URBAN DESIGN

Instructor: Architect Jose Juson

THE BEGINNINGS
Settlement Design
- Agricultural Societies
- Rectilinear Plotting
Layout
- Grid (or Rectilinear) : product of the farmers
- Circular (Fencing) : product of the herdsmen
: defensive role
- Radiocentric : when circular settlement
enlarge
: fortress cities

ANCIENT GREECE
Landscape
- powerfully assertive
High Places
- fortified hilltop
- sacred point
Town Design
- sense of the finite
- Aristotles ideal size of city = 10,000 20,000
people
- never attempted to overwhelm nature
- buildings give a sense of human measure to
landscape
The street
- not a principal but as a leftover space for
circulation
Place of assembly
-market (agora)
THE ACROPOLIS
Layout

- once thought to lack visible design relationships : no

geometrical axial relationship
- BUT, a very definite visual relationship
Design
- built and rebuilt over a long period of observation and reflection
: to be seen by human eye
: to be experienced by people moving
on
- design discipline was NOT the abstract plan
: it was the real experience of people
- visual sophistication
: panoramic view of the surrounding
: resulted into sacred character

THE AGORA
Acropolis
- masses articulating space
Agora
- building served as faade to form an enclosure urban space
Buildings
- are grouped around a central open space
- are low-comfortable sense of spatial enclosure
- are regular and architecturally horizontal : sense of stable repose
AGORA as an urban space:
- buildings are constantly being changed to alter the character of
the space
- BUT the space prevailed
Lessons in Urban Space
Flexibility
- allows many changes in component buildings
Unity
- maintained as long as buildings are sympathetic in scale
Simplicity
- the more modest the buildings the more successfully they
function

Places of assembly
- Greek: market
- Roman: market, theater and arena

GREEK TOWNS
Hippodamus
- a lawyer, from Miletus
- lived in 5th century BC
- inspiration was probably derived from Ancient
Babylonian
Gridiron Layout
- Plan of Athens harbor, Piraeus was attributed
to Hippodamus
- Areas of finite size, comprehensible to the eye,
and politically workable
- Neopolis : when a town reaches its maximum
size, a new town is built
- Paleopolis : old town
- other examples: Miletus, Priene and Alexandria

ANCIENT ROME
The Republican Forum
The Imperial Forum
Urban Design
- Greek: sense of the finite
- Roman: political power and organization
Use of Scale
- Greek use of scale is based on human
measurements
- Romans used proportions that would relate
parts of buildings instead of human measure
Module
- Greek use of house as module for town planning
- Roman use of street pattern as module
: to achieve a sense of overpowering
grandeurs
: made for military government
Street
- Greek : as a leftover space for circulation
- Roman: built first; buildings came later

THE REPUBLICAN FORUM

Forum
- a Latin word meaning open space or market place
- the administrative and corporate heart of Rome
- In Rome, there was several forums. Generally this word referred
to the open space in many Roman town where business, judicial,
civic or religious activities were conducted
The Republican Forum
- or The Roman Forum, the most famous forum
- was designed by architect Vitruvius who felt the proportions
needed to be 3:2 (length to width)
- level area is small, about 6 acres
Buildings
- a development of steadily increasing political power (509 BC 27
BC)
- buildings have no formal relationship between each other
- Curia : senates assembly house; forums most important building
- successive buildings are larger than their predecessors
THE IMPERIAL FORUM
- Architectural or urban masses were made subordinate to spaces
- composed of plazas formed by collonades
- colonnades act as transition and link to plazas

Character
Layout

Republican
Forum
Architectural
Masses
Full of odd
corners; informal

Imperial Forum
Urban space
Spacious, open
spaces, orderly

MEDIEVAL ERA
- best example: Piazza Del Campo, Sienna

Decline of Rome
- Dark Ages, but not for urban design
Urban Settings
- Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns
Military Strongholds
- Acropolis and Capitoline Hill
Castles
- built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls;
radiocentric growth
Monasteries
- citadels of learning, laid out in rectilinear
pattern
Medieval Town
- like Greek towns, small and finite in size

