Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NEOLITHIC ANTHROPOMORPHIC
OBJECTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Publisher
MAGOR DOO Skopje
For the publisher
Gorjan Lazarevski
Editing
Andrijana Dragovi
Cover design
Nikos ausidis
( )
o
Cover photo
Neolithic figurine from Govrlevo
(Museum of the City of Skopje)
Photographer
Goce Naumov
Graphic Editing
Filip Mitrov
NEOLITHIC
ANTHROPOMORPHIC
OBJECTS IN THE
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
MAGOR DOO
Skopje, 2011
NEOLITHIC ANTHROPOMORPHIC
OBJECTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
(Summary)
The Neolithic attracts a particular interest among the
researchers of Prehistoric archaeology, as the innovations this period brought on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia and the Balkans in the second half
of the seventh millennium BC, have major role in the
manner in which the society was formed, functioned
and existed. Building the first houses, organization
of the earliest settlements, cultivation of plants and
domestication of animals are Neolithic acquisitions
which changed the course of human development
and still remain crucial segments for any community.
These social, economic and building innovations also
reflect how the Neolithic people perceived the world
that surrounded them and their place within. To define
and explicate this relation they used clay i.e. ceramics as material which was already present as a new
technological discovery. In addition, they employed
pottery as medium where their own ideas about the
world were registered, as well as those related to
their own bodies. For the first time in the Balkans
there were artifacts representing human figure not
only as a reflection of their actual appearance, but
also as manifestation of mythical characters which
were constituent elements of their life.
These anthropomorphic objects in particular
are the subject of this monograph. A general overview of Neolithic finds in Macedonia is made where
complete human body is represented or just parts of
it. The anthropomorphic house models, vessels and
figurines in all Neolithic phases are elaborated. They
were rarely considered in Macedonian publications
so far, especially not assembled as unit, but merely
in chronological and typological perspective and
sometimes through history of art. However, recent
archaeological tendencies indicate that these aspects
are not sufficient for a profound insight into their
complex character and meaning. Therefore, we have
established the aims of this book i.e. the elementary
57
58
Nikos ausidis
Neolithic anthropomorphic house
models in the Republic of Macedonia
The Prehistoric ceramic house-shaped objects are
well-known among the Neolithic and Eneolithic sites
in the Balkans, Southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean. In the last fifty years, a new type of such
objects, which are combination of a house model
and a human figure ( .II-T.VII), was being found at
Neolithic sites in the Republic of Macedonia (see map
on T.I). They are composed of two basic elements: a
hollow cubic part which represents the house (realistic or schematized) bellow and an anthropomorphic
hollow cylinder with opening on its upper part above.
The cylinder is applied onto the house model roof
and it is shaped as a human head or a body, often
with female gender features (schematized breasts).
The average height of these anthropomorphic house
models is between 15 and 50 cm. Nearly one hundred
of these mostly fragmented and rarely complete artifacts were published till 2010. So far, most of them
are dated in Middle Neolithic, while there are some
which could have belonged even to Late Neolithic
phases. On this occasion, all of the published models
are incorporated and organized according to the sites
where they were found.
The finds review
Based on the geographical and cultural features of
the settlement where they were unearthed these finds
could be divided in two groups:
Veluina-Porodin cultural group
The Pelagonian Plain (Bitola region). The anthropomorphic house models from Porodin are specific
Skopje Plain. The largest number of published models were found in Madjari, while only
one complete artifact was unearthed in situ on the
floor of the building. It belongs to the most specific
cathegory of models for Skopje Plain with cylinder
as female body, arms decorated with bracelets and
hands placed over the stylized house roof (T.VII:
10; T.II: C). Moreover, an unknown type of models
was confirmed at the same site, where the hands
are placed onto the figures abdomen (T.VI: 7;
T.II: B). Also worth mentioning is a cylinder completely painted in red and polished (T.V: 3). In this
region cylinders which depict only head and neck
are present as well as those in Pelagonia (T.VI: 8
and probably 1; T.II: D). Tendency towards detailed
modeling of hair and eyes accentuation is present
among Madjari cylinders (T.V: 3; T.VI: 1, 4). Despite the relative realism and variety of house cubes
in Pelagonia, in Skopje Plain they are steady and
perforated with quadrangular, round, oval and other
more complex openings in the walls or roof angles
(T.VI: 8; T.VII: 10, 11).
There is a huge quantity of fragmented and
almost complete house models from this site which
are not published and well documented yet (T. XIII:
2-6, 8). In Mrevci two models typical for this region
have been unearthed (T.VII: 4, 6; T.II: C). In air
area, during building activities one cylinder with
head representation and serrated opening on its cube
was found (T.VI: 5; T.II: D compare to T.VI: 1, 8;
T.III-T.V). During the last decade, numerous smaller
or larger fragments and only one published specimen
(T.VII: 11) have been unearthed in Govrlevo which
are broadely elaborated in one of the book chapters.
There is a new variant in Zelenikovo, with a cube
more similar to the vessel outline than to house
representation and with lateral walls covered with
incised patterns (T.IX: 9, 10; T.II: I). Regarding the
recent interpretations, this type is more common
for Late Neolithic and analogous objects found in
Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia (compare to .IX: 7,
8; T.X: 6). There is one more published fragment
from this site with representation of a hand (T.VII:
5) which was misinterpreted as anthropomorphic
vessel. The recent documentation of Zelenikovo anthropomorphic material revealed the presence of ten
more fragments of anthropomorphic house models.
Polog Plain. Anthropomorphic house models
from this region are common to those from Skopje
Plain and Pelagonia. Anthropomorphic cylinder similar to those from Skopje Plain was found in Dolno
Palite (T.VII: 1 compare to 10, 11). The excavations in Stene provided several fragments and one
complete model without corporal traits analogous
to the one from Topolani (compare T.VI: 6 to 3)
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62
(4) rear part with a bun (T.XIV: 8, 9). There are also
seventeen fragments of hands placed onto the cube
cover, thus belonging to type C (T.XV: 1; T.XXI:
5-8). They can be roughly or well-produced with
bracelets on the humerus or radius (T.XXI: 7, 8).
The fingers were usually engraved (T.XXI: 5, 8), but
also there are hands with precisely modeled fingers
(T.XXI: 6).
In Govrlevo there are also fragments of a new
type of anthropomorphic house models. The first one
belongs to the left upper part of the cylinder with
preserved shoulder, a part of a breast and humerus
(T.XXI: 1a-b). Although it seems that it belongs to
type C (T.II: C), yet it is different due to: (1) channel at the neck intended for lid; (2) it has thin and
well-modeled wall with polished interior. The other
fragment (T.XXI: 2a-b) belongs to the frontal part of
the cylinder whose breasts were supplemented with
bulging (ornaments). Exactly as the previous fragment, this one also has a polished interior, but without
preserved channel. Another fragment is probably a
piece of the same anthropomorphic model where fingers were represented as part of a hand positioned
onto the cube. According to this, the new type is in
relation to type C which is distinguished by cylinder
with polished inner wall. Some of them had channels
for lids which most likely were also anthropomorphic
i.e. the face of the represented individual. Such lids
with facial features (eyes, nose) were identified in
Govrlevo (T.XXI: 3, 4).
63
64
Regarding these analogies we indicate the possibility of intentional ritual fragmentation of anthropomorphic house models and their dispersion in houses,
yards or settlements. This could be performed during
important events crucial for the community (such as
moving into a new house, establishment of a new
marital or family community, death or first birth giving of particular women etc.). The suppositions for
intentional and frequent fragmentation of models
intended to explicate their frequency and dispersion within larger area of the Neolithic settlement
in Govrlevo.
Goce Naumov
Neolithic anthropomorphic figurines in
the Republic of Macedonia
Not much has been written on the Neolithic figurines in the Republic of Macedonia, thus resulting
in most of them being still unpublished. This greatly
effects on how we elaborate and understand such
finds and surely do not provide complete insight into
their appearance, quantity, context and even less on
technology of their production. Surely, those unpublished can not be discussed at all, although numerous
figurines from Zelenikovo are among them, hereby
elaborated for the first time.
Most of the figurines were made of refined clay
without additives indicating that there was unified
tradition and selection of material for their modeling. Most often they were shaped of small piece of
clay, with hands or facial features applied (T.XXII
- XXV). Some of the figurines were covered with
white and rarely red thus not excluding possibility
for painting of details over backround.
According to several completely preserved figurines in Macedonia their average height is about
ten centimeters. These dimensions mostly refer to
published figurines although they vary among those
from Zelenikovo. However, their average height sugests that they were not concieved as monumental
artifacts i.e. sculptures, quite contrary, their purpose was absolutely intergrated into the concept
of miniaturism. These objects were not intended to
be static i.e. seen from a distance and by a larger
group of people. They were of much more dynamic
character and probably were carried or exposed in
places where they were intermediated within more
complex visual unit. The employment of miniaturism
concept enabled intentional neglect of body details
which indicates that the manner of their use was more
important than authentic portrayal of represented
characters.
65
66
As a result of figurine breaking, there is a possibility for a thorough insight into their inner structure and technology of production. The analysis of
the split remains suggests that most of them were
modeled in order to be easily broken. Intentional
or occasional figurine fragmentation should be discussed further, but large number of particular broken
body parts indicates that such fragmentation was
deliberate. The majority of fragments belonged to
legs/thighs (29) and heads (19), while much less are
torsos with head (3), torsos without limbs and head
(9) and pairs of legs split from the torso (3). One
figurine with cylindrical torso and cone-like dress
and seven of those with broken torsos should be
distinguished among Zelenikovo figurines.
It should be asserted that all fragmented legs
were found in a smaller area of the settlement and
considering the technical features, they were produced in particular period (T.XXVIII). Although
recent explications have concidered wider distribution of figurine legs, still several broken pairs of
legs in Zelenikovo indicate that they were broken
and dispersed within the settlement. Whatever the
motive behind the figurine fragmentation, the main
intention was to be realized in a smaller social range
and most probably among community members inhabiting this settlement. It remains to be answered if
such fragmentation intended to finalize the process
of figurine use, followed by their throwing, or it was
aimed towards distribution and deposition of broken
parts associated with this act?
This preview of visual features, technology
and fragmentation among Zelenikovo fi gurines
illustrates the determined traditions of their production practiced throughout several generations.
Such standardization of figurine appearance, as
well as their employment, confirms that they were
not treated as objects with secondary significance
among inhabitants of this settlement. The constant
repetition of imagery approach and technology of
modeling suggest the evident objective and idea
related to the significance and function of these
artifacts. Although it is hard to answer who/what
did these figurines represent and in which occasions were they used, still the fragmentation and
domination of female gender in this visual form
take us one huge step forward into the possibilities
for more consistent explication. This indicates that
particular actual or mythical female individuals had
important role and position within society which
resulted in their portrayal but also in their integration within certain ritual context. The braking
of such female images was associated with characters that changed their status within community
or finalized their function in domain of particular
Goce Naumov
Neolithic anthropomorphic vessels
in the Republic of Macedonia
In the last six decades of archaeological excavation
of Neolithic sites in Macedonia only one complete
anthropomorphic vessel has been found and several
fragments belonging to various settlements. Although
it is not much, still it is sufficient for recognizing the
forms and types preferred in this region. Due to the
similar approach towards face representation these
fragments were identified as anthropomorphic house
models. However, most of them clearly belong to this
specific form of vessels, so that a general preview
of types produced is possible.
All of the anthropomorphic vessels are made
of clay, material which enabled easy modeling of
desired forms and details representing human body
or its parts. They usually follow the anatomical disposition thus in the area of the vessel neck the facial
features are applied, while on the belly or the bottom arms and breasts are modeled and rarely legs.
In context of such vessels in Southeastern Europe it
might be noticed that there are various approaches
and variations in their production still not confirmed
in Macedonia. Therefore, a short typological preview
is necessary in order to define how the human body
was integrated in a hybrid relation with the vessel
and how it was perceived by the Neolithic communities in Macedonia.
There are 16 fragments of anthropomorphic vessels unearthed so far, mostly in Amzabegovo (6),
Govrlevo (3), Angelci (3), Zelenikovo (2), Trn (1),
Damjan (1), one complete in Tarinci, as well as one
miniature three-legged vessel from Porodin which
can also be regarded as altar (T.XXIX T.XXXII).
Although this number is seemingly small, still it demonstrates that Neolithic communities in Macedonia
did not prefer only one form during vessel embodying. According to the appearance of anthropomorphic
vessels, there are those which represent complete
body or its general shape, then vessels depicting
the lower half of the body (legs and thighs), as well
as those portraying only the head. Such diversity in
transposition of complete body or its parts indicates
that they accented multiple symbolic components
related to body or represented characters.
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T.I
78
T.II
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T.III
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T.XXX
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T.XXXII
109
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(
2005, 54
. . 38, 56
. . 40); 3.
(
2005, 51 T.IV: 1); 4.
(
2005, 60
. . 44).
T.VI.
1, 2.
29); 6.
, .
:
(
, 68
. . 52); 2.
(
2005, 39); 3.
(Garaanin 1982, 9 sl. 4); 4.
(
2005, 64
. . 48); 5.
(
1976, 90 . 7; 6.
(Sanev 1989, 42 Fig. 4); 7, 8, 9.
(
1975, T.XIV: 4, 3, 5). 10.
T.VII.
1.
T.VIII.
,
19 20
: 1.
,
(
1951, 489
. 267); 2, 3.
(
1981, 491, 515); 4.
(Radau
Ribari i dr. 1978, 102).
,
: 5. Sarva, Osijek,
(Gimbutas
1974, 176 Fig. 128); 6. Sarva, Osijek,
(Dimitrijevi 1974, T.IV: 9); 9. Donja Branjevina,
Deronje, Vojvodina (Karmanski 2005, Pl.V: 1). 7.
(
),
,
Kasteli Pedeada,
(Gimbutas 1974, 182 Fig.140); 8.
,
,
,
(
1981, 477).
,
: 10. Cista, Sinj,
(Belagi 1978, sl. 66); 11. Donje Bare, Blidinje,
(Wenzel 1965, T.XLIII: 16); 12. Ravno, Kupres,
(Wenzel 1965, T.XLIII: 14).
T.IX. 1, 2.
3, 4.
,
,
,
: 9, 10.
12, 13.
,
, 2008 .).
,
,9
,
, 19-20
,A
(Valcarenghi 1994, 196: 135, 174: 115);
,
,
(
1982, 169
. 2: 7,13); 5.
, 19-20
,
(
1947, 83
. 14); 6.
, Blatnica,
(Profantova 2004, 296 Obr. 3: 3); 7.
,
(Gimbutas 2001, 38 Fig. 62); 8.
( ),
(
. 2002,
. 8).
,
, .
(Garaanin 1979, T.XXXVII: 7, 8); 11.
T.X.
,
: 1. Vdastra,
(Mller-Karpe 1968, Taf. 179: B-1);
2. Trueti,
(Mller-Karpe 1968, Taf. 173: A-1); 3.
, Dunavec,
(Korkuti
1995, Taf. 41: 10); 4.
, Donja Branjevina, Deronje,
(Karmanski 2005, Pl.XXX: 3); 5.
Hodmezevasharhej Kekenjdomb,
(
1980, 363
. 220); 6.
,
(Hoernes
1925, 281); 7 10.
, Azor,
(Mller-Karpe 1968, Taf. 107: D-1, Taf. 108: 1, 10, 12, 13).
T.XI. 1a, 1b.
Pl.177); 2.
,
112
, Vierge Ouvrante, 15
,
(Neumann 1963, Pl.176,
,
:
, 15
,
; 3.
,
, atal Hyk,
(Mellaart 1967, 125 Fig. 38); 4.
(Neumann 1963, Pl. 174); 5.
.
(
),
:
6.
,
. . ., Veio,
16.
,
; 6.
1990, 130
. 75).
T.XII. 1, 2, 3.
.
(
2008, 86 T.I: 1, 2, 3); 4, 5.
(
2008, 112- .IV).
2005, 51-T.IV: 2); 7.
(
2003, 144-99); 8.
2005, 55-T.X: 1); 9.
,
,
,
. 19); 10.
,
T.XIII. 1.
(
216 . 15: 2); 2-6, 8.
(Sanev 2006, 187 Fig. 30, 189 Fig. 31 a, b; 3.
,
Fig. 7.13).
),
:
. 6,8 cm (Sanev 2006, fig. 11).
. 5,5 cm (
. 12,4 cm (
. 7,0 cm (
.XXIII.
1.
2.
3.
4.
. 6,0 cm (
. 10,1 cm (
. 12,4 cm (
. 6,0 cm (
.XXIV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.XXV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
, .
(
(
. 2009, 160 .
(Zdravkovski 2008, 199).
,
(
2003, 69
, Plateia Magoula Zarku,
.XXII.
1.
2.
3.
4.
,
: 6.
T.XIVT.XXI.
(
, 1974,
, .
. 43). 7.
(Bailey 2005, 170
2005, . 3).
2005, . 26).
2005, . 7).
2005, . 5).
2005, . 17).
2005, . 26).
. 1976, . 202).
:
. 8,4 cm (
. 10 cm (
. 8.,5 cm (
. 6,2 cm (
2005, . 6).
2005, . 14).
2005, . 4).
2005, . 15).
:
. 12 cm (emrov and Turk 2008, fig. 36).
. 10 cm (
2005,
. 7,2 cm (
2005,
.XXVI.
1. . 4,1 cm. (
2. . 5,0 cm. (
: .
: .
).
).
.XXVII.
1. . 6,5 cm. (
2. . 5,0 cm. (
: .
: .
).
).
.XXVIII.
1. . 8,3 cm. (
2. . 6,4 cm. (
3. . 7,1 cm. (
4. . 3,9 cm. (
:
:
:
:
).
).
).
).
. 12).
. 9).
:
.
.
.
.
113
. .
.XXIX.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.XXX.
1.
. 7,5 cm (
2.
(
3.
. 6 cm (
4.
. 6,7 cm (
.XXXI.
1.
2.
.XXXII.
1.
2.
3.
4.
114
. 5,7 cm (
. 5,3 cm (
2005,
1996, 325).
1976, . 191).
.
).
:
: .
: .
).
).
:
(
: .
).
. 9,3 cm (
: .
).
. 5,0 cm (Galovi 1964, . 17: 3).
. 7,7 cm (
: .
).
. 27).
CIP
. ,
903.23/.29-023:599.89(497.7)634
,
/
; [ ] = Neolithic
antropomorphic objects in the Republic of Macedonia / Goce Naumov and Nikos ausidis ;
[summary translation into English Andrijana Dragovi]. : = Skopje : Magor,
2011. 114 . : . ; 30
. . 71-77. : . 78-114.
ISBN 978-608-223-066-5
1. . . . 2. , []. I. Naumov, Goce ,
) ,
COBISS.MK-ID 89718026