WHY?

STEVE HARRIS
SR. DIRECTOR,
ADVANCED NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
SCTE

Internet Protocol

2010 by SCTE

IP EXHAUSTION

2010 by SCTE

Internet Protocol
IP is the addressing
for DARPA Internet
32 bits - 4.2 billion
addresses
Internet explosion
fueled address
consumption

2010 by SCTE

Slowing Consumption

2010 by SCTE

Slowing Consumption: Subnetting

192.168.200.0
255.255.255.0 or /24

192.168.200.0 - 192.168.200.63 /26

192.168.200.128 - 192.168.200.191 /26

2010 by SCTE

192.168.200.64 - 192.168.200.127 /26

192.168.200.192 - 192.168.200.255 /26

Slowing Consumption: VLSM

2010 by SCTE

Slowing Consumption: NAT

2010 by SCTE

IP Exhaustion

http://www.iana.org

2010 by SCTE

IP Exhaustion

http://www.iana.org
2010 by SCTE

10

IPv4 Depleted
IANA will has less than 10% of IPv4 address
space remaining, cable operators / MSOs
must adopt IPv6 to support the growth of IP
related services and applications.

Smaller IPv4 blocks exist but

will cause router table expansion!
Source: http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html
2010 by SCTE

11

IPv4 Depletion Example

MSO with 24 million video customers.
Average customer has 2.5 STBs.
24 x 2.5 = 60 x 2 IPs per STB

2010 by SCTE

12

Review
What is a slash 8?

2010 by SCTE

13

Foreign Motivation

China needs 320

million IPs to support
broadband, switched
to IPv6!
Source: http://www.maxmind.com/app/techinfo
2010 by SCTE

14

Industry Consolidation
Merger of Networks with
Overlapping Address Space Calls
for Large, Non-Overlapping
Address Space
Private IPv4
Network

Private IPv4
Network

Private IPv4
Address Collision
2010 by SCTE

15

Will you be ready?

2010 by SCTE

16

Will you be ready?

http://www.sixxs.net/tools/grh/dfp/all/?country=us

2010 by SCTE

17

IPV6 FEATURES AND

BENEFITS
2010 by SCTE

18

IPv6
2001:0558:1234:5678:9DC8:0095:08A7:26C3::/64

Prefix: 2001::/3
Network = 2001:0558:1234:5678
Host = 9DC8:0095:08A7:26C3
18,446,744,073,709,551,616 hosts
on this network!
2010 by SCTE

19

Review

What is a prefix?

What is a /64?
2010 by SCTE

20

IPv6 Prefix Allocation

IANA
2001::/16

AfriNIC
::/19 to::/23

APNIC
::/19 to::/23

ARIN
::/19 to::/23

LACNIC
::/19 to::/23

RIPE NCC
::/19 to::/23

ISP
ISP
ISP/32
/32
/30-2

ISP
ISP
ISP/32
/32
/30-2

ISP
ISP
ISP/32
/32
/30-2

ISP
ISP
ISP/32
/32
/30-2

ISP
ISP
ISP/32
/32
/30-2

Site
Site
Site/48
/48
/48-64

Site
Site
Site/48
/48
/48-64

Site
Site
Site/48
/48
/48-64

Site
Site
Site/48
/48
/48-64

Site
Site
Site/48
/48
/48-64

2010 by SCTE

21

The Next Generation Protocol

IETF developed
http://www.ietf.org

IPv6 backbone
http://gogoNET.gogo6.com
http://www.he.net/

RFCs
http://www.rfc-editor.org
2010 by SCTE

22

IPv6 Features
Mobility
Traffic
Class

Security

QoS

Checksums

2010 by SCTE

Hierarchical

23

IPv6 Header

8 fields
2010 by SCTE

40 bytes
24

What fields were removed from 4?

2010 by SCTE

25

Benefits of IPv6

~4.2GB IPv6 Datagram

ND

2010 by SCTE

OSPFv3
IPSEC ICMPv6
RIPng

26

IPv4 vs. IPv6

2010 by SCTE

27

Equitable Global Assignment

2010 by SCTE

28

ARP?
No more inefficient broadcasts on the
network.
Neighbor Discovery Protocol is a TRUE
layer 3 protocol.
Multicast addresses are used to perform
layer 2 resolution.

2010 by SCTE

29

ADDRESSING

2010 by SCTE

30

IPv6 Addressing Support

http://ipv6int.net/systems/index.html

2010 by SCTE

31

Hex
Converting hex to decimal and binary
is required to fully understand IPv6.

How is this done?

2010 by SCTE

32

Understanding
What do we know about 4?

2010 by SCTE

33

128 bit IPv6

2001:0558:1234:5678:9DC8:0095:08A7:26C3::/64

39 characters

CIDR notation

8 sections, hextets?
Zero Compression

2010 by SCTE

Prefixes

34

Zero Compression
2001:00C3:0000:2A3B:02AA:001F:FE08:9C
5A
2001:C3:0:2A3B:2AA:1F:FE08:9C5A

2001:C3::2A3B:2AA:1F:FE08:9C5A
Remember only use the :: once!

2010 by SCTE

35

Review
Compress
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0215:C55A:54D0

2010 by SCTE

36

IPv6 Address Format

Network ID or
Prefix

Operator Customer
Subnet Subnet

/31-32

/48

Interface ID

/64

/128

128 bit Address

2010 by SCTE

37

IPv6 Address Range Reserved

or Assigned

Global Unicast
2000::/3

Unique-Local
FC00::/7

Unspecified
::/8
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0=>::
0.0.0.0 (IPv4)

2010 by SCTE

Link-Local
FE80::/10

Loopback
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1=> ::1
Multicast
FF00::/8 or 224.0.0.0
(IPv4)
38

Review
Map these types to IPv4
Public

Link Locals

Private
(RFC
1918s)
2010 by SCTE

39

Global Unicast
Network
64 bits

Site

Provider / ISP
3

29 bits

Global Prefix

LAN

16 bits 16 bits

SLA

LAN

64 bits

Interface ID

IEEE EUI-64

001

2000::/3

Host

/32

/48

/64 pseudo-random generator

cryptographically generated
DHCPv6
manually

2010 by SCTE

40

Unique-Local Unicast
128 bits
1

Interface ID

Global ID 40 bits
RANDOM

1111 1100
FC00::/7

7 bits

Subnet ID

16 bits
1 Bit : L = 1 Locally assigned;
L = 0 Future Use

Note:
Unique-Local Unicast
was the replacement
for Site-Local
Address Deprecated
in RFC 3879

Local communications
Not routable on the Internet
Provider-independent addresses
2010 by SCTE

41

Link-Local Unicast
fe80:0000:0000:0000:9dc8:e095:8a7:26c3
fe80::9dc8:e095:8a7:26c3

128 Bits
1111111010

54 bits (zero)

FE80::/10

10 Bits

Interface ID

64 Bits
IEEE EUI-64

pseudo-random generator
cryptographically generated
FE80:0000:0000:0000/10

DHCPv6
manually

2010 by SCTE

42

What is an EUI-48?
MAC address

Node address
BIA
Adapter address

Physical address

2010 by SCTE

43

Extended Unique Identifier

OUI

Serial

EUI-48 bit

00 90 0F 17 FC 0F

EUI-64 bit

00 90 0F FF FE 17 FC 0F

Modified
IPv6
EUI-64 bit

02
00 90 0F FF FE 17 FC 0F

00000010
U
2010 by SCTE

00000010 = 2 hex

44

EUI
What is the IPv6 global unicast?
The IPv6 prefix is 2001:648:2320:1::/64.
The MAC address is 00-08-0d-4e-6b-c6.
EUI-48 bit

00 08 0D 4E 6B C6

EUI-64 bit

00 08 0D FF FE 4E 6B C6

Modified
IPv6
EUI-64 bit

02
00 08 0D FF FE 4E 6B C6

IPv6 Global
Unicast Address

2001 648

2320 1

0208

0DFF FE4E 6BC6

/64
2010 by SCTE

45

IPv6 Addressing for IPv4

IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Address format
96 Bits

32 Bits

IPv4 Address
192.168.30.1
0:0:0:0:0:0
IPv4 Compatible Address = 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.30.1
= ::192.168.30.1
= ::C0A8:1E01

IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Address format

80 Bits

16 Bits

FFFF
0:0:0:0:0:0

32 Bits

IPv4 Address
192.168.30.1

IPv4-Mapped Address = 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.168.30.1 = ::FFFF:C0A8:1E01

2010 by SCTE

46

Review
What is a IPv4-mapped address for
100.16.0.193?

2010 by SCTE

47

Anycast
2001:558::1234

FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFF
FDFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFF

2
A

128 bits
64 bits
64 bits

Subnet prefix

Anycast
Group ID

57 bits

111111x11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

1111111

7 bits
(2^7) 128
0 if EUI-64 format (not globally unique)
X=

1 if non-EUI-64 format (interface longer than 64 bits or globally unique)

Reserved Mobile IPv6 Home-Agent Anycast = 7E (126) or 111 1110

If configuring manually: Use Prefix + All 1s +

Pick
last by
7 bits
to assign Anycast group ID
2010
SCTE

48

Subnet-Router Anycast

n bits
subnet prefix

128-n bits
0000000000000

2001:558::

2010 by SCTE

49

Well Known Multicast Addresses

Address

Scope

Meaning

FF01::1

Node-Local

All Nodes

FF02::1

Link-Local

All Nodes

FF01::2

Node-Local

All Routers

FF02::2

Link-Local

All Routers

FF05::2

Site-Local

All Routers

FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx

Link-Local

Solicited-Node

http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-multicast-addresses

2010 by SCTE

50

IPv6 Multicast Address

SCOPES
R P T flags

0 reserved
1 interface-local scope
2 link-local scope
4 admin-local
5 site-local scope
8 organization-local scope
E global scope (Internet)

T = 0 allocated by IANA

T = 1 user created
P = 0 not assign based on prefix
P = 1 assigned based on prefix
R = 1 PIM-SM-RP (PT = 1)

reserved (3, F)
unassigned (6, 7, 9, A, B, C & D)

1111 1111 xxxx

FF

Flags

2010 by SCTE

xxxx

112

Group ID

Scope
51

IPv6 Multicast MAC Address

Mapping
112
8

1111 1111 xxxx

FF

Flags

xxxx
Scope

80

32

High Order

Low Order

80 Bits Lost

IPv6 Solicited-Node
Multicast Address

33-33-04-D2-16-2E

FF02::1:FFD2:162E
EUI-48
Ethernet Link-Layer
Multicast Address

Multicast Prefix
for Ethernet multicast

Ethernet Address

33:33:04D2:162E
2010 by SCTE

52

IPv6 Unicast Based Multicast

Address
32
8

32
8

64

1111 1111 0011 1110 00000000 01000000 Unicast Prefix

FF

Flags Scope Reserved

0RPT
(Resrv)

Group ID

Prefix
Length
(Plen)

FF3E:0040:3FFE:0C15:C003:1109:0000:1111
3 hex
0RPT
0011

E hex
Global
Scope

2010 by SCTE

40 hex
Prefix=6
4

1. Derive multicast from global unicast.

2. Highest allocation

53

Embedded Rendezvous Point

Group address carries the

RP address for the group!

32
8

64

32

1111 1111 0111 1110 00001100 00110000 2001:E10

FF

Flags Scope Reserved

0RPT
(Resrv)

248

Prefix
Length
(Plen)
30

Prefix: 2001:E10::/32
RP address: 2001:E10::C/128
Embedded RP: FF7E:C30:2001:E10::248
2010 by SCTE

54

Solicited-Node Multicast Address

no
messages
Notbroadcast
link-layer
No EUI-64
specific

IPv6 Address
Interface ID

Prefix

Lower 24

Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses

FF02

24 bits

0001

FF

Lower 24

xx:xxxx

128 bits

2010 by SCTE

55

TRANSITION STRATEGIES

2010 by SCTE

56

Transition Options

Dual Stack
NAT

Tunnels
Pure IPv6

2010 by SCTE

57

IPv6 Dual Stack

Dual stack

2001:558:1:29DC8:E095:8A7:26C3 /64
68.10.100.49/22

2010 by SCTE

58

IPv6 Features
DNS 64
2001:db8::2

Connection
Prefix NAT
Initialization

2001:db8::/64

2001:db8::1, FC00:db8::1
NAT 64
NAT64 public IPv4 pool 192.0.2.0/24
2010 by SCTE

59

Tunnels
IPv6

IPv6
IPv4 Tunnel

IPv4

IPv4

IPv6 Tunnel

2010 by SCTE

60

6 to 4 Tunnel
Dual stack IPv4/6 hosts

Native IPv6 hosts

IPv
6

Dual
Stack
Relay
Router

Relay outside of
Providers control

2002::/16

Dual
Stack
Relay
Router

6 to 4 Tunnel
IPv
IPv4 6

No guarantee that native IPv6 will be reachable. With 6RD the ISP provides the tunnel.

2010 by SCTE

61

IPv6 Features
IPv6

Subscribers
IPv4 Global
IPv6 ISP Prefix

IPv6

6rd from
Internet

IPv4

IPv6

IPv6

6rd
Residential
Gateway
IPv6

6rd solves the

problem with the
unknown return path.

IPv4

6rd
Residential
Gateway

IPv4

6rd
Residential
Gateway

AR

2010 by SCTE

IPv6

DHCPv6

IPv4

6rd Domain

IPv4/6
Core

CMTS

ISP
Aggregate
IPv4
Network

6RD
BR or GW
Cisco 7200
IPv4

62

IPv6 Features (ISATAP)

Prefix

0000:5EFE

IPv4 Address

6 over 4 tunnel

172.29.100.5
FE80::5EFE:AC1D:6405
2001:578::5EFE:AC1D:6405

2010 by SCTE

172.29.100.6
FE80::5EFE:AC1D:6406
2001:578::5EFE:AC1D:6406

63

IPv6 Features (DS-Lite)

With DS-Lite a customer can

continue to use an IPv4
service when IPv4 addresses
are no longer available

Host A
v4

IPv6
Provisioned
Address

GWR

Server A
v4

IPv6

AFTR

2010 by SCTE

64

CGN 444 or LSN

Public IPv4
10.x.x.x
NAT44

CM

CMTS

Provisioning
Servers

192.168.0.1

192.168.0.10
192.168.0.11

CGN
NAT444

Public 4 Address
to Core

2010 by SCTE

65

Topology
IPv6/v4 Internet
OSPF

BGPv4

CORE
Backbone

RFI
(IPv4)

Home /
SMB
STB
(IPv4 224.x)

A1: PC
Win XP/SP3
(IPv4)

Servers (IPv4/6)
DHCP, DNS, DHCPv6 PD
TFTP, TOD, HTTP
224.x video (IPv4/6)

IS-IS

OSPF
Legacy CM
(IPv4)

A2: TV

CMTS
(IPv4/6)

HFC
CMTS
(IPv4/6)

HFC
HFC

RFI
(IPv4/6) RIP
CM eRouter
(IPv4/6)
Home/SMB

2010 by SCTE

AR
(IPv4/6)

B1: PC
Win2K
(IPv4)

B
B2: PC
Vista
(IPv4/6)

CM Bridge
(IPv4/6)
STB
(IPv6 FF00)

Home/SMB

RFI
(IPv6)

C
C2: PC
Win7
(IPv4/6)

C1: TV

66

NEIGHBOR DISCOVERY

2010 by SCTE

67

Neighbor Discovery

2010 by SCTE

68

Neighbor Discovery

Router Advertisement
2010 by SCTE

69

PROVISIONING

2010 by SCTE

70

Provisioning

DHCPv6 Stateful
DHCPv6 Stateless
DHCPv6 PD
SLAAC
APM

CM

CMTS

RA
MDD

DHCP
v6

START NOW!

2010 by SCTE

72

IPv6: Getting Started

Start

Train

Plan

2010 by SCTE

73

IPv6: Getting Started

Test

Deploy

2010 by SCTE

Troubleshoot

Manage

74

Training

SCTE IPv6 Virtual Course

SCTE IPv6 ILT Training
SCTE Primers
SCTE Live Learning
SCTE Infoscope
SCTE Cisco Training

2010 by SCTE

75