TOWN DESIGN
Visible Exteriors
- suits the viewing conditions of small spaces
Vista
- considerations and human scale : fine accent
in landscape
Street Layout
- is functional, although with no logical form
Medieval Era
- set the stage for RENAISSANCE
- skill of builders
- wealth of bourgeoise and nobility
- organization of the military and new force in
government
- development of political powers and expertise
- new organizations
- scholarly knowledge of the church
3 Major Events marking transition from Medieval
Times
Dawn of science

Fall of Constantinople
Discovery of the New World

From Medieval Era to Renaissance Era

Medieval Urban Design
- were to be discarded
- sense of scale
- intimate relation between house to street
Medieval System of Town Design
- truly livable; humanist

RENAISSANCE ERA
Ideal Cities
- 1440 (beginning of Renaissance)
- Leon Battista Alberti : foremost theoretician
- Albertis De Architectua
Accomplishments of early Renaissance
- Public works
- Civic improvement projects
Rebuilding FERRARA: is the first modern city in Europe
- Palazzo Diamenti : most famous structure
- Biaggio Rossetti : architect and town planner regarded as aone
of the worlds earliest modern urban designers
- Rosettis plan:
1. street widening, new buildings, wall improvement
2. Enlarge the town
3. Carryon with the plan
Lessons from Rosettis Effort
- Repair an existing city
- Plan for enlargement
- Decide which to concentrate effort
- Lay down a plan that is theological and realizable
- Provide framework for others to build upon
Sketched a City Straddling a River
River Streams
- supply water and carry away waste
Multilevers

- for multiple functions

Proposed Movable Houses

- anticipated the greenbelt concept
Satellite Towns
- for workers
Lessons
- neither growth nor functional improvement is
necessarily an advantage
Popes in Rome
- the real say in urban design at that time

RENAISSANCE REBUILDING ROME

Problems : circulation, defense, water supply
and sanitation
Solutions : Popes have to undertake civic
improvements projects
Pilgrimage
- St. Peters Cathedral improved
- Campidoglio (Romes city hall) improved
Domenico Fontana
- architect commissioned by Pope Sixtus V
Fontanas Plan
- street were visually accented using obelisks
Obelisks
- as stakes. as guidepoints for the whole city
- as Scale Refernce
St. Peters Cathedral
- Bramante
Tempietto
- miniature version of St. Peters Cathedral
Carlo Fontana
- Basilica inside the Colosseum
Borrowed Design
- Renaissance from Medieval, Roman from Greeks
Andrea Palladio

- developed precise theories of proportion and module

Palladios Prototype
- Roman country villa (rural)
- Roman forum (urban)
Influences
- George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
Colossal or Gigantic Order
- found at Palladios San Giorgio Maggiore

RENAISSANCE THE CAMPIDOGLIO

- One of Micheangelos finest works
- Seen at a distance as a whole composition
- Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
: serve as centerpiece or guidepost
- Entrance Ramps
: widen toward the top
: perspective effect and stairs appear shorter
: similarly, Side Buildings are not parallel
- Significance of a Remodeling job
RENAISSNACE URBAN PLAZAS IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND
Jacques Androuet Du Cerceau
- French architect who visited Rome
- Brought plaza idea to Paris, France
Inigo Jones
- English architect
- Brought the Renaissance plaza to London
- Bedford Square : started in 1631
- Covent Garden : modeled after Livorno
Other Plazas in London
- Leicester Square : started 1635
- Bloomsbury Square : 1685

RENAISANCE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Parks and Garden
- tie the city together
- connecting the palace and the town
Villa and Garden
- rural counterpart of Palace and Plaza
Italy
- gardens are never too large
- built as terraces because of hilly land
France
- elaborate system of landscape design
- root from large hunting forest
- rond points : high ground intersections

- not formally finished until early 19th century, by a French

architect
RENAISSANCE - REBUILDING LONDON
Great Plague 1666
- great fire of London 1667
Several designers proposed plan
- Christopher Wren
- John Evelyn
- Robert Hooke
- Valentine Knight

Richelieu
- applications of rond points idea
- 1630, landscape design of palace started
- Jacques Lemercier : architect
Andre Lenorte
- landscape architect of richelieu
- Westerns world master of landscape
architecture

LENORTE AND VERSAILLES

Lenortes Major client
- Louis XIV, the sun king of France
Versailles
- Lenortes greatest work
- started in 1670, completed by 1710
- goose foot or pat te doie
: three roads directed to a single view
Plaza Del Popolo
- pat te doie
Entrance to Rome
- appeared accidentally as result of Fontanas
plan

Christopher Wrens plan

Valentine Knights plan

John Evelyns plan

1707-1709
- laws banning use of combustible materials
- led for extensive use of bricks
John Gwynn
- produced a plan for London in 1766
- London and Westminster improved
- heralded the Golden Age
Golden Age
- encompassed a 30 years period
- Adelphi Terrace
: work of the Adams
Brother
: built along the
River Thames

- Bath : created by architects John Wood Jr. and

Sr.
1702 discovered by the Aristocracy
1727 rectangular plaza called queens place
1754 great circle called kings circus
1767 Royal cresent
- edinburg 1767
- Scottish architect James Craig
- End of London Plaza era and coming of
Industrial Era
RENAISSANCE DEVELOPMENT IN PARIS
Rebuilding of The Louve 1667
- Lorenzo Berninis designs rejected
- Claude Perralt : a court physician
- viewing conditions same as Palladios San
Giorgio Maggiore and Micheangelos Campidoglio
Beaulevard
- when city is enlarged, new walls are built

- old walls form, creating broad, long streets

- term derived from Dutch word bulwark
1748
- proposals for new plazas
- Pierre Pattes compilation of the proposals
- Place de la Concorde : 1757, finished by 1770
1789
- French revolution
1793
- new plan for Paris called Plan des Artistes
- 1748, emphasis on plaza; 1793, emphasis
on street
Napoleon I
- Champs Elysees improvement
- arch of triump
Napoleon III
- assigned Baron George Eugene
Hanstnann

- Jean Charles Adolphe Alphand :

Landscape architect

THE ROOTS OF MODERN URBAN DESIGN CONCEPTS

Greek created, Romans discarded
Medieval Era expression, RENAISSANCE discarded
New breed of design theorist
Utoplan ideas
Practical thinking
Mechanical concoctions
Main emphasis needs of working class

IDEAL TOWNS and WORKER TOWNS

Claude Nicolas Ledoux
- French architect
- late 18th century and early 19th century

- a new era in urban design

- CHAUX, France (1776)
: principal work
Ideal Towns by Ledoux

Ledouxs deisgn
- an ideal plan were everything is motivated by
necessity
Architecture
- Ledouxs book published in 1804

IDEAL TOWNS and WORKER TOWNS

Robert Owen
- English social reformer
- New Lawark, Scotland (1799)
Owenite Communities
- England and United
States

- New Harmony in Indiana by Owens son

-Brook Farm in Massachusetts by New England
transcendentalist
- Icarus in Red river, Texas by French man named Cabet
Icarus failed, Cabet joined the Mormons in search for the
promised land and helped lay-out Salt Lake City
Francois Fourier
- French social reformer
- Phalanstery
- The New World of Industry and Society published in 1829
James Silk Buckingham
- Victoria
- National Evils and Practical Remedies published in 1849
Robert Pemberton
- Happy Colony in New Zealand
Dr. Benjamine Richarson
- Hygeia in United States
Thomas Jefferson

PLANNED INDUSTRIAL TOWNS

Francis Cabot Lowell
- Georgiaville, RA (1812)
- Waltham, Massachusetts
- Harrisville, NH (1816)
- Lowell, Massachusetts (1822)
Olive (French architect)
- Vesinet, France (1859)
- anticipated the 20th century Garden City
Other Industrial Town
- Essen, Germany (1863), krupp factories called siedlungen
(worker colonies)
- Pullman, Illinois (1879)
- Port Sunlight near Liverfool (1887) W.H. Lever Soap Company
- Bournville near Birmingham
- Gary Indiana (1906) laid out by a steel corporation, a made to
order city

Tony Garnier
- French architect
- Une Cite Industrielle (1901-04)
- Anticipated modern day zoning
- plan is incredibly detailed
a. imaginary site (high plateau and
level valley along a river)
b. residential on plateau, factories on
valley
c. dam for hydroelectric power
d. hospital on high hills
e. smelting factories and mines at
respectful distances
f. locations

RENEWED ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE

Technological Advances
- not necessarily a sign of progress
Chief Spokesmen
- Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (French)
- John Ruskin (English)
- Henry David Thoreau (American)
Arts and Crafts Movement
- led by William Morris, return to simpler Christian virtues of the
Gothic period
- Norman Shaw, created Bedford Park (1875-81)
Gothic Revival in 19th Century
- Gothic Period was the last original Architectural Era

THE CONSERVATIONIST and the PARK MOVEMENT

George Perkins Marsh
- American conservationist
- the founder of modern conservation
- Man and Nature : published in 1862 introduction to ecology
Frederick Law Olmsted
- pioneer of the American park system
- was a social reformer, concerned with the moral disintegration in
large formless cities
- also a farmer, landscaper design as solution to social ills (ex.
Urban Park)

URBAN DESIGN and MACHINES

Don Arturo Soria y Mata
- Spanish businessman and engineer
- created Madrids 1st street car and telephone
system
- La Ciudad Lineal : Linear City
- Stalingrad : planned linear city

Inventions influencing Urban Form

- electrical : Peter Kropotkin (1899)
- railroad
Other visionaries
- Edgar Chambless, American vehicles running
on rooftops
- Motopia : proposed in England
- Eugene Henard, French published Les Villes
de lAvenis (1910) may have influenced Le
Corbusier
Antonio Santelia
-Italian futurist
-La Citra Nuova : enormous metropolis

-inspired by the complex plans for the New York Grand Central
Area
Metabolism Group
- Japanese architects
- Underwater cities, biological cities, cities changing their own
forms, cities built as pyramids
Other visionaries
- Edward Beiland (1887) : looking backward
- HG Wells

- Central Park of New York won in 1859

- San Francisco, Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago,
Montreal, and Boston
- Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns
published in 1870
- cities planned for two generations ahead
- maintain sufficient breathing space
- design, embrace whole city
Charles Eliot
- completed Olmsteds Boston Park system
George Kessler
- layout of Kansas City Park system
Jens Jensen
- designed Chicagos original park system
Alphand
- Hausmann;s landscape architect
- The French Olmsted
Daniel Schreber
- a physician and educator
- Schrenbergarten : small gardens for children
used by elderly
- popularized the idea of Urban playground in
Europe

EXPLORATIONS into the PAST

Archaeology
-became a science in 19th century
Camillo Sitte
-Japanese architect
-An architects Notes and reflections upon artistic
City planning published in 1889
THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
Ebenezer Howard
- An English stenographer
- Tomorrow: A peaceful path to social reform
published in 1898
- Proponent of the Garden City concept

Letchworth
- the first garden city (1902)
- located 35 miles from London
- architects Barry Parker and Raymund Unwin
- became a satellite of London because factories did not
materialized
Welwyn
- 2nd garden city (19200
- architect Louis de Soissows, more successful than Letchworth

THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

Howards Analytical Approach
- the city is so large and its operations so complex
- proper understanding can only be gained by full application of
precise analysis
Patrick Geddes
- Scottish city planner
- estanblished the tool for analytical approach
- Cities in Evolution published in 1913
- coined the term conurbation
- laid-out some 50 cities in India and Palestine
Marsh
- interrelationship between MAN and NATURE
Geddes
- interrelationship between PEOPLE and CITIES
Conurbation
-the waves of population in flow to large cities, followed by
overlapping and slums formation, and then the wave of backflow
1. Inflow
2. Build-up
3. Backflow
Central slums
4. Sprawling Mass
Central Blight

THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

Golden Age of Urban Design

- from 1890 to the Great depression (1930s)

- termed the City Beautiful Era
Worlds Fairs
- as work of civic art
1. application of latest technologies
2. faade architecture
3. promise of America come to life
- as urban renewal operations
1. Jackson Park Chicago Worlds Fair
2. San Francisco Marina
3. Treasure Island, san Francisco
McMillan Commission
- AIA national conference in Washington D.C.
(1901)
- Daniel Burnham, Augustus St. Gaudens,
and Frederick Law Olmsted among present
- plan for improvement of central Washington
having the original LEnfant Plan
Civic Centers
- City hall, country court house, library, museums,
opera house, and a plaza
Public works
- BRIDGES, designed as piece of sculpture
- RIVER, made into classical garden terrace
- COLLEGES and UNIVERSITIES, as visions of
classical world
- RAILROADS, built Roman basilicas and baths
City as a whole
- Daniel Burnham : father of American City
Planning
- Plans for Chicago, San Francisco, Manila, etc.
- last use of French Renaissance principles
applied at the largest scale possible.
Planned Residential Communities
- Roland Park (1892)
- start of commuter suburb, Country Club, Kansa
City

- Forest Hills Gardens, L.I., New York commuter suburb for

Manhattan (1911)
Many Developments
- American city planning profession
- zoning introduced in 1916
- many lessons from abroad;
1. England and garden city movement
2. English architect-planners lecturedin Us
3. English books in city planning
Summary of City Beautiful Era
- the CIVIC CENTER and the COMMERCIAL SUBURB

THE NEW COMMUNITY MOVEMENT

Proponents
-Henry Wright
Rehousing Urban Ammerican (1934)
-Clarence Stein
Towards New Towns for America (1951)
Superblock Concept
-answer to problem of through traffic
-island of green, bordered by houses and skirted by peripheral
automobile roads
-examples:
1. Baldwin Hills, LA
2. Chattham Vill, Pittsburge
-community level development
Radburn, New Jersey
-series of superblocks
-not completed because of depression
-one of the most important designs conceived for the modern
residential community
Radburn Idea
-organization of
town into
cohesive
neighborhoods
-Clarence A. Perry

: The Neighborhood Unit published in

1929

: Community Planning
Town Colonization Concept
-G.R. Taylor
-Metropolitan growth through colonization
-reinforces Ebenezer Howards belief
-Satellite Cities, A study of industrial suburbs
(1915)
-The Building of Satellite Towns (1925)

Typical Block Development

The Sunnyside Idea

REGIONAL PLANNING
Roots of regional outlook
- Howard and Taylor : satellite colonization idea
- Radburn : demonstrated satellite colonization
- Marsh and Geddes : laid the ground work
- Henry Wright and Benton Mackaye :
championed the regional outlook
Henry Wright and Plain of New York
- worked under commission by Clarence Stein
Report of the commission on Housing and
Regional Planning for the State of New York
- development of New York
1. Small trade centers for an agriculture
society

2. Decline due to cheaper Mid Western farms

3. Industrialization took hold
4. Hudson and Mohawk valleys became spine
- New York City became the financial heart and core of the
constellation of communities
Wrights Man
- one of the finest models of regional planning
- not officially adopted but recommendation realized
- led to formation of RPAA
Regional planning association of New York
- 22 countries, 500 municipal districts, 10 million people, New York
State, New Jersey and Connecticut
- Thomas Adams
: Scottish planner
: two volume plan produced in 1928 most
complete plan study ever done
Benton Mackaye
- originally, a forester
- The New Exploration, A philosophy of Regional Planning
- Envisioned the townless highway and highwayless towns
- showed New York City as the entry and exit portal for the entire
US industrial empire
New Exploration
- the exploration of the wilderness and conservation to be expand
to include cities
Other developments
- London Barbican Area
- Garden cities in France
: Dourges the first Garden City in France (1919)
- Longlieau, Tergnier, Lille-Le-Deliverance
- Baku in Russia
- Berlin Germany : Martin Machler

ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING

Eliel Saarinen
- prize-winning plan for Helsinki in 1910
- teaching of architecture and urban planning
- The City published in 1913
Walter Gropius
- came to US and took same approach of teaching
architecture and urban planning
Richard Neutra
- Rush City Reformed
Le Corbusier
- fused ideas of modern architecture and city
form
Une Ville Contemporaine 1922
- traceable to Henards and Garniers ideas
- plan Voisin (neighborhood plan) 1925
- Chandigarh India, designed the entire city
- When Cathedrals were White 1947
- Concerning Town Planning 1948
- Lewis Mumford : critical of Le Corbusier
- helped organize the Congress International
dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM)
- conceived the CIAM grid : a graphic file
system for recording pertinent information in an
urban study and for explaining a plan
- CIAM grid four components:
1. work
2. circulation
3. residence
4. leisure
- MARS Group
: the English CIAM organization
: proposed a plan for rebuilding London
:16 finger corridors all connected by a
major circulation spine and encircling circulation
group
Louis Kahn
- made important designs for central Philadelphia

Kenzo Tange
- plan for Tokyo
- circulation as determinant of urban form
- new Tokyo over Tokyo Bay, hung on bridges
Frank Llyod Wright
- followed Howard, Geddes and social reformer
- The Disappearing City published 1932
- Broadacres : every family ion an acre of land
- Marin County
- full mile high super skyscraper changed scheme
Charles Abrams
- housing as one prime field of endeavor for solving urban
problems
Buckminster Fuller
- 1863 : inventory of worlds resources, human trends and needs
Lewis Mumford
- authored some 20 books and innumerable articles
- The City in History published in 1961, summary of Mumfords
thought
Constantine Doxiadis
- addressed the urban problem on a world wide scale
- major designs are made for countries where economy and
productive system can be coordinated by policy and decree
- best work is in newly developing nations of Africa and Middle East
- magazine Ekistics : shows Doxiadis many plans and programs
- Ekistics grid system for recording planning data and ordering
planning process
- Ekistics : the science of human settlement

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
- refers to activities concerned with the management and
development of lands, as well as the preservation, conservation,
and rehabilitation of the human environment
- Scope of practice:
1. Development of a community, town, city or region

2. Development of a site for a particular

needs
- PD 1308: Environmental Planning Practice
(March 2, 1977)
PHYSICAL PLANNING
- shall mean the rational use of land for
development purposes
- factors to study:
1. Land Use Planning
2. Planning Principles
3. Ecological Balance
4. Preservation / Conservation
5. Urban Land use Planning
6. Physical Infrastructure Development
SOCIAL PLANNING
- refers to those activities concerned with
planning, developments, and management of
social services, facilities required by specific
population groups, community, town, city,
province, region or nation
- factors to study:
1. Demography
2. Education
3. Housing
4. Health Services
5. Protective Service
6. Sports and Recreation
ECONOMIC PLANNING
- refers to those activities concerned with
uplifting the quality of life and income levels of
the population through assessment of
advantages from economic activities in either
agriculture, industry, tourism services, etc.
- factors to study:
1. Commerce

2. Tourism

THEORIES IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

Planning Definitions
- Planning in general is a thinking and social process.
Intellectual thought process (thinking aspect) as well as policies
and actions (social aspect)

SYSTEMS PLANNING
- derived from the science of cybernetics : cybernetics was
identified by Norman Weiner in 1948, an American mathematician and
thinker
Three leading British exponents of cybernetics based
planning
- George Chadwick
- Alan Wilson
- Brian McLaughlin
COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
- evolved from a physical planning model from the 1920s to
1930s as exemplified by British planner Patrick Geddes S-A-P
and Ebenezer Howards Garden City
- ceased to be the universal planning standard by 1970
GROWTH POLE / CENTER THEORY
- Francis Perroux : Growth Pole
- Boundaville (1966) : Growth Center
- Concept of Leading Industries
- Concept of Propulsive Firms
- Albert Hirshmann : polarization
- Gunmar Myrdal : Backwash and Spread effects
- Scale Economics
- Agglomeration Economies
CENTRAL POLE THEORY
- by Walter Christaller, 1933. Explains the size and function of
settlements and their relationship with their hinterlands

- Hierachy of Services
: hierarchical arrangement of centers and
functions based on services from low order
to high order services found only in major
urban centers
- market range
- threshold population
: minimum population necessary to
support a service
CORE PERIPHERY
- by John Friedmann, unbalanced growth to
dualism : North and South, growing points and
lagging regions
- Dualistic economies
- Toffler : technological apartheid

HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
A hamlet : a neighborhood, a small village
A community : a town
A city : an urban area
A metropolis
A conurbation : a composition of cities, metropolises and urban
areas
A megalopolis : merging of two or more metropolis with a
population of 10 million or more, a 20th century phenomenon

CITY vs URBAN
City
- as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P20M, at least
10,000 has in land area or minimum population of 150,000, a
political or legal status granted by the government
Highly urbanized City
- at least 200,000 population and income of P50M or more
Component City
- population and income below those of highly urbanized city
Independent Component City
- a characterized city
Urban Area
- as defined by NSO, in their entirety, all cities and municipalities
with a density of at least 1000/sqkm
-exhibiting a street pattern or street network

INTERNAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES

Concentric Zone Theory (Monocentric)
- by E.W. Burgess, a University of Chicago Sociologist, in 1925.
The city grows in a radial expansion from the center to form a
series of concentric zones or circles such as in Chicago

DEPENDENCY THEORY
- development of first world derived from
undevelopment of third world neocolonialism
- advocated by latin American economist and
planner like Cesar Furtado
INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY
- generally, an economic theory that attempts to
incorporate the location factor into the theory of
the firm and tries to explain the existing location
and changes in that structure
- least cost approach
- market area analysis
- profit maximizing approach

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (DOXIADIS)

Nature : natural physical environment
Man : an individual
Society : group of individuals
Shells : buildings

Networks : transportations, communications, etc.

- CBD (cope, loop)

- zone of transition
- homes of factory
workers
- residential zone
of high class
apartment
buildings or singlefamily dwellings
- commuter zone
- the process of invasion and succession explains
the successive rings
Sector Theory
- by Homer Hoyt, an economist in 1939. Hoyt
examined the spatial variations in household rent
in 1942 American cities
Multiple Nuclei Theory (Polycentric)
- developed by two geographers Chauncy Harris
and Eduard Ullman in 1945. Cities tend to grow
around not one but several districts nuclei
Inverse Concentric Zone Theory
- the preceding three theories apply primarily to
cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many cities
in the LCDs follow somewhat different patterns :
this is a reversal of the concentric zone pattern

THE IMAGE OF THE CITY

- a collective image map of a city, a collective
picture of what people extract from the physical
reality of a city.
- five basic elements which people use to
construct their mental image of a city:
1. pathways
2. districts
3. edges
4. landmarks
5. nodes

PLANNING ORGANIZATION
Regional Planning
- NEDA (National Economic Development Authority)
- NLUC (National Land Use Committee)
- RDC (Regional Development Council)
- PDC (Provincial development Council)
- PLUC (Provincial Land Use Committee)
- Sanggunihan Panlalawigan
Urban Planning
- HUDCC (housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council)
- HLURB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board)
- RLUC (Regional Land Use Committee)
- M/CDC (Municipal / City Development Council)
- BDC (Barangay Development Council)
HLURB
- the planning regulatory and quasi-judicial instrumentality of
government for land use development
PLANNING
- the key to orderly and rational land development in any local
government unit
- example, a city or municipaltiy