6.1 Goodfellow - SEDEX+VMS - CalgaryForum - April24 - 2009

New Genetic Concepts and Methods
of Exploring for SEDEX Base Metal

Deposits
Calgary Mining Forum
April
April 24th,
24th, 2009
2009
Wayne Goodfellow
Geological Survey of Canada
Ottawa
SEDEX Outline
Classification
Grade and Tonnage
Geographic Distribution
Temporal Distribution
Tectonic Settings
Basin Architecture
Magmatism
Seafloor Basinal Environment
Local Setting (geology, alteration and
exhalative vectors)
Genetic Processes of Ore Formation
Classification of Sediment Hosted Lead

-Zinc
Lead-Zinc
Deposits in Continental Rifts
SEDEX and MVT Deposits
Global Zinc Reserves, Production and Resources

Base Metal Deposits
Data from Brook Hunt, 2004
from Goodfellow
and Lydon, 2007
Broken Hill (Aus.)

Windy Craggy
Neves Corvo
Aljustrel
Rio Tinto
Brunswick No. 12
H.Y.C.
Sullivan
La Zara
Gamsberg
Horne (Zone 5)
Red Dog
Kidd Creek
Mt. Isa
Century
Howards Pass
Saladipura
Tharsis
Mt. Lyll
Big Syn
Furnteheridos
Broken Hill (Africa)
Black Mtn.
Azacollar
Hilton
Masa Valerde
Los Frailes
Sindesar
Navan
Ruttan
Flin Flon
Rampura-Agucha
Crandon
Sotiel
Geco
Faro
Matsumine-Shakanai
Cirque
Dariba-Rajpura
Lousal
Mount Morgan
Meggen
Tonnage
Distribution
of
Supergiant
and Giant
Deposits
SUPER-GIANT
DEPOSITS
Sediment-hosted
SEDEX
VSHMS
BESSHI
GIANT
DEPOSITS
50
100
200
Volcanic-hosted
VHMS
300
400
500
Million Tonnes of Sulphides
Pb+Zn Versus Geological Resources

SEDEX Deposits
from Goodfellow & Lydon, 2007
Pb+Zn Versus Mt of Pb+Zn Metal

SEDEX Deposits
from Goodfellow & Lydon, 2007
MAJOR
-LEAD-SILVER DEPOSITS
MAJOR SEDEX
SEDEX ZINC
ZINC-LEAD-SILVER
DEPOSITS
SEDEX
-LEAD-SILVER DEPOSITS
SEDEX AND
AND MVT
MVT ZINC
ZINC-LEAD-SILVER
DEPOSITS
10
11
12
13
Temporal Distribution of SEDEX, VMS and

VSHMS Deposits
14
Tectonic Settings
Tectonic
Setting
Basin
Classification
Examples
Reactivated
Rift
Passive margin
Howards Pass;
Anvil District;
Red Dog; Meggen
Intraplate
Intracratonic rift
Sullivan; HYC
Convergent
Far
-field Extension Tom/Jason, Mount
Far-field
Isa
Convergent
Continental Back
Back-- Bathurst, Iberian
Pyrite Belt
arc Sedimented
Rift
15
SEDEX and Related Deposits

Selwyn Basin
VMS
SEDEX
MVT
Barite
Anvil
District
MacPass
Howards
Pass District
Gatga
District
16
Early Paleozoic Cordilleran Passive Margin
from Nerlson
and Colpron, 2007
17
Epicratonic Reactivated Rift

Early Silurian Howards Pass District
from Goodfellow et
al., 1993
18
Devonian-Mississippian Cordilleran Margin
from Nerlson
and Colpron, 2007
19
Devonian Back-arc Rifts

Cordilleran Margin
Ancestral North America
Yukon-Tanana Terrane
Mafic-hosted VHMS
Finlayson Lake Belt
(Fire Lake)
Felsic-hosted VSHMS Mafic-hosted

VHMS
Finlayson Lake Belt
(Chu Chua)
(Wloverine, KZK)
Alkalic-hosted SEDEX
MVT
VHMS
MacPass Pine Point
(Homestake
Cirque Robb Lake
Wolf
Selwyn Basin/
Kechika Trough
Slide
Mountain
Terrane
Kootenay
And Cassiar
Terranes
slab retreat
from JoAnne Nelson et al. (2002)
20
Far-Field Back-arc Extension

Northern Australian Proterozoic Basins
From Betts et al., 2003
21
Intracratonic Rift
Middle Proterozoic Belt-Purcell Basin
Belt-Purcell
Rift Basin
from Goodfellow, 2000
22
Geology and Deposits, BMC
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irflu
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from van Staal et al. (in press)
23
Back-arc Sedimented Continental Rift

Bathurst Mining Camp
from Goodfellow and McCutcheon, 2003
24
Tectonic Setting: Iberian Pyrite Belt
25
Tectonic Setting: Iberian Pyrite Belt
26
Modern Back-arc Continental Rift

White Island
White
Island
27
Sedimentary Basin Architecture

Syn
-rift stage
Syn-rift
Continental crustal extension
Rapid subsidence and crustal erosion
Continental tholeiites (e.g. Irene volcanics)
Thick (3
-6 km), poorly sorted, coarse
-grained,
(3-6
coarse-grained,
immature clastic sequence (e.g. Windermere
Supergroup
Supergroup,, Cordillera)
Transition from subaerial to marine conditions
Locally evaporitic
28
Sedimentary Basin Architecture

Post
-rift (sag) stage
Post-rift
Thermal subsidence
Formation of deep, reduced marine basins
Organic
-rich hemipelagic and pelagic sedimentation
Organic-rich
Multiple cycle of extension causing:
Reactivation of extensional faults

Local third
-order basin formation
third-order
Endogenic clastics
clastics;; charcaterized by abrupt facies and
sediment thickness changes
Alkali volcanism
Multiple episodes of SEDEX deposit formation (e.g.
Cambrian, Early Silurian, Late Devonian in the Selwyn
Basin)
29
Basin Architecture and Evolution

Carbonate
Platform
First Order Basin
Carbonate
Platform
Local
Basin
Sabkha
Local Basins
Oxygenated Water Column
Plumes
Anoxic
(HS)
2
Oxygenated
Water Column
S e w at
Anoxic
Cycle 2
Oxygenated
Water
Anoxic
Column
(H2S)
Dense Brine
e
rg
ha
ec
er R
Brine Pool
RESTRICTED
EVAPORITIC
Anoxic Cycle
2
CONDITIONS
Continental
Crust
Evaporites
Hydrothermal
Reaction Zone
Syn-rift
clastics
30
YUKO
N
N.W.T.
Windemere Supergroup
(syn-rift clastics)
Pre-Windemere Sedimentary
Assemblages
Precambrian Basement
Complexes
First-order hinge line of late
Proterozoic Sedimentary Basin
NZ
KE
AC
ALA
S
Y UK KA
ON
BA
SI
N
T
UL
FA
UNTAINS
MO
NA
TI
Mesozoic Teslin suture separating

the North American Craton from
Exotic Eugeosynclinal Terranes of
the Western Cordillera (from
Tempelman-Kluit, 1979)
IE
TIN
SE
LW
YN
Fault (defined, approximate)

N.W.T.
B.C.
Rift
Distribution of
Syn
-rift Clastic
Syn-rift
Sediments
,
Sediments,
Windermere
Supergroup
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
CANADA
U.S.A.
SOUTHERN ALBERTA
RIFT
PURCELL
MOUNTAINS
after Eisbacher (1981)
31
Basin Architecture: Selwyn Basin

Whale Mountain
volcanics
Woodchopper
volcanics
MACKENZIE
PLATFORM
Tuk
volcanics
?
Fossil Creek
volcanics
KECHIKA
TROUGH
Nash
volcanics
Looncry
volcanics
Rabbit
intrusives
Pacific
Ocean
Gataga
volcanics
Ospika
volcanics
Redfern
intrusives
u
ono
chth
Allo
Lady Laurier
volcanics
Northwest
Territories
s Te
200 km
es
Golden-Columbia
Icefields diatremes
Lardeau
volcanics
120 oW
130o
W
rran
Earn Group basinal

black shales
55 o N
O
De r do
vo v ic
ni ian
an an Silu
d ria
yo n
un e
ge rod
rs e
tra d b
ta elo
w
Bearpaw Ridge
Sodalite Syenite
Mount Forster
volcanics
Ice River
Complex
Bull River - Elk
River diatremes
and volcanics
50o N
Mt. Dingley
Diatreme
and volcanics
U.S.A.
Sag-phase
Basinal
Sediments
60o N
Gataga
Alberta
District
Platformal carbonates
Selwun Basin
shale and chert
Paleozoic mafic volcanic
rocks
Gataga
District
Road River Group Earn Group
Gusty
Coal River
Toobally
Gunsteel
Atan
STELKUZ
SAYDIZ
Syn-rift
clastic
sequence
Windermere Supergroup
Howards
Pass
Earn Group
Headwaters
volcanics
Groundhog
volcanics
Platform
Carbonates
Porter Puddle
Complex
Itsi
Lakes
volcanics
Vulcan
volcanics
SELWYN
BASIN
Prevost
Portrait
Mountain
Diatreme
Ingenika
Macmillan
volcanics
Menzie
Creek
volcanics
Anvil
District
Marmot
Volcanics
Niddery
volcanics
Road River
Group
MacPass
District
Craig
Arctic Red
Dempster
volcanics
Yu
Ter kon
rito
ry
140 o
W
ult
Fa
tina
Tin
Ala
ska
Woodchopper
volcanics
Earn Group
Mackenzie
Carbonate
Platform
Prevost
MacPass
District
Steel
Howards
Pass
Anvil
District
Gull
Narchilla
Backbone
MPC/94
32
Geology of the Aldridge Basin, B.C.
from Lydon, 2007
33
Basin Architecture: Belt-Purcell Basin

Belt-Purcell Basin
Belt-Purcell Basin
from Hoy
(2000)
from Lydon
(2000)
34
Basin Architecture: McArthur River Basin
McArthur
River basin
35
Modern Sedimented Rift
Middle
Valley
West
Valley
36
Heat Flow and Magnetics

Middle Valley
Valley,, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Middle
Valley
37
Seismic Cross
-section
Cross-section
5 km
Surface
Penetrating
Faults
Bent Hill
Hemipelagic
and Turbiditic
sediment
Basaltic Basement
from Davis, 1995
38
Hydrothermal Architecture
Middle Valley Sedimented Rift
Hydrothermal
Alteration
Zone
Deep
Copper
Zone
Chimney
Hemipelagic and
Turbiditic Sediments
BH-ODP
Seawater
Recharge
Sill
Hydrothermal Alteration
Hydrothermal
Reaction Zone
MORB
Axial Magma
Body
39
Depth Profiles, Site 857

Middle Valley
2
K 2 0(%)
Log Permeability (m ) Temperature ( C)

-18
0
-16
-14
-12
-10
50 100 150 200 2 50 300 0
100
Depth (m)
200
300
Hemipelagic
and Turbiditic
sediment
400
500
600
7 00
800
900
Mafic Sill
and Sediment
Complex
T = 180-300oC
(Fluid Inclusions)
Hydrothermal
Reaction
Zone
Qz-Ab-Ep-Wz-Ch
Assemblage
1000
modified from E. Davis (1994)
40
Hydrothermal Model
Bent Hill
-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
East
West
Deep Copper
Zone
RIFT
AXIS
9 km
off-axis
Hydrothermal
Plume
Bent Hill-ODP
Massive
Sulphides
Feeder Zone
Sediment Cap
Fluid Reaction Zone
Sills
5 km
r
e
t
Fluid Discharge
w a r ge
a
Se cha
Conduit
Re
Magma
MORB
Chamber
41
Magmatism: Belt-Purcell Basin

Moyie Sills
Belt-Purcell Basin
Moyie Sills
Sullivan
42
Magmatism: Selwyn Basin

Whale Mountain
volcanics
Woodchopper
volcanics
Tuk
volcanics
?
Fossil Creek
volcanics
140 o
W
Yu
Ter kon
rit o
ry
MacPass
District
Anvil
District
Mackenzie
Carbonate
Platform
Nash
volcanics
ul t
Fa
na
Dempster
volcanics
ti
Tin
Ala
ska
Woodchopper
volcanics
Craig
Arctic Red
Marmot
Volcanics
Mountain
Diatreme
Niddery
volcanics
Macmillan
volcanics
Porter Puddle
Complex
Itsi
Lakes
volcanics
Menzie
Creek
volcanics
Vulcan
volcanics
Headwaters
volcanics
Groundhog
volcanics
Howards
Pass
Gusty
Coal River
Toobally
Looncry
volcanics
Rabbit
intrusives
Pacific
Ocean
Gataga
volcanics
Ospika
volcanics
Redfern
intrusives
u
ono
chth
Allo
Lady Laurier
volcanics
North west
Territories
60 N
Gataga
Alb erta
District
Selwun Basin
shale and chert
rocks
55 o N
s Te
O
D e r do
vo vic
ni ian
an an Si
d luria
yo n
un e
ge rod
rs e
tr a d b
ta el o
w
200 km
Bearpaw Ridge
Sodalite Syenite
rran
es
130o
Golden-Columbia
Icefields diatremes
120 oW
Lardeau
volcanics
Mount Forster
volcanics
Ice River
Complex
Bull River - Elk
River diatremes
and volcanics
50o N
Mt. Dingley
Diatreme
and volcanics
U.S.A.
MPC/94
43
Magmatism: Temporal Relationship with

Hydrothermal Events
U. Earn Gp.
Glacial Tectonic
Events Events
Osagean
Miss.
Kinderhookian
Famennian
Anoxic
Events
Antler
Major
Magmatic
Events
Org. C
Wt %
4
Sulphideforming
Events
MacPass/
Gataga
Eifelian
muDps
Givetian
Lochkovian
Mid. Eifel.
Orog.
uSlDp
Pragian
IDpt
Emsian
Lower Earn Group
Devonian
Frasnian
muSp
Cambrian
uClOp
Caradocian
Llandeilian
Llanvirnian
Arenigian
Tremadocian
lOpO OlSp
Nathani
M. Ordo.
Exten. (?)
Rabbitkettle
Formation
Kentuckyan
Ashgillian
Howards
Pass
IlSpt
7
Celloni
Mid. Sil.
Uplift
Road River Group
Wenlockian
Llandov.
Ordv. Silurian
Pridolian
Ludlovian
Vulcan
Subsi.
Anvil District
44
Ambient Seafloor Environments and Why

They are Important
Trapping of sulphides in hydrothermal plumes. Very
important in VMS systems where over 90% of the
sulphides in Black Smokers is lost to the water
column by seawater oxidation.
Preservation of sulphides deposited on the seafloor
Providing a ready source of sulphur to precipitate
metals in the case of fluids depleted in reduced
sulphur (e.g. sedimentary metalliferous brines)
45
Ambient Seafloor Environments

Oxygenated modern marine water column
Brown, oxidized and bioturabed sediments

Normal marine fauna (Phanerozoic)
34S values in bedded barite
Normal marine seawater 34
Stratified with anoxic and H22SS-rich

-rich bottom
-waters
bottom-waters
Black laminated (non

-bioturbated) carbonaceous shale,
(non-bioturbated)
siltstone and chert
Absence of benthic fauna ((Phanerozoic
Phanerozoic only)
High or very low sulphur
/carbon ratios
sulphur/carbon
Very low Mn contents (<1000 ppm); low Mn/Al ratios
Ce/Ce
* near one
Ce/Ce*
Upward increasing sulphur isotope secular curves; heavy
sulphur
46
Impact of Ambient Seafloor Conditions on

the Preservation of Seafloor Sulphides
OXYGENATED BOTTOM WATERS
Current Direction
e.g. Bent Hill,

Tag
Fe(OH).
nHO
3
2
Fe(OH).
nHO
3
2
Over 90% of the metals

in modern Black Smokers
are lost to the water column
Fe(OH).
nHO
3
2
Vent
Complex
Fe-Mn-oxides
Fe-Mn-oxides
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
ANOXIC BOTTOM WATERS
Py, Po, Sp, Cp, Gn

Chimney
Bedded
Sulfides
Current Direction
Py, Po, Sp, Cp, Gn
Py, Po, Sp, Cp, Gn
Bedded
Sulfides
Vent
Complex
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
e.g. Brunswick
No. 12
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
47
Modern Oxygenated Marine Environment

Middle Valley seafloor
Juan de Fuca Ridge
Core Tully 89d-07

Seafloor
Oxidized
Mud
Chimney
Core Tully 89d-07
Oxidized
seafloor
Bioturbated grey
Hemipleagic mud
Grey
Hemipelagic
Mud
48
Sulphur Isotope Behaviour Under

Oxygenated Water Column Conditions
-20
49
Diagenetic Chemical Profiles

Diagenetic
Minerals
Sea Floor
0
SO4
DEPTH (cm)
50
H2 S
Pyrite
Apatite
100
-PO
150
TIME
200
Calcite
HCO
250
300
pH
pH
0
0
5
10
7
20
9
30
SO4-
HCO & H 2 S
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-- 3
PO4
20
40
60
0
Units of measurement (micromoles/litre)
50
Modern Anoxic Environment

Sediment Textures
Laminated
Black Mud
Saanich Inlet, B.C.
Laminated
Black Mud
Saanich Inlet, B.C.
X-ray radiograph
51
Ancient Anoxic Environment

Sediment Textures
1 cm
Selwyn Basin
1 cm
Black Shale
Graded Py
Framboids
Pyrite Laminated Black Shales
Late Devonian, Selwyn Basin
52
Sulphur
/Carbon Systematics
Sulphur/Carbon
Bacterial Sulphate Reduction
(1) 2CH2O + SO4 2H2S + 2HCO3(2) 2H2S
HS- + 2S2- + 3H+
(3) Fe2+ + S2FeS0.9 (iron monosulfide)
Therefore, Cpy = k x Spy where:
Cpy = number of carbon atoms metabolized
Spy = total number of atoms of reduced sulphur precipitated
k = stoichiometric constant relating number of carbon
atoms metabolized to the number of sulphate atoms
consumed
In modern oxidized sediments, S/C ratios = 0.36 (mole ratio =
0.12), but are much higher in anoxic basins due to the addition of
sulphides from the overlying anoxic water column by sedimentation
53
Sulphur
/Carbon Ratios, Modern Sediments
Sulphur/Carbon
Modern Oxic Sediments
Anoxic Sediments
4
Diagenetic sulphides
only
(lin
Sulphur (wt %)
Sulphur (wt %)
n)
i
g
6
.3 ori
0
= the
S/C sects
er
t
n
ei
Carbon (wt %)
s
.36 -axi
0
>> cts Y
S/C erse
nt
i
ne
(li
Addition of sulphide
Precipitated in the
Anoxic water column
Carbon (wt %)
54
Sulphur-Carbon Ratios
Aldridge Formation, Belt-Purcell Basin
Aldridge Basin
Black Sea
3.5
Sulphur (wt. %)
6
Middle Aldridge Fm.
( DDH 6464)
Lower Aldridge Fm.
(DDH C83-1)
2.8
Anoxic Black
Sea sediments
Field of Anoxic
Aldridge
sediments
1.4
ments
i
d
e
S
arine 6
M
l
a
m
0 .3
Nor
S/C =
6 ed
3
.
z
= 0 xidi
)
C
S/ rn o ents
de im
o
(m sed
2.1
0.7
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Organic Carbon (wt %)
2.4
4.8
7.2
9.6
12
Organic Carbon (wt %)
55
Element and Isotope Profiles in H6464

Middle Aldridge Formation
DDH 6464
0
1000
Oxic
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Middle Aldridge Fm.
Depth (feet)
2000
Oxic
Anoxic
Anoxic
8000
9000
-10
10
20
S (per mil)
34
S (wt.%)
TOC (wt.%)
0 2 4 6 8 10
S/C Ratio
0.0
0.1 0.2
0.3
MnO (wt %)
Turbiditic sandstone, siltstone and argillite
Moyie basaltic sills
Black carbonaceous shale
Sullivan mineralized horizon
56
Seafloor Environments: Mn Geochemistry
REDOX Reaction
Mn2+
Mn4+ + 2e-
57
MnO versus Fe2O3

Shale and Chert
Chert,, Bathurst Mining Camp
Maroon Chert
Boucher Brook Fm.
Laminated Shale
Patrick Brook Fm.
From Goodfellow et al., 2003
58
Fe2O3 versus FeO

Shale and Chert
59
Cerium Anomaly Profiles - Black Sea

Oxygenated
Water
Depth in meters
500
Ce/Ce* =
3 Ce/Ce NASC +
(2La/LaNASC +
Nd/NdNASC)
Anoxic
H2S-rich
Water
1000
1500
where NASC =
North American
Shale composite
2000
2500
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Ce/Ce*
60
Rare Earth Element (REE) Normalization

1) [Ce/Ce*]NASC = CeNASC / (LaNASC x PrNASC)
2) [Eu/Eu*]NASC = EuNASC / (SmNASC x GdNASC)
where: NASC = North American Shale Standard
61
Chondrite-Normalized REE Profiles
62
Normalized Cerium Histograms

Ce/Ce*NASC = CeNASC / ( LaNASC x PrNASC)0.5
63
Cerium Stability Fields
64
OXIC Zone l - high Mn, high Fe, low V

15
40
50
20
Mn
40
30
Fe
30
10
20
20
10
10
0
0
10
100
200
500
0
20
1000 2000 5000
50
ppm
100
200
350
700
50
100
200
ppm (x100)
500 1000 4000
ppm
ANOXIC Zone lla, lll - low Mn, high Fe, low V

40
50
20
40
15
30
30
10
20
20
10
10
0
10
100
200
500
0
20
1000 2000 5000
50
ppm
100
200
350
50
700
100
200
ppm (x100)
500 1000 4000
ppm
ANOXIC Zone llb - low Mn, low Fe, low V

40
50
20
40
15
30
30
10
20
20
10
10
0
10
100
200 500 1000 2000 5000
0
20
50
ppm
100
200
450
50
750
100
200
ppm (x100)
500 1000 4000
Metal
Content of
Oxic and
Anoxic
Sediments
ppm
ANOXIC Zone lV - low Mn, low Fe, high V

40
50
20
40
15
30
30
10
20
20
10
10
0
10
100
200 500 1000 2000 5000
ppm
0
20
50
100
200
450
750
ppm (x100)
50
100
200
500 1000 4000
ppm
65
Sulphur Isotope Systematics

Stratified Anoxic Basins
Sulphur isotope composition of dissolved

sulphide and sedimentary pyrite controlled by:
Sulphur isotope composition of marine sulphate
(variable through time)
Isotope fractionation factor (approximately 40 to
60 per mil)
Fraction of sulphate bacterially reduced to sulphide
Fraction of product sulphide fixed in sediment
Open or closed nature of the water column with
respect to sulphate
66
Sulphur Isotope Abundances

Terrestrial sulphur is composed of four isotopes:
32S
= 95.0 %
34S = 4.22 %
33S = 0.76 %
36S = 0.014 %
67
Sulphur Isotope Notation

34Ssample (%o) =
34S/32S
sample
-1 x 1000
34S/32S
standard
where:
34S/32S
standard is the Canon Diablo troilite

and 34S/32S = 0.0450045
68
Ranges of Sulphur Isotope Values

34
S
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
2-
(1 Sulphur Mass Unit (s.m.u. = 1.22 x 10 20 gS)
Oceans (SO4 )
900 ppm S
S = 3.8 s.m.u.
E vaporites (CaS4 O )
17% S; S = 3.8 s.m.u.
Clastic Sediments (FeS2 )

1500 ppm S; S = 2 s.m.u.
Igneous & Metamorphic Rocks (FeS 2 , FeS)

Granitic R : 2000 ppm S; S = 1.2 s.m.u.
Mafic R : 2000 ppm S; S = 2.4 s.m.u.
(from Ohmoto et al., 1986
69
Equilibrium Isotopic Fractionation Factors

Among Sulphur Compounds Relative to H22S
2
2
(1 / T(K) x 10
2
25
4
SO
20
15
10
SO2
1000 ln i
H2
34
34
Si - SH
=
S
2-
2S
()
30
5
Mo 2
0
-5
H2S2
FeS2 CuS 2
ZnS,FeS PbS HS
Ag2S
S21000 800 600 500 4 0 0
300 250
200
T (C)
70
Genera of Microorganisms Involved in the

Transformation of Sulphur Compounds
o
S
Thiobacillus
Organic
S
Thiorhodacae
Chlorobacteriaceae
Plants
anaerobic
photosynthetic
Thiobacillus
aerobic
Beggiatoa
animals
Desulfovibrio
Desulfotomaculum
weathering
evaporation
SO2
CaSO4 2H 2 O
gypsum
Th
Fe ioba
rro ci
ba llus
c il
lu
s
H2 S
+ Fe
to sediment
FeS 2
pyrite
(after Goldhaber and Kaplan, 1980
71
Sulphate Reduction by Anaerobic

Bacteria
Simplified Chemical Equation
2CH2O + SO4 22H2S
Fe2+ + S2-
H2S + 2HCO3-
Anaerobic Bacteria
Desulfovibrio,
Desulfomicrobium
HS- + 2S2- + 3H+

FeS0.9 (iron monosulfide)
Sediment
Precipitate
Full Chemical Equation
(Ch2O)106 (NH3)16(H3PO4) + 53SO42- = 106CO2 + 106 H2O + 16NH3 + H3PO4 + 53S2-
72
Rayleigh Distillation Equations

2CH2O + SO4 2- H2S + 2HCO3(bacterial sulphate reduction)
(1) Rt /Ro = F (1/S)
(2) Pt /Ro = [1 - F (1/S)] / (1-F)
where: S = fractionation factor
Rt = 34S/32S of sulphate at time t
Ro = 34S/32S of sulphate at time o
Pt = 34S/32S of accumulated sulphide at time t
F = fraction of residual sulphate at time t
73
Rayleigh Fractionation of Sulphur Isotopes

(System Closed to Sulphate)
Fraction of Sulphate Reduced

(increasing with time)
Time Increasing
20
40
60
80
100
120
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
ve
r
u
C
ry
a
n
it o
lu
o
Initial Sulphur
Ev
Isotope value
= 20 per mil
Restricted
Basin
(closed system)
O2
H2S
0.2
SEAWATER AT TIME = 0
74
Sulphur Isotope Behaviour under

Stratified Water Column Conditions
75
Modern Stratified Anoxic Basin

Framvaren Fjord, Norway
Depth below sea level (m)
O2
20
Oxic
H2S
40
60
80
100
120
Anoxic
water
column
140
160
180
200
5
15
25 6
Salinity
pH
8 5
10 15 20 0
SO4 (mM)
6000
10 20
30 40 50
H2S (uM) 34 S (H2 S) 34S (SO)

4
from Anderson, et al., 1988; Yao and Millero, 1995
76
Seafloor Environments: Selwyn Basin

Selwyn Basin
77
Sulphur Isotope Curve for Pyrite

Selwyn Basin
78
Sulphur Isotope Secular Curves for Pyrite

Selwyn Basin, Yukon
Selwyn Basin
Curve (after
Goodfellow, 1987)
Howards Pass
Brunswick No. 12
Caribou Deposit
79
Sulphur Isotope Transect

Selwyn Basin
80
Sulphur and Carbon Isotopes

Selwyn Basin
81
Finlayson District
82
Sulphur Isotope Profiles

Aldridge Formation, Southern B.C.
DDH 6464
0
1000

4000
5000
6000
7000
Turbiditic sandstone,
siltstone and argillite
Cycle 3
Rayleigh Fractionation
Time increasing
3000
Middle Aldridge Fm.
Depth (feet)
2000
Cycle 2
8000
Cycle 1
T=0
9000
-10
-5
10
15
20
Delta 34S (per mil)
83
Global Anoxic and Ocean Evolution
Phanerozoic-Proterozoic(<2.0 billion years)
Early Proterozoic
Buildup of sulphate and major bacterial sulphate reduction

Sulphur isotope fractionation
Episodically stratified with H2S-rich lower water column
Represented by carbonaceous pyritic black shales
Transition from reduced Fe2+-rich Archean ocean to H2Srich ocean
Oxidation and sedimentation of iron in Superior-Type iron
formations
Archean
Reduced ferrous iron-limiting ocean (reduced sulphur-poor)

Sulphur isotopes not fractionated (Delta34S=0.0 per mil)
84
85
Delta34S in Pyrite Across the Archean

ArcheanProterozoic Boundary
86
SEDEX Deposits
Howards Pass Deposits
Selwyn Basin, Yukon
87
Grade an Tonnage
Selwyn Basin SEDEX Deposits
Zn
(%)
Pb
(%)
Cu
(%)
Ag
(g/t)
Au
Barite
(g/t)
476.0 Early Silurian
5.0
2.0
0.0
9.0
0.0
no
Goodfellow and Jonasson, 1986;

Placer Development Annual
Report 1982
Yukon
57.6 Late Cambrian
5.7
3.4
0.0
36.0
0.0
yes
Jennings and Jilson, 1986
Grum
Yukon
31.0 Late Cambrian
4.9
3.1
0.0
49.0
0.0
yes
Dy
Yukon
21.1 Late Cambrian
6.7
5.5
0.1
84.0
1.0
yes
Vangorda
Yukon
7.5
Late Cambrian
4.9
3.8
0.3
54.0
0.8
yes
Swim
Yukon
4.3
Late Cambrian
4.7
3.8
0.0
42.0
0.0
yes
Tom
Yukon
15.7
Late Devonian
7.0
4.6
0.0
49.1
0.0
yes
McClay and Bidwell, 1986;

Goodfellow and Rhodes, 1990
Jason
Yukon
10.1
Late Devonian
7.4
6.5
0.0
79.9
0.0
yes
Turner, 1990; Northern Miner,

May 28th, 1990, p.21
Cirque
British
Columbia
52.2
Late Devonian
8.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
yes
Jefferson et al., 1983; Canadian

Mines Handbook 1991-2, p. 127
Driftpile
British
Columbia
2.4
Late Devonian 11.9
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
yes
MacIntyre, 1983; Teck

Corporation, 1994
Deposit
Location
Howards
Pass
Yukon
Faro
Size
Age
Sources
88
Epicratonic Rift
Early Silurian Selwyn Basin
89

Whale Mountain
volcanics
Woodchopper
volcanics
MACKENZIE
PLATFORM
Tuk
volcanics
?
Fossil Creek
volcanics
KECHIKA
TROUGH
Nash
volcanics
Looncry
volcanics
Rabbit
intrusives
Pacific
Ocean
Gataga
volcanics
Ospika
volcanics
Redfern
intrusives
u
ono
chth
Allo
Lady Laurier
volcanics
Northwest
Territories
s Te
200 km
es
Golden-Columbia
Icefields diatremes
Lardeau
volcanics
120 oW
130o
W
rran
Earn Group basinal

black shales
55 o N
O
De r do
vo v ic
ni ian
an an Silu
d ria
yo n
un e
ge rod
rs e
tra d b
ta elo
w
Bearpaw Ridge
Sodalite Syenite
Mount Forster
volcanics
Ice River
Complex
Bull River - Elk
River diatremes
and volcanics
50o N
Mt. Dingley
Diatreme
and volcanics
U.S.A.
Sag-phase
Basinal
Sediments
60o N
Gataga
Alberta
District
Selwun Basin
shale and chert
rocks
Gataga
District
Gusty
Coal River
Toobally
Gunsteel
Atan
STELKUZ
SAYDIZ
Syn-rift
clastic
sequence
Howards
Pass
Earn Group
Headwaters
volcanics
Groundhog
volcanics
Platform
Carbonates
Porter Puddle
Complex
Itsi
Lakes
volcanics
Vulcan
volcanics
SELWYN
BASIN
Prevost
Portrait
Mountain
Diatreme
Ingenika
Macmillan
volcanics
Menzie
Creek
volcanics
Anvil
District
Marmot
Volcanics
Niddery
volcanics
Road River
Group
MacPass
District
Craig
Arctic Red
Dempster
volcanics
Yu
Ter kon
rito
ry
140 o
W
ult
Fa
tina
Tin
Ala
ska
Woodchopper
volcanics
Earn Group
Mackenzie
Carbonate
Platform
Prevost
MacPass
District
Steel
Howards
Pass
Anvil
District
Gull
Narchilla
Backbone
MPC/94
90
Geology of the Howards Pass District
OP
Don
HC
91
92
Howards Pass (XY) Deposit

(Looking northeast)
Sugar Mountain
Ore Horizon
93
Zinc Moss, Howards Pass Deposit

Yara Peak
Sugar Mtn.
Zinc Moss
94
FAMENNIAN
Coarse and fine

clastics
(uDMps, uDMcg)
U.
EARN
MISSISSIPPIAN
Morganti (1979)
YARA PEAK
FORMATION
Rusty weathering
mudstone and
siltstone
(muDps)
LOWER EARN
GROUP
Goodfellow & Jonasson (1986)
IRON CREEK
FORMATION
GIVETIAN
EIFELIAN
EMSIAN
PRAGIAN
LOCHKOV
Calcareous and
carbonaceous
mudstone (ImDps)
PRIDOLIAN
Celloni
Kentucky
Nathani
ORDOVICIAN
ASHGILLIAN
CARADOC
LLANDEIL.
LLANVIRN.
ARENIGIAN
Phosphatic chert
(ISpt)
Active Member
(ISt, ISI)
Carbonaceous
cherty mudstone
(uOISp)
Calcareous mudstone
(uOp)
Pyritic mudstone
(mOp)
Transition zone
(IOs)
TREMADOC.
RABBITKETTLE
FORMATION (uCIOI)
CAMBRIAN
FLAGGY MUDSTONE
FORMATION
Bioturbated
mudstone (muSP)
ROAD RIVER FORMATION
WENLOCK
LLANDOV
SILURIAN
LUDLOVIAN
Upper Siliceous
Mudstone
Member
Active Member
Lower Cherty
Mudstone M.
Calcareous
Mudstone M.
Pyritic
Mudstone M.
HOWARD PASS FORMATION
DEVONIAN
FRASNIAN
Howards Pass
Stratigraphic
Section
TRANSITION FM.
MASSIVE
LIMESTONE FM.
WAVY BANDED
LIMESTONE FM.
95
Surface Geology
91
5
CIOI
IOs
CIOI
0
91
12
12
NWT
YUKON TERRITORY
IOs
CIOI
IuSpt
OISp
OISp 2
3
62
IOs
9
2
IOs
IOs
OISp ,IS
2
uSp
AM
IOs
CIOI
IuSpt
OISp
62
IOs
IOs
IOs
OISp2
OISp2
OISp 1
IOs
H45
OISp2
62
IuSpt
uSP
8
2
ImDps
OISp2
H71
uSP
ImDps
muDps
ImDps
ImDps
uDMps
muDps
uDMps
uDMps
IuSpt
uDMps
H42
H99
ImDps
OISp 1
uSP
OISp 1
OISp , OISp
2
ImDps
OISp 1
ImDps
XY0179
H 95
OISp
IuSpt
H80
uSP
OISp 1
IS AM
OISp , OISp
uSp
OISp 1
IOs
OISp
OISp ,
3
OISp
OISp
OISp11
OISp 1
IOs
, OISp 3
OISp 1
IOs
CIOI
CIOI
Metres
9
2
62
IuSpt
MIDDLE TO UPPER DEVONIAN

muDps
Medium to dark grey mudstone,

siltstone and shale; minor barite
LOWER TO MIDDLE DEVONIAN

ImDps
Black to dark grey mudstone, shale

and chert; black fetid limestone
uSP
Orange weathering bioturbated

dolomitic mudstone

IuSpt
Black carbonaceous phosphatic

chert and cherty mudstone; black
fetid limestone concretions
LOWER SILURIAN
10
1
9
Brown to dark grey chert-quartz

arenite and wacke; shale, siltstone
and slate
9
12
12
8
2
62
UPPER DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN
uDMps
From Morganti (1979)
600
ORDOVICIAN-LOWER SILURIAN (?)

OISp 1
Black carbonaceous
chert
Black
carbonaceous chert
mudstone
mudstone
OISp2
Dark grey calcareous mudstone
OISp
Dark to medium grey pyritic

mudstone
Active member: black carbonaceous cherty finely laminated with sphalerite,

galena and pyrite; medium grey argillaceous limestone finely laminated with
sphalerite, galena and pyrite
CAMBRIAN TO LOWER ORDOVICIAN (?)

IOs
Medium grey calcareous siltstone:

minor shale
Rabbitkettle Formation: blue-grey
limestone wavy banded with siltstone
and sandstone
Geological boundary (defined,

approximate, assumed).............
Fault (defined, approximate,
assumed)....................................
96
Vent-distal Deposits Howards Pass
2cm
2cm
2cm
97
Geological Cross
-section
Cross-section
H42
Phosphatic chert
lSpt
H80
H37
H99
H45
H71
Carbonate
Sulphide
facies
uOlSp
Cherty
Sulphide
facies
0
Metres
20
Carbonaceous shale
98
Carbonate Concretion in Phosphatic Chert

Howards Pass Deposit
Black Chert
Carbonate
Concretion
Pyrite Rim
99
Interbedded Phosphate and Black Chert

Ph
os
be pha
d tic
kc
ac
Bl
rt
he
1 cm
100
Bedded Sulphides
Sulphides,, Carbonate Facies
Cherty
hydrothermal
carbonate
Laminated
Pyrite
Py
Py Laminated
Chert
1 cm
101
Bedded Sulphides
Sulphides,, Chert Facies
Laminated
Sp, Gn and
Black chert
Pressure
dissolution
cleavage
1 cm
102
Bedded Sulphides
Sulphides,, High Grade
Sp + Gn + Py
High Grade
Sp + Gn
1 cm
103
Laminated Pyrite + Sp +
Gn
+Gn
Laminated
Pyrite
Pressure
Dissolution
Cleavage
(Sp+Gn)
1 cm
104
Vertical Mineral Zoning

Howards Pass Mineralized Zone
Phosphatic
Chert
Sp + Gn
(chert)
Sp + Gn
(limestone)
Carbonaceous
shale
0
12
Fuorapatite %
20
40
Calcite %
40
80 0
Quartz %
Sp+Gn %
105
Chemical Zonation, DDH 62

Fe
0
Zn/Cd
100
900
Pb/Pb + Zn
0.25
(Zn/Hg) x 10
80
160
1.0
0.75
240
CaO
Al 2 O 3
25
SiO 2
Al 2 O 3
Zn/Cd
GROUP
FORMATION
IsI
Ist
CaO
Al 2 O 3
30
CYCLES
7
6
5
4
RIVER
LAKE
3
2
1
3
40
Pb (%)
Fe
(Zn/Hg) x 10
ROAD
DUO
uOISp
Meters
30
Fe + Pb + Zn
10
20
Zn (%)
125
0
Ispt
Fe + Pb + Zn
SiO 2
Al 2 O 3
Pb/Pb+Zn
50
106
Trace Elements in Sphalerite

Cd (ppm)
Mn (%)
1000
3000
2000
Iron (%
)
Zn : Cd
0.01
0.04
0.08 654
327
218
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
60
80
Duo Lake Formation

Phosphatic Chert Member
40
Phosphatic
Member
Active
Member
Active Member
20
Road River Group
Depth below collar (m)
Shale
Concretionary
limestone
Chert
Limestone
Mudstone
Sulphide
107

34 S in Sulphides (o/oo ) Temp. (sp - gn)
0
20
40
400
60
80
Sphalerite
Phosphatic Chert Member
Active Member
40
Duo Lake Formation
20
Road River Group
Depth below collar (m)
Phosphatic
Chert
Range
80 - 220C
Median
180C
Active
Member
Galena
Lower Cherty
Mudstone
Shale
Chert
Concretionary
limestone
Mudstone
Limestone
Sulphide
108
Hydrothermal Fluids: Sr Isotopes
109
Theoretical Mixing Curve

STEP 1: tmix = (x)(tF) + (1-x)tSW
STEP 2: (Sr/Ba)barite = KB(Sr2+)
(x . SrF) + (1 - x) SrSW
(x . BaF) + (1 - x) BaSW
STEP 3 : (87Sr/86Sr)barite = ((SrF)(x)(87Sr/86Sr) + ((1-x)(SrSW)(87Sr/86Sr)SW

((SrF((x) + ((SrSW) (1-x))
where: x = weight fraction of hydrothermal fluids
SrF = concentration of Sr in hydrothermal fluid
BaF = concentration of Ba in hydrothermal fluid
SrSW = concentration of Sr in seawater
BaSW = concentration of Ba in seawater
87Sr/86Sr = isotopic ratio in hydrothermal fluid
F
87Sr/86Sr
SW = isotopic ratio in seawater
tmix = temperature of mixed fluid
KB(Sr2+) = partition coefficient of Sr in barite
110
Theoretical Mixing Curves
111
Depositional Model: Howards Pass Deposits

XY
Don Valley
Anniv
112
XY0179
SL7980
XY0279
H99
H95
H42
H80
ORDOVICIAN
SIL.
DEVONIAN
Barium Zonation, Howards Pass Deposit
0
METERS
100
Ba wt %
113
XY0179
OR0180
SL7980
XY0279
H99
H95
H42
H80
ORDOVICIAN
SIL.
DEVONIAN
Phosphorous Zonation, Howards Pass Deposit
0
METERS
100
12
24
P2O5 wt %
114
Total Sulphur Zonation, Howards Pass

XY0179
DEVONIAN
SL7980
XY0279
H99
H42
ORDOVICIAN
SIL.
H80
0
METERS
100
10
S (wt %)
115
K
-Feldspar/Illite Ratio, Howards Pass
K-Feldspar/Illite
DEVONIAN
XY0179
Or0180
METERS
SL7980
100
XY0279
H99
H80
H42
H45
ORDOVICIAN
SIL.
H95
Ratio
Ratio
K-feldspar/
illite
116
Exploration Vectors: Howards Pass Deposit

Widespread element dispersion from metalliferous
brine pools or buoyant hydrothermal plumes
117
1 cm
Dispersion from Brine Pools: Howards Pass
118
Zinc in Stream Sediments

Selwyn Basin, Yukon
119
Lead in Stream Sediments

Selwyn Basin, Yukon
MacPass
Howards
Pass (XY)
120
Mercury in Stream Sediments

Selwyn Basin, Yukon
MacPass
Howards
Pass (XY)
121
Barium in Stream Sediments

Selwyn Basin, Yukon
MacPass
Howards
Pass (XY)
122
Stream Sediment Geochemistry

Howards Pass District
Pb (ppm)
Earn
Group
1000
200
0
Road River
Group
Anniv
>950
550-950
250-550
Zn (ppm)
Pelly
1000
Zn
Ba (%)
Howards
Pass (XY)
>4.5
2-4.5
<2
40 km
123
Down
-stream
Down-stream
Chemical
Profiles at
Howards
Pass (XY)
and Nor
Deposits
124
Tom and Jason

Deposits in the Selwyn Basin
125
Devonian-Mississippian Selwyn Basin
from Nelson &

Colpron, 2007
126
SEDEX and Related Deposits

Selwyn Basin
VMS
SEDEX
MVT
Barite
Anvil
District
MacPass
Howards
Pass District
Gatga
District
127
Grade and Tonnage

Selwyn Basin SEDEX Deposits
Deposit
Location
Size
Age
Zn
(%)
Pb
(%)
Cu
(%)
Ag
(g/t)
Au
Barite
(g/t)
Tom
Yukon
15.7
Late Devonian
7.0
4.6
0.0
49.1
0.0
yes
McClay and Bidwell, 1986;

Goodfellow and Rhodes, 1990
Jason
Yukon
10.1
Late Devonian
7.4
6.5
0.0
79.9
0.0
yes
Turner, 1990; Northern Miner,

May 28th, 1990, p.21
Cirque
British
Columbia
52.2
Late Devonian
8.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
yes
Jefferson et al., 1983; Canadian

Mines Handbook 1991-2, p. 127
Driftpile
British
Columbia
2.4
Late Devonian 11.9
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
yes
MacIntyre, 1983; Teck

Corporation, 1994
Howards
Pass
Yukon
5.38
2.08
0.0
9.0
0.0
no
Goodfellow and Jonasson, 1986;

Placer Development Annual
Report 1982
115.0 Early Silurian
Sources
Faro
Yukon
57.6 Late Cambrian
5.7
3.4
0.0
36.0
0.0
yes
Grum
Yukon
31.0 Late Cambrian
4.9
3.1
0.0
49.0
0.0
yes
Dy
Yukon
21.1 Late Cambrian
6.7
5.5
0.1
84.0
1.0
yes
Vangorda
Yukon
7.5
Late Cambrian
4.9
3.8
0.3
54.0
0.8
yes
Swim
Yukon
4.3
Late Cambrian
4.7
3.8
0.0
42.0
0.0
yes
128
Late Devonian Tectonic Settings

Canadian Cordillera
Mafic-hosted VHMS
Finlayson Lake Belt
(Fire Lake)

VHMS
Finlayson Lake Belt
(Chu Chua)
(Wloverine, KZK)
MVT
VHMS
MacPass Pine Point
(Homestake
Cirque Robb Lake
Wolf
Selwyn Basin/
Kechika Trough
Slide
Mountain
Terrane
Kootenay
And Cassiar
Terranes
slab retreat
129

Whale Mountain
volcanics
Woodchopper
volcanics
MACKENZIE
PLATFORM
Tuk
volcanics
?
Fossil Creek
volcanics
KECHIKA
TROUGH
Nash
volcanics
Looncry
volcanics
Rabbit
intrusives
Pacific
Ocean
Gataga
volcanics
Ospika
volcanics
Redfern
intrusives
u
ono
chth
Allo
Lady Laurier
volcanics
Northwest
Territories
s Te
200 km
es
Golden-Columbia
Icefields diatremes
Lardeau
volcanics
120 oW
130o
W
rran
Earn Group basinal

black shales
55 o N
O
De r do
vo v ic
ni ian
an an Silu
d ria
yo n
un e
ge rod
rs e
tra d b
ta elo
w
Bearpaw Ridge
Sodalite Syenite
Mount Forster
volcanics
Ice River
Complex
Bull River - Elk
River diatremes
and volcanics
50o N
Mt. Dingley
Diatreme
and volcanics
U.S.A.
Sag-phase
Basinal
Sediments
60o N
Gataga
Alberta
District
Selwun Basin
shale and chert
rocks
Gataga
District
Gusty
Coal River
Toobally
Gunsteel
Atan
STELKUZ
SAYDIZ
Syn-rift
clastic
sequence
Howards
Pass
Earn Group
Headwaters
volcanics
Groundhog
volcanics
Platform
Carbonates
Porter Puddle
Complex
Itsi
Lakes
volcanics
Vulcan
volcanics
SELWYN
BASIN
Prevost
Portrait
Mountain
Diatreme
Ingenika
Macmillan
volcanics
Menzie
Creek
volcanics
Anvil
District
Marmot
Volcanics
Niddery
volcanics
Road River
Group
MacPass
District
Craig
Arctic Red
Dempster
volcanics
Yu
Ter kon
rito
ry
140 o
W
ult
Fa
tina
Tin
Ala
ska
Woodchopper
volcanics
Earn Group
Mackenzie
Carbonate
Platform
Prevost
MacPass
District
Steel
Howards
Pass
Anvil
District
Gull
Narchilla
Backbone
MPC/94
130
Magmatism: Selwyn Basin

Whale Mountain
volcanics
Woodchopper
volcanics
Tuk
volcanics
?
Fossil Creek
volcanics
140 o
W
Yu
Ter kon
rit o
ry
MacPass
District
Anvil
District
Mackenzie
Carbonate
Platform
Nash
volcanics
ul t
Fa
na
Dempster
volcanics
ti
Tin
Ala
ska
Woodchopper
volcanics
Craig
Arctic Red
Marmot
Volcanics
Mountain
Diatreme
Niddery
volcanics
Macmillan
volcanics
Porter Puddle
Complex
Itsi
Lakes
volcanics
Menzie
Creek
volcanics
Vulcan
volcanics
Headwaters
volcanics
Groundhog
volcanics
Howards
Pass
Gusty
Coal River
Toobally
Looncry
volcanics
Rabbit
intrusives
Pacific
Ocean
Gataga
volcanics
Ospika
volcanics
Redfern
intrusives
u
ono
chth
Allo
Lady Laurier
volcanics
North west
Territories
60 N
Gataga
Alb erta
District
Selwun Basin
shale and chert
rocks
55 o N
s Te
O
D e r do
vo vic
ni ian
an an Si
d luria
yo n
un e
ge rod
rs e
tr a d b
ta el o
w
200 km
Bearpaw Ridge
Sodalite Syenite
rran
es
130o
Golden-Columbia
Icefields diatremes
120 oW
Lardeau
volcanics
Mount Forster
volcanics
Ice River
Complex
Bull River - Elk
River diatremes
and volcanics
50o N
Mt. Dingley
Diatreme
and volcanics
U.S.A.
MPC/94
131
Magmatism: Temporal Relationship with

Hydrothermal Events
U. Earn Gp.
Glacial Tectonic
Events Events
Osagean
Miss.
Kinderhookian
Famennian
Anoxic
Events
Antler
Major
Magmatic
Events
Org. C
Wt %
4
Sulphideforming
Events
MacPass/
Gataga
Eifelian
muDps
Givetian
Lochkovian
Mid. Eifel.
Orog.
uSlDp
Pragian
IDpt
Emsian
Lower Earn Group
Devonian
Frasnian
muSp
Cambrian
uClOp
Caradocian
Llandeilian
Llanvirnian
Arenigian
Tremadocian
lOpO OlSp
Nathani
M. Ordo.
Exten. (?)
Rabbitkettle
Formation
Kentuckyan
Ashgillian
Howards
Pass
IlSpt
7
Celloni
Mid. Sil.
Uplift
Road River Group
Wenlockian
Llandov.
Ordv. Silurian
Pridolian
Ludlovian
Vulcan
Subsi.
Anvil District
132
Geology of MacMillan Pass, Yukon

NORTH
Cathy
CRETACEOUS
Quartz monzonite
CENTRAL
CARBONIFEROUS TO TRIASSIC
Shale and sandstone
SOUTH
EARN GROUP
PROVOST FORMATION
End
JASON Main
TOM
South
MISSISSIPPIAN
Shale and sandstone

PORTRAIT FORMATION
DEVONIAN
Shale, sandstone and conglomerate

Chert-pebble conglomerate
Gary
North
Moose
Mafic volcanic rocks
ROAD RIVER GROUP

ORDOVICIAN, SILURIAN AND EARLY DEVONIAN
Mudstone, shale and chert
Fault
Thrust Fault
Boundary between major blocks
Pete
GRIT UNIT
HADRYNIAN TO LOWER ORDOVICIAN
Shale, sandstone and limestone
Stratiform Zn-Pb and barite deposits
133
MacMILLAN PASS GRABEN AND SEDEX

DEPOSITS
Hess
130O 00'
63O 20'
River
TY
H
W
FAULT
Stratiform Zn-Pb deposits
BC
Zn deposits
FA
UL
T
JASON
ZO N
LC
TOM
Stratiform barite deposits

JK
ZO
M
M
ac
Extent of chert-pebble conglomerate
J
JASON
G
NE
Extent of fault-scarp breccia
Ri
ve
r
HE
SS
m
illa
n
MAC
MILL
A
Stratigraphic limit of conglomerate

Fault (dot on down-thrown side)
0
P
10
kilometres
134
Barren Stratiform Barite

MacMillan Pass, Yukon
135
Barren Stratiform Barite

Gataga District, N.E. British Columbia
Limestone
136
Surface Geology, Tom Deposit

Upper
Chert
Sand-striped
Mudstone
lt
Fau
Chert-Pebble
Conglomerate
Southeast
Zone
East Zone
Breccia
Bed
d
ed
Fa c
Vent Complex
ies
Carbonaceous
Cherty Mudstone
New portal
Cherty
Mudstone
with barite
nodules
West Zone
Old portal
Radiolarian
Chert
300m
137
TOM DEPOSIT
MACMILLAN PASS, YUKON
Hanging wall mudstones
Footwal
l clastic
s
West zone
Hanging wall mudstones
138
Geological Cross Section, Tom Deposit

T88-1
T88-4
T89-7
T88-2
T89-5
T88-3
T89-6
TE unit
Black
Chert
Pyrite
laminated
TH unit
Nodular
Barite
Black
Mudstone
200 m
Limestone
Bed
TG unit
Cherty
Mudstone
Nodular Barite
TC unit
WEST ZONE
Southeast
zone
Sand-striped
Chert pebble
Congmomerate
high
Sulphide, barite
And laminated
mudstone
mudstone
MACMILLAN PASS
MEMBER
Damictite
We s
t zo
ne
TOM SEQUENCE
Calcareous
siltstone
SOUTHEAST ZONE
139
Fault Scarp Breccia

Breccia,, Tom Deposit
10 cm
140
Slumped Sand
-Striped Mudstone
Sand-Striped
Tom Deposit
Sandy beds
2 cm
Black mudstone
141
Carbonaceous Mudstone
Hanging wall, Tom Deposit
142
16
THICKNESS
(meters)
05m
00
m
18+
25
14
00
m
21+
25
Isopach of Footwall Mudstone

Tom Deposit
16
m
00
5 10 m
10 20 m
00
m
15+
25
12
0
14
> 20 m
0m
10
10
00
m
12
HORST
m
00
10
10
m
00
10
20
143
0 - 10
25
00
m
Thickness
(meters)
18+
14
00
m
21+
16
25
Isopach of Footwall Sand

-Striped
Sand-Striped
Mudstone, Tom Deposit
16
m
00
20 - 30
30 - 40
25
00
m
15+
12
10
14
m
00
40 - 50
00
m
12
Horst
U62
0
30
20
m
00
10
m
00
10
10
20
30
144
Vent
-proximal Deposits
Vent-proximal
Cross
-section of the Tom West Ore Zone
Cross-section
NORTH
SOUTH
TS-83
TS-88
TS-67
Surface
TS-86
Grey Ore
Facies
Black Ore Facies
TU-70
Stringer
Zone
4 cm
Feeder Zone
10
1 cm
Vertical
Scale
Grow
Sand-banded Argillite
th Fa
ult
VENT
COMPLEX
Pink Ore
Facies
0 m
145
Carbonate Veins
Chert Pebble Conglomerate, Tom Deposit
Carbonate
veins
146
Carbonate
-Sulphide Veins
Carbonate-Sulphide
Tom Feeder Zone
147
Carbonate
-Sulphide Feeder Zone
Carbonate-Sulphide
Tom Deposit
1 cm
148
Vent Complex,Tom Deposit
Qz
Sid
Gn, Sp
Py
Qz
149
Pink Ore Facies,Tom Deposit

Pink Sp
Barite
Black Sp + Gn
Green Sp
150
Grey Ore Facies,Tom Deposit

Sp + Gn
Shale
Barite
151
Black Bedded Facies,Tom Deposit
152
Pb/Pb+Zn Ratios
Tom Longitudinal Section
10
0
90
0
25
0.01 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
25
0m
0.3 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.5
25
0m
15
+
12
0
Pb/(Pb+Zn)
18 +
14
0
0m
21
+
16
0
West
Zone
> 0.5
Drill hole intercept
of mineralized zone
0m
Chert Pebble
Conglomerate High
Vent
Facies
Sout heast
Zo ne
153
Pb/(Pb+Zn
Pb/(Pb+Zn)) Versus CO2
Tom Mineralized Facies
1.0
0.8
Vent
facies
Footwall
Veins
0.6
Pb/
Pb+Zn
Pink Ore Facies

0.4
Grey Ore Facies
0.2
Black Ore Facies
10
20
30
CO2 (wt %)
154
Carbonate Zonation
Tom West Ore Zone
155
Copper Zonation
Tom West Ore Zone
156
Arsenic Zonation
Tom West Ore Zone
157
Lead Zonation
Tom West Ore Zone
158
Zinc Zonation
Tom West Ore Zone
159
Barium Drill Hole Profiles

Tom Deposit
T88-4
T88-1
Log Ba (%)
Log Ba (%)
0.1
1.0
10
T89-7
100
0.1
1.0
10
T88-2
Log Ba (%)
100
0.1 1.0 10 100
T89-5
T89-6
T88-3
Log Ba (%)
0.1 1.0 10 100
TE unit
TH unit
200 m
Black
mudstone
TG unit
Cherty
Mudstone
TC unit
WEST ZONE
Southeast
zone
Sand-striped
Chert pebble
Congmomerate
high
Sulphide, barite
And laminated
mudstone
mudstone
MACMILLAN PASS
MEMBER
Da
We s
t zo n
e
TOM SEQUENCE
Black
Chert
SOUTHEAST ZONE
160
Zinc Drill Hole Profiles

Tom Deposit
1000
(DDHS)
10000
T89-6
T88-3
100
10000
1000
Zn (ppm)
T89-5
10
T88-2
100
10000
1000
100
10
T89-7
10
T88-4
T88-1
TE unit
Black
Chert
TH unit
200 m
TG unit
Cherty
Mudstone
WEST ZONE
Chert pebble
Congmomerate
high
TC unit
Southeast
zone
Sand-striped
mudstone
SOUTHEAST ZONE
MACMILLAN PASS
MEMBER
We s
t zo n
e
TOM SEQUENCE
Black
mudstone
161

Tom Deposit, Yukon
34S (per mil)
10
20
30
40
50
Unit
TH
100
Mud-clast sedimentary
breccia
Tom Member
Earn Group
Portrait Lake Formation)
300
Late Devonian (Givetian Frasnian)
Unit
TG
Southeast zone
bedded sulphides
Pyrite curve
after smoothing
Black carbonaceous chert

with nodular barite
and pyrite laminae
Pyrite curve
Unit
TC
350
Tch
400
Sulphide
Zone
Tch
450
Po
Ore
Zone
Py
Gn
Unit
MMa
MacMillan
Pass
Unit
Meters
250
Carbonaceous cherty
mudstone
Dark grey limestone
Sand and silt-banded
mudstone
150
200
Carbonaceous chert
Histograms of delta
in West Ore Zone
34S
162
Genetic Model, Tom Deposit, Yukon
163
Jason Deposit, MacMillan Pass, Yukon
Jason Deposit
164
Structural Cross
-section, Jason Deposit
Cross-section,
165
Geological Cross
-section, Jason Deposit
Cross-section,
1
11
HESS
FAULT
ZONE
12
5
13
10
MAIN ZONE
SOUTH
ZONE
LEGEND
JASON
FAULT
MISSISSIPPIAN
UPPER EARN GROUP
Sandstone
MIDDLE TO LATE DEVONIAN

LOWER EARN GROUP
Carbonaceous shale
Conglomerate
Sandstone; conglomerate
Drill hole
Stratiform mineralization
Fault
EARLY TO MIDDLE DEVONIAN
Chert
Heterolithic breccia
SILURIAN
Siltstone turbidites
ROAD RIVER GROUP

Silty Limestone
100 m
1000 m
from Turner (1986)
166
Plan View Of Jason Deposit
1000
n
atio
Ele v
1200
Main Zone
(looking north)
800
Axis of Jason syncline

800
South Zone
(looking south)
A'
tio n
Ele
va
1000
1200
0
300 m
From Turner, 1986

A
LEGEND
Laminated ore
D.D.H.
Massive banded ore

Abundant veins in the
upper stratiform zone
Extent of sedimentation
of sulphides
167
Restored Plan View of Upper

Stratiform Zone, Jason Deposit
0.1
Pb/(Pb+Zn)
0.1
1200
0.2
0.2
> 0.5
1000
0.3 - 0.5
?
?
?
800
0.2 - 0.3
?
0.1
800
1000
0.3
0.7
0.1 - 0.2
< 0.1
0.5
?
0.9
0
1200
0.2
0.3
300 m
0.5
From Turner, 1986

D.D.H.
Extent of Upper
Stratiform Zone
168
Fault Scarp Breccias, Jason Deposit
169
Isopach of A
A Sedimentary Breccia
Breccia,,
Jason Deposit
eros
ent
Pres
Meters
e
rfac
u
s
l
iona
> 15 m
10
A2
10 - 15
Breccia
1200
5 - 10
1000
<5
800
?
800
?
10
20
10
1000
1200
A1 Breccia
Pres
ent e
A
rosio
nal s
urfa
ce
15
300 m
From Turner, 1986
170
Isopach of A
A Sedimentary Breccia
Breccia,,
Jason Deposit
10
20
10
1200
30
Meters
20
1000
> 40 m
10
?
0
800
?
0
800
20 - 40
10 - 20
10
20
40
1000
< 10
60
1200
0
300 m
From Turner, 1986
10
171
Geological Cross Section, Jason Deposit

88
56B
68D
56A
68A
24
VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
6.3x
10 m
Jason
Fault
200 m
88
Drill hole
DEVONIAN
Sedimentary breccia
STRATIFORM FACIES
Pyrite facies
Barite-sulphide
facies
Iron carbonate facies
Quartz-sulphide
facies
Pb-Zn-Fe Sulphide
Facies
Quartz facies
Conglomerate and sandstone

Siltstone, thin-bedded
ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN
Carbonaceous chert
From Turner, 1986
172
Hydrothermal Breccia
Jason Synsedimentary Fault
Fe-carbonate
173
Carbonate Veins
Jason Feeder Zone
Fe-carbonate
174
Jason Vent Complex
Siderite
Gn
175
Facies Zonation About the Jason Fault

Distance from Jason Fault
100
200
SYNSEDIMENTARY
FAULT
South Zone
Pyrite Facies
500
100 m
Main Zone
Iron Carbonate Facies
Pb - Zn Fe Sulphide Facies
Barite Sulphide Facies
Quartz - Sulphide Facies
Quartz
Sulphide
Facies
Quartz Facies
176
Mineral Zonation About the Jason Vent

DECREASING DEPTH
BELOW VENT
Jason Breccia
Fault Body
Adjacentto
Iron
Breccia
Body Carbonate
INCREASING DISTANCE
FROM VENT
Pyrite Pb-Zn-Fe Barite- QuartzSulfide Sulphide Sulphide
Quartz
Silicification
Siderite/ankerite veinlets
Sericitic alteration/muscovite rosettes
Carbonate-muscovite-sulfide veinlets
Sulphide veinlets
Bleaching of rocks
carbonate>muscovite
muscovite>carbonate
po + cp
+ cp
po + py sl,gl,cp
sl,gl,cp,po,pyrobitumen
+gl
Disseminated pyrrhotite
Quartz-sulphide veinlets
Quartz nodules
Quartz celsian bands
Carbonate-quartz-sulphide veinlets
Pyrobitumen-quartz veinlets
Framboidal pyrite
Pyrite
Celsian
Siderite
177
Sulphur Isotope Histograms

Jason Zn
-Pb Deposit
Zn-Pb
Diagenetic Pyrite
8
6
4
2
8
6
4
2
Late Devonian
Seawater
pyrit e
pyrrhotite
galena
chalcopyrite
Replacement / vein Sulphide
galena + sphalerite
sphalerite
barite
Stratiform Sulphide
10
Laminated Barite
20
34 S (per mil)
30
178
Oxygen Isotope Histograms

Jason Zn
-Pb Deposit
Zn-Pb
O
fluid, 250 C
18
Number
Quartz
Muscovite
Ankerite
Siderite
Barian carbonate
ank,sid
15
qtz
10
5
10
20
18O
30
from Turner et al., 1989
179
Strontium Isotopes
Jason Deposit
siderite
ankerite
barite
n
Late
Devonian
Seawater
.7080
.7020
.7160
87
Sr /
86
.7200
Sr
.7240
from Turner, 1990
180
Fluid Inclusion Data

Jason Deposit
Inclusion Types
Number of Inclusions
20
2 - phase aqueous
3 - phase, CO2 - bearing, aqueous
3 - phase, CH4 - bearing, aqueous
15
10
0
80
160
240
Temperature C
320
from Gardner and Hutcheon, 1985
181
Sullivan Deposit
Southeastern B.C.
182
Geology of the Aldridge Basin, B.C.
from Lydon, 2007
183
Reconstruction of the Mesoproterozoic
from Sears & Price, 200,0, 2003
184
Rift-Platform Stratigraphic Correlations
from Lydon, 2007
185
Turbiditic Sedimentary Rocks

Laminated
Argillite
Cross-bedded
sandstone
186
Marker Beds
Pale grey
Fine-grained
sandstone
Dark grey
Carbonaceous
Fine-grained
sandstone
187
Geological Map of the Purcell Anticlinorium
after Hy et al., 2000
188
Stratigraphic Correlations of the BeltPurcell Supergroup
after Chandler, 2000
189
Stratigraphic Thickness-Time Profile BeltPurcell Supergroup
after Lydon, 2000
190
Map of Belt-Purcell Showing Tourmaline

Occurrences and Moyie Sill Thicknesses
after Lydon, 2000; data

from Hoy, 2000
191
Tectonic Model for the Belt-Purcell Rift
after Lydon, 2007
192
Map of Sullivan Sub-basin and SullivanNorth Star Corrridor
after Lydon, 2000
193
Geological Cross
-section
Cross-section
Sullivan Deposit (1000 N)
6000'
SULLIVAN - NORTH STAR

CORRIDOR
2000 E
MARK
CREEK
sullivan
deposit
FAUL
T
4000'
2000'
Quaternary
Till
0'
Proterozoic
"Granophyre "
qtz-plag-bio
Gabbro
Aldridge Formation
Fe-Zn-Pb sulphide
SULL
IVAN
FWQ
3000'
FW
Q
Drillhole
Conglomerate
Pebbly sandstone
Hydrothermal alteration,
Sullivan deposit
Sandstone
Brecciated/ disrupted
Siltstone/ argillite
Geologic contact
Fault
10,000 NE
194
West-East Cross-section of the Sullivan

Deposit Showing Ore and Alteration Facies
after Hamilton et al., 1982
195
Sullivan Hydrothermal Alteration
from Lydon, 2000; 2007
196
Sullivan-North Star Corridor
from Turner (2000)
197
Tourmalinite Breccia
Breccia,, Sullivan Footwall
198
Albite Alteration
Alteration,, Sullivan Hanging Wall
199
Map of Sullivan Deposit Showing

Pb/(Pb+Zn) Ratios
200
Photographs
of Mineralized Facies,
Sullivan
Deposit
after Lydon, 2007
201
Idealized
Stratigraphic
Section,
Bedded Ore
Facies
202
Banded Ore, Sullivan Deposit
203
Sullivan Deposit
Sulphide
Sedimentology
Galena mono-mineralic bed
Argillaceous layer
Galena mono-mineralic bed
Sphalerite beds
Argillaceous layer
204
Banded Ore, Sullivan Deposit
205
Po
Photographs
of Mineralized Facies,
Sullivan
Deposit
206
207
Stratigraphic Sections of the Sullivan

Horizon
West
Middle
Aldridge
Fm.
High Pass
Matthew Creek
(north of
west of Matthew
Kimberley Fault) Creek Thrust
DDH 6459
DDH 6452
North Star
Hill
East
Concentrator Hill
Sullivan Sub-basin
DDH 235
DDH 6455
DDH 6423
DDH 6417
DDH 5455
DDH 2506
DDH 6421
Lower
Aldridge
Fm.
Hu graded beds
Hu graded beds
H Conglomerate
H graded beds
I Laminations
I ore
U Quartzites
(base of the Middle
Aldridge Formation)
Laminated Sullivan
Horizon
I graded beds
D ore band
C ore band
B triplets
A ore band
Main ore band
h graded beds
D to I laminations
D waste
C waste
B waste
A waste
Pyrrhotite laminated argillite

10 meters
(vertical scale)
Pyrrhotite
laminated
footwall
Modified from Paul Ransom

Cominco Limited
208
Distal Hydrothermal Sediments

Sullivan Deposit
Py+Po+Sp
209
Metal Dispersion Along the Sullivan Horizon

Distance from Sullivan deposit (km)
4
Sullivan Horizon
Pb
Bedded
Ore Facies
ppm (mean)
10,000
Sullivan Horizon
As Cu
100 Sb
Cd
In S
Zn
10
Unaltered
Sediment
Argillite
Hughes Range
Sullivan
Deposit
Lower Aldridge
Middle Aldridge
Sullivan
Horizon
Se
Sandstone
0.01
D6459
D6423 D6417
C83-1
D3933
E94-1
Drill Holes D6455
D6464
D6421
D5455
210
Lateral Zoning of S Isotopes

Sullivan Deposit
34S
34S (per mil)
(per mil)
34S (per mil)
211
Geochemical Profiles for H 6455

Sullivan Deposit
212
Geochemical Profiles for H6464

Sullivan Horizon
DDH 6464
213
Geochemical Profiles for H6417

Sullivan Horizon
214

Sullivan Deposit
DDH 6455
215

Positive Ce
anomaly
Pelagic Sediments
Negative Ce
anomaly
Vent fluids
Mn oxides
Anoxic seawater
Oxic seawater
216
Histograms of Sulphur Isotopes

Aldridge Formation
Hughes Ranges
Lower Aldridge (HC83-1)
Middle Aldridge (H6464)
All Samples
217
Sulphur Isotope Profiles for H6455

Sullivan Deposit
H6455
8300
Biogenic
Sulphur
DDH 6464
1025
Middle Aldridge
1005
Middle
Aldridge
8400
Hydrothermal
Sulphur (?) Input
B
B
1045
1065
1085
1105
Lower Aldridge
Depth below DDH collar (feet)
985
B
B
BB
B
B
B
B
B
B
8500
Mineralized
Interval
Biogenic
Sulphur
-6
-4
-2
Delta 34S (per mil)
8600
-10
-5
10
15
20
Delta 34S (per mil)
218
Sullivan Depositional Model
Sea Level
oxygenated
anoxic and saline

H2S
element dispersion
element dispersion
Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Hg
Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, H g

6459
6455
6421
distal hydrot hermal

sedim ent
vents
Replacement
Vent
Complex
6417
6423
5455
brine pool?
bedded ore
Fo otwell quartzite
fault
fluid discharge
chan nel
chaotic breccia
with tourmaline
and pyrrh ot ite
from Goodfellow (in press)
219
Hydrothermal Diapir Model, Sullivan Deposit
after Lydon, 2007
220
General
Geology of
the
McArthur
River (HYC)
Deposit
221
Lead Profiles
McArthur River (HYC) Deposit
222
Zinc Profiles
223
Pyrite Profiles
224
Dolomite Profiles
225
Metal Index Profiles

226
SEDEX Index
(1) SEDEX metal index = Zn + 100 Pb + 100 Tl

(2) SEDEX alteration index = (FeO + 10MnO) X
100 / (FeO + 10MnO + MgO)
227
Ferroan Dolomite and Mn Carbonate Halos

228
Summary of Geochemical Vectors

229
MnO and Tl Profiles

Lady Loretta Deposit
230
Carbon Isotope Halo

231
Oxygen Isotope Halo

232
Binary Plot of C and O Isotopes

HYC and Lady Loretta Deposits
233
Red Dog Deposit

Northern Alaska
234
Location of Red Dog Deposit
G
N
A
R
S
OK
O
BR
Kotzebue
100 Km
Arctic Circle
Nome
from Adrian King et al.
235
Brooks Range, Northern Alaska

ARCTIC
72N
ALASKA
CANADA
Gulf of
Alaska
Beaufort Sea
70N
Chukchi
Sea
Noatak River
tns
Baird M
Kotzebue
Colville River
Brooks Range
A
C AN AD
U.S .A.
Red Dog
68N
Sedimentary
Basin
66N
Seward
Peninsula
Angayucham B elt
160W
150W
200 km
140W
236
Brooks
Range
Northern
Alaska
237
Red Dog Deposits
Red Dog
Anarraaq
Su / Lik
Showings
238
Red Dog Open Pit
239
Red Dog Deposit

Brooks Range, Alaska
Red Creek
240
Red Creek, Red Dog Deposit
Barite-silica
cap
241
Red Creek, Red Dog Deposit
Sulfide
Stringer
zone
242
World Zinc Mines

1999 Production
(thousand tonnes contained Zn)
Red Dog
Brunswick
Broken Hill
Cerro de Pasco
McArthur River
Mount Isa
Polaris
Rampura Agucha
Tara
Pillara/Leonard Shelf
Hellyer
Hajar
Kidd Creek
Scuddles/Gossan Hill
500
100
300
243
SEDEX Reserves Plus Resources

Red Dog
McArthur River
Century
Gamsberg
Lanping
reserves
resources
George Fisher
Rampura Agucha
Angouran
El Brocal
Ozernoye
Top 12 Worldwide
Zinc Deposits
Reserves plus Resources
Crandon
Antamina
0
10
15
Zinc - Millions of Tonnes
20
25
244
Red Dog Reserves and Resources

Paalaaq North
(4 drill holes)
Paalaaq
13 Mt*
15% Zn, 4% Pb
15 km
Kivalina
Aqqaluk
72 Mt
14% Zn, 4% Pb
Noatak
3 km
Mine
Plant
Main
48 Mt
19% Zn, 5% Pb
*=resources
GLOBAL RESERVE / RESOURCE

142Mt @15.8%Zn, 4.3%Pb, 83g/t Ag
Hilltop
9 Mt*
18% Zn, 5% Pb
245
Red Dog
400 m
Surface
Geology
Red Dog
Deposits
From Kelly & Jennings, 2004
246
Stratigraphy, Red Dog Deposit

Misheguk
Mountain
Nuka Ridge
Ipnavik River
Kelly River
Barite
Zn-Pb
Red Dog
District
Stratigraphy
Picnic Creek
Brooks
Range
Wolverine
Creek
247
ANOXIC PERIOD
Red Dog Stratigraphy
248
Detailed Stratigraphy, Red Dog Deposit

Lower Cretaceous
OKPIKRUAK Fm.
Lower Cretaceous to
Jurassic
IPEWIK Fm.
+365m
near Red Dog +20(?)m
average 6(?)m
Middle Jurassic to
Lower Triassic
OTUK Fm.
46m
SIKSIKPUK Fm.
Lower Triassic
to
Pennsylvanian
Barite
Orange Cherty
Unit (11m)
Ikalukrok
Unit (120m)
Zn-Pb
Middle or Lower
Pennsylvanian (?)
Upper to Lower
Mississippian
+242m
Kivalina
Unit (+122M)
Lower Mississippian
to Upper Devonian
base is a
thrust fault
KUNA FORMATION
near Red Dog 76m

average 68m
NOATAK +100m
SANDSTONE
Light chert
Sandstone/siltstone
Conglomerate
Limestone
Light shale
Dark chert
Black shale
from Moore et al., 1986
249
Geological Map, Red Dog Deposit
Ba
km
10
250
Geology of the Red Dog District

Simplified
District
Ba
Geology
Su
Su//Lik
Lik
Anarraaq
Anarraaq
Red
Red Dog
Dog
km
10
251
Brooks Range Allochthon

(Key Creek Sequence)
Brooks Range Allochthon

(Red Dog Sequence)
Wolverine Creek Allochthon
II
PicnicCreek Allochthon
(ChimneySequence)
II
Picnic Creek Allochthon
(Amaruk Sequence)
III
Kelly River Allochthon
IV
Ipnavik River Allochthon
V
Nuka Ridge Allochthon
Geological Cross
-section
Cross-section
Red Dog Deposit
?
?
OCEANWARD SIDE
Black chert
Light chert
Inferred Upper Devonian - Lower M

ississippian boundary
Medium-bedded to massive limestone
Argillaceous limestone
Cherty limestone
Sandy/silty limestone
Laminated to thin-bedded limestone
Conglomerate
CRATONIC SIDE
Black shale
Siltstone/silty shale
Sandstone
Arkosic sandstone
252
Geological Cross
-section
Cross-section
Anarraaq Deposit
253
Sulphide Facies
Facies,, Anarraaq Deposit
low-grade
sulphides
banded ore
massive ore
100 meters
254
Massive High
-grade Ore
High-grade
Anarraaq Deposit
255
Banded Ore
Anarraaq Deposit
256
Replacement Textures
Anarraaq Deposit
Anarraaq Replacement Textures
Sphalerite replacing limestone

along bedding, later silicification
2 cm
257
Sulfide Stringer Zone

Red Dog Deposit
258
Slicification Front
Anarraaq Deposit
silicification boundary
in limestone host
259
Silver
-lead Plot
Silver-lead
Anarraaq Deposit
18.00
16.00
14.00
Massive
12.00
Banded
10.00
Ag
oz/T
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
Pb %
30.00
40.00
50.00
260
Silver Zonation
Anarraaq Deposit
Anarraaq
Silver distribution
Ag oz / T
weighted av.
1-2
2-4
4-6
>6
100 meters
261
Zinc/Iron Ratio
Anarraaq Deposit
Anarraaq
Zn / Fe ratio
weighted av.
1.0 - 1.5
1.5 - 2.0
> 2.0
100 meters
262
Barium Thickness
Anarraaq Deposit
Anarraaq
Ba Thickness
0 - 30
30 - 60
60 - 90
> 90 m
100 meters
263
Paleotemperatures
Paleotemperatures,, Red Dog Deposit
264
Strontium Isotopes, Red Dog
from Ayuso et al., 2004
265
Sulphur Isotopes, Red Dog
from Kelley et al., 2004
266
Sulphur Isotopes, Red Dog
from Kelley et al., 2004
267
Geological Model, Red Dog Deposit
turbidites
Red Dog
Lik
Kivalina
Unit
From Moore et al., 1986
268
Depositional Model, Red Dog Deposits

Zn, Pb, Ag, Sb, Cu, Hg,
Ge, Tl
CH4, TOC
red and green shales
vvvv
Platform /
(reef ?)
Red Dog
Anarraaq
vvvvvvv
limestone / shale
calcareous
silicified
barite
micritic lmstn.,
calc turbidite
black shales
siltstone, sandstone
269
Hydrothermal Fluids
270
SEDEX Fluids
Physical and Chemical Properties
Temperature (100-300oC)
Seawater to brine salinities (9 to 30 wt % NaCl)
Neutral to weakly acidic pH
fO2 near SO4/H2S boundary for SEDEX fluids
Pb+Zn+Ag (+/- Cu, Au)
Metal/H2S ratio >> 1; highly deleted in reduced sulphur
Metal source: oxidized continental crustal sediments
Chloride source: evaporites or recharged saline fluids
271
Zinc versus Chloride

Modern Saline Metalliferous Fluids
272
Upper
Cretaceous
Metalliferous Sedimentary Brines

Central Mississippi
Selma
Eutaw
Tuscaloosa
Chloride
Lower
Cretaceous
Zn
Paluxy
Rodessa
Sligo
Hosston Fm.
Cotton Valley
Upper
Jurassic
4 km
Wash.-Fred.
Pb
Haynesville
Smackover
Louann Salt
100
200
g/L
300 0
100
200
mg/L
300
from Carpenter (1974)
273
Activity Diagram for Zinc Species

as a Function of Chloride Activity
8
3
6
ZnC 2
l 4-
5
4
3
Zn
Cl
2
1
Zn 2+
ZnC
l0
2+
log aZnCln / aZn
ZnCl 1-
100 C
-1
-2
-4 -3
-2 -1
log aCl -
from Hanor (1996)
274
Zinc versus H2S

Basinal Metalliferous Saline Fluids
1000
Z n , m g /L
100
10
.1
.01
.1
10
H2S mg /L
100
1000
from Hanor (1996)
275
Zinc versus H2S

Basinal Metalliferous Saline Fluids
from Goodfellow
et al, 1993
276
Fluid Salinity versus Temperature

SEDEX, MVT and Modern Brines
277
Log fO2 - pH Zn and Pb Solubility Diagram
278
279
280
Metal Sources
281
Hydrothermal Fluids: Pb Isotopes
from Godwin, 1982
282
Hydrothermal Fluids: Sr Isotopes
283
Hydrothermal Fluids: C Isotopes
284
Hydrothermal Reaction Zone

and Fluid Flow
285
Basin Architecture and Evolution

Carbonate
Platform
First Order Basin
Carbonate
Platform
Local
Basin
Sabkha
Local Basins
Plumes
Anoxic
(HS)
2
Oxygenated
Water Column
S e w at
Anoxic
Cycle 2
Oxygenated
Water
Anoxic
Column
(H2S)
Dense Brine
e
rg
ha
ec
er R
Brine Pool
RESTRICTED
EVAPORITIC
Anoxic Cycle
2
CONDITIONS
Continental
Crust
Evaporites
Hydrothermal
Reaction Zone
Syn-rift
clastics
286
Geological Cross
-Section of Mesozoic Gulf
Cross-Section
Showing Salinity
-Stratified Brines
Salinity-Stratified
A
North
Arkansas
a
Tri
c
zoi
ssi
km
le o
SALINITY, g/L
50 km
Louisiana
10
50
10
Pa
A
South
50
100
150
200
100
Lower K
150
200
250
300
Tertiary
Upper K
Limit of control
Upper Jurassic
Smackover
Louann Salt
from Hanor (1999)
287
Basin Architecture: Reaction Zones

Mississippi Valley- Modern System
288
Reaction Zone: Northern Territory, Australia

STAGE 1: Fluid
convection below
an impermeable
carbonate cap, to
produce a
metalliferous and
highly permeable
metalliferous
brine reservoir
STAGE 2:
Discrete tectonic
events, activated
faults, and the
development of
the anoxic subbasins
Carbonate cap sequence
STAGE 1
6
10 km
8 km
STAGE
2
R
Zn-Pb ore
Zn-Pb ore
D1
D2
2
4
8
10 km
from R. Large (2002)

10 km
289
McArthur River (HYC)

Hydrological Model
Salinity at 3000 years
Hydrological Cap
Salinity at 60,000 years
Recharge
Vent
Temperature
Contours
from Yang et al., 2004
290
Bathurst Genetic Model
291
Siting of Fluid Discharge
292
Sullivan Deposit, Belt Purcell, B.C.
293
Regional Stratiform Barite Indicators
from Turner and Abbott, 1990
294
Source of Reduced Sulphur
295
Sulphur Isotope Systematics Under Marine

Conditions
Sulphur isotope composition of dissolved sulphide and
sedimentary pyrite controlled by:
Sulphur isotope composition of marine sulphate
(variable through time)
Isotope fractionation factor (approximately 40 to 60
per mil)
Fraction of sulphate bacterially reduced to sulphide
Fraction of product sulphide fixed in sediment
Open or closed nature of the water column with
respect to sulphate
296
Sulphate Reduction by Anaerobic

Bacteria
Simplified Chemical Equation
2CH2O + SO4 2-
H2S + 2HCO3-
Anaerobic Bacteria
Desulfovibrio,
Desulfomicrobium
HS- + 2S2- + 3H+
2H2S
Fe2+ + S2-
FeS0.9 (iron monosulfide)
Sedimentation
Full Chemical Equation

(CH2O)106 (NH3)16(H3PO4) + 53SO42- = 106CO2 + 106 H2O + 16NH3 + H3PO4 + 53S2-
297
Sulphur Isotope Behaviour under

Stratified Water Column Conditions
298
Modern Example of a Stratfied Basin

Franvaren Fjord, Norway
Depth below sea level (m)
O2
20
Oxic
H2S
40
60
80
100
120
Anoxic
water
column
140
160
180
200
5
15
25 6
Salinity
pH
8 5
10 15 20 0
SO4 (mM)
6000
10 20
30 40 50
H2S (uM) 34 S (H2 S) 34S (SO 4)

from Anderson, et al., 1988; Yao and Millero, 1995
299
Selwyn Basin Anoxic Periods
from Goodfellow and Jonasson, 1986
300
Sulphur Isotope Profiles at Sullivan

DDH 6464
0
1000

4000
5000
6000
7000
Turbiditic sandstone,
siltstone and argillite
Cycle 3
Rayleigh Fractionation
Time increasing
3000
Middle Aldridge Fm.
Depth (feet)
2000
Cycle 2
8000
Cycle 1
T=0
9000
-10
-5
10
Delta 34S (per mil)
15
20
301
Rayleigh Distillation Equations

2CH2O + SO4 2- H2S + 2HCO3(bacterial sulphate reduction)
(1) Rt /Ro = F (1/S)
(2) Pt /Ro = [1 - F (1/S)] / (1-F)
where: S = fractionation factor
Rt = 34S/32S of sulphate at time t
Ro = 34S/32S of sulphate at time o
Pt = 34S/32S of accumulated sulphide at time t
F = fraction of residual sulphate at time t
302
Rayleigh Fractionation of S Isotopes

(System Closed to Sulphate)
Fraction of Sulphate Reduced

(increasing with time)
Time Increasing
20
40
60
80
100
120
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
ve
r
u
C
ry
a
n
it o
lu
o
Initial Sulphur
Ev
Isotope value
= 20 per mil
Restricted
Basin
(closed system)
O2
H2S
0.2
SEAWATER AT TIME = 0
303
Relationship of SEDEX and VSHMS Deposits

to Phanerozoic Anoxic Cycles
304
Global Anoxia and Ocean Evolution
Early Proterozoic

Transition from reduced Fe2+-rich Archean ocean to H2Srich ocean; relationship to the buildup of sulphate and
oxygen
formations
Archean

305
Ocean Evolution and Base Metal Deposits
from Goodfellow, in press
306
Impact of Water Column Conditions on the

Formation of BMC VSHMS Deposits
307
Genetic Models
308
Sulphide Depositional Processes
Post
-sedimentary (epigenetic)
Post-sedimentary
Advection of fluids from discharge conduits into
muds during diagenesis
Infilling and replacement of brecciated sediments
indurated by upflowing hydrothermal fluids
Syn
-sedimentary ((syngenetic)
syngenetic)
Syn-sedimentary
Bottom
-hugging brine pool (anoxic/
euxinic and
Bottom-hugging
(anoxic/euxinic
oxic bottom waters)
Buoyant hydrothermal plume (anoxic/
euxinic and
(anoxic/euxinic
oxic bottom waters)
Buoyant plume that collapses into a brine pool
Venting into a brine pool
309
Sulphide Depositional Models
310
Model # 1: Advection of Fluids into

Muds during Diagenesis
Major Characteristics
Fluids: Pb-Zn-chloride brines, H2Sdepleted and high fO2
Fluid discharged along extension,
syn-sedimentary faults and reach
neutral buoyancy in soft sediment
below the seafloor
Lateral fluid migration through the
sediment hundreds of metres from
the discharge conduits
The interaction of metals with
bacteriogenic H2S causes the
precipitation of sulphides
311
Model # 1: Advection of Fluids into

Muds during Diagenesis
Weaknesses of this model
Low permeability of pelagic muds would make it almost impossible
for fluids to migrate laterally over distances of 100s of metres. The
exception would be silty/sandy layers in which case the sulphides
should be concentrated in more permeable sediment. Also, the
permeability would tend to be reduced over time by sulphide
precipitates.
Bacteriogenic sulphur supply: mass balance problem because there is
insufficient sulpur to form large SEDEX deposits with 10% combined
Zn+Pb
Delicately laminated sulphide textures do not support post-sedimentary
sulphide deposition
Mono-mineralic sulphide layers are not consistent with a sediment
replacement model
Zoning from a higher temperature to a lower temperature assemblage
away from the discharge conduit
312
Sulphur Content of SEDEX Deposits

Deposit Name
Mt of Ore
HYC (McArthur River)
Zn
Pb
S (wt %)
bound in
Sp+Gn
Zn+Pb
Total S
Mt
Mt (Pb+Zn)
(wt %)
(wt %)
237.00
9.20
4.10
5.15
31.52
12.20
Broken Hill
205.00
11.00
10.00
6.94
43.05
14.23
Red Dog
165.00
16.60
4.60
8.85
34.98
14.61
Sullivan
161.97
5.86
6.08
3.81
19.33
6.18
Mount Isa
124.00
6.80
5.90
4.25
15.75
5.27
Howards Pass (total)
120.00
5.00
2.00
2.76
8.40
3.31
Century
118.00
10.20
1.50
5.23
13.81
6.18
Howards Pass (Anniv)
61.00
5.40
2.10
2.97
4.58
1.81
Meggen
60.00
5.83
0.83
2.99
4.00
1.79
Howards Pass (XY)
59.00
5.40
2.10
2.97
4.43
1.75
Faro
57.60
5.70
3.40
3.32
5.24
1.91
Rosh Pinah
50.00
7.00
2.00
3.74
4.50
1.87
Rammelsberg
24.70
18.06
8.59
10.19
6.58
2.52
313
Sulphur of Background Black Shales

Name
Fe
(wt %)
S (t)
(wt %)
Zn
(ppm)
Pb
(ppm)
Cu
(ppm)
Source
Average Shale
0.55
0.11
100
22
45
Reimann & Caritat, 1998
Average Shale
2.44
0.24
95
20
45
Turekian & Wedepohl, 1961
Road River Gp.
0.75
0.2
44
16
16
Goodfellow et al., 1983
0.3
0.42
32
16
25
Earn Group
Goodfellow et al., 1983
314
Sullivan Deposit Stratigraphy
Argillite
Sandstone
Argillite
Galena
Pyrite + Sphalerite
315
Century Deposit Stratigraphy
from Feltrin et al., 2007
316

Stratigraphic Section
Fault-scarp Breccia
Laminated sulphides
indented by breccia clasts
From Large, 2003
317
Location Map
Middle Valley
318
Seismic Cross
-section, Middle Valley
Cross-section,
5 km
Surface
Penetrating
Faults
Bent Hill
Turbiditic
sediment
Basaltic Basement
from Davis, 1995
319
Depth Profiles, Site 857, Middle Valley

Temp. C
Log Permeability (m2 )

-18
0
-16
-14
-12
-10
50
100 150 200 250 300
K 2 0 (%)
1
100
D epth (m)
200
300
Hemipelagic
and Turbiditic
sediment
400
5 00
600
7 00
800
90 0
Mafic Sill
and Sediment
Complex
T = 180-300oC
(Fluid Inclusions)
Hydrothermal
Reaction
Zone
Qz-Ab-Ep-Wz-Ch
Assemblage
1000
320
Bent Hill ODP Cross

-Section
Cross-Section
North
ODP Deposit
Bent Hill Deposit

856H
856B
856C
1035E
1035C
1035F
Seafloor
1035H
South
Clastic
Sulphides
Massive
Sulphides
Hemipelagic
Sediment
Inferred Fault
Sill
Deep Copper Zone
Scale
Interbedded turbiditic sand and silt,

and hemipelagic silty clay
ODP
Holes
50 meters
Basaltic Sills
Basaltic Flows
321
Permeabibility versus Porosity

Middle Valley
4 cm
Hemipelagic Mud
Sandstone
Hemipleagic
Claystone
Turbiditic Sands
from Iturrino et al., 2000
322
Feeder Zone, Bent Hill

-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
Sulphide Stringer Zone (V)
Po/Py
Ch.Qz
2 cm
Ch
Po/Cp/Py
1 cm
Ch.Qz
2 cm
323
Deep Copper Zone

Bent Hill
-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
Cross-bedded Turbidite
Chloritized Turbidite
Ch
Is/Cp
Is/Cp
2 cm
2 mm
324
Bent Hill
-ODP Genetic Model
Hill-ODP
325
Model # 2: Replacement of
Sedimentary Barite
Fluids: Pb-Zn-chloride brines, H2Sdepleted and relatively high fO2
(above the H2S/SO4 boundary)
Fluid discharged along (extension,
syn-sedimentary faults and react with
fractured stratiform barite deposit
Source of reduced sulphur: 1)
bacteriogenic H2S in the water
column and/or underlying muds; 2)
thermogenic reduction of sulphate
derived from the dissolution of barite.
Precipitation of sulphides by the
interaction of hydrothermal Zn and
Pb with H2S.
326
Model # 2: Replacement of
Sedimentary Barite
Weaknesses of this model
Reductive dissolution of barite by relatively high fO2 fluids poses a
major problem
Thermochemical chemical dissolution of dissolved sulphate by 100200oC fluids
No sulphur isotope evidence presented for coeval shales at the time of
formation of the Red Dog deposits which would preclude a
bacteriogenic source of reduced sulphur in a lower anoxic water
column.
A more plausible source of reduced sulphur would be bacteriogenic
H2S in a Mississippian stratified water column. This would provide an
inexhaustible supply of reduced sulphur.
327
Red Dog Genetic Model
veins
Thermochemical reduction
of barite sulphate
328
ANOXIC PERIOD
Red Dog Stratigraphy
329
Fluid Inclusion Temperatures

Red Dog Deposit
from Leach et al., 2004
330
Sulphur Isotope Values

Red Dog Deposit
from Kelly et al., 2004
331
Sulphur versus Carbon

Red Dog Deposit
from Slack et al., 2004
332
Model # 3a: Bottom-hugging Brine and

Bacteriogenic Reduced Sulphur
Fluids: Pb-Zn-chloride brines, H2Sdepleted and high fO2 (above the H2S/SO4
boundary)
Fluid discharged along (extension, synsedimentary faults and reach neutral
buoyancy in soft sediment below the
seafloor
Metalliferous brines accumulate in
bathymetric depressions
Source of reduced sulphur: bacteriogenic
H2S in the lower part of a stratified
ambient water column
Precipitation of sulphides by the
interaction of hydrothermal Zn and Pb in
the hydrothermal brine pool with H2S by
diffusion across the chemocline separating
brine for the H2S-rich reduced water
column
Delicately interlaminated sulphides and
organic-rich sediments
Weakly laterally zoned if remote from the
vent
333
Atlantis II Deep: Modern Brine Pool

Red Sea
Atlantis II Deep
Metalliferous Muds
Atlantis II Deep
334
OP
Don
HC
335
336
Fluid Salinity versus Temperature
337
Fluid Behaviour at the Seafloor
338
Zinc Moss at the Howards Pass Deposit

Yara Peak
Sugar Mtn.
Zinc Moss
339
Surface Geology, Howards Pass (XY) Deposit

91
5
CIOI
IOs
CIOI
0
91
12
12
NWT
YUKON TERRITORY
IOs
CIOI
IuSpt
OISp
OISp 2
3
62
IOs
9
2
IOs
IOs
OISp ,IS
2
uSp
AM
IOs
CIOI
IuSpt
OISp
62
IOs
IOs
IOs
OISp2
OISp2
OISp 1
IOs
H45
OISp2
62
IuSpt
uSP
8
2
ImDps
OISp2
H71
uSP
ImDps
muDps
ImDps
ImDps
uDMps
muDps
uDMps
uDMps
IuSpt
uDMps
H42
H99
ImDps
OISp 1
uSP
OISp 1
OISp , OISp
2
ImDps
OISp 1
ImDps
XY0179
H 95
OISp
IuSpt
H80
uSP
OISp 1
IS AM
OISp , OISp
uSp
OISp 1
IOs
OISp
OISp ,
3
OISp
OISp
OISp11
OISp 1
IOs
, OISp 3
OISp 1
IOs
CIOI
CIOI
Metres
9
2
62
IuSpt

muDps
Medium to dark grey mudstone,

siltstone and shale; minor barite
LOWER TO MIDDLE DEVONIAN

ImDps
Black to dark grey mudstone, shale

and chert; black fetid limestone
uSP
Orange weathering bioturbated

dolomitic mudstone

IuSpt
Black carbonaceous phosphatic

chert and cherty mudstone; black
fetid limestone concretions
LOWER SILURIAN
10
1
9
Brown to dark grey chert-quartz

arenite and wacke; shale, siltstone
and slate
9
12
12
8
2
62
UPPER DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN
uDMps
From Morganti (1979)
600
ORDOVICIAN-LOWER SILURIAN (?)

OISp 1
Black carbonaceous
chert
Black
carbonaceous chert
mudstone
mudstone
OISp2
Dark grey calcareous mudstone
OISp
Dark to medium grey pyritic

mudstone
Active member: black carbonaceous cherty finely laminated with sphalerite,

galena and pyrite; medium grey argillaceous limestone finely laminated with
sphalerite, galena and pyrite
CAMBRIAN TO LOWER ORDOVICIAN (?)

IOs
Medium grey calcareous siltstone:

minor shale
Rabbitkettle Formation: blue-grey
limestone wavy banded with siltstone
and sandstone
Geological boundary (defined,

approximate, assumed).............
Fault (defined, approximate,
assumed)....................................
340
FAMENNIAN
Coarse and fine

clastics
(uDMps, uDMcg)
U.
EARN
MISSISSIPPIAN
Morganti (1979)
YARA PEAK
FORMATION
Rusty weathering
mudstone and
siltstone
(muDps)
LOWER EARN
GROUP
Goodfellow & Jonasson (1986)
IRON CREEK
FORMATION
GIVETIAN
EIFELIAN
EMSIAN
PRAGIAN
LOCHKOV
Calcareous and
carbonaceous
mudstone (ImDps)
PRIDOLIAN
Celloni
Kentucky
Nathani
ORDOVICIAN
ASHGILLIAN
CARADOC
LLANDEIL.
LLANVIRN.
ARENIGIAN
Phosphatic chert
(ISpt)
Active Member
(ISt, ISI)
Carbonaceous
cherty mudstone
(uOISp)
Calcareous mudstone
(uOp)
Pyritic mudstone
(mOp)
Transition zone
(IOs)
TREMADOC.
RABBITKETTLE
FORMATION (uCIOI)
CAMBRIAN
FLAGGY MUDSTONE
FORMATION
Bioturbated
mudstone (muSP)
ROAD RIVER FORMATION
WENLOCK
LLANDOV
SILURIAN
LUDLOVIAN
Upper Siliceous
Mudstone
Member
Active Member
Lower Cherty
Mudstone M.
Calcareous
Mudstone M.
Pyritic
Mudstone M.
HOWARD PASS FORMATION
DEVONIAN
FRASNIAN
Howards Pass
Stratigraphic
Section
TRANSITION FM.
MASSIVE
LIMESTONE FM.
WAVY BANDED
LIMESTONE FM.
341
Bedded Sulphides
Sulphides,, Howards Pass Deposit
Carbonate Facies
Black Chert Facies

Laminated
Sp, Gn and
Black chert
Cherty
hydrothermal
carbonate
Pressure
dissolution
cleavage
Py
Laminated
Pyrite
1 cm
1 cm
High Grade Facies
Pyrite Facies
Laminated Sp + Gn + Py in Chert
Laminated
Pyrite
High Grade
Sp + Gn
1 cm
Pressure
Dissolution
Cleavage
(Sp+Gn)
1 cm
342
Bedded Sulphides
Sulphides,, Howards Pass Deposit
343
Vent-distal Deposits Howards Pass
344
Depositional Model: Howards Pass Deposits

XY
Don Valley
Anniv
345
McArthur River (HYC) Genetic Model
From Ireland et al., 2004
346
Model # 3b: Bottom-hugging Brine and

BSR plus Hydrothermal Reduced Sulphur
Fluids:
-Zn-chloride brines, H22SS-depleted
-depleted and relatively high ffO
O22 (above
Fluids: Pb
Pb-Zn-chloride
the H22S/SO44 boundary)
Fluid discharged along (extension, syn
-sedimentary faults and reach
syn-sedimentary
neutral buoyancy in soft sediment below the seafloor
Metalliferous brines accumulate in bathymetric depressions
Source of reduced sulphur
sulphur:: bacteriogenic
bacteriogenic H
H22S in the lower part of a
stratified ambient water column
Precipitation of sulphides by the interaction of hydrothermal Zn and Pb
Pb in
in
the hydrothermal brine pool with H22S by diffusion
diffusion across
across the
the chemocline
chemocline
-rich reduced water column
separating brine for the H22SS-rich
Direct precipitation of sulphide
sulphide minerