ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to God because of my achievement in completing my industrial training program as the

requirement of University to expose the students in job scope. First of all, I want to thanks to
Penang Department of Environment (DOE) because accepting me as the internship student in
15 weeks (22th November 2015 until 19th February 2016) whereas it is a short duration time to
learn about this department. I also would like to acknowledge the contribution by my coordinator
Sir Mohd Zaki Sukor and Sir Muhd Imran Ismail who always help me in settled my internship
processes. Not forgotten to Director of Penang DOE,Pn. Norhayati bt Yahaya and Assistant
Director in education Unit as my supervisor too, Mr. Suffian bin Julmohamad. Both of them give
a lot of information and try to illustrate the job scope in DOE also encourage me in crating my
target for my coming future. My supervisor also was prepare arrange the timetable on internship
activities in this Department for Internship student. So that, it easier for me to learn about Doe
systematically. Besides that, not exemptions too all officers, technicians, and staffs of Penang
DOE that also involved in helping me and give information related to their knowledge about their
job scope. Furthermore, my internship team members Muhammad Ruzaini and Mohd Norfikri
always help me in this internships learning process also be kind in sharing their knowledge
among us. My father, Mhd Subre Ishak also involved in supporting me about financial and
facilities along the internship duration time.

ABSTRACT
Penang Department of Environment (DOE) has been divided into two places which are Head
Quarters (HQ) at Kepala Batas while another branch at Bayan Lepas. Same goes to DOE in
other states in Malaysia, Penang DOE has three sections which are Administration, Operation
and Development. This department also hire practical students to be placed in Operation and
Development section so that they can be exposed with the roles of DOE instead of learning new
things relate to the course. There are five units under Development section which are
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Preliminary Sitting Evaluation (PSE), Education and
Information, Written Approval and Surveillance. These five units have authority in giving
approval and handling related to the office documentation. Compare to operation sections units,
which are Point Source, Mobile Source, Patrols and Prosecution, it more focus on action by
individual or certain agencies that tried to harm the environment through any sources. The
purpose of performing this report is to investigate, evaluate and analyze any subject that related
to environment through enforcement of DOE by complying of Environmental Quality Act (EQA)
1974.

TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................. 1
SECTION 1.................................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Historical Background............................................................................................ 3
1.2 Vision.................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Mission................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Function............................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Purpose............................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Strategies............................................................................................................. 4
1.7 Logo.................................................................................................................... 4
1.8 Organization Structure........................................................................................... 4
1.9 Job Scope............................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................................ 8
EDUCATION UNIT...................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................ 9
WRITTEN APPROVAL UNIT.......................................................................................................9
3.1 Amendment of Regulation of Regulation Quality Act (Clean Air) 1978............................9
3.2 Industrial Effluent Treatment (IET) Plant....................................................................9
CHAPTER 4.............................................................................................................................. 12
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT UNIT...................................................................12
4.1 Project Concept.................................................................................................. 12
4.2 Types of Environmental Impact Assessment............................................................13
4.2.1 Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (Pre-EIA).......................................13
CHAPTER 5.............................................................................................................................. 15
SURVEILLANCE UNIT.............................................................................................................. 15
5.1 Marine Surveillance............................................................................................. 15
5.2 River Surveillance............................................................................................... 15
5.3 Air Quality Surveillance........................................................................................ 16
1

5.4 Groundwater Quality Surveillance..........................................................................17

CHAPTER 6.............................................................................................................................. 18
MOBILE SOURCES (MOTOR VEHICLES) UNIT......................................................................18
6.1 Activity of Mobile Sources (Motor Vehicles).............................................................18
CHAPTER 7.............................................................................................................................. 21
COMPLAINT UNIT.................................................................................................................... 21
7.1 Main categories of complaint................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER 8.............................................................................................................................. 23
POINT SOURCE (ENFORCEMENT) UNIT...............................................................................23
8.1 Process of Enforcement....................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 9.............................................................................................................................. 25
SCHEDULE WASTE UNIT........................................................................................................25
9.1 Group of schedule waste...................................................................................... 25
9.2 Schedule Waste Management............................................................................... 26
9.3 Offence and Fine................................................................................................. 26
CHAPTER 10............................................................................................................................ 27
PRELIMINARY SITING EVALUATION......................................................................................27
10.1 Recommendation of Preliminary Siting Evaluation..................................................27
10.2 Application Process............................................................................................ 28
CHAPTER 11............................................................................................................................ 30
DAILY ROUTINE....................................................................................................................... 30
SECTION 2................................................................................................................................ 34
CHAPTER 12............................................................................................................................ 34
MINI PROJECT......................................................................................................................... 34
DESIGN OF BAG FILTER DUST COLLECTOR.......................................................................34
1.0

Introduction to Dust Collector Key Component.....................................................34

2.0

Filter selection................................................................................................ 39

3.0

Key Design-Factors of Bag Filter.......................................................................43

4.0

Calculation Example on Design of bag Filter Dust Collector...................................47

5.0

Few Suggestions to improve the performance of pulse jet bag filter dust collector.....49

CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................... 51
APPENDIX................................................................................................................................ 52

SECTION 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical Background
Penang Department of Environment (DOE) is created under Ministry of Local
Government and Environment on 15th September 1975 as known as Environmental Section.
On March 1976, Environmental Section was located under Ministry of Science, Technology
and Environment. On 1st September 1983, Environmental Section was upgrade to
Department of Environment (DOE). Since of the department upgraded, DOE, so, the
department is located under Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
DOE North area was addressed at 4765 A, Jalan Bagan Luar, Butterworth in year 1981.
This department was monitoring to four states; Perak, Pulau Pinang, Kedah and Perlis.
Penang DOE was transferred to 5-8th Floor, Wisma Peladang , Jalan Kampung Gajah,
Butterworth on 1990 until 2010 before transferred to Ground Floor- Zone B, Wisma
Persekutuan, Seberang Perai Utara (SPU), 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang and have
about 85 persons of staffs not including of staff in branch office at Bayan Lepas. Doe in
Bayan Lepas is located at 4th Floor, Kompleks Mayang Mall at Bandar Baru and starting
operate on 1st January 2007. There are 10 staffs are tasked to operate in a branch office at
Bayan Lepas that overseas 2 districts at Daerah Barat Daya and Daerah Timur Laut.

1.2 Vision
Ensure preservation of the unique, variety and environment quality for health, safety and life
comfort to society now and coming future.

1.3 Mission
Promote, enhance and continue in managing good environment in country development
processes.

1.4 Function
Administrate and enforce the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 and Part (iv) in Exclusive
Economy Zone, 1984.

1.5 Purpose
1.5.1 Clean, safe, healthy and productive of environment for now and coming future
generation
1.5.2 Unique historical and culture preservation and variety of effected participation to all
society sector.
1.5.3 Lifestyle, uses pole and sustainable production.

1.6 Strategies
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

Sustainable Development trough Conservation of Resources

Integration of Environmental Factors in Development Planning
Pollution Prevention and Control
Promotion of Environmental Education and Awareness
Inter- Agency and Federal State Cooperation
Public Participation in Environmental Management
Bilateral, Regional and International Cooperation.

1.7 Logo

1.8 Organization Structure

Penang DOE organization structure are divided into three section. There are Administration,
Operation and Development.

1.8.1
4

Function of administration section including of general administration and coordination,

financial personal administration, poll collection and payment of licenses and supported
service.
1.8.2
Function of operation including of inventory, complaint, point sources control, fixed of
premise license (natural rubber, palm, and schedule waste) and license violation process for
factor other than fixed premises. This function is to enforce regulation in Environmental
Quality Act (EQA), 1974 including enforcement of regulation of smoke expose from vehicle
and industrial chimney. The action will be taken for those who are rebel to EQA 1974.
1.8.3
Preliminary Sitting Evaluation (PSE), Environmental Evaluation (EE), Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA), evaluation of the project on the establish site, environmental quality
surveillance, written approval premises for controlling system plan and combustion product
and environmental education are included in this section. This function is to ensure the
avoidance step is provided and may not harmful to environment and make sure of
changeable are done to environment cause of development activities.

1.9 Job Scope

Department of Environment Penang are divided to 16 levels of jobs scope. Each unit have
an officer and technician but certain level are selected for indoor management such as
administration and financial unit. From the total 17 staff, 17 officer is in Management and
Professional Group while another 67 officer is Supported Group.
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Position Level
Director
(Pengarah)
Director Assistant Leader
(Ketua Penolong Pengarah)
Senior Control Officer
(Pegawai Kawalan Kanan)
Control Officer
(Pegawai Kawalan)
Assistant High Control Officer
(Penolong Pegawai Kawalan Tinggi)
Assistant Senior Control Officer
(Penolong Pegawai Kawalan Kanan)
Control Officer
(Penolong Pegawai Kanan)
High Technician
(Juruteknik Tinggi)
Senior Technician
(Juruteknik Kanan)
Techinician
(Juruteknik)
Assistant Senior Administrative Officer
(Penolong Pegawai Pentadbiran Kanan)
Assistant Information System Officer
(Penolong Pegawai Sistem Informasi)
Assistant Secretary Officer
(Penolong Pegawai Setiausaha)
Administarative Assistant ( Accountancy/Operation)
(Penolong Pentadbiran)
Accountant Assistant
(Penolong Akauntan)
General Assistant
(Pembantu Am Rendah)
Driver
(Pemandu)

P
KPP
PKK
PK
PPKT
PPKK
PPK
JTT
JTK
JT
PPPK
PPSI
PPS
PP
PA
PAR

Director

PT (K)

Administratio
n

Administratio
n & Financial

Information
System

Operation

Point Source
(Enforcement
)

Mobile
Source
(Motor
Vehicles)

Prosecution

Development

Patrols

EIA

Perai

Complaint
(open
Burning adn
Haze)

PSE

SPU

Schedule
Waste (OPS)

Written
Approval

SPT

Schedule
Waste (Inv)

Education &
Information

SPS

Survelliance

Figure 1.1 Organization Chart in Penang DOE

CHAPTER 2
EDUCATION UNIT
Education Unit is created with purposing to perform a variety of activities as to give
awareness to society. These objectives are to present and expose the awareness among
community and society about the importance of protection and preservation of environment
apart from having a sense of responsibilities in society behavior. In one year, there are about
100 to 200 activities and programme that are involved by Penang DOE whether as organizer or
visitor to be a lector for certain programme.
The involvement for DOE staff only is more related to their course of job scope while
others is more to give information about importance conserving and preserving the environment.
The example of activity are Environmental Awareness Camp or Kem Kesedaran Alam Sekitar
( KeKAS) , Environmental Exhibition, Malaysia Environmental Week Celebration or Minggu
Alam Sekitar Malaysia (MASM), Sustainable School Programme, Environmental Lecture
Programme, Colloquium and World Environmental Day.

Figure 2a: Programme at KOMTAR,

Penang

Figure 2b: Programme at Bose Factory

CHAPTER 3
WRITTEN APPROVAL UNIT
Written Approval Unit are responsible to processing the application of pollution control
device such as filter bag, scrubber and other else. Other than that, this unit also responsible in
processing application of fuel burning equipment installation such as boiler, furnace and so on in
industry that related to air pollution discharge to atmosphere. In this unit, it have own charter
where each application for written approval must be reply or response within three weeks.
In approving the application, several of process must be followed by applicant: The
process is as follows:1) Consultant was design and draw the plan related to requirement of control device bu
following the guideline.
2) The applicant will get the permission to permission approval unit in DOE.
3) An assistant control officer of approval permission will process the application.
4) If do not have any problem, the application will be submitted to assistant director and
next to chief assistant director for revision.
5) Chief assistant director will submit the application to director
6) If have uncompleted information, permission approval officer will reject or request
additional additional information for the application approval.
7) After the application is approve, industry or company can starting install the control
device by following the plan.
3.1 Amendment of Regulation of Regulation Quality Act (Clean Air) 1978
About 36 years the Regulation of Quality Act (Clean Air) 1978 is used for ensuring the
equipment is safe to environment. However, it was updated to the new one as known as
Regulation of Quality Act (Clean Air) 2014.
3.2 Industrial Effluent Treatment (IET) Plant
Written Approval Unit also responsible in processing of written approval for installation of
new IET Plant or system improvement or existing IET Plant and also system installation of oil
trap at oil station as requirement of Regulation of Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent and
Sewage) 1979.
An industrial effluent can be classified as an organic effluent or inorganic effluent based
on contaminants and solids its contains. The contaminants and solids can be categorized as
9

organic and inorganic. Solid can be categorized as settle able solids such as sand, grit and, and
heavier organic and inorganic materials, or suspended solid such as colloidal materials that
resist settling and may remain suspended in the effluent or dissolved solids such as salt. In IET,
there are two processes which are biological process and physical chemical process. Both of
these processes are classified as below.
Table 3.1: The Processes in Industrial Effluent Treatment
Biological Process

- Suspended Growth
- Attached Growth
- Aerobic
- Anaerobic
- Ponding

Physical Chemical Process

Preliminary/Pretreatment
Tertiary/Advanced
Treatment
- Equalization (EQ)
- Carbon Adsorption
-Clarification
and - Chemical Oxidation
Sedimentation
Advanced
Oxidation
- pH Adjustment and Processes (AOP)
Neutralization
- Media Filtration
Coagulation
and - Membrane Filtration
Flocculation
- Evaporation
- Hydroxide Precipitation
- Carbonate Precipitation
Other
Precipitation
Technologies
- Gravity Separation (for oil
removal)
- Dissolved Air Floatation
(DAF)
- Ion exchange

The improper management of effluent disposal from the stream is not encourage from
happened. Some of regulation are stated in Regulation of Environmental Quality (Industrial
Effluent) 2009 below.
Regulation 2
Interpretation
In these Regulationsindustrial effluent means any waste in the form of liquid or wastewater generated from
manufacturing process including the treatment of water for water supply or any activity occurring
at any industrial premises;
mixed effluent means any waste in the form of liquid of wastewater containing both industrial
effluent and sewage;
effluent treatment system means any facility including the effluent collection system, designed
and constructed for the purposed of the reducing the potential of the industrial effluent or mixed
effluent to cause pollution.
10

Regulation 8
Proper operation of industrial effluent treatment system
1) Any owner or occupier of premises shall operate and maintain industrial effluent treatment
system in accordance with sound engineering practice for the treatment of the industrial effluent
and mixture effluent and ensuring that all the components of the industrial effluent treatment
system are in good working condition.
2) In this regulation, proper engineering practice means the manner by which effluent
treatment system is operated where the operational characteristics are maintained within the
normal range of values commonly used for the treatment of industrial effluent or mixed effluent.
Regulation 18
Prohibition against industrial effluent or mixed effluent discharge through by-pass.
1) No person shall discharge or cause or permit to be discharged any industrial effluent or
mixed effluent onto or into any soil, or into any land or any internal waters of Malaysia through
the by-pass.
2) In the regulation, by-pass means any intentional diversion of industrial effluent or mixed
effluent from any portion of the industrial effluent treatment system.
Regulation 20
Spills or accidental discharge of sewage
1) In an event of the occurrence of any spill, accidental discharge or leakage of any industrial
effluent or mixed effluent which either directly or indirectly gains or may gain access onto or into
any soil, or into any inland waters or waters of Malaysia, the owner or occupier of the premises
shall immediately and not more than six hours from the time of the occurrence inform to the
Director General of the Occurrence.
2) An owner or occupier of premises shall, to every reasonable extent, contain, cleanse or abate
the spills or accidential discharge or leakage or recover the industrial effluent or mixed effluent
discharged in the manner that satisfied the Director General.

11

CHAPTER 4
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT UNIT
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was introduced in US on 1970. Starting 1970,
EIA was be as an application and a trend in focusing on main impacts to environment. DOE
defines an EIA as a study of identifying, predicting, evaluating and communicating information
about the effects on the environment from a proponent project and to detail out measures to
reduce or minimize impacts before approval and implementation of projects. This purpose to
avoid and solve any problems occur and if there is a problem it would be, it will be signed and
completed in the early stages. The criteria that are taken into account such as zones, buffer,
distances, water pollution, air pollution geological, toxic cloud risk ore burning, raw material
disposal and social culture society.
Objective of EIA for prescribed activities are:

To examine and select the best from the project option available;
To identify and incorporate into the project plan appropriate abatement and mitigating
measures;
To identify significant residual environment impacts.

4.1 Project Concept

Project proponent should ensure that purpose concept not opposite with any
development planning, basic or any result from Malaysia Government before EIA (not limited to
below):a) National Physical Plan
b) Structure Plan
c) Local Plan
d) Federal Plan
e) Deal between Malaysian Government and Environment Quality Sdn. Bhd. Of
schedule waste in Malaysia
f) Deal between Malaysia Government and Pantai Medivest Sdn. Bhd. , Faber
Mediserve Sdn. Bhd. And Radicare Sdn. Bhd. Of clinical waste disposal from
government hospital
g) Guideline of High development
h) Guideline of Placement and Industrial zone.

12

4.2 Types of Environmental Impact Assessment

There are two types of EIA; Preliminary EIA (Pre-EIA) and Detailed EIA (DEIA) where
there are some of differentiation between them. Starting from the fixed activity in Regulation of
Environmental Quality (Fixed Activity) (EIA) 1987 until the differentiation of process flow of both
report (Appendix A(i) and A(ii)).
4.2.1 Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (Pre-EIA)
In Penang DOE, they just accept the Pre-EIA report as the examiner to check the EIA
documentation. Table 4.1 shows the content for every chapter in Pre-EIA report as requirement
before starting any proposed project by developer.
Table 4.1: Content of Pre-EIA Report
Chapte
r
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Description
Executive Summary
Title of Project
Project Initiator and Registered EIA Consultant
Statement of Need
Project Description
Project Options (Appendix A (iii) Matrix)
Description of Existing Environment
Potential Significant Impacts (Appendix A(iv) Checklist)
Mitigation and Abatement Measures
Residual Impacts
Summary of Conclusions
Data Sources, Consultations and Public Participation
List of References

Before starting any construction of proposed project, the developer or project proponent
should attend the One Stop Agency (OSA) meeting at DOE. Any proposed project that want to
develop in Penang area should be discussed in OSA meeting at Penang Doe. By referring to
Pre-EIA report that are completed by Consultant where registered with DOE, in OSA meeting
consultant will present about the project proposed to the DOE and related agencies such as :- Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai
- Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB)
- Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR)
- Indah Water Konsortium
- PPD
Since my internship, about three OSA meeting has been conducted by Penang DOE.
Before starting the meeting, DOE will prepare the summary (Appendix A(v)) and checklist
(Appendix A(vi)) for every Pre-EIA report for ease of presentation about subject that will be
13

discussed. During this time, the Consultant are present the proposed project in detailed to DOE
and other related agencies that also attend to OSA meeting. After presentation, any unclear
information about the project will be asked to the project proponent and consultant. They will
explain to the questioner in detail about the proposed project. OSA meeting will be finished after
all the related agencies satisfied with explanation from both of project proponent and consultant.
Table 4.2 represents three proposed projects in December 2015 with same consultant that
registered with DOE Penang, Yes Enviro Service Sdn. Bhd.
Table 4.2: Presentation of Proposed Project in OSA Meeting
Project Proponent
Alam Aliran Kualiti (M) sdn.
Bhd.

Proposed Project
Recovery Facility Expansion

Land Capacity Sdn. Bhd.

Earth Extraction

Perda
Ventures
Incorporated Sdn. Bhd.

Development

14

Location of Project
Plot 234, Bukit Minyak
Industrial Park, Seberang
Perai Tengah,
Pulau Pinang
Lots 309 and 3195, Mukim 6,
Daerah
Sebrang
Perai
Selatan, Penang
Lot 2694 Mukim 6 and Lot
2587 Mukim 8, Pongsu
Seribu, Daerah Seberang
Perai Utara, Penang

CHAPTER 5
SURVEILLANCE UNIT

5.1 Marine Surveillance

Penang DOE is functioning in producing data of Marine Water Quality Surveillance that
involving of three areas, coastal, estuary and island where these data is related to the
environmental management component and action planning that required to protect Malaysias
water.
This programme is constructed for giving attention to selected parameters for
surveillance. Selected parameter is based on water quality such as heavy metal, sediment,
microorganism and phytoplankton. After that, the samples will be submitted to nearest Malaysia
Department of Chemistry or Jabatan Kimia Malaysia (JKM).
Every year, DOE will calculate all the collecting data for marine water analization
referring to Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards (MWQCS) and Marine Water Quality
Index (MWQI) for Malaysia.
Table 5.1: Marine Water Quality (MWQ) for Malaysia
Category

Designation
90 100
80 <90
50 <80
0 <50

Excellent
Good
Moderate
Poor

5.2 River Surveillance

DOE was implement a monitoring of river quality in Malaysia starting year 1987 as the
purpose to increase river quality, detection of change and identify source of pollution. Thus
monitoring will be submitted to contractor from Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (ASMA) on
1995. Water Quality Index (WQI) will be used as a standard to measure status of water quality.
The parameter that are taken in river water sampling are BOD, COD, NH3-N, pH, DO, SS,
heavy metal and bacteria. The list of parameter will be refer in investigate the category of class
of WQI.
Table 5.2: Category of Water Quality Index (WQI)
Category
Clean
Moderately Polluted
Polluted

WQI (%)
80 100
60 79
0 59

15

Table 5.3: Subs-Index Parameter

Parameter
BOD5
NH3- N
SS

Clean
91 100
92 100
72 100

Figure 5.2a: Multi Parameter Probe

Sub-Index
Moderately Polluted
80 90
71 90
70 75

Polluted
0 79
0 79
0 69

Figure 5.2b: Explanation about the

Multi Parameter Probe

5.3 Air Quality Surveillance

Air Quality Surveillance is based on Air Pollution Index (API). In Penang, there are three
stations, Seberang Jaya 2, Perai and USM. Dominant of air pollution with high concentration are
state as contaminant that shows API value. Generally, particulate matter (PM10) us the highest
compared with other contaminant and this source will effected to API reading.
Typically, the concentration of ozone is higher and dominates API reading at certain
place by the late afternoon or early evening. Under influences of sunlight, nitrogen oxide and
Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs) that emitted by vehicles exhaust and industry reaction for
ozone formation on earth layer.
Table 5.4: Air Pollution Index (API)
Air pollution Index (API)
0 50
51 100
101 200
201 300
> 301

Air Quality Status

Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
Polluted
Hazardous

16

5.4 Groundwater Quality Surveillance

There are six of groundwater wells at Penang. Two wells at Mak Mandin industrial area and one
more at Bayan Lepas industrial area under monitoring category of Industrial Site while three
wells at area of Valdor farm, Simpang Empat under category of Animal Disposal Site. Monitoring
station at industrial site is the largest percentage parameter contributor that exceed than fixed
standard under Benchmark for Groundwater in Malaysia compared with monitoring station at
animal disposal site sector.
The purpose of groundwater quality monitoring is to detect groundwater pollution at potential
area that caused risk of groundwater pollution, the parameter that be analyzed are heavy metal,
VOCs, CaCO3, total dissolved solid (TDS), phenolic compound, pesticide, coliform and in-situ
reading such as pH, temperature, conductivity and Dissolved Oxygen (DO).

17

CHAPTER 6
MOBILE SOURCES (MOTOR VEHICLES) UNIT
Mobile source unit or motor vehicles unit is the unit that checks on vehicles using petrol
and diesel engines. By following the EQA 1974, there are several of regulations where it be a
guideline for Penang DOE in their enforcement. The regulations are:i) Regulation of Environment Quality (EQ) (Control of Emission from Diesel Engines)
1996
ii) Regulation of EQ (Control of Emission from Petrol engines) 1996
iii) Regulation of EQ (Motor Vehicle Noise) 1987
iv)Regulation of EQ (Control of Emission from Motorcycles) 2003
v) Regulation of EQ (Control of Petrol and Diesel) Amendent 2013
6.1 Activity of Mobile Sources (Motor Vehicles)
i) Operation Record / Camera Video
For avoid this problem of black smoke enforcement to diesel vehicles especially in urban
area, post operation was performed. Enforcement officers were assigned at several
location to post the registration number of vehicles and record the vehicles that emit
black smoke by using camera.
ii) Retest
Owner of vehicles that have been charged compound and given command is under
Section 48A, EQA 1974 are required to bring the vehicle to emission of black smoke
retest at PUSPAKOM starting 1st September 2013.
iii) Control of Facilities Approved (COFA)
COFA is a facilities, place or workshop under DOE approval where it provided for
emission testing either from diesel or petrol engine or both. COFA is equipped with
smoke measurement meter where only competence person can do any smoke test as
was noted in Regulation of EQ (Control of Emission from Diesel Engines) 1996 and
Regulation of EQ (Control of Emission from Petrol Engines) 1996.
iv) Source Controller to Fleet Operator
According to Regulation 18, Regulation of EQ (Control of Emission from Diesel Engines)
1996 , fleet operator should handle an approval facilities and do a black smoke test
periodically to motor vehicles besides compulsory for every six months by Department of
Road Transport or Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ). The purpose of enforcement
18

visit to fleet operator or individual company that have or handling for 10 or more diesel
engine vehicles is to control the air pollution at source level.
v) Enforcement of Noise from Motorcycle
Enforcement of noise from vehicles was enforce under Regulation of EQ ( Motor Vehicle
Noise) 1987. In general, this activity is more focusing on enforcement of Regulation 4 in
Regulation of EQ (Motor Vehicle Noise) 1987 whereas it related to noise from
motorcycles. The enforcement was operating with Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) or
JPJ.
vi) Refrigerant Management Control
DOE also implement an enforcement to involved premise with refrigerant management
from air conditioner system in motor vehicles in accordance with the provision of law
under Regulation of EQ 1999 that starting enforce on 1 st January 2000 for controlling of
gas emission that potentially deplete the ozone and increase the world temperature
level. For vehicles that not show the hundred percent (100%) content R134A or R12, no
compound will be issued. However it happens, the regular inspection done to bring
awareness to people about the importance of environment.
vii) Emission of Gas from Petrol and Diesel
Operation of Enforcement to Petrol and diesel vehicles are conducted under the
Regulation of EQ (Control of Emission from Petrol Engines) 1996 and Regulation of EQ
(Control of Emission from Diesel Engines) 1996 respectively. The purpose of these
activities is to check out emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC). Both
of these activity are little bit same but it still have a different between them in term of type
of vehicles, method of checking, offence and fine and the allowable limit or standard.

19

Figure 6a: Figure 6b: Compound sheet

Analyzer
for Petrol Emission Measurement

CHAPTER 7

Figure 6c: Petrol emission

Figure 6d: Mobile Source (Motor
measurement to small lorry
Vehicles) team

COMPLAINT UNIT
Main duty in complaint unit is investigate the complaints received by complete Standard
Operation Procedure (SOP) including prepared complaint report, update information in
electronic system control environment, e-Kas before and after investigation outcome feedback
in the complaint investigation to the complaint. This unit also coordinates and conducts patrols
for every month in operation to prevent open burning. Besides that, complaint unit also
coordinate contingency action based on:i. Contingency plan national oil spill control
ii. Action Plan of oil spill beach cleanup
iii. Action plan of open burning prevention
Case hotspot detected by satellite (NOAA18) will be submitted to main office through email and
will be recorded in e-KAS. They also will process application of permission approval of open
burning, coordinate report and data Air Pollution Index (API) (Appendix F(i)) for enforcement
section.

20

Although Penang DOE was accepted any complaint trough any way or method such as:-Phone, fax and short message (SMS) to Penang DOE or Head Quarters (HQ) DOE
-Webpage and email to Penang DOE or HQ DOE
-Mail to Penang DOE or HQ DOE
-The office of Penang DOE or HQ DOE
-Reference of other agencies
-Electronic media/newspaper
but at the same time, Penang DOE will classify the complaint by filled the Complaint Form
(Appendix C(i)) whether the complaint should be handle by complaint unit or other unit under
Penang DOE or other specific department to handle the complaint if it out from DOEs duty. The
related departments are Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai (MPSP), Majlis Pebandaran
Pulau Pinang (MPPP) or Department of Occupational Health and Safety.
7.1 Main categories of complaint
The complaints are divided to three categories where DOE will accept only these types
of complaints to take an action as their duty.

7.1.1 Complaint of Point Source

Complaint from industry or premise that are related enforcement unit, permission
approval unit or schedule waste unit especially that have number of file or Penang DOE
record. The complaint case will be submitted to enforcement officer that handling the
industry for investigation.
7.1.2 Complaint of Non-point Source
This complaint commonly will be investigated from officer from complaint unit and
action will be taken immediately if the complaint is out from enforcement of Penang
DOE. For example the non-point sources of complaint are pleasant odour where the
sources is not identified yet.
7.1.3 Instant complaint
This complaint commonly gets special attention from unit officer because it
related to community safety and instant action should be given. The example of instant
complaint are oil spills, gas leakage and schedule waste disposal. An instant complaint
such as discharged from ship (Appendix C(ii)) is really emphasized because it can
adversely affect to environment. So that, marine enforcement action process (Appendix
C(iv)) and detention procedure marine vessel pollution cases (Appendix C(v)) are
applied.
21

CHAPTER 8
POINT SOURCE (ENFORCEMENT) UNIT
In Point Source Unit or commonly called as Enforcement Unit have four sections where
it divided by district of Seberang Perai Utara (SPU), Seberang Perai Tengah (SPT), Seberang
Perai Selatan (SPS) and Perai. The visit to industry always be done every time. In industry,
there have an important effluent parameter (Appendix E(i)). The sample handling requirement
should be done properly by follow the source of effluent (Appendix E(ii)). This visit is made to
ensure the industries comply with the regulations that have been set in EQA 1974. The Point
Source also divided to two of premises:i) Prescribed premises
There are 4552 non-prescribed premises in Pulau Pinang such as plastic industry,
sewage plant, workshop, electric and electronic and other else.
ii) Non-Prescribed premises
Non-prescribed premises are rubber industry, schedule waste industry and palm
industry.
22

8.1 Process of Enforcement

Take a sample
(If available)

Visit the
industry

Detected not comply with

regulation

The letter will be send to

industry
Letter
-not related to
court cases

Compound
-RM 2000
23

Notice
-related to court
cases

CHAPTER 9
SCHEDULE WASTE UNIT
Schedule Waste (SW) unit is divided to two sections, inventory and operation. Officer
duty in inventory section is handling of consignment note or e-consignment, customs or port
managing, addition of lorry and driver and investigation illegal disposal cases. The process of
handling an investigation of SW illegal disposal are shown as in Appendix G(i). An operation
section is divided to two categories:i) Full acquisition premise
Visiting of pre-licensing, renew license, compliance of license, sampling, enforcement
action, application of schedule waste storage more than 180 days or 20 tones,
surveillance input data and enforcement in e-KAS and investigation of disposal case.
ii) Partial acquisition premise
All quietly same with full acquisition premise except managing of schedule waste where
it for government agency (other industry).

24

9.1 Group of schedule waste

According to First Schedule Environmental Quality (SW) Regulations 2005, schedule
waste means any waste falling within the categories of waste. This schedule waste can be
classify to 77 categories under five groups (Appendix G(ii)).
Group 1: metal waste and waste (10 categories SW 101-SW 110)
Group 2: waste that contain of non-organic constituents that may contain of metal and
organic substances (7 categories SW 201-SW 207)
Group 3: waste that contain of organic constituents that contain of metal and non-organic
substances (27 categories SW 301- SW 327)
Group 4: waste that contain either non organic or organic constituents (32 categories SW
401- SW 432)
Group 5: other waste (one category SW 501)

9.2 Schedule Waste Management

Return acquisition at facilities or premise that license from DOE. Process of schedule
waste acquisition is a complex process or be called as recovery. There are two types of
recovery process, full recovery and partial recovery. It purpose to get back certain substance or
needed elements after the elements and substances mix with other such as sand waste, sludge,
dust and fiber. The schedule waste usually involved in recovery process is contaminant
aluminum chip by oil, mix of grease and water, electronic waste containing of Au, Ag and Cu.
Recovery process was involving of physical process and chemical process.
9.3 Offence and Fine
Anyone convicted because of schedule waste disposal activity will imprison not
exceeding 5 years and fine not more than RM 500,000. Visit will be done to prescribed premises
for ensure compliance as requirement of license. For ensuring of continuous compliance by the
premise, the enforcement visit for these facilities will increase. The compound also will be taken
to schedule waste generator that failure in handling of schedule waste as state in Regulation of
EQ (SW) 2005.

25

CHAPTER 10
PRELIMINARY SITING EVALUATION
Preliminary Siting Evaluation (PSE) Unit is the service of industrial investor in given
advice and approves application about construction site before starting any development
project. The document that should be attached during make an application was information that
related to location, plan, production and installation of control device. PSE Unit will approve the
application based on:i) Plan of Penang Structure
ii) Plan of Penang Local
iii) Guideline for Sitting and Zoning of Industries
Besides that, the documentation either approved or rejected application will related to problem
of noise, irrigation, generator, and other utilities.
10.1 Recommendation of Preliminary Siting Evaluation
This unit also involve in given a comment to premise and development project applicant
that not prescribed in procedure of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). PSEs
26

recommendation can be conclude as several important element such as activity based on

selected location, identification and suggestion of method, and current instruction that must be
comply by owner. Aspects of evaluation unit are:
10.1.1 Buffer Zone
Buffer zone can be defined as border area between industrial area and housing area.
The spacing of buffer zone is different according to type of industries it will be used in giving
protection to human and environment.
10.1.2 Category of Industries
There are five categories of prescribed industry.
i. Category I High risk
ii Category II Heavy
iii. Category III Medium
iv. Category IV Small
v. Category V Cottage

10.1.3 Noise Level

Prescribed noise level to care the comfortable of residential area.
10.2 Application Process
1) Received and record an application
2) Checking of application type and background (new/old case)
3) Dividing of application by following the district
4) Checking of PSE application either complete/ non-complete
5) If the application is not complete, temporary PSE file opened/ the application will
rejected and additional information required
6) If the form and information is not complete, SIC number is determined and PTR are
required to open the file. If old cases are involved, the file are gotten from PTR.
7) The application is processes
8) Discussion with applicant
9) Visiting site

27

10) Description note are prepared for every case for PSE committee meeting
11) Case are presented in the meeting. Recommendation letter draft is based on
conditions result above
12) Sent the letter for typing
13) Checking typing letter
14) Submit for signature
15) The letter records out
16) The feedback letter are replied to applicant and related agencies
17) Process of record and PSE data analyzing
18) Record the application status in record book
19) Key in the data in PSE database system
20) The site location are plot with Geography Information System (GIS)
21) Check the accuracy of data in PSE database system
22) New information data updated in database
23) Monitor the development application status and pass the starting operation of
industry to enforcement unit
24) Pass up the completed process file (every six months) to PTR to be kept in file room
25) Preparation of PSE Unit report

28

CHAPTER 11
DAILY ROUTINE
Date
2. 11. 2015

3. 11. 2015
4. 11. 2015

5. 11. 2015

6. 11. 2015

9. 11. 2015

Activity
Introduction to the DOE officers
Conduct the environmental campaign at Komtar
Penang in conjunction with Go Green
Divided the task by department
Briefing about the industrial training at DOE
Follow DOE office Mr. Irwan and En. Jefri to take the
sample at Sg. Pinang
The project is regarding the environmental impact in
order to reduce the pollution at Sg. Pinang
Meet with Mr. Faizal from the Motor Vehicle Unit and
hear a little bit explanation about DOE
Divided to the different unit
Make a report about Pelan Tindakan Pembersihan
Pantai (PTPP) 2015
Meeting was given by Mr. Jefri about the
Surveillance Unit
Explanation about River Modeling Project for
Penang
Visit the site for River Modeling Project at Sg. Emas
and Sg. Feringgi
29

10. 11. 2015

11. 11. 2015

13. 11. 2015

16. 11. 2015

17. 11. 2015

18. 11. 2015

20. 11. 2015

23. 11. 2015

24. 11. 2015

26. 11. 2015
27. 11. 2015

1 .12 .2015
2. 12. 2015
3. 12. 2015
7. 12. 2015

8. 12. 2015

9. 12. 2015

19. 11. 2015

30. 11. 2015

10. 12. 2015

Deepavali
Explanation about how to use the Multi Parameter
Probe by Mr. Jefri
How to the Ecowash Software to identify the
parameters.
Explanation about River Modeling Project
Test the parameter for the river
Identify a the source and the impact of the
parameter to the river ecosystem
Task by Pn. Juliana to identify the EIA report
Processing the information about EIA
Key in the data into the EIA summary report
Attend PAT meeting
Finished the EIA summary report and send to Pn
Juliana
Briefing about the EIA report
Do the report
Update EIA info
Explanation about the EIA enforcement by Mr.
Hasbullah
Attend the EIA meeting for the Land Capacity for soil
extraction
Update EIA report
Update EIA report
Attend monthly DOE meeting
Introduce to all DOE officers
Meeting with Written Approval Unit
Briefing about Written Approval Unit
The Acts that related to the unit
Prepare a report for Air Pollution Control Device
Update EIA report
Update EIA report
Update EIA report
Help in preparation for Laws and Regulation
Seminar
Attend the Laws and Regulation Seminar at Sunway
Convention Centre
Visit the Malaysian Smelting Corporation (MSC) at
Bagan, Butterworth
Learn about the GIS software
Explanation about the GIS by Mr. Jefri , Mr.
Hasbullah and Madam Linda
Meeting with Mr. Affendi from Motor Vehicle Unit
Explanation about the device used by the unit
during operation.
30

11. 12. 2015

14. 12. 2015

15. 12. 2015

16. 12. 2015

17. 12. 2015

18. 12. 2015

12. 1. 2016

13. 1. 2016

18. 1. 2016
19. 1. 2016
20. 1. 2016
21. 1. 2016
22. 1. 2016

28. 1. 2016

29. 1. 2016

21. 12. 2015

4. 1. 2016
5. 1. 2016
6. 1. 2016
7. 1. 2016
8. 1. 2016
11. 1. 2016

Meeting with representative from MSC related to the

brown smoke complaint
Task given by Pn. Juliana to the EIA summary for
Alam Aliran Sdn. Bhd.
Do the EIA summary report
Do the GIS
Finish and send the EIA summary report
Update the EMR
Explanation by Madam Linda about the e-Kas
system
Update the EMR and EIA report
Attend the EIA meeting for the Taman Seri Bunga
Project
Reporting duty at Complaint Unit
Visit to Poly Glass Fibre Sdn. Bhd. with Mr. Ramli
Visit due to complaint about the waste disposal
Attend EIA meeting
Attend the EIA meeting for MMP resources
Alam Aliran Sdn. Bhd. meeting
Make a report
Update on EMR and EIA report
Do the GIS
Make a report
Update on EMR and EIA report
Make a report
Update on EMR and EIA report
Make a report
Update on EMR and EIA report
Make a report
Update on EMR and EIA report
Follow Mr. Hasbullah to do the EIA enforcement at
Tanjung Bungah and Batu Feringghi
Attend meeting for Scuba Unit for the reclamation
project
Explanation about silt curtain
Follow the operation with Motor Vehicle Unit
Follow the operation with Motor Vehicle Unit
Follow the operation with Motor Vehicle Unit
Follow the operation with Motor Vehicle Unit
Follow the operation with Motor Vehicle Unit
Visit to Teluk Bahang Camp Site for EIA
enforcement
Conduct the campaign at Bose Factory at Batu
Kawan
Visit to Asta Chemical Sdn. Bhd. with Mr. Ani and
31

1. 2. 2016
2. 2. 2016
3. 2. 2016
4. 2. 2016
5. 2. 2016
8. 2. 2016

9.2. 2016
10. 2. 2016
11. 2. 2016
12. 2. 2016
15. 2. 2016
16. 2. 2016

17. 2. 2016
18. 2. 2016
19. 2. 2016

Madam Khuzaimah
Make a report
Update on EMR
Make a report
Update on EMR
Meeting with Mr. Sufian from the Point Source Unit
Update the data for schedule waste
Update the data for schedule waste
Prepare the mini project report
Meet with Pn. Hasmah Rani to get the information
about the Air Pollution Control Device
Prepare the mini project report
Prepare the mini project report
Prepare the mini project report
Prepare the mini project report
Search the material for the presentation
Prepare the slide for mini project report
presentation
Meet with Mr. Nazri to hear the explanation about
the schedule waste management in detail
Prepare the slide for mini project report presentation
Prepare the slide for mini project report presentation
Do a presentation for the supervisor and all DOE
officers about the mini project

32

SECTION 2
CHAPTER 12
MINI PROJECT
DESIGN OF BAG FILTER DUST COLLECTOR
1.0
1.1

Introduction to Dust Collector Key Component

Solenoid/ Diagram Valves

Compressed air is the most successful way of cleaning modern fabric filters. It achieves
good cleaning rates, is low in war and requires little maintenance for long term application, a
successful combination of economic and environmental needs.
This is what happens in Compressed Air Cleaning
As the fabric filters become more contaminated, the differential pressure between crude
and the refined gas side increases. The difference is registered by the pressure meter in the
differential pressure gauge. The electronic timer controller then stes all the dust cleaning valves
in cyclical motion (the intervals can be regulated). Strong sir blasts briefly inflate the fabric filters
in the opposite direction to the general flow. The dust particles fall into a hopper and are carried
away by sluices.
Filter cleaning can be accomplished electronically or pneumatically. The latter is
particularly suitable for use in hazardous areas.
The basic components of every compressed air cleaning system are the dust cleaning
valves. The more intensive the air blast, the more effective the cleaning. Thus requires the very
best material and the following feature; Very short opening times, a high KV rate (low pressure
loss in the valve) and short closing times.

33

1.2

Electronic Time Controller

Electronic time controller is designed specifically for the use with dust collector systems.
It is important for effective filter bag cleaning. It is used to control the solenoid of the diaphragm
valve in order to program the pulse jet sequence of the valves. Excessive differential pressure,
increased fan power consumption, thus reduced production process air flow and decrease filter
bag life can result if timer controls are not functioning properly.
Proper use of timer controller cleaning can depend on several critical factors. Cleaning
bags too often or too long period can decrease efficiency, damage filter bag fabric, bind filtration
paths, create premature bag failure, and other side effects.
Electronic timer controller is a solid state sequencer designed to provide an adjustable
pulse to control the pulse solenoid diaphragm valves on reverse pulse jet dust collector
systems. The number of outputs, on time, off time and clean up cycle is programmed by this
electronic timer controller program display. Two pressure switch control inputs are provided to
control the operation of timer:
If connected to dp switch interrupt terminal, the timer will remember the last solenoid
energized and continue with the next output.
If connected to the full cycle terminal, the timer will complete the sequence and stop at
last output.
1.3

Pressure Differential Gauge or Manometer

The airflow or throughput of a bag house needs to be measured and monitored regularly.
Production rates of collected particulates and the efficiency of the collector are determined by
measuring the differential pressure between the inlet duct and outlet duct of the dust collector.
The differential pressure value represents a loss of throughput or air flow through the dust
collector. The greater the differential value or pressure drop, the greater the loss of air flow.
This same differential value is then used to determine the start and stop time of the
cleaning cycle of the dust collector.
These are generally two types of pressure measurements requirements instruments:
i. U-Tube Manometer
ii. Magnehelic Differential Pressure Gauge
1.3.1

U-Tube Manometer

These inexpensive manometers measure positive, negative, and differential

pressures. It combines the inherent accuracy of the simple u tube with durability of
tough, long lasting plastic construction. They are easily accessible for cleaning.
U-Tube manometer available in full sale ranges from 8 to 36 of water or mercury.
All are suitable to determine the velocity and static pressure, leakage, fan and blower
34

efficiency, filter resistance, and gas pressure, by connecting either side to pressure or
vacuum, leaving the other side open to atmosphere. Add together the readings above
and below zero. It is normal for two sides to have different readings and has no effect on
accuracy. For differential pressure, connect both the high the low fittings. Add the
readings above and below zero on the scale.
With proper maintenance and care, U-Tube manometers will continue to give
accurate readings. If cleaning is needed, remove fittings, drain fluid and rise with mild
soap and water. A cleaning brush may be used to remove oxidation. Avoid harsh soaps
and solvents which may damage manometer and void warranty. Avoid using fluids other
than those specified, as corrosive fluid may damage the manometer. U-Tube manometer
is ideal wherever a portable, direct reading manometer is needed.
1.3.2

Magnehelic Differential Pressure Gauge

Magnehelic differential pressure gauge is select for high accuracy, and quickly
indicates low air or non-corrosives gas pressures, positives, negative (vacuum) or
differential. The design resists shock, vibration, and over pressures. No manometer fluid
to evaporate, freeze or cause toxic or leveling problem.
The magnehelic is the industry standard to measure fan and blower pressures, filter
resistance, air velocity, draft, pressure drop across filter, etc.
No lubrication or periodic maintenance and servicing is required for magnehelic
differential pressure gauge. However, maintain the case exterior and cover clean.
Occasionally, disconnect the pressures lines to vent both sides of gage to atmosphere
and re-zero.
For mounting and installation of magnehelic pressure differential gauge, all
accessories and a detailed instruction sheet should be packed with the gauge. Mount
the gauge or gauge/controller in an easily accessible location for checking during
operation and in a place that is free from excessive vibration and accidental damage. It
should be where the temperature does not exceed 600C and should be out of direct
sunlight, A bracket on one of the structural support columns, along the working platform
at the tube sheet level, or another place close to regular collector access, is good.
1.4

Oil and Air Filter Regulator

While compressed air is an essential power source in most industries. It is safe

operation, relatively inexpensive to operate and very reliable. However, it is susceptible to
contamination from dirt, rust, pipe scale, aerosols and moisture, all of which can inhibit products
quality and production lines efficiency.
It is a fact that most of the dust collector system failures are caused by the contaminant
from one of these sources, where moist and oily compressed air is channel to the filter, which
eventually cause filters clogging and blinding. The resulting malfunction of just one system
component can ruin product or shut down the entire system.
35

It is therefore, oil and filter regulator unit is introduced to the dust collector system, for
high efficiency of oil, moist and particle removal, before the compressed air is due to clean the
filters. The particulate filters can remove solid particles contaminants down to 5 microns and
the separation of bulk solids. Whereby, the secondary filters will remove the water and oil
aerosols down to 0.01 micron.
A regulator is normally used to reduce and maintain a downstream pressure while the
amount of air required to the device may vary with the demand. It is used to provide a
convenient and low cost method to reduce a supplied air pressure to a desired outlet pressure
and transform a fluctuating air supply to a relatively constant reduced air pressure within the
operating range of the regulator. An oil and air filter regulator unit combines all the functions and
features of a filter and a regulator, into one compact, into one compact, high performance,
space-saving unit.
Clean, dry, regulated air is an important factor of an efficient air system. Operating and
maintenance costs can be significantly lowered by removal of most contaminants.
1.5

Filter Bags and Cages

It is right said that the heart of any dust collector is the filter bags.

The filter bag is defined as any permeable material used in filtration and upon which, or
within, which, the solids are deposited. Despite the breath of this definition, it is not broad
enough because the many instances where the particles comprise droplets of liquid.
A filter medium any permeable material upon which, or within which, particles are
deposited by the process of filtration.
1.6

The Range of Filter Media

The number and variety of materials embraced by the above definition are truly vast,
ranging from metal plates with holes measured in millimeters to micro porous membranes and
from sheets of cloth to sand beds.
The media is the key to bag filter dust collector performance. All other design and
application factor hinge upon the filter media that actually separates the dust from the airstream.
The selection of filter material and configuration should be based upon experience, testing, new
development evaluation, and performance guarantees to determine the best material for the
specified operating conditions.
The filter media commonly used includes:

Woven Fabric
Needle Felt
Spun Bonded
Paper
Plastic
Ceramic Filters (for high temperature application)
36

1.6.1

Needle felts Filter Fabrics

Web formation in the dry process can be carding or by air laying. In the carding
process, the fibers are fed into a carding machine which mechanically separates, aligns
and delivers fibers as a web to a subsequent bonding operation. In air laying, the fibers
are pneumatically dispensed into web.
Needle punching is common technique for forming nonwoven fabrics from the
synthetic fibers popular for fabric filtration. In this process, the web is fed into a needle
punching machine equipped with specially designed, barbed steel needles which
entangle the fibers as they pass through and back out of the we. Structural stability
results from the disruption of fiber location and orientation brought about by ramming the
barber needle through the fiber bed (the web). This periodic interlocking holds the web
structure together making a fabric.
Needle felts are fabrics usually composed of two layers of synthetic fibers
attached by needing action to a scrim sandwiched between them.
1.6.2

Spun Bonded Fabrics

Spun bonded fabrics are produced in a process that differs from both the wet laid
and dry processes in that production process extends from polymer formation to finished
fabric in one continuous operation. The input to thr spun bonding apparatus is not fibers
but their predecessor polymers which are melted and extruded through a spinneret as
the first step in the formation of the continuous web on a moving belt. Fiber orientation
during lay down can be controlled by spinneret motion including rotation and /or by air
streams, conveyor belt speed, or even electrical charges. This integration of web control
with filament formation streamlines production and lowers overall costs. Bonding as a
conventional thermal, pressure or chemical operation before windup.
Pleated filter is a special kind of filter which the construction is made by pleating
or folding the filter media in multiple accordion folds which permits a much greater filter
area to be used in the same space as a filter bag.
Pleated filter is a special kind of filter which the construction is made by pleating
or folding the filter media in multiple accordion folds which permits a much greater filter
are To be used in the same space as a filter bag.
Pleated filter element is a one piece pleated product of spun bonded polyester
media and is a direct replacement for traditional filter bags and cages. This media resists
surface penetration of particulate, dramatically increasing efficiencies while operating at
significantly lower differential pressures than felted or woven materials. The media is
pleated and molded into a filter element, increasing the filtration surface area over bags
by 100-200%, depending on existing bag sizes. Pleated filter also provide a simple
retrofit for upgrading existing dust collection systems and improving problems systems.

37

The unique spun bonded media used un the manufacturer of pleated filter
elements is unlike traditional felt fabric. It has a tight pore structure and rigid physical
properties that allow oi to hold a pleat without the need for supporting backing material.
Because of this, as much as three times more filtration area can be installed in the same
tube sheet hole to replace a conventional bags and cages. Pleated filters also provide
99.99% efficiency.

Features of Spun Bonded Pleated Filter

100% Spun Bonded Polyester Media

Wide open pleat spacing, shallow pleat depth
Offers 99.99% efficiency
Various components available to meet your specification application needs
Pleated filter are produced in many different diameters and lengths
Polypropylene or perforated metal inner core
Metal top and bottom construction available
Molded polyurethane top and bottom construction

Benefits of Spun Bonded Pleated Filters:

Requires less compressed air pressure to pulse clean

Very easy to install and remove
Increase filtration area 2-4 times larger than that traditional bag
Operates across operating pressure differential
Direct replacement for bags and cages
Significantly more efficient that standard filter media
Leaking is prevented
Very stable, cannot break or fall through the sheet
Fits most standard tube sheet design

2.0

Filter selection
When selecting a fiber for gas filtration, attention must be paid to the following factors
that interact and thus must be considered together.
2.1

Temperature

The fiber must have a maximum continuous service temperature higher than the
normal temperature of the application. If temperature surges above the normal range
occur, the ability of the fiber to withstand the expected conditions of surge temperature
and duration must be considered.
2.2

Corrosiveness

The ability of the fiber to resists physical degradation from the expected
application levels of acids, alkalis, solvents, or oxidizing agents must be considered.
38

2.3

Hydrolysis

Effects of the expected level of humidity must be taken into account.

2.4

Dimensional Stability

If the fiber is expected to shrink or stretch in the application environmental, the

effects of such a change must be tolerable.
2.5

Cost

As with any engineering product, the least costly selection that will meet overall
requirements is usually the best selection.
Beg house operating costs are reduced if the bag house has a high air to cloth
ratio, a low pressure drop, and a long life. In each case, the key to operation at minimum
cost is the media selected for bag construction. This selection is crucial, but not easy,
because many, often conflicting, requirements must be met.
The primary media selection criteria are the compatibility of the selected fiber
with the gaseous environmental and the physical configuration of the fiber and resulting
fabric as it effect filtration performance.
The satisfactory performances of a fabric in a specific application requires the
selection not only of fiber material that is compatible with the gas- particle environment,
but also that is of a fabric design appropriate to the dust collector geometry and collector
cleaning requirement.
2.6

Bag Cages

Pulse Jet Style Dust collector are designed to utilize fabric bags with internal
support structures commonly referred to a cages. Cages provide a means of holding the
filter bags open during the particulate collection style. Cages must be strong to withstand
the pressure from the filter bag exerted during the particulate collection cycle.
Additionally, cages must be selected with the proper structure design to conform
to the fabric requirements. Gas stream chemistry will determine whether special metals
or special coatings will be required to reduce or eliminate corrosion to the cages metal
surfaces. Cage sizes, both length and diameter, can be crucial to the success or failure
of the filter bag.
The filter bag cages provide uniform support to the overall length of the fabric
filter, utilizing stringer wires that are equally spaced around the circumference of the
cage. The diameter of these rings plus the wire gauge of the stringers determines the
overall diameter of the cage. Special cage tops, such as roll band and roll flanges styles,
are also welded to the stringer wire, there by developing a strong internal assembly from
which to attach the cage and filter bag to the dust collector cell or bag plates holes,. The

39

cage bottom is either interlocked to a stringer ring or welded to the stringers. Either
method is equally sufficient for support.
The numbers of stringers used in the cage construntion depends on the
applicable requirements and fabric used for the filter bags. Where moisture or chemical
conditions create an environment that is corrosive to metal wire cages can be produced
from stainless steel or carbon steel with a variety of available coatings. Coatings such as
epoxy are commonly used for corrosive environment. Special paints or electro
processed finishes such as electro-galvanizing are also available to guard against
corrosion.
2.7

Bag Filter Dust Collector Auxiliary Equipment and Control Instrumentation

Optimum performance of a fabric filter system depends upon continuous control

of gas temperature, system pressure drop, fabric pressure, gas volume, humidity,
condensation and dust levels in hoppers.
2.8

Cleaning On Demand Controller

Continuous measurements of fabric pressure drop, regardless to the collector

size, should be provided. Pressure gauges are usually provided by the bag filter dust
collector manufacturer. With high and with variable dust loadings, correct fabric pressure
drop is critical for proper operation and maintenance. Observation of key pressures
within small systems, permits manual adjustments of gas flows and actuation of the
cleaning mechanisms.
The differential pressure sensor is designed to detest the pressure difference
between the dirt and clean sides of bag house or dust collector. However the pressure
sensing devices on the market have a common problem. The tuned ports connecting the
dirty side of the process become clogged with dust. When the process tubing becomes
clogged, pressure readings will be inaccurate.
Most dust collectors clean the filters at regular intervals controlled by a cycle
timer. When filters are cleansed based on the time intervals alone, they are cleaned
whether they need to be or not, plant air is wasted and reduced filter life results in
premature filter changes. Additionally, over cleaning a filter lowers its efficiency by
removing the small cake on the filter, which helps contain the most finely divided
particles.
As the filter bags or filter catridge become dirty, the differential pressure across
the filter oncreases. If the filters are cleaned based on differential pressure, rather than a
cycle timer, they will be cleaned based on differential pressure, rather than a cycle timer,
they will be cleaned only when necessary. On demand cleaning saves plant air, reduces
the number of cleaning cycles, thereby extending filter life, and will not over clean the
filter,

40

Accurate and reliable differential pressure measurements in a dust collector also

gives the user the ability to monitor the process for upset conditions and optimum
performance.
2.9

Temperature sensor

The number and degree of sophistication of pressure-sensing devices is relative

to the size and cost of the fabric filter system. High temperature filtration will require that
the gas temperature not exceed the tolerance limits of the fabric and temperature
displays are required ti indicate whether necessary dilution air dampers or pre cooling
sprays are operating correctly. A well instrumented fabric filter system protects the
investments and decreases chances of malfunctions. It also enables the operating user
to diagnose and correct minor problems without outside aid.
Cooling the inlet gas to a fabric reduce the gas volume, which then reduce
required filter area; extends fabric life by lowering the filtering temperature, and permits
less expensive and durable materials to be used. Gas cooling is mandatory when the
effluent temperature is greater than the maximum operating temperature of available
fabrics.
2.10

Dust Emission Monitoring Sensor.

Emission from the dust collectors has become a major environmental issue. A
continuous dust emissions concentration monitoring instruments is designed to detect
and alarm the flow of dust through a filter in a bag filter dust collector or chimney/stack.
The system assures regulatory compliance and assists personnel in reducing filter
maintenance, thereby providing a significant return of investment.
2.11

Dust Level Sensor

How do you know why you have got is you cant see it, feel it, or hear it? Level
sensors provide a measure of the quantity or fill level of bulk solid or dust contents in
hoppers, and they help detect operating problems. Accuracy is usually more than
adequate for dust collection level sensing service.
These are some of the first level sensor types used and are still valuable,
dependable, and economical. They provide a single level measure only, so two would be
needed for both high and low level sensing, for instance. The paddle and the simple tilt
switch single point level detectors would projects into or located within the hopper or
collector housing. The diapghragm design usually mounts on the housing surface with a
6 to 8 in advantage of the diaphgram type, other than its simplicity its easy enclosure for
higher temperature or explosive atmosphere service at low cost.
2.12

Explosion Relief Vent

This is how a common and relief means of control, but it can be relatively
expensive. However, it is certainly inexpensive compared to the alternative damage with
41

no protection. Similar in principle to the week wall or to rupture disk, vent panels are
designed to protect a process vessels, such as dust collector, by failing at a set or pre
designed pressure level.
Explosion proofing of bag filter dust collector installations is defined as protecting
man within a vicinity of a dust explosion, whether it occurs within the collector housing or
within the associated ductworks. The principle of explosion relief venting is to provide
sufficient area for products of combustion to be expelled at such a rate, to limit the
internal pressure to an acceptable level. The sizing of an explosion relief vent is
dependent upon the interval volume, aspect ratio and pressure strength of the
equipment.
2.13

Hooper Flow Aid Devices

When difficult bulk solid materials will not flow put of the hoppers, some help
other than replacement with a better hopper can be used. There are numerous method
for aiding flow in dependable service, other than sledgehammer and poke rods, such as
increasing hopper slope from 60 to 70 degree, use of vibrating bin discharger or use of
an elongated or through hopper with screw conveyor discharge.
3.0

Key Design-Factors of Bag Filter

The design procedure requires estimating a air to cloth ratio that is compatible with fabric
selection and cleaning type. Fabric selection for composition depends on gas and dust
characteristics, fabric selections for construction to a correctly estimated Air to Cloth Ratio,
leads it higher pressure drops, higher particle penetration (lower collection efficiency), and more
frequent cleaning that leads to reduce fabric life. Estimating a good air to cloth ratio that is too
low increases the size and cost of the dust collector unnecessarily. Each of the parameters for
design are discussed below:
Bag filter dust collectors are designed by considering a number of variables

Particles and air stream characteristics

Pressure drop and filter drag
Air to Cloth Ratio
Can Velocity
Collection Efficiency
Inlet airstream distributors
3.1

Particles and airstream characteristics

Particles sizes distribution and adhesiveness are the most important particle
properties that affect design procedures. Smaller particle sizes can form a denser cake,
which increases the pressure drop.
Adhering particles, such as oil residues or electro statically active plastics, may
require installing equipment that injects a pre coating material onto the bag surface,
which acts as a buffer that traps the particles and prevents them from blinding or
42

permanently plugging the fabric pores. Informed fabric selection may eliminate
electrostatic problems.
Moisture and corrosive content are the major air stream characteristics requiring
design consideration. The dust collector and associated ductwork should be insulted and
possibly heated of considered, as either may be damaged. Where structural corrosion is
likely; stainless steel substitution for mild still may be required, provided that chlorides
are not present.
The temperature of the pollutant stream must above the dew point of any
condensable in the air stream. If the temperature can be lowered without approaching
the dew point, spray coolers or dilution air can be used to drop the temperature so that
the temperature limits of the fabric will not exceeded. However, the additional cost of a
pre-cooler will have to be weighed against the higher cost of bags with greater
temperature resistance. The use of dilution air to cool the air stream also involves a
tradeoff between a less expensive fabric and a larger filter to accommodate the
additional volume of the dilution air. Generally, pre-cooling is not necessary if
temperature and chemical resistance fabric are available.
3.2

Pressure Drop and Filter

During filtration, the dust load on the fabric increases and it becomes less
permeable. The difference in static pressure between the up-stream and downstream
sides of the filter is referred to as the pressure drop and is normally expressed in unit
Pascal or millimeters water gauge. As the value of m increases, the power absorbed by
the fan will increase, provided that the volumetric flow rate does not decrease at the
same time. It consequently becomes necessary to clean the fabric in order to lower the
flow resistance. For the cleaning process to be successful, three conditions must be
satisfied. First, a sufficiently large force must be applied to the filter bag to create a
separating force between cake and cloth. Second, the adhesive force between the cake
and cloth must be broken. Third, the fractured cake must ne allowed to pass to the dust
collection hopper. After cleaning, the fabric again collects dust with an acceptable
pressure drop. The filter therefore goes through cycles of loading and cleaning.
The permeability of the filter medium to gas flow is controlled by the pore
structure create by the intersection of the component fiber and yarns. When new fabrics
contain pores significantly greater than the particles they are able to collect. Initially, the
gas flow is predominantly through the larger pores, which offers the least resistance to
flow. Some particles and appear in the effluent. Other collect fabric surface or more
deeply within the structure.
As filtration proceeds, further dust accumulates, not only on the remaining
exposed fiber surfaces but also on particles already capture. Aggregated growths of dust
develop which are chains like or tree like in form (dendrites). These progressively project
into and across the inter fiber pores to create new sub pores of reduced area and
volume. The probability of further particle capture and higher filtration efficiency is
43

thereby increased. Eventually, the fabric pores become completely bridged over and a
cake form over the fabric surface. During this build up period, the rate of increase of
delta p non linear. It is high initially but reduces gradually as the dust layer forms.
Continued filtration builds up a cake of increasing thickness on the fabric surface.
The rate increase of delta p becomes more or less constant. The preponderant filtration
mechanism is now sieving or cake filtration and the filtration efficiency reaches its
highest level.
Eventually the pressure drop will build to a sufficient level that the removal of dust
cake becomes necessary. At this time, the appropriate cleaning action is invoked,
resulting in a lower pressure drop. The cake information and build up process then
begins again.
A dust deposit builds up on the fabric filtration proceeds. This change in pressure
drop is of interest to fabric filter designers because of its influence on overall plant
design and performance. The total pressure drop of the unit is the sum of the medium
pressure drop and the pressure drop by flow through the housing. As the dust deposit
build up, the value of delta p increases, rapidly at first but then more slowly as a dust
cake develops. After the cake has formed fully, the value of delta p increases at a
constant rate.
3.3

Air to Cloth Ratio

Air to cloth ratio (A/C) is a measure of the amount of gas driven through each
square foot of fabric in the bag house, or flow rate per unit area of fabric, and is given in
terms of the numbers of cubic feet of gas per minute passing through 1 square foot of
cloth (ft3/min per ft2.which reduces to ft/min of filtration velocity).
A/C can correctly be considered a superficial gas velocity. This is not the actual
velocity through the openings in the fabric, but rather the apparent velocity of the gas
approaching the cloth, although it is often referred to as the filtration velocity and
reported as feet per minute or meters per minute.
As the air to cloth increases, pressure drop also increases. Pressure drop is
normally measured and reported as inches of water (in H 2O, also written as inches water
gauge).
Filtration velocity is critical for sizing a filter collector and its ultimate
performance. The basic data should be derived from tests for new dust products, or past
experience on similar dust and filter media applications and then a preliminary filtration
velocity can be selected.
The filtration velocity determines the total effective fabric area needed to clean
the required volumetric flow. It determines the dimension of the filter housing;
consequently it has a significant influence on the initial cost of the equipment and on
cost of power and of maintenance. The filtration velocity used in any application is
44

dependent on the dust characteristics, the particle size distribution, the inlet dust
concentration, the gas temperatures, the method of filter cleaning and the type of fabrics.
3.4

Can Velocity

The airstream velocity on entering the passage areas between the filters, often
called can velocity, might be called the filter passage velocity. It is the airstream velocity
passing around the filters.
Can velocity is usually an upward vertical flow in filter collectors that are cleaned
on line, so it must be limited to a velocity that will not re-entrained the dust particles that
have been cleaned. These cleaned particles need to drop out by gravity. In other words,
the collector dust be able to fall out through this upward flow during filter cleaning.
When the dust airstream can or passage flow direction is counter to the dust
discharge gravity flow, it may limit dust removal by any cleaning system. If an upward
dusty flow lifts the dust particles in the upstream removed during cleaning cycles, they
will be entrained rather than discharged. If the fine dust cannot drop out, it will be driven
back up onto the filter surface or re-entrained. This is a problem on tall filters where the
fineness is retained on the upper part of the filters indefinitely. The area that is effectively
cleaned and thus available for filtering is reduced, which makes the filtration velocity
increase, which in turn increases the pressure drop across the filter. Filter collectors that
are set up to clean one module or a portion of the total collector off line at one time
should not experience the re-entrainment problem. In this case the upward flow is
stopped during cleaning of each module, so the dust is free to fall. Then a sequential
timer control will advance to the next module according to the cycle time setting and thus
all modules are cleaned in sequence but just one at a time. This is a common practice
on large reverse air or shaker collectors and on some pulse jet collectors.
3.5

Collection System Efficiencies

This is a measure of the relative ability to separate or collect the inlet dust load.
The collected dust is divided by the inlet dust load 100 times the percentages efficiency
in collection of the inlet dust loading. Design overall efficiencies for fabric filter ranges
from 98% to more than 99.99%.
In general, the dust removal efficiency of fabric filters lies in the region of 99 to
99.99%. Particulate collection efficiency or effectiveness is usually measured either as
dust capture efficiency or as an emissions dust load, usually specified at definite
particles size ranges by the applicable regulations. Opacity levels were formerly the
primary concern and measurement, and many regulations still call for measurements
and recording of opacity. But particulate and also toxic, emissions should be better
controlled by either monitoring of the specific particle or toxic emissions, or by periodic
sample analysis of them for correlation with operating parameters.
This is a measure of the relative ability to separate or collect the inlet dust load.

45

4.0
Calculation Example on Design of bag Filter Dust Collector
1. Particle and air stream characteristic
Dry dust and powder
Dust particle size: 2.5
Temperature: 110 C
0
Dust load: 200g/m3

2. Air to cloth ratio

ft 3 per minute gas

AC =
3
ft fabric
V fe =V

fn

A T P D

10

4.096

ft
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.
8
min

ft
m
@1.22
min
min

3. Sizing the filter area

Filter area,

Af =

Q
Vf

ft 3
ft 3
Q=1000
@
283.2
Volume of air,
mi n
min
ft 3
mi n
Af =
3
ft
4.096
min
1000

46

 2441 ft 3

4. Filter area per bag

A f = DH
Area=13.25 m2

m
min
Total filter area , A total =
m
1.22
min
283.2

232.13 m

No. of filter bag=

A total
A

232.13 m3
13.25 m2

17.5 bags 20 bags

Actual total fiter area=13.0 20

13.0 20
3

260 m

47

m
min
Actual total air cloth=
260 min2
283.2

1,09 m/min

0,02 m/sec

5.0

Few Suggestions to improve the performance of pulse jet bag filter dust collector
5.1
Correctly install the bag filters
Ensure that your bag house dust collectors bag filters are correctly installed; this
will maximize the filter operating life and minimize downtime and maintenance costs.
Check that bag filters with flanges or cuffs that fold over the tops of their support cage
are smooth around the edge to prevent leakage and bag abrasion. Install bottom-loading
bags so that their seams are 180 degrees from the split or gap in the cage collar; facing
all bags the same direction will aid troubleshooting procedures. Install the bag clamps 90
degrees from the bas seam and position them on the grove in the cage to ensure a tight
seal. Install top-loading snap band bags with their seams all facing the same direction to
allow you to quickly and easily identify areas where problems may occur.
5.2

Install 1.5-inch double diaphragm pulse valves in the pulse-jet cleaning system.

In a pulse-jet bag house dust collector, the diaphragm pulse valves that generate
the pulse air for cleaning the bag filters must be able to create a crisp and instantaneous
air pulse that travels the entire length of each bag like a shock wave to effectively clean
it. A 1.5-inch double-diaphragm valve operates, it releases through a small vent port in
the pilot solenoid valve a comparatively small volume of air thats holding a small
secondary diaphragm closed. At the same time, the air pressure holding the main
diaphragm closed is released through a large vent port in the pulse valve, which allows
an immediate discharge of pulse air into the blowpipe to generate a strong air pulse in
the bags. In contrast, a single-diaphragm valve releases all of the air that holds the
diaphragm closed, and that air then travel the length of the pilot tubing and escaped
through a small vent port in the pilot solenoid valve. This slows the release of pulse air
48

into the blowpipe and limits the air pulse in the bags. In addition to release the pulse air
more quickly and forcefully, a 1.5- inch double-diaphragm valve and blowpipe have a
1.76-square-inch cross-sectional area, which provides sufficient area for the pulse air to
flow unimpeded to all blowpipe orifices. In contrast, a 1-inch double-diaphragm pulse
valve and blowpipe have a 0.88-square-inch cross-sectional area, which imposes a
restricted area that impedes the airflow to the blowpipe orifices. Changing to a 1.5-inch
double-diaphragm valve is fairly easy to accomplish and should save you a significant
amount of money in bag change-outs and production loss caused by insufficient bag
cleaning.
5.3

Use a leak detection powder

Many plants spend time manually inspecting each bag filter for tears, holes, and
leaking seams, which can take many hours and often doesnt find all leaks. In addition,
structural air leaks in the bag house, such as from weld cracks or misfitted metal
enclosure covers, cant be detected unless theyre clearly visible. A more accurate way
to test for such leaks is by using a leak detection powder, also called tracer powder. A
leak detection powder is an inexpensive, lightweight florescent powder that you inject
into the bag house. The powder will take the path of least resistance and move with the
air trough any leaks, accumulating around the openings. To make the powder fluoresce
(glow brightly), which pinpoints a leaks location and severity, shine a monochromatic
light into the bag house. After repairing the leaks, conduct a second test with a different
color powder to ensure that youve found and eliminated all leaks.

49

CONCLUSION
Penang Department of Environment (DOE) actually is rally valuable to country because
of their authorities in protecting an environment from any pollution. The proper organization of
department makes the duty and roles has been done systematically. The dividing unit by three
sections makes it more specific, detail and more focus to their work. The units of EIA, Written
Approval, Education and Information, PSE and Surveillance under Development section is more
to data recorded and file documentation. The most important unit is this section is PSE and EIA
where these units should investigate and evaluate properly because any proposed project never
be done without approval from DOE. With OSA meeting, the project is can be seen more clearly
from involved agencies especially the project proponent. An existence of Surveillance unit also
be important in DOE because they always play a role to make sure marine, rivers, air and
groundwater always achieved the prescribed standard such as MWQCS, MWQI, WQI, API and
Benchmark for Groundwater in Malaysia. All of these really important to apply in maintaining the
quality of environment. The function of Operation section also important in DOE where this
section should do an enforcement to company that contributes any form of pollution. For Mobile
Sources Unit was enforce to vehicles that emit the pollution of Petrol and Diesel while Point
Sources is more focusing to effluent discharge by industry. Complaint Init also be an important
function where they will accept any complaint by individual or community about pollution around
them. They always do a patrols in Penang area to avoid any pollution occur and give an advice
about environment to involved person. These entire units really valuable to this department and
this country in protecting of environment.

50

APPENDIX
51