Teacher Name: Ms.

Williams
Subject: Integrated Science
Project Title:
School: Saddlers Secondary School
Form: 5Th
Class: 502

1a. State the conditions necessary for flotation?

Up thrust- Water exerts an up thrust force that opposes the force of gravity
and effectively lessens the weight of objects.

Density- The object must have a lesser degree of compactness than the
surroundings.
B. What is Archimedes Principle?
Archimedes' principle- indicates that the upward buoyant force that is
exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged,
is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces. Archimedes
principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics.
C. There a various factors that affect the free movement of objects in air and
water. Explain the following terms.
Friction/Viscosity- the resistance that one surface or object encounters
when moving over another. The state of being thick, sticky, and semi fluid in
consistency due to internal friction. A quantity expressing the magnitude of
internal friction, as measured by the force per unit area resisting a flow in
which parallel layers unit distance apart has unit speed relative to one
another.
Stream Lining- is design or provided with a form that presents very little
resistance to a flow of air or water, increasing speed and ease of movement.
Wind speed - is the measure motion of the air with regard to the surface of
the earth covering a unit distance over a unit time.
Wind direction- is an indicator of the direction that the wind is coming
from. For example, a northerly wind is coming from the north and blowing
toward the south.
Water current- is the flow of water which is influenced by gravity as
the water moves downhill to reduce its potential energy. The current varies
spatially as well as temporally within the stream dependent upon
the flow volume of water, stream gradient, and channel geometrics.
Wind current- a current of air, sometimes of considerable force, moving
generally horizontally from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
D1. What are projectiles?
Projectiles- are any object that is cast, fired, flung, heaved, hurled, pitched,
tossed, or thrown. The path of a projectile is called its trajectory.
Four examples of projectiles:
A baseball that has been pitched, batted, or thrown.

 A bullet the instant it exits the barrel of a gun or rifle.

A bus driven off an uncompleted bridge.
A moving airplane in the air with its engines and wings disabled.
D2. Discuss how angle size determines the range covered by projectiles.
The peak height of a projectile is determined by the initial value of the
vertical velocity component. The greater the initial value of vy, the
higher that a projectile will rise. The projectile launched at 60-degrees
has the greatest vy, and as such the greatest peak height. The "hang
time" of a projectile is also determined by the initial value of the
vertical velocity component. The smaller the initial value of vy, the
shorter the hang time. The range of a projectile is determined by two
parameters - the initial value of the horizontal velocity component and
the hang time of the projectile. A projectile launched at 60-degrees has
the greatest hang time; yet its range is limited by the fact that the vx is
the smallest of all three angles. The projectile launched at 30-degrees
has the greatest vx of all three launch angles; yet its range is limited by
the fact that the hang time is so short. The projectile launched at 45degree does not win in either category, yet the fact that it is able
to place a strong showing in each category contributes to its ability to
achieve the greatest range. More sophisticated arguments for why the
45-degree launch angle yields the greatest range exist.
2a. Describe the various methods used locally for fishing. Provide an
illustration of each.
Fishing by hand- You gently reach into the water and pull out one or more
fish.

Spearing- fishing using a spear and is also an ancient method of fishing that
has been used throughout the world for millennia. Early civilizations were
familiar with the custom of spearing fish from rivers and streams using
sharpened sticks.
Netting-this is fishing, involving very long nets that drift with the winds and

currents, creating a webbing curtain in which fishes are trapped.

Bottom trawl- this is a large net, conically shaped, designed to be towed
along the sea bottom. The trawl is pulled through the water by one or more
boats, called trawlers or draggers. The activity of pulling the trawl through
the water is called trawling or dragging.

Cast netting- cast or throw nets are small round nets with weights on the
edges which are thrown by the fisher. The net is thrown by hand in such a
manner that it spreads out on the water and sinks. Fish are caught as the net
is hauled back in.

Shore operated fish nets-these are held horizontally by a large fixed

structure and periodically lowered into the water. Huge mechanical
contrivances hold out horizontal nets with diameters of twenty meters or
more. The nets are dipped into the water and raised again, but otherwise
cannot be moved. The nets may hold bait or be fitted with lights to attract
more fish.

Lines- are a commercial fishing technique. It uses a long line, called the
mainline, with baited hooks attached at intervals by means of
branch lines called snoods. A snood is a short length of line, attached to the
main line using a clip or swivel, with the hook at the other end.

Traps and pots- are enclosures or devices that fish, crustaceans or molluscs
enter voluntarily, or are entangled in, by from which they are prevented from

escaping in some way. Animals are enticed into the enclosure either by bait
or because the apparatus appears to provide a refuge.

b. Name any two navigational devices used at sea.

The compass- An instrument whose magnetized metal needle aligns
itself with the magnetic fields of the earth. This causes one end of the
needle to point north.
The astrolabe- This tool was once used to determine the altitude of the
sun or other celestial bodies.
c. Name any two water safety devices. (Increase of sinking ship)
Life jackets
Distress flares
d. Discuss the hazards associated with scuba diving.
Oxygen partial pressure
Hypoxia: equipment failure a faulty or misused rebreather can provide
the diver with hypoxic gas.
Any liquid environment
Asphyxia by drowning: Inhalation of liquid (water), usually causing
laryngospasm and suffocation caused by water entering the lungs and
preventing the absorption of oxygen leading to cerebral hypoxia.
Loss of breathing gas supply
Drowning: closing and jamming of the cylinder valve by roll off on
something overhead (rotation of the knob to close the valve by friction
when dragged along in contact with a surface) or by kelp when pushing
through dense kelp.

Inhalation of salt spray

Salt water aspiration syndrome: inhaling a mist of sea water from
a faulty demand valve.