Lun vn

nh gi hiu qu ca vic d
sng nc thi trong sn xut
rau ti thn Bng B, Hong
Lit, Hong Mai

MC LC
DANH MC CC T VIT TT
DANH MC CC BNG BIU
DANH MC CC HNH
PHN M U ....................................................................................................... 1
1. S cn thit ca ti ................................................................................ 1
2. Mc tiu nghin cu ................................................................................... 2
3. Phm vi nghin cu .................................................................................... 2
4. Phng php nghin cu ........................................................................... 2
5. Kt cu chuyn ...................................................................................... 3
LI CM N .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LI CAM OAN .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHNG 1. C S L LUN V NH GI HIU QU CA VIC S
DNG NC THI TRONG SN XUT RAU ................................................ 4
1.1. Tng quan v s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau.............................. 4
1.1.1. Tnh hnh cc ngun nc ti phc v cho sn xut nng nghip.. 4
1.1.2. Tnh hnh s dng nc thi trong sn xut nng nghip ................ 9
1.2. nh gi hiu qu ca vic s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau ...... 13
1.2.1.

Khi nim hiu qu....................................................................... 13

1.2.2. Phng php nh gi hiu qu ...................................................... 13

1.2.3. Mt s phng php nh gi chi ph, li ch s dng trong nh gi
hiu qu ..................................................................................................... 15
1.2.4. Tc ng ca vic s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau ................ 18

CHNG II. THC TRNG S DNG NC THI T SNG T

LCH TRONG SN XUT RAU TI THN BNG B, HONG LIT,
HONG MAI .......................................................................................................... 23
2.1. Khi qut v sng T Lch .................................................................... 23
2.1.1. V tr a l ........................................................................................ 23
2.1.2. Tnh trng nhim .......................................................................... 24
2.1.3. Cht lng nc ti cho cy rau ................................................... 25
2.2. Tnh hnh s dng nc thi t sng T Lch trong sn xut rau ti
thn Bng B .................................................................................................. 26
2.2.1. Khi qut v thn Bng B ................................................................ 26
2.2.2. Tnh hnh s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau ............................. 30
CHNG III: NH GI HIU QU VIC S DNG NC THI T
SNG T LCH TRONG SN XUT RAU TI THN BNG B............... 34
3.1. Hiu qu v ti chnh ............................................................................. 34
3.1.1. Xc nh cc chi ph ......................................................................... 34
_Toc2291025723.1.2. Xc nh li ch .................................................................... 40

3.1.3. Tnh ton hiu qu ti chnh............................................................ 41

3.2. Hiu qu kinh t .................................................................................... 41
3.2.1.

Xc nh chi ph............................................................................ 41

3.2.2. Xc nh li ch ................................................................................ 44
3.2.3. Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t ............................................................... 45
Kt lun v kin ngh ............................................................................................. 47
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................ 49
PH LC

DANH MC CC T VIT TT

BOD:

Nhu cu oxy sinh ha

COD:

Nhu cu oxy ha hc

DO:

Lng oxy ha tan

CVM:

nh gi ngu nhin

BVTV:

Bo v thc vt

DANIDA:

C quan pht trin quc t an Mch

HQKT:

Hiu qu kinh t

HQTC:

Hiu qu ti chnh

N, P, K:

Nit, Photpho, Kali

TCCP:

Tiu chun cho php

TCVN:

Tiu chun Vit Nam

VESDI:

Vin mi trng v pht trin bn vng

WTP:

Sn lng chi tr

WTA:

Sn lng chp nhn

WHO:

T chc y t th gii

DANH MC CC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1

Din tch trng la v rau ca qun Hong Mai v huyn Thanh Tr

Bng 1.2

Cc phng php dng trong nh gi chi ph, li ch

Bng 2.1

Loi v lng nc thi ca TP. H Ni

Bng 2.2

Cc loi rau chnh trng ti thn Bng B

Bng 3.1

Thng k cc bin php bo v sc khe ca nng dn phng Hong

Lit

Bng 3.2

Tnh hnh mc cc bnh v da i vi nng dn ti Hong Lit

DANH MC CC HNH

Hnh 1.1

C cu s dng nc

Hnh 1.2

Nc thi th trong tng tc nng thn - th

Hnh 1.3

S di chuyn ca nc thi th ti khu vc sn xut nng nghip

(thn Bng B)

Hnh 2.1

Bn v tr cc thn ca phng Hong Lit, Hong mai

Hnh 2.2

Bn th hin v tr ca thn Bng B

Hnh 2.3

Biu th hin c cu s dng t nng nghip ca thn Bng B,

2002

Hnh 2.4

Biu th hin c cu thu nhp ca thn Bng B nm 2002

Hnh 2.5

Biu th hin c cu thu nhp t cc hot ng nng nghip ca

thn Bng B, 2002

Hnh 2.6

Hng di chuyn ca nc thi th ti khu vc sn xut nng

nghip

PHN M U

1. S cn thit ca ti
Vit Nam l mt nc i ln t nng nghip vi truyn thng ca nn sn
xut la nc. n nay sn xut nng nghip ang chim mt t trng kh ln
(21,75%) trong GDP. Lc lng lao ng trong nng nghip (nng dn) cng
ang chim mt t l cao (53,9%) trong tng lc lng lao ng ca c nc. V
vy Vit Nam, Nng nghip lun gi mt v tr rt quan trng trong i sng
kinh t, x hi, chnh tr ca t nc. Nng nghip hiu theo ngha rng bao gm
cc hp phn: trng trt, chn nui v nui trng thy sn. Trong lnh vc trng
trt, dn ta c cu: nht nc, nh phn, tam cn, t ging th hin tm quan
trng ca cc yu t: nc, phn bn, chuyn cn v ging i vi nng sut, cht
lng ca cy trng. Theo , nc c xem l yu t quan trng bc nht i
vi cy trng. Vy nn cc nn vn minh nng nghip, cc vng ng bng tr
ph u gn lin vi mt dng sng: vn minh sng Hng, vn minh sng n.
sng Hng, Tuy nhin hin nay, dn s ngy mt tng nhanh, cc hot ng
sn xut din ra ngy cng mnh m, qu trnh th ha, s nng ln ton cu
khin cc ngun nc ti cho nng nghip ang ngy mt cn kit v suy thoi.
Cc hot ng nng nghip mun duy tr, khng cn cch no khc l vn phi s
dng ngun nc m t lu nay vn s dng, cho d hin nay ngun nc
b nhim. Vit Nam, vic lm sch cc ngun nc trong tng lai gn l
cha th, nn s dng nc thi cho sn xut nng nghip s vn cn tip
din.Vic s dng nc thi cng nghip, th cho sn xut nng nghip gp
phn khng nh trong m bo an ninh lng thc, xa i gim ngho, nhng
bn cnh cng tim tng nhng nguy c v sc khe v mi trng. Vy th

vic s dng nc thi mang li hiu qu n u? ti nh gi hiu qu

ca vic d sng nc thi trong sn xut rau ti thn Bng B, Hong Lit,
Hong Mai thng qua nghin cu in hnh vic sn xut rau ti thn Bng B
tr li cho cu hi trn.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Nhm tm hiu thc trng sn xut rau s dng nc thi ti; xem xt,
nh gi hiu qu chi ph trn cc kha cnh ti chnh, x hi, mi trng ca vic
s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau; a ra kt lun v tnh hiu qu; t
xut ra nhng gii php, kin ngh nhm hi ha cc mc tiu kinh t - x hi
mi trng.
3. Phm vi nghin cu

Phm vi thi gian: da trn tng hp cc s liu t nm 2002

ti nay.

Phm vi khng gian: nghin cu ti thn Bng B, Hong Lit,

Hong Mai.

Phm vi ni dung: Chuyn khng nh gi hiu qu cho tt

c cc loi rau ti thn Bng B, m ch i vo tp trung nh gi hiu qu

cho vic trng 4 loi rau nc m s dng nc thi t sng T Lch l rau
rt, rau mung, rau cn v ci xoong.
4. Phng php nghin cu
Chuyn s dng cc phng php sau:

Phng php duy vt bin chng v duy vt lch s

Phng php tip cn h thng , phn tch h thng v cn

bng vt cht

Phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng, lng ha cc tc

ng mi trng (thng qua cc phng php: chi ph chm sc sc khe,

nh gi ngu nhin)

Phng php phn tch chi ph li ch

5. Kt cu chuyn
Chuyn gm 3 phn chnh ngoi phn m u v kt lun:
Chng I: C s l lun v nh gi hiu qu ca vic s dng nc thi
trong sn xut rau
Chng II: Thc trng s dng nc thi t sng T Lch trong sn xut
rau ti thn Bng B, Hong Lit, Hong Mai
Chng III: nh gi hiu qu vic s dng nc thi t sng T Lch
trong sn xut rau ti thn Bng B

CHNG 1. C S L LUN V NH GI HIU QU CA

VIC S DNG NC THI TRONG SN XUT RAU

1.1. Tng quan v s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau

1.1.1. Tnh hnh cc ngun nc ti phc v cho sn xut nng nghip
Ti nguyn nc
Tri t chng ta c 3/4 din tch c bao ph bi nc, tuy nhin, ti
97,4% l nc mn, ch c 2,6% l nc ngt, m trong lng nc ngt t i ,
c ti 68,5% l tn ti di dng bng tuyt hai cc v trn cc ngn ni. Ti
nguyn nc trn th gii theo tnh ton hin nay l 1,39 t km3, tp trung trong
thu quyn 97,2% (1,35 t km3), cn li trong kh quyn v thch quyn. Ti
nguyn nc trong thy quyn bao gm cc ngun nc mt, nc ma, nc
ngm v nc bin. Lng nc th nhiu, tuy nhin khng phi ngun nc no
cng c th s dng ngay cho sn xut, v d nh nc bin mun s dng th
phi qua ch bin, x l. V l do kinh t v thun tin, hin nay ch c nc mt
v nc ngm c s dng rng ri trong i sng v sn xut. Nc mt tn ti
thng xuyn hay khng thng xuyn trong cc thu vc trn mt t nh:
sng ngi, h t nhin, h cha (h nhn to), m ly, ng rung.
Ti nguyn nc mt ca Vit Nam tng i phong ph, chim khong
2% tng lng dng chy ca cc sng trn th gii. Tng lng dng chy sng
ngi trung bnh hng nm ca nc ta bng khong 847 km3. Tuy nhin, ti 60%
(507 km3) ngun nc l do chy t bn ngoi lnh th vo. Lng nc phn b
khng ng u: trn 60% ngun nc sng tp trung khu vc ng bng sng
Cu Long (lu vc sng M Kng) trong khi ton phn lnh th cn li ch c gn

40% lng nc nhng li chim ti gn 80% dn s c nc v trn 90% khi

lng hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, dch v.
Nhu cu tiu th nc ang tng ln mnh m
Trong c th ngi nc chim ti 70% trng lng. Hng ngy mi ngi
cn ti thiu 60 - 80, ti a ti 150 - 200 lt nc hoc hn cho sinh hot; ring
lng nc n ung vo c th t nht cng ti 1,5 - 2 lt mi ngy.
Nc cn cn cho cc hot ng khc ca con ngi nh sn xut cng
nghip, nng nghip v hot ng dch v. Lng nc dng cho trng trt, chn
nui rt ln: trung bnh 1 ha mu cn 0,12 - 0,29 l/s; 1 ha trng la nc cn 1,5 -7
l/s; mi u vt nui nh nga, tru b tiu tn 20 - 80 lt nc mt ngy, ln: 15 60, g, vt, ngan, ngng: 1 - 1,25 lt. Nhu cu nc cho sn xut cng nghip cng
vy: sn xut 1 tn thp hay 1 tn giy phi dng 44.000 lt nc; lc mt lt
du cn 10 lt; sn xut mt lt bia phi c 15 lt nc sch; lng nc dng lm
mt my cng khng nh (ng c t trong: 10 lt /gi, ng c du: 25 - 50
lt/gi...)
Tng lng nc chng ta c c khng i t hng nghn nm nay, m
s lng v cc loi i tng s dng li tng ln t. Dn s th gii hin nay
l 6,8 t; d bo n cui nm 2012 l 7 t v s tng n 9 t ngi vo nm
2050. Dn s th gii tng trung bnh mi nm gn 80 triu, c ngha l nhu cu
nc mi nm ca th gii cng tng thm 64 t thc khi.
Ti Vit Nam, nhu cu dng nc cho sinh hot, sn xut cng nng nghip
tng cng ln mnh m trong tt c cc vng. Trong vng 15 nm, nhu cu nc
tng 1,76 ln (n ung - sinh hot: 1,65 ln; cng nghip: 5,62 ln; nng
nghip:1,49 ln). Theo kt qu nh gi nm 1999, tng lng nc cn dng ca
c nc chim khong 8,8% tng lng dng chy nm, tng ln ti 12,5% vo

nm 2000 v 16,5% vo khong nm 2010. Tng lng nc dng ti cho

cy trng kh ln, t 41 km3 (chim 89,8%) nm 1985, tng ln 46,9 km3 (nm
1990) v 60 km3 nm 2000 (chim 85%). Nu c vi iu kin ny th 15 n 20
nm ti (2015 - 2020) nhu cu nc s vo khong 140 t/m3 nm, to nn mt
sc p rt ln, l cha k n khi y nc ta tr thnh nc cng nghip,
dn s chng 120 -150 triu, mc sng cao hn i hi lng nc dng ln hn:
trung bnh c dn th mi ngi mi ngy dng 120 - 150 lt nc ch khng
phi mc 80 -100 lt nh hin nay, cn ngi dn nng thn dng 80 - 100 lt thay
v 40 - 60 lt.
Nng nghip l ngnh s dng nc nhiu nht, chim hn 70% lng
nc ca cc h cha, knh rch v t ngun nc ngm trn th gii (trong khi
nc cho cng nghip ch chim 22% v sinh hot con ngi chim 8%) v t l
ny s cn tng thm 17% trong 20 nm ti. Trong khi , 60% lng nc ny
b s dng khng hiu qu. Tnh trung bnh, sn xut 1 tn go cn ti 1.000
tn nc. Do tnh trng thiu nc, n nm 2030, s c ti 45 triu ha canh tc s
khng nc ti.

8%
22%

Nng nghip
Cng nghip
Sinh hot
70%

Hnh 1.1. C cu s dng nc

Ti nguyn nc ang ngy mt cn kit v suy thoi

Gia tng dn s, qu trnh th ha, thay i s dng t v s m ln ton
cu, tt c ang to nn nhng p lc cnh tranh ln mt ngun ti nguyn c hn.
Tiu th nc tng, dn n lng nc thi ra cng vi cc cht thi khc c
thi vo ngun nc cng tng tng ng. cc nc ang pht trin, 90% nc
thi sinh hot v 60% nc thi cng nghip c vo mt nc, khng qua x
l.
Theo bo co ca Lin Hip Quc cng b ngy 5/3/2003 ti din n th
gii ln th 3 v nc, t chc ti Kyoto (Nht Bn), khong 1/3 ngun nc s
dng s mt i trong 20 nm ti. Hin nay c khong 12.000 km3 nc sch
trn th gii b nhim, hng nm c hn 2,2 triu ngi cht do cc cn bnh c
lin quan n ngun nc b nhim v iu kin v sinh ngho nn.
Ti Vit Nam, cc thnh ph ln, hng trm c s sn xut cng nghip
ang gy nhim mi trng nc do khng c cng trnh v thit b x l cht
thi, nc thi sinh hot khng c h thng x l tp trung m trc tip x ra
ngun tip nhn (sng, h, knh, mng), phn ln cc bnh vin v c s y t ln
cha c h thng x l nc thi, mt lng rc thi rn ln trong thnh ph
khng thu gom ht c. Tnh trng nhim nc cc th thy r nht l
thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. thnh ph H Ni ch s BOD,
DO, cc cht NH4, NO2, NO3 cc sng, h, mng ni thnh u vt qu quy
nh cho php.
cc th khc nh Hi Phng, Hu, Nng, Nam nh, Hi Dng
nc thi sinh hot cng khng c x l nhim ngun nc ni tip nhn

nc thi u vt qu tiu chun cho php (TCCP), cc thng s cht l lng SS,
BOD; COD; DO u vt t 5-10 ln, thm ch 20 ln TCCP.
nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip, c s h tng cn lc hu,
phn ln cc cht thi ca con ngi v gia sc khng c x l nn thm xung
t hoc b ra tri, lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun nc v mt hu c v vi
sinh vt ngy cng cao.
Trong sn xut nng nghip, do lm dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt,
cc ngun nc sng, h, knh, mng b nhim, nh hng ln n mi
trng nc v sc kho nhn dn.
Theo thng k ca B Thu sn, tng din tch mt nc s dng cho nui
trng thu sn n nm 2001 ca c nc l 751.999 ha. Do nui trng thu sn
t, thiu quy hoch, khng tun theo quy trnh k thut nn gy nhiu tc ng
tiu cc ti mi trng nc. Cng vi vic s dng nhiu v khng ng cch
cc loi ho cht trong nui trng thu sn, th cc thc n d lng xung y ao,
h, lng sng lm cho mi trng nc b nhim cc cht hu c, lm pht trin
mt s loi sinh vt gy bnh v xut hin mt s to c; thm ch c du hiu
xut hin thu triu mt s vng ven bin Vit Nam.
Vit Nam, nc thi th l hn hp ca nc thi sinh hot, cng
nghip, bnh vin c thi vo h thng cng rnh chung ca thnh ph. Nhn
chung nc thi th ca Vit Nam cha c x l trc khi vo sng ngi,
ao h.
Theo thng k s b th ch khong 4,26% lng nc thi cng nghip
c x l m bo tiu chun mi trng.
Khng ch c vy, lng ha cht bo v thc vt c s dng trong nng
nghip mi nm cng khong 0,5-3,5kg/ha/v gy ra ph dng (nng cht N,

P cao; ym kh, nc mu xanh en c mi khai thi) hoc nhim c nc.

Ngoi ra, khong gn 1.500 lng ngh trn c nc gy nhim trm trng cho
ngun nc ti nhiu im, c bit l cc lng ngh lm giy, dt nhum, git m
gia sc...
Cc chuyn gia phn tch, trong khu vc ni thnh ca cc thnh ph ln
(H Ni, H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Hu...) h thng cc h, ao, knh, rch v cc
sng nh chnh l ni tip nhn v vn chuyn nc thi ca cc khu cng nghip,
dn c. H thng ny hin nay nhim nghim trng vt qu mc tiu chun
cho php 5-10 ln, cc h trong ni thnh phn ln trng thi ph dng, nhiu
h b ph dng ha t bin v ti nhim bn hu c.
Trong nc di t nhiu ni cn thy du hiu nhim pht pht v
asen. Ti H Ni, s ging c hm lng cao hn mc cho php chim 71%.
Nc thi ca thnh ph H Ni vi khi lng khong 400.000 m3/ngy
m, trong khong 55% l nc thi sinh hot, 43% nc thi cng nghip v
dch v, 2% l nc thi bnh vin (S Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng H
Ni, 2003) theo 4 con sng: T Lch, Kim Ngu, L v St vo h Yn S sau
c bm ra sng Hng.
1.1.2. Tnh hnh s dng nc thi trong sn xut nng nghip

Trn th gii:

Vic s dng nc thi cho sn xut nng nghip l kh ph bin trn th

gii. Theo mt kho st ca Vin qun l ngun nc quc t cho 53 thnh ph
trn th gii cho thy hu ht cc thnh ph ang s dng nc thi khng qua x
l hoc x l mt phn cho nng nghip, vi 80% l c hn mt na din tch t
nng nghip s dng nc thi. C khong 20 triu hecta t canh tc trn th gii
c ti bng nc thi. Phng thc canh tc ni trn ang pht trin mnh

chu , chu Phi v Nam M . Ti nhiu th ln ang pht trin nhanh, nc

sch cc k him trong khi nc thi li nhiu. Nc thi c l l ngun nc di
do nht ca hot ng canh tc nng nghip th. Ti Hyderabad, thnh ph
n , 100% cy trng quanh thnh ph ph thuc vo nc thi. Nguyn nhn
l khng c sn cc ngun nc khc. Ni chung, thng nhng nc pht trin
t c tnh trng nc thi cha qua x l c s dng trong nng nghip. n
gin l v nng dn nhng nc ny c tip cn vi ngun nc qua x
l. H thng s dng nc thi qua ti ch p ng cc tiu chun v nc
ung. Anh v Cng ha lin bang c ngay t u th k 19 xy dng
nhng cnh ng chuyn ti nc thi c x l c hc. Sang u th k 20,
ch tnh ring Chu u c 80.000-90.000 ha t nng nghip c ti bng
nc thi th, M, h sinh hc ang c s dng x l nc thi cng
nghip thc phm, giy, mt phn nc thi sau khi x l h sinh hc c
vo sng h t nhin, mt phn ln cn li c s dng vo mc ch ti
tiu. c, ton b nc thi ca thnh ph Melbourne c x l bng h sinh
hc, sau chng c s dng ti cy ti cc khu th v trng cy cnh.
Mexico, Jordan, Israel v Tunisia, nc thi c x l c bit nhm loi b cc
mm bnh cng nh lm cho n an ton i vi ti tiu. Tuy nhin, ti n ,
Trung Quc v Pakistan, nc cng him khi c x l. N c dn vo cnh
ng cng vi mm bnh v cht thi cng nghip c hi.
Theo c tnh ca Vin qun l nc quc t (IWMI), c ti 1/10 dn s
th gii n nng phm c sn xut t nc thi ti thnh ph.

Ti Vit Nam

Vit Nam l mt nc nng nghip m phn v nc thi (ca ngi

v gia sc, gia cm) c s dng rt hiu qu cho sn xut nng nghip v nui

trng thy sn t nhiu th k nay. Trong , in hnh l h thng VAC (Vn

Ao Chung). VAC, chu trnh dinh dng c khp kn v tt c cc dng
cht thi c a vo s dng hiu qu. Tuy nhin, VAC l m hnh pht trin
ch yu nng thn, cn i vi hot ng nng nghip cc th, vic s
dng phn v nc thi khng cn ph bin, thay vo l nng dn dng ngun
nc cha cc cht thi t cc h gia nh, t cc c s sn xut, bnh vin
phc v cho nng nghip.
Theo kho st ca DANIDA (C quan pht trin quc t an Mch) cho 60
tnh thnh ca c nc, c ti 93% thnh ph kho st s dng nc thi cho nng
nghip hoc nui trng thy sn hoc c hai. Loi cy trng ti nc thi ph
bin Vit Nam l la. Din tch ti nc thi (s dng trc tip cha qua x l
hoc nhim nng) chim 0.5 5% tng din tch t nng nghip cc thnh
ph (trung bnh 1.56%), 70% trong tng cc thnh ph c 1 2% din tch t
nng nghip ti nc thi. Nh vy, c nc c khong 6000-9500 ha din tch
t nng nghip c ti bng nc thi. Cng theo kho st ny, cc l do khin
ngi dn s dng nc thi cho sn xut nng nghip c thng k nh sau: v
khng c cch no khc, y l ngun nc ti duy nht ti khu vc (chim
khong 60%); do thiu nc sch nn phi s dng thm nc thi (35%); v v
nc thi c gi tr dinh dng cho cy trng (15%).

Ti H Ni

Vi vnh ai sn xut, cung ng rau xanh gm 4 huyn ngoi thnh, ton

thnh ph hin c 112/117 x, phng tham gia sn xut rau. Tng din tch rau
nm 2007 l 8.000 ha, cung cp khong 490 tn rau c /ngy, tng ng 40%
nhu cu ca ngi dn. Tuy nhin, trong 8.000 ha rau ch c 43 ha c u t
nh li, knh mng ti tiu; 3 c s c ging khoan cng sut ln, ngun nc

m bo cho quy trnh sn xut rau an ton, cn li hu ht l ging khoan nh

hoc dng nc sng. Trong khi hu ht cc con sng H Ni u b nhim,
th vic s dng nc thi th cho nng nghip tr nn ph bin. Nc thi
v ang c s dng trng la, rau, v nui c vng ngoi thnh H Ni,
c bit l vng Thanh Tr (pha Nam TP. H Ni). Hu ht cc cnh ng la,
rau nm dc hai bn b 4 con sng nu trn qun Hong Mai, huyn Thanh Tr
u c ti bng nc thi th.
Din tch trng la v rau ca qun Hong Mai v huyn Thanh Tr c
thng k trong bng sau:
Qun/huyn

Din tch trng la

(ha)

Din tch trng rau

(ha)

Hong Mai

1284

264

Thanh Tr

3939

1116

Bng 1.1. Din tch trng la v rau ca qun Hong Mai v huyn
Thanh Tr
Ngun: Nin gim Thng k H Ni 2005

c tnh khong 60% din tch trng rau v la ca qun Hong Mai v
ca huyn Thanh Tr c ti bng nc thi th t 4 con sng T Lch, Kim
Ngu, L, St v cc h cha nc ma v nc thi nh h Yn S, h Linh
m... Ngoi 4 con sng nu trn cn phi k n sng Nhu l ngun cung cp
nc ti cho trng la, trng rau vng T Lim, Thanh Tr. Sng Nhu l con
sng ni vi sng Hng ti ca Lin Mc v nhn nc thi t cc khu dn c,
nh my x nghip nm dc 2 bn b sng.

1.2. nh gi hiu qu ca vic s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau

1.2.1. Khi nim hiu qu
Hiu qu c hiu l mi tng quan gia kt qu t c v chi ph b
ra. y, chng ta cp n hiu qu kinh t. Khi nim hiu qu kinh t
thng b nhm ln vi khi nim hiu qu ti chnh. Vic phn bit hiu qu ti
chnh hay hiu qu kinh t l tu theo phm vi xem xt l ca c nhn hay c x
hi. Hiu qu ti chnh c phn tch trn quan im li ch c nhn; ch tnh
ton nhng li li thng thng trong phm vi ti chnh. Hiu qu kinh t th c
phn tch trn li ch ca ton x hi xem xt s pht trin chung ca x hi
nh mc tng trng, s cng bng x hi, s pht trin cng ng, vn mi
trng Hay ni cch khc, trn quan im ton din, hiu qu kinh t phi c
xem xt trn c ba kha cnh: ti chnh, x hi v mi trng.
1.2.2. Phng php nh gi hiu qu
Phng php phn tch ti chnh
Phn tch ti chnh l qu trinh tnh ton cc li ch, chi ph trn gc
hch ton kinh t ca c nhn. Trn c s xc nh cc ch tiu phn nh hiu
qu ti chnh ca phng n hot ng.
i vi mt hot ng cha thc hin, phn tch ti chnh cung cp thng
tin cn thit gip ngi u t a ra quyt nh c nn u t hay khng. V mc
tiu ca c nhn, t chc l li nhun, mt phng n ch c la chn khi mang
li li nhun thch ng. Ngay c cc t chc phi li nhun th phn tch ti chnh
vn l mt kha cnh rt c quan tm, cc t chc ny cng mong mun chn
c nhng phng n c chi ph ti chnh r nht m vn t c mc tiu ca
mnh. Cn i vi mt hot ng c thc hin, phn tch ti chnh gip hch

ton li nhng li ch, chi ph, v nh gi li li ca hot ng, nhm cung cp

thng tin v hiu qu ti chnh ca hot ng.
Phn tch ti chnh c th hiu n gin l i so snh li ch thu c v chi
ph b ra c lng ha bng tin t ng trn quan im c nhn. Nu li ch
thu c ln hn chi ph b ra th hot ng c coi l mang li hiu qu ti
chnh.
Sn xut rau s dng nc thi ti mang li nhng li ch v chi ph
sau:
Li ch: Thu nhp cho nng dn
Chi ph:
+ Cc chi ph trc tip (chi ph lin quan trc tip n qu
trnh sn xut, cu thnh nn gi): phn bn; thuc BVTV; cc cng
c h tr; lao ng; ph thy li.
+ Chi ph gin tip (cc chi ph ny sinh trong qu trnh sn
xut, nhng khng c tnh vo chi ph cu thnh nn gi): chi
ph i vi sc khe ca ngi nng dn.
Phng php phn tch kinh t
Phn tch kinh t l vic so snh, nh gi mt cch h thng gia chi ph
v li ch ca d n trn quan im ton b x hi. Trn gc c nhn, th li
nhun l thc o ch yu quyt nh hnh ng. Cn ng trn quan im li ch
x hi, vic gia tng phc li ca ton x hi s c quan tm hn. Li ch ca
hot ng trn gc kinh t l li ch c tnh cng ng v i khi c th mu
thun vi li ch c nhn. Mt hot ng mang li li ch cho ton x hi ln hn
chi ph m x hi b ra th t hiu qu kinh t.

Sn xut rau s dng nc thi xt trn quan im ton x hi mang li nhng li

ch v chi ph sau:
Li ch:
+ Thu nhp cho nng dn
+ Cc li ch x hi, mi trng:
- To cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng
- m bo an ninh lng thc
- Ti s dng nc thi, t tit kim ti nguyn
- To cnh quan sinh thi lnh mnh.
Chi ph:
+ Cc chi ph trc tip v gin tip nh trong phn tch ti chnh
+ Cc chi ph x hi v mi trng
- Chi ph i vi ngi tiu dng (thit hi v sc khe v tinh
thn)
- nhim t, nc, khng kh.
Phn tch ti chnh v phn tch kinh t khng tch ri nhau m h tr cho
nhau. V nguyn tc, phn tch ti chnh phi tin hnh trc lm c s cho phn
tch kinh t.
1.2.3. Mt s phng php nh gi chi ph, li ch s dng trong nh
gi hiu qu
Sau y l mt s phng php dng trong nh gi chi ph, li ch c
hai tc gi Barry Field v Nancy Olewiler trnh by trong Environmental
Economics:
Phng php nh gi
Phng php dng gi th

ng dng

trng
1.

Thay i nng sut

- nh hng nhim n sc
khe, nng nghip, ti nguyn thin

2.

Chi ph chm sc sc nhin

- nh hng nhim n sc

khe
3.

Thit hi vn nhn lc

khe
- nh hng nhim n sc

4.

Chi ph thay th/phc khe

hi thit hi ti sn, kinh doanh

- Thit hi do nhim gy ra
cho c s vt cht, h sinh thi

Phng php khng dng

gi th trng
1.

Chi tiu bo v/gim

thit hi

- nh hng ca nhim n
con ngi, cc ngnh cng nghip, h
sinh thi

2.

nh gi hng th

- nh hng ca nhim n
gi tr ti sn, sc khe

3.

Th trng i din (chi

- Li ich gii tr

nh gi ngu nhin

- Cht lng mi trng hin

ph du hnh)
4.

ti v tng lai
Bng 1.2. Cc phng php dng trong nh gi chi ph, li ch
Ngun: Barry Field v Nancy Olewiler

Trong phm vi ni dung chuyn , xin c i vo phn tch mt s

phng php sau:

Chi ph chm sc sc khe:

Tt c cc dng nhim u c nh hng bt li n sc khe. C rt

nhiu yu t tc ng n sc khe con ngi ngoi yu t nhim mi trng
nh tnh trng v sinh, n ung, tui tc V th, phi a tt c cc bin s vo
m hnh tnh ton ri tch bit ra tc ng ca nhim. Th tc nh gi thit hi
sc khe:
- Xem xt nng sut lao ng gim cng vi sc khe gim v cuc sng b
rt ngn lm gim vn nhn lc.
- Chi tiu chm sc sc khe gia tng.
Phng php nh gi dng gi th trng khng hon ton nh gi c
ht cc thit hi, lun di gi tr thc. V d phng php c lng thit hi
sc khe ch tnh thng qua gim nng sut v chi ph y t, n khng tnh n cc
chi ph khc nh: nhng ng gp phi th trng m mt ngi khe mnh to ra
cho ngi thn, bn b h; hoc s kh chu khi mc cc bnh Nh vy, chi ph
thc c th cao hn trong nhiu tnh hung. V cc phng php khng dng gi
c c s dng nhm tnh c cc chi ph , mt trong s l phng php
nh gi ngu nhin.

nh gi ngu nhin:

L phng php nh gi cht lng mi trng bng cch phng vn trc

tip ngi dn mt cch ngu nhin v gi sn lng tr ca h cho hng ha mi
trng. Trn c s cc phiu nh gi, s dng cc phng php thng k c
lng gi tr cht lng mi trng khu vc cn nh gi.

Bng phng vn ca CVM c thit k ngi c phng vn ngh v

cc c im mi trng v la chn sn lng chi tr (WTP)/sn lng chp nhn
(WTA) cho cc c im mi trng . Bng phng vn bao gm cc ni dung:
m t cc c im mi trng cn nh gi; cc cu hi v thng tin c nhn ca
ngi c phng vn (thu nhp, ni sinh sng, tui tc, ); cc cu hi v
WTP/WTA ca ngi c phng vn.
Hn ch ca CVM
- Lch gi tr:
Ngi tr li c th khng bit hon ton v s a thch ca mnh, cng
nh khng c tng g v gi s tr cho hng ho mi trng - loi hng ha c
th h cha mt ln tr gi. Hoc gi nh h bit v s a thch ca mnh, nhng
c th h s ni t i WTP nu h on rng cu tr li ca mnh c s dng
lp nn mc gi cho hng ho mi trng ny. Theo kinh nghim, s tin m h
ni sn lng tr ch bng khong 70-90% s tin m cui cng h thc s tr.
- S khc bit gia WTP v WTA: D cng mt ngi hi, nhng kt qu
WTP v WTA l khc nhau. WTA thng cao hn WTP rt nhiu. C th l do c
nhn cm gic c chi ph ca vic mt mt (WTA) mnh m hn l li ch
ca vic t c (WTP). Hay c kin cho rng WTA khng b gii hn bi
thu nhp nh WTP nn WTA s cao hn WTP. Nu trong thc t, hai cch o
lng ny khc nhau th cc quy nh chnh sch phi c cp n WTP v
WTA.
- Thin lch v im khi u: Vic la chn mc tin ban u c nh
hng n WTP sau cng ca ngi c hi., vi WTP ban u cao th c th
cho kt qu WTP sau cng cao hn.
1.2.4. Tc ng ca vic s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau

Trc nht, vic s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau mang li li ch

chung nh li ch ca tt c cc hot ng nng nghip: m nhn chc nng bo
m nhu cu lng thc thc phm; to ra thu nhp v cng n vic lm cho
ngi nng dn; l nn tng cho s pht trin ca cc nn vn ha - x hi khc
nhau; ng gp vo s ti to v hn ch s suy thoi ca mi trng (nu c
u t ng hng v s dng cc cng ngh thn thin vi mi trng), gp
phn vo pht trin c s h tng nng thn. Ngoi ra, hot ng ny cn c
nhng tc ng in hnh khc. Sau y, chng ta s i xt tc ng ca vic s
dng nc thi trong sn xut rau cho tng i tng lin quan:

i vi ngi sn xut

Nc thi vn cha nhiu cht dinh dng nh Nit, Photpho, Kali. V th,
nng dn c th tn dng ngun dinh dng ny, khng cn bn nhiu phn bn
m cy vn rt pht trin. Nht l trong iu kin gi phn bn ngy cng tng ln
mt cch chng mt nh hin nay th s dng nc thi thc s gip ngi dn
gim i gnh nng v phn bn rt nhiu.
Tuy nhin, nc thi th cha nhiu ha cht c hi, cc loi khun gy
bnh, trng giun gy ra cc bnh v da, h hp, cc bnh ng rut khi ngi
sn xut thng xuyn tip xc nc thi m khng c cc bin php gim thiu
tc ng.

i vi ngi tiu dng:

Vit Nam l mt nc ang pht trin, thu nhp ngi dn cn thp, k c

nhng ngi sng ti cc th ln: H Ni, H Ch Minh, Mc d ngi dn
bt u c nhng nhn thc v rau an ton, nhng thu nhp thp hn ch ngi
dn tip cn cc sn phm , cng vi vic cc c s sn xut rau sch cha
nhiu, phn v thiu vn, phn v thiu kin thc k thut, thiu th trng, dn n

tiu th cc loi rau khng an ton gi r vn rt ph bin. Hay ni cch khc,

sn xut rau s dng nc thi vn gp phn tha mn nhu cu tiu dng cho mt
s lng ln nhng ngi dn ti thnh ph.
D nhin, s dng cc loi rau ti bng nc thi s gy ra nguy c cao i vi
sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Vic kho st nc ti ti mt s x ngoi thnh
H Ni, ly mu nc u ngun - sng T lch, knh dn, h c, vn rau ca
d n n bo ng rut Vit Nam - Cc kha cnh v sinh an ton thc
phm v sc khe con ngi, giai on 2004-2007 do Vit Nam v an Mch
hp tc chng t rng: tt c cc mu u cha vi khun do nhim phn
E.coli vi mt trung bnh 10 ngn n 100 ngn khun trong 100 millilit, vt
gii hn cho php ca WHO l di 1 ngn khun trong 100 ml i vi nc thi
dng trong chn nui v trng trt. Vi trng giun, kt qu kho st l c t 10
100 trng trong 1 lt, trong lc quy nh ca WHO l khng c qu 1 trng
trong 1 lt. V th, ngi tiu dng c th mc cc bnh v ng rut nu khng
ra sch, nu chn rau trc khi n. Kt qu khm sc khe 110 ngi dn ca
phng Hong Lit ca nhm tc gi ca Trng i hc Y H Ni (1996) cho
thy s ngi c 1-1.000 trng giun/1gam phn chim 21,81%; 1.000-10.000
trng giun/1gam phn chim t l cao nht (62,72%) v trn 10.000 trng
giun/gam phn l 15,45%.
Rau s dng nc thi cn c th b nhim kim loi nng. Mt s kim loi
nng vi hm lng thch hp s c li cho c th nhng nu vt qu mc cho
php s gy ng c. Ngoi ra, mt s kim loi khc xm nhp vo c th nh
hng n thn kinh, tc, rng, da v c th gy ung th.
C th khi qut cch thc tc ng ca vic s dng nc thi th trong
sn xut rau ti nhng ngi dn th theo s sau:

 th

Nc thi

Ti rau

Sn phm

Bn bun, bn l (ti rung, ch)

Hnh 1.2. Nc thi th trong tng tc nng thn - th

Ngun: VESDI

i vi mi trng

Dng nc thi cho nng nghip, nhn kha cnh khc, cn c th c

coi l vic ti s dng nc thi thay cho cc c s sn xut, c s y t v cc h
gia nh. Gim c mt khi lng nc thi nht nh thi ra mi trng, t
gim nhim, suy thoi mi trng mt ni khc. Hn na, ti s dng nc
thi tc l khng cn ngun nc mi, vic lm gim gnh nng v cung cp
nc, gp phn m bo an ninh nng lng v nng nghip c nh gi l
ngnh s dng nhiu nc nht trong nn kinh t.
Bn cnh , s dng nc thi lm lan rng nhim nc ngm, nhim
t v khng kh. Cc cht kim loi nng c th tch ly trong t lm gim nng
sut mt s loi cy trng. S di chuyn ca nc thi ti khu vc sn xut c
th hin trong s sau:

Vo cy
rau
t trng la, rau

Bc hi, r r

Nc thi
t trng

Thm xung t
Nc ngm

Hnh 1.3. S di chuyn ca nc thi th ti khu vc sn xut nng nghip

(thn Bng B)
Ngun: VESDI

CHNG II. THC TRNG S DNG NC THI T SNG T

LCH TRONG SN XUT RAU TI THN BNG B, HONG LIT,
HONG MAI
2.1. Khi qut v sng T Lch

Hnh 2.1. Bn v tr cc thn ca phng Hong Lit, Hong mai

2.1.1. V tr a l
V tr bt u ca sng c th c xem l t cng Phan nh Phng (qun
Ba nh), chy dc ng Bi, ng Lng, Kim Giang, i Kim, Thnh Lit
v pha Nam thnh ph. Ti khu vc Nh my Sn H Ni, sng T Lch r
nhnh, mt nhnh chy sang hng ng v pha h Yn S, mt nhnh chy
xui theo hng Nam vo sng Nhu. i vi nhnh sng T Lch chy v
pha h Yn S, sng chy qua a phn ca cc thn: Vn (x Thnh Lit); Bng

A, Bng B (phng Hong Lit); Hunh Cung, Tu Lit v Yn Ngu (x Tam

Hip). Ti khu vc thn Yn Ngu, sng li tip tc r thnh 2 nhnh, mt nhnh
chy tip v hng ng vo h Yn S, nhnh kia chy theo hng nam qua
a phn cc x T Hip, Vnh Qunh, Ng Hip (huyn Thanh Tr) v cui cng
cng vo sng Nhu.
2.1.2. Tnh trng nhim
Trc nm 1990, sng T Lch l mt vng sinh thi lnh mnh. Trong
khong thi gian t nm 1990 n nm 1998 bt u c hin tng nhim dn
dn. c bit t nm 1998 cho n nay th tnh trng nhim tr nn trm
trng: nc c mu en kt, c qunh cc cht hu c; COD thng t 150-350
mg/l; BOD t 50-100 mg/l; nng NH4+ thng t 20-40 mg/l; nng NO2thng thp khng ng k (di 1); nng NO3- dao ng trong khong t 1-10
mg/l, i khi vt qu 15 mg/l; c cao; coliform dao ng t 35.000-130.000
MNP (most probable number - s lng chc chn nht c th)/100ml; pH
thng t 7,5-8,5 do c qu nhiu amoniac t do.
Sng T Lch vi tng din tch lu vc vo khong 6.820 ha, hng ngy
tip nhn mt lng nc thi th t 330.000-350.000 m3 vo ma kh. Thnh
phn nc thi sng T Lch tip nhn hng ngy bao gm: nc thi sinh hot
(t hot ng sinh sng ca hn 3 triu dn ni thnh, t hng nghn nh hng,
khch sn, khu ch); nc thi cng nghip (t cc nh my, x nghip, doanh
nghip, c s sn xut vi tt c cc loi hnh nh ha cht, dt may, thc phm,
c kh); nc thi bnh vin (t cc bnh vin ln v hng trm c s dch v y
t ng trn a bn thnh ph H Ni). Loi hnh v lu lng thi c th hin
bng sau:
T

Loi nc thi

Lu lng

m3/ngy

Sinh hot

188,000

54.5

Cng nghip v dch v

150,000

43.5

Bnh vin v cc c s

7,000

2.0

345,000

100

dch v y t
Tng cng:

Bng 2.1. Loi v lng nc thi ca TP. H Ni

Ngun: S khoa hc - cng ngh v mi trng H Ni, 2001

Nc thi ca TP. H Ni rt giu cht dinh dng, cng vi cc cht gy

nhim nh ha cht c hi, fecal coliforms, COD, BOD, cht rn tng s, NH4-N
v nhiu kim loi nng nh Ni, Cu, As v Pb.
2.1.3. Cht lng nc ti cho cy rau
Hm lng cht dinh dng trong nc kh cao. Hm lng N, P, K cao
trong nc thi l ngun cung cp dinh dng quan trng cho cy rau trng
Bng B v cc cnh ng nm dc theo cc sng dn nc thi th H Ni. So
vi TCVN 5942-1995 loi B, cc ch tiu N-NH4, N-NO2 trong nc ti (nc
mt) u vt nng Nts v K trong nc ca cc rung rau, cn hm lng Pts
khng khc nhau nhiu.
Hm lng ca mt s kim loi nng trong nc ti rau Bng B nh Ch
(Pb), Thy ngn (Hg), Cadimi (Cd), Crm (Cr) u nm trong gii hn cho php
theo TCVN 5942-1995 (loi B). Khng c s khc nhau nhiu v nng ca cc
kim loi nng trong nc ca cc knh dn xi mng, knh t v cc tha rung
trng rau.

Vi thi gian nc sng (nc thi) lu li trong knh dn v trong rung

sau rt mt ngy , nng cc cht nhim gim i ng k . c gim i
2-3 ln BOD gim t 4-5 ln , COD gim t 14 n gn 15 ln , N gim 4-5 ln, K
gim khong 1,5 ln. DO tng ng k t 3-8,6 ln .
2.2. Tnh hnh s dng nc thi t sng T Lch trong sn xut rau ti
thn Bng B
2.2.1. Khi qut v thn Bng B
V tr a l
Bng B l mt trong 5 thn (Php Vn, T K, Linh m, Bng A, Bng
B) ca phng Hong Lit, qun Hong Mai. Bng B nm cch trung tm thnh
ph H Ni khong 10km v pha Nam.

Hnh 2.2. Bn th hin v tr ca thn Bng B

Ngun: D n Rubifarm

iu kin t nhin
Mang c im chung ca kh hu min Bc Vit Nam: nhit i gi ma
m, ma h nng, ma nhiu v ma ng, t ma, quanh nm tip nhn lng
bc x Mt tri rt di do v c nhit cao. C m v lng ma kh ln:
1,600 1,800 mm/nm, trung bnh 114 ngy ma mt nm. Ma ma chnh ko
di t thng 6 - 9, chim khong 80-90% tng lng ma hng nm.Ma nng
ko di t thng 5 ti thng 9, km theo ma nhiu, nhit trung bnh 29,2C.
T thng 11 ti thng 3 nm sau l kh hu ca ma ng vi nhit trung bnh
15,2C. Cng vi hai thi k chuyn tip vo thng 4 v thng 10.
iu kin kinh t x hi
Tng din tch ca thn Bng B l 537,543 m2, trong t l 51,988 m2
chim 9,67%, cn li l t cho nng nghip chim n hn 90% (485,555 m2)
vi 60% (291,600 m2) dng cho trng la; 24% trng rau (117,000 m2); 4% din
tch l cc ao, h nui c (19,800 m2); cn li l cho cc mc ch khc: knh
mng, iu

12%
4%

la
rau
nui c

24%

60%

khc

Hnh 2.3. Biu th hin c cu s dng t nng nghip ca thn

Bng B, 2002
Thn Bng B c 368 h gia nh vi s dn l 1,381; trong 785 ngi
trong tui lao ng (56.8%).
C 303 h gia nh tham gia sn xut nng nghip, trong 200 h da
hon ton vo sn xut nng nghip, cn li l c ngh ph khc: g, bn
in
Thu nhp: Nm 2002, tng thu nhp ca thn l 5.4 t VN, trong thu
nhp t nng nghip l 1 307 125 000 ng (chim gn 25%), t hot ng cng
nghip, th cng, thng mi, dch v l 4 t ng.

75%
nng nghip
cng nghip v dch v

25%

Hnh 2.4. Biu th hin c cu thu nhp ca thn Bng B nm 2002

Thu nhp t trng la nm 2002 l 361 triu ng, trng rau v cc loi ng
cc l 650 triu ng, chn nui ln v gia cm l 246 triu ng, c l 50 triu
ng.

4%

28%

la
chn nui
rau

49%

19%

Hnh 2.5. Biu th hin c cu thu nhp t cc hot ng nng nghip ca

thn Bng B, 2002

2.2.2. Tnh hnh s dng nc thi trong sn xut rau

T nhng nm 80 ca th k trc, Hong Lit tng l ni cung ng mt
lng ln rau thng xuyn v uy tn sang th trng ng u v cc nc thuc
Lin X c. Ngy nay, t canh tc ca Hong Lit gim phn nhiu nhng
ch cho cc cng trnh xy dng nh , may. Sau khi Nh nc thu hi t lm d
n khu th X2 Bc Linh m (khong 10 ha) th khng ch din tch t canh
tc ca Hong Lit b thu hp m chnh phn t ca d n ang "b hoang" cho
chut b c ch lu tr ph hi la khin b con u chuyn t trng la sang
trng rau mu.
Din tch c cu cy trng:
Tng din tch t trng rau ca thn l 120.000m2, trong din tch rau
nc (rau sng trong mi trng nc, ngp lin tc vi mc nc khong 5
25cm) chim ti 2/3 tng din tch (khong 80.000m2), ph bin l rau rt, rau
mung, rau cn, rau ci xoong. Cn li l cc loi rau kh (rau sng lin tc trn
t kh, nc ch c ti duy tr m cho t) nh hnh, rau ci xanh, rau
mng ti, ngi cu, cc loi rau thm, rau dip v rau x lch.
Loi

Tn rau

Din tch (m2)

Rau

Rau rt

30.000

Rau mung

21.000

Rau cn

18.000

Rau ci xoong

12.000

Hnh

9.000

Rau ci xanh

10.000

rau

nc

Rau cn

Rau mng ti

8.000

Ngi cu

3.000

Rau dip

2.000

Rau x lch

2.000

Cc loi rau thm

6.000

Bng 2.2. Cc loi rau chnh trng ti thn Bng B

Ngun: VESDI

Din tch rau chim kh ln trong tng din tch t trng trt, c bit din
tch rau nc chim ng k (khong 70%). V vy, nhu cu dng nc ti l rt
ln. 60% dn Hong Lit s dng nc sng T Lch cho mc ch nng nghip
v ti 45% trong s s dng trng trt vi hnh thc ch yu l dng my
bm (93%).
Tiu th:
Rau trng ti thn bng B c ngi dn bn trc tip cho ngi dng
hoc bn cho nhng ngi bn bun bn l khc. Cc khu vc tiu th rau ca
thn l: Tam Hip, Vn in, Mai ng, Long Bin, Tu, ng Xun, Trng
nh, Linh m, trong Mai ng l ni tiu th rau chnh.

Cch thc s dng nc thi trong sn xut nng nghip

Nc thi cng nghip

Nc thi sinh hot

Nc thi bnh vin

Thot nc th (cng, knh, mng, h v cc sng)

Sng T Lch (thng

lu)

3 sng (Kim Ngu, St, L)

H Yn S

Ao c, cnh ng la
v rung rau
Ao, cnh
ng la,
rung rau

Sng T Lch h ngun

Sng Nhu

Sng Hng

Hnh 2.6. Hng di chuyn ca nc thi th ti khu vc sn xut

nng nghip
Ngun: VESDI

Trm bm nm gia thn Bng A v Bng B lm nhim v bm nc sng

T Lch vo h thng knh, mng xi mng v mng t cp nc cho cc
tha rung rau v la ca 2 thn. Trm bm c xy dng t nm 1980, vi 2
my bm c cng sut 1000m3/h v mt my bm cng sut 540m3/h. Hot ng
ca trm bm ty thuc vo thi tit v yu cu ca nng dn. H thng knh
mng c tng chiu di l 2400m lm nhim v dn nc vo v tiu thot nc
tho ra t cc cnh ng khi ma ln trnh gy ngp ng. Nc c bm sau
chy qua cc knh dn n cc tha rung; hoc c ngi dn ly trc tip
t sng T Lch; hoc ly t cc knh dn bng thng cha. Khi lng nc ti
c ly t sng T Lch ln trong mt nm l khong 700.000m3/nm, trung
bnh mt so t canh tc mt nm s dng khong 600m3 nc ti (nc thi).
Ngi nng dn phi tr ph thy li l 900.000 940.000 ng/ha/nm.

CHNG III: NH GI HIU QU VIC S DNG NC

THI T SNG T LCH TRONG SN XUT RAU TI THN BNG B
3.1. Hiu qu v ti chnh
3.1.1. Xc nh cc chi ph

Chi ph trc tip, gm:

- Chi ph phn bn
- Chi ph cho thuc BVTV
- Ph thy li
- Chi ph lao ng
Ngoi ra i vi rau rt cn cn c chi ph cho cc cng c nh dy, cc.
Cc s liu sau y c tng hp t iu tra thc t ca tc gi ti thn
Bng B v t kt qu nghin cu ca d n PAUSSA v k thut trng mt s loi
rau nc vng ven H Ni (trang web ca d n: www.paussa.org)
Sau y l bng tnh ton chi ph trc tip (cha tnh ph thy li) trung
bnh/1 so (360m2) cho tng loi rau trong mt v:
Rau rt
c trng t thng u thng 4 n thng 9, trung bnh mt v c 3 la.
La u tin cy phi mua ging, nhng la sau c th hi cc nhnh con cy
li.
Hng mc

n v

Lng

n gi (VN)

Chi ph (VN)

Ging

ngn

1000

4.000

4.000.000

kg

8.000

48.000

Dy

cn

35.000

35.000

Cc

30.000

Lao ng

ngy

90

30.000

Tng

2.700.000
6.813.000

Rau mung
c trng t thng 3 n thng 12, trung bnh mt v 10 la, sau 5 la thu
hoch c th lm t v cy li.
Hng mc

n v

Lng

n gi (VN)

Chi ph (VN)

Ging

200

2.000

400.000

kg

50

8.000

400.000

Ln

kg

200

4.000

800.000

Thuc BVTV

10

10.000

100.000

ngy

150

30.000

4500.000

Lao ng
Tng

7.800.000

Rau cn
c trng t thng 9 n thng 3 nm sau, trung bnh 3 la 1 v, xong
mi la u phi lm t v cy li.
Hng mc

n v

Lng

n gi (VN)

Chi ph (VN)

Ging

300

2.000

600.000

Sng

kg

60

2.500

150.000

Ln

kg

15

4.000

60.000

NPK

kg

60

10.000

600.000

Thuc BVTV

10.000

50.000

Lao ng

ngy

45

30.000

Tng

1.350.000
2.810.000

Rau ci xoong
Rau ci xoong c trng t thng thng 9 n thng 3 nm sau, trung bnh
4 la mt v, sau mi ln thu hoch phi lm t v cy li.
Hng mc

n v

Lng

n gi (VN)

Chi ph (VN)

Ging

400

3.000

1.200.000

kg

12

8.000

96.000

Ln

kg

80

4.000

320.000

Thuc BVTV

10.000

40.000

ngy

60

30.000

1.800.000

Lao ng
Tng

3.456.000

Tng hp chi ph:

Loi rau

Tng din tch

Chi ph (VN)/1so

Tng chi ph

(m2)

(360m2)

(VN)

Rau rt

30.000

6.813.000

567.750.000

Rau mung

21.000

7.800.000

455.000.000

Rau cn

18.000

2.810.000

140.500.000

Rau ci xoong

12.000

3.456.000

115.200.000

Tng

81.000

1.278.450.000

Ngi dn phi np ph thy li l 900.000 VN/ha (10.000m2)/nm. Vi

tng din tch ca 4 loi rau nc l 81.000 m2 th tng ph thy li nng dn phi
tr trong mt nm l:
81.000*900.000/10.000 = 7.290.000 VN
Vy, tng chi ph trc tip cho c 4 loi rau trong 1 v (cng l trong 1
nm) cho ton thn l:
1.278.450.000 + 7.290.000 = 1.285.740.000 VN

Chi ph gin tip: Chi ph sc khe

i vi cc bnh v da:
Nc thi th (nc sng T Lch, nc h Yn S...) l nc c cha
cc cht nhim vi nng rt ln, vt TCCP (TCVN 5942-1995). Cc cht
nhim nh cc ha cht c hi (xt, vng sn du) v vi khun (coliform) c
trong nc thi thng d gy cc bnh ngoi da, thi mng tay, mng chn.
phng trnh, cha tr cc bnh ngoi da, ngi dn thng s dng cc
bin php sau:
- i ng, eo gng tay khi lm vic, nhng khng thng xuyn, hoc ch
i ng m khng eo gng tay do bt tin.
Thi gian

i ng

i giy

eo gng tay

Tng

3/2005

202 (84%)

1 (0,4%)

139 (57%)

242 (100%)

9/2005

170 (66%)

1 (0,4%)

97 (38%)

257 (100%)

12/2005

209 (81%)

124 (48%)

259 (100%)

Trung bnh c nm

(581) 77%

(2) 0%

(360) 48%

758 (100%)

Bng 3.1. Thng k cc bin php bo v sc khe ca nng dn

phng Hong Lit

Ngun: VESDI, 2005

Vi 200 h tham gia sn xut, trung bnh mt h c mt lao ng thng

xuyn, ng trung bnh 1 nm 1 i, gng tay 1 nm 2 i, th s lng ng, gng
tay tiu th trong mt nm l:
S lng ng = 77% * 200 = 154
S lng gng tay = 48% * 200 * 2 = 192
Vi gi ca 1 i ng trung bnh l 30.000 VN, 1 i gng tay l 7.000
VN th chi ph cho ng v gng tay 1 nm l:
154 * 30.000 + 192 * 7.000 = 5.964.000 VN
- T cha bng cc cch n gin nh xt chanh, qut, cy c ln tay chn,
ra bng x phng, ngm tay chn vo nc phn sau khi i lm v, hoc nu
nng hn th c th mua thuc m bi.
Cc bnh v da tuy gy kh chu v dai dng, nhng khng phi l bnh
nghim trng nn ngi dn thng khng n cc c s y t cha tr. Do
khng c thng k v chi ph mt cch chnh thc. Tuy nhin, c th c lng
nh sau:
+ 1 tuyp thuc gi 10.000 VN dng trong 1 nm
+ Chi ph cho chanh, qut, phn trung bnh 20.000 VN/1 nm
Nh vy, chi ph i vi bnh ngoi da l 30.000 VN/1 ngi/1 nm
tnh c tng chi ph, ta cn c s liu v s nng dn mc cc bnh v
da lin quan n s dng nc thi cho sn xut nng nghip. Chuyn ny s
dng kt qu iu tra ca d n PAUSSA v t l mc cc bnh v da i vi nng
dn Hong Lit (l ni s dng nc thi) v Long Bin (khng s dng nc
thi).
Thi gian

S ngi

Tng

3/2005

24 (20,2%)

119 (100%)

9/2005

33 (26%)

127 (100%)

12/2005

21 (16,2%)

130 (100%)

Trung bnh c

78 (20,8%)

376 (100%)

nm

Bng 3.2. Tnh hnh mc cc bnh v da i vi nng dn ti

Hong Lit
Ngun: VESDI, 2005

Vi 200 h tham gia sn xut nng nghip, trung bnh mt h c mt ngi

sn xut chnh, th s nng dn b mc bnh v da do s dng nc thi l:
200 * 20,8% = 42 ngi
Tng chi ph cha tr cc bnh ngoi da trong 1 nm l:
42 * 30.000 = 1.260.000 VN
Chi ph trn cha tnh n s kh chu khi mc bnh, cng nh thi gian
ngh lao ng trnh tip xc vi nc thi.
Cc bnh h hp, tiu ha:
Theo kinh nghim ca ngi dn, nc thi mi c bm ln t sng T
Lch c mu en, mu hng nht hoc c bt trng, nng H2S cao gy mi kh
chu, kh th, tc ngc cho ngi nng dn khi gn. Tuy nhin, cng v cc
tha rung cui mng, xa trm bm, hoc thi gian nc lu trong mng,
rung cng lu th tc ng ny cng c gim nh.
Nu nng dn khng v sinh sch s sau khi i lm v th s c kh nng
mc cc bnh v tiu ha do nhim cc loi giun sn.

Cha c s liu thng k v bnh h hp cng nh cc bnh v ng rut

do s dng nc thi trong canh tc nng nghip.
Nghin cu ca DANIDA khng chng minh c nguy c gia tng i
vi bnh nhim giun sn t vic phi nhim vi nc thi trong iu kin sn xut
nng nghip ti Nam nh. Hu ht nhng ngi nhim giun sn u xut x t
nhm c iu kin kinh t - x hi thp, cc h gia nh c iu kin v sinh
khng ph hp v thi quen v sinh km. Thm ch trong trng hp giun a,
giun tc, nhm iu tra cn thu c kt qu l nhm ngi tip xc thng
xuyn vi nc thi c t l nhim giun a thp hn nhiu so vi nhng ngi
khng tip xc nc thi, cn i vi giun mc th khng c s khc bit no.
Nh vy, mi quan h gia vic gia tng cc bnh v tiu ha i vi vic
s dng nc thi trong nng nghip l khng r rng.
Tng chi ph gin tip trong 1 nm i vi tt c nng dn ca thn l:
5.964.000 + 1.260.000 = 7.224.000 VN
Vy, tng chi ph ti chnh trong 1 nm l:
1.285.740.000 + 7.224.000 = 1.292.964.000 VN
3.1.2. Xc nh li ch
Li ch ti chnh chnh l thu nhp ca ngi nng dn. Ta c bng thu
nhp cho cc loi rau trong 1 v (1 nm):
Loi rau

Tng din
tch (m3)

Rau rt

30.000

Thu nhp
(VN)/360m3/nm
24.000.000

Tng thu
nhp (VN)
2.000.000.
000

Rau mung

21.000

12.000.000

700.000.0
00

Rau cn

18.000

3.600.000

180.000.0
00

Rau ci

12.000

4.800.000

160.000.0

xoong

00

Tng

3.040.000.
000

3.1.3. Tnh ton hiu qu ti chnh

Hiu qu ti chnh (HQTC) = Li ch ti chnh Chi ph ti chnh
HQTC = 3.040.000.000 - 1.292.964.000 = 1.747.036.000 VN
Nh vy, doanh thu ca tt c cc h nng dn trong thn Bng B c c
t trng rau trong 1 nm l 1.747.036.000 VN
Doanh thu > 0 chng t nng dn c li khi trng rau s dng nc thi
lm nc ti.
3.2. Hiu qu kinh t
3.2.1. Xc nh chi ph
Ngoi cc chi ph ti chnh nh trn, khi xem xt trn gc x hi th vic
sn xut rau s dng nc thi cn c nhng chi ph nh sau:
Chi ph i vi ngi tiu dng: chi ph sc khe

Nhim kim loi nng:

Hin nay, cha c thng k v s lng ngi mc bnh do n rau b

nhim kim loi nng. Tuy nhin, theo kt qu phn tch ha hc ca Vin Cng
nghip Thc phm (B Cng nghip) v ca Vin Nng ha Th nhng (NISF)
cho thy trong rau trng Bng B c cha kim loi nng nhng hm lng ca

chng u nm trong TCCP ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn (1998)
v ca B Y t (1998)

Cc bnh ng rut:

Theo nghin cu ca Tn Tht Bch v cng s (1996) trong nc thi v

bn cn ca n ca cc loi vi khun gy bnh, trng giun sn. Trong 1 lt nc
thi c khong 7.000 vi khun Salmonella, 6.000-7.000 vi khun Shigella v 1.000
vi khun Vibro cholera. Cc loi trng giun sn nh Ancylostoma, Trichuris v
Taenia c th tn ti n 1,5 nm.
Ngi n rau c trng bng nc thi th c th mc bnh ng rut
nh a chy, au bng nu rau khng c ra sch, kh trng v nu chn. Tuy
nhin, cng cha c thng k no v cc trng hp ny.
Chuyn s dng phng php CVM, hi v sn lng chi tr i vi rau
dng nc ti l nc thi cha qua x l ti cc khu vc tiu th rau chnh ca
thn Bng B (Mai ng, Trng nh, Linh m...) v c ti thn Bng B tnh
ton thit hi v sc khe, tinh thn (lo ngi khi n rau c ti bng nc thi)
i vi ngi tiu dng. S lng mu chn l 50 ngi.
Kt qu phng vn v WTP c nhp vo Exel, thc hin lnh Average
vi ct cha gi tr ca WTP, ta c kt qu: trung bnh mt ngi dn sn lng tr
cao hn 1.200 /1kg cho rau khng ti bng nc thi. Nhng ngi c thu nhp
cao sn lng chi tr nhiu hn, nhng ngi sng ti ni s dng nc thi trong
sn xut rau th c xu hng chi tr thp hn v (theo nh kin ca h) hng
ngy h vn s dng cc loi rau do chnh h hoc nhng ngi trong thn sn
xut m khng thy tc ng xu no.
Vi nng sut rau t khong 237 t/ha (nm 2004), vi tng din tch
81.000 m2 (8,1 ha) rau nc, th tng khi lng rau tiu th l:

8,1 * 237 = 1.919,7 t = 1.919.700 kg

Tng sn lng tr l:
1.919.700 * 1.200 = 2.303.640.000 VN
Nh vy, chi ph i vi ngi tiu dng trong 1 nm l 2.303.640.000
VN.
Cc chi ph mi trng
y l cc chi ph rt kh lng gi.

Tc ng ca vic s dng nc thi ln cht lng t

- V hm lng cc kim loi nng trong t:

Kt qu phn tch cht lng t cho thy nng ca mt s kim loi
nng nh Pb, Hg, Cd c trong t trng rau Bng B u thp hn TCCP (TCVN
7209-2002).
S khc bit v hm lng kim loi nng trong t cc tha rung rau
nhn trc tip hoc gin tip nc thi, cc rung nm xa hoc gn ngun nc
ti, cc rung c ti ngp v cc rung cn l rt nh, khng ng k.
Nhn chung, kim loi nng tch t lm gim nng sut rau, ng thi lm
tch t kim loi nng trong rau gy tc ng khng tt n sc khe ngi tiu
dng.
- Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong t:
Theo kho st ca VESDI, trong tt c cc mu t, hm lng Nts, Pts l
giu, Kts trung bnh. Hm lng cht dinh dng cao c c nh s dng nc
thi lm tng nng sut cy trng.
Nhn xt s b v quan h gia cc hm lng dinh dng, kim loi nng
trong nc v trong t ti thn Bng B:

Hm lng dinh dng, kim loi nng trong nc t l thun

vi hm lng dinh dng, kim loi nng c trong t.

Hm lng dinh dng, kim loi nng trong t gia tng theo

thi gian v cc ln x nc vo rung.

Khng c s khc bit ng k v gi tr hm lng dinh

dng, kim loi nng trong nc v t cc tha rung rau khc nhau v v tr,
tip nhn nc.

Tc ng ln nc ngm:

Vic lu nc thi trn h thng knh mng, rung c th gy nh hng

n cht lng nc ngm. y l tc ng lu di kh kim sot v o lng.
Vic lm lan rng nhim nc ngm c th gy nh hng n sc khe cc h
gia nh ang s dng nc khoan; cc h ang s dng nc khoan c th phi
chuyn hon ton sang s dng nc my.

Tc ng ln mi trng khng kh:

Qu trnh bm nc thi ln cng nh qu trnh nc thi chy v cc

rung theo h thng knh mng c th lm lan truyn nhim khng kh, nhng
y ch l nh hng mang tnh cht cc b, thi im. Nc mi c bm ln
t sng T Lch khin ngi nng dn cm thy kh th v tc ngc khi gn.
Tuy nhin, nc ch c bm khong 10 ngy 1 ln, nc sau khi lu trn knh
mng khong 1, 2 ngy th mi ca nc gim i ng k.
3.2.2. Xc nh li ch
Tng t, ngoi cc li ch ti chnh nh trn th cn c cc li ch v mi
trng v x hi:
- Trung bnh 1 ha 1 nm s dng 600 m3 nc, th vi tng din tch canh
tc 4 loi rau nc l 81.000 m2, lng nc thi 1 nm ti s dng c:

81.000*600/10.000 = 4.860 m3
Cng nh gim c mt lng tiu th nc mi l 4.860 m3.
Vi n gi hin thi, chi ph x l nc thi ca H Ni khong 1,5 t
ng/ngy/500.000 m3 nc thi (Theo Bo H Ni mi, Mi trng H Ni b
nhim nghim trng: Lm g? (k 2), 07/04/2009). Nh vy, vi 4.860 m3 nc
thi khng phi x l th thnh ph tit kim c:
4.860*1,5 t/500.000 = 14.580.000 VN
- To cnh quan sinh thi lnh mnh: Cc rung rau cng l mt h sinh
thi gip iu ha kh hu, iu tit nc ngm, mang li nhng gi tr gii tr cho
ngi dn thnh ph - nht l trong iu kin t ai ngy cng b thu hp,
nhng ch cho cc cng trnh xy dng nh hin nay.
- To cng n vic lm cho nng dn: hot ng sn xut rau ang to ra
cng n vic lm thng xuyn cho 200 h gia nh, gp phn ng k vo ci
thin thu nhp cho ngi dn. Trong iu kin gi sinh hot t ti thnh ph
th ngun thu nhp li cng tr nn quan trng, gp phn xa i gim ngho
cho nhiu dn ngho th.
- m bo an ninh lng thc cho thnh ph, ng thi l ngun cung cp
rau gi r ph hp vi ngi c thu nhp trung bnh thp ti H Ni.
3.2.3. Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t
Hiu qu kinh t (HQKT) = Li ch kinh t - Chi ph kinh t
Vi li ch kinh t theo tnh ton l:
3.040.000.000 + 14.580.000 = 3.054.580.000 VN
Chi ph kinh t l:
1.292.964.000 + 2.303.640.000 = 3.596.604.000 VN
Nh vy:

HQKT = 3.054.580.000 - 3.596.604.000 = - 542.024.000 VN

HQKT < 0 chng t hot ng sn xut rau s dng nc thi t sng T

Lch ca thn Bng B khng mang li hiu qu kinh t, mc d mang li hiu qu
ti chnh.

Kt lun v kin ngh

Vic s dng nc thi trong sn xut gip tn dng cc cht dinh dng
c trong nc thi, gp phn lm gim gnh nng v phn bn cho ngi nng
dn, t tng thu nhp cng nh tng hng lot cc phc li khc km theo ; hn
ch nhim mi trng do x nc thi, gp phn thanh lc mt lng nc thi
ln; tit kim c nc ngt phi khai thc t ngun (sng Hng). Tuy nhin,
trong nc thi cn cha cc thnh phn nguy him: cc mm bnh, cc cht c
hi (kim loi nng, cht hu c kh phn hy) nh hng n sc khe ngi
sn xut cng nh ngi tiu dng, v tc ng xu n mi trng t, nc
ngm, khng kh.
Chuyn khi qut c tnh hnh s dng nc thi trong sn xut
nng nghip trn th gii v ti Vit Nam trong chng 1, nu ln tnh hnh thc
t ti thn Bng B, v c gng lng gi cc chi ph v li ch ca vic sn xut
rau s dng nc thi lm nc ti nhm tnh ton cc hiu qu ti chnh v hiu
qu kinh t. Theo , ng trn gc ngi dn th vic sn xut rau s dng
nc thi hon ton mang li hiu qu. Nhng khi xem xt trn gc x hi, c
tnh n c li ch chi ph x hi v mi trng th hot ng ny li mang hiu
qu m (khng hiu qu).
Tuy nhin, do trnh c hn, chuyn cha lng gi c ht cc tc
ng v khia cnh x hi v mi trng ca hot ng sn xut, nn c th kt qu
cha c chinh xc. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp hon thin ti.
Nhm gim thiu nhng tc ng c hi, tng cng nhng tc ng c li,
chuyn a ra mt s kin ngh sau:
-

Tin hnh nghin cu xut cch bn phn hp l nht

tn dng ti a cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi.

Nc trc khi s dng nn lu mt thi gian trn

knh, mng nhm gim tnh c hi

-

Hn ch ti nc thi trong ma thu hoch

p dng k thut ti ph hp: ti nh git, ti

ngm, ti vi phun thay cho ti bng knh hay ti trn.

-

Ngi nng dn cn tch cc thc hin cc bin php

bo v sc khe: dng bo h khi lao ng: i ng, eo gng tay,

khu trang, v sinh sch s sau khi lao ng.
-

Ngi tiu dng cn thc hin ng cc nguyn tc v

an ton v sinh thc phm: ra sch, kh trng, nu chn rau trc

khi n, hn ch n rau sng, nu n th rau phi c kh trng sch
s.
-

Nghin cu cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc

ca nc thi: xy dng h sinh hc

TI LIU THAM KHO

B mn Kinh t ti nguyn v mi trng, Khoa Kinh t pht trin, trng

H Kinh t TP HCM. Nhp mn phn tch li ch chi ph. NXB i hc Quc
gia, TP HCM, 2003.
Barry Field & Nancy Olewiler. Kinh t mi trng.
Bo co ca d n PAUSSA v Quy trnh sn xut rau nc 4 thnh ph
ng Nam
Ch bin: PGS.TS. Nguyn Bch Nguyt, Gio trnh lp d n u t.
NXB Thng k, H Ni, 2005.
Liqa Raschid-Sally, Jens Raunso Jensen, Nguyn Cng Vinh. Ti s dng
nc thi trong nng nghip Vit Nam. NXB Nng nghip, 2006
Vin Mi trng v Pht trin bn vng. Hng dn v cng c h tr
quyt nh trong s dng hp l nc thi th vo canh tc rau cc vng
ngoi thnh thnh ph H Ni, 6/2006
Cc trang wep:
1. www.paussa.org
2. www.nea.gov.vn
3. www.vietnamnet.com
4. www.hanoimoi.com.vn

PH LC

Bng phng vn

Hin nay, mt s khu vc trng rau ngoi thnh H Ni s dng nc

thi cha qua x l lm nc ti. Theo kho st ca mt s nh khoa hc, nc
ti ly t sng T Lch cha khun e.coli (loi khun gy cc bnh tiu chy,
ng rut) cao gp 10 100 ln v trng giun cao gp 10-100 ln so vi gii
hn cho php ca t chc y t th gii WHO. iu ny dn n cht lng ca
nhng loi rau ti bng nc sng T Lch khng c m bo. Ngi dn c
th mc cc bnh v ng rut, tiu ha khi n cc loi rau ny. Nhng cu hi
sau y c thit k nhm nhm phc v cho bo co chuyn tt nghip,
ngoi ra khng cn mc ch no khc, rt mong nhn c s hp tc ca qu v!

1.

ng (b) thng xuyn mua rau u?

a. Ch gn nh
b. Ngi quen
c. Ca hng rau sch, siu th (mi chuyn sang cu 7)

2.

ng (b) thng la chn rau nh th no?

3.

ng (b) c quan tm rau c ti bng ngun nc no khi

la chn rau hay khng?

a. C
b. Khng

4.

ng (b) c bit s dng rau c ti bng nc thi cha

qua x l tc ng n sc khe nh th no hay khng?

a.

C, l ..

b.

Khng

5.

Nu bit l rau s dng nc thi cha qua x l ti th

ng (b) c mua hay khng?

a.

C, v ..

b.

Khng

6.

Trong trng hp hai loi rau c trng vi k thut nh

nhau (cch bn phn, dng thuc bo v thc vt), ng (b) c sn lng tr

gi cao hn cho rau c ti bng nc sch so vi rau ti bng nc
thi cha qua x l?
a.

C (mi chuyn sang cu 7)

b.

Khng, v.

Nu a. mi chuyn sang cu 7
7.

ng (b) sn lng tr cho rau ti bng nc sch cao hn bao

nhiu so vi rau ti bng nc thi khng qua x l?

a.

500

b.

1000

c.

1500

d.

2000

e.

2500

f.

3000

g.

S khc

V sau y l mt s thng tin mong qu v cung cp m bo tnh tin

cy cho kho st.

Tn:

Tui:

Ngh nghip:

Ni :

Thu nhp bnh qun/nm: