2. Women and men have been raised differently in different cultures.

I would like to describe

how men and women are confined to different discursive practices in my culture. They can
distinguish by gender differences ,such as : Public and private speech , directness, political
oratory and debates, ritual incantation , curing , dont take up womens domestic style . We take
an example , when someone married ,sasak has tradition Nyelabar where party of the groom
come to brides party .They wearing custom clothing and asked for permission beforehand to the
local traditional elders. All of they are men , in that situation women can not to be participant. On
the other hand, a men also has restriction.

Bilingualism vs Multilingualism

Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages ,while multilingualism is the use two or
more languages, either by an individual speaker by a community of speaker or an individual
speaker.

Speech Community vs Communities of practice

Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations
regarding the use of language. On the other hand Communities of practice are groups of
people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it
better as they interact regularly.
Diaglossia vs Dinomia
Diaglossia
Polivocality vs Intertextuality
Polyvocality is something like the polyphony of a text, when you feel like different
people are talking through the same text and that allows for different interpretation of its
content. Intertextuality is the shaping of a texts meaning by another text .intertextual
figure include : allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche, and parody.

5.Linguistic and sociolinguistic aspects of code switching by referring to Poplack and Sankoffs
theory and Myer Scottons Markedness model.
(Poplack and Sankoff theory) Code switching refers to the mixing, by bilinguals or multilinguals
of two or more languages in discourse ,often with no change of interlocutor or topic. Such
mixing may take place at any level of linguistic structure, but its occurrence within the confines
of a single sentence ,constituent or even word , has attracted most linguistic attention.Code
switching is but one of a number of the linguistic manifestation of language contact and mixing ,
which variously include borrowing on the lexical and syntactic levels, language transfer
,linguistic convergence, interference , language attrition ,language death, pidginization and
creolization ,among others.

(Myer Scottons Markedness model)

In choosing a code the speaker evaluates the markedness of their potential choices, determined
by the social forces at work in their community, and decides either to follow or reject the
normative model.

6. form of address any word ,such as name ,title ,or Pronoun that designates someone who is
being addressed in writing or speech.
- the broad rule forms off addressed is that those who are intimates address each other with given
names such as ningrat and jayadi (and are on first name terms) , whereas those who are
acquaintance use a title and family name such as Mr. Ricky /mrs/miss ( and are on the last name
terms) strangers in more or less formal situation use title madam or sir .
7.a. cumulative principle
b. the principle of preferential ignorance : lack of linguists know about the language, more
accurate description will be. It is not possible that the theory of ignorance will never fully
developed , because the questions we asks the current demand deeper than a superficial
knowledge.
c. uniformitarian principle : linguistic processes that occur around us are the same as those that
have operated for produce historical records.
8. The nature of setting ,there are three part of setting such as setting of time, place and
condition. Setting of time is morning ,as we can see in the conversation that A said selamat pagi
,setting of place is in the office and setting of condition is relaxing conversation. The participant
is men (mamiq) who calling the employer (A). The ends of this conversation is to looking for
Mamiq N, the boss of that employer. The instrumentalities is phone because as we know they
indirectly face to face. Norms is social rules governing the event and the participants action and
reactions. Genre is the kind of speech act or event for the example used here ,the kind of the
story.different discipline develop terms for kinds speech cts and speech communities sometimes
have their own terms for types. From the data , we can know that its used three different
languages ,such as Indonesian language , sasak and Arabic. Yes I think the participant switch the
code from language because as we can see on the data , sometimes , the speaker use the different
languages to distinguish themselves from social classes.
1. Language as a means of self-expression and communication tool as well as a tool to show
identification. Through language, we can show our point of view our understanding . in politic
point of view Bahasa indonesia is the national language used by a country in the communication
between citizens and national language also be called the language of unity. For example, the
national language of science and technology, custom/ rituals, politics etc.

from linguistic point of view grammatically the language is 90% similar. Where does the 10%
of difference come from? It is from the difference in the use of pronouns. Base sasak also same
with Bahasa Indonesia , it is used as social interaction in daily life for sasak people. Bahasa
melayu from Linguistic and politic point of view is communication tool used some broad group
said that of course has grammar , history ,autonomy, and the standars used as communication
tool in some place in Indonesia. And the last is Bahasa ampenan from linguistic and politics
point of view show that bahasa ampenan include as etnolek . Etnolek is a variation of the
language used by certain tribes and became the hallmark marker of social identity among them.
The term combines ethnic and dialects.