho vic g .
Bn s lm g hm nay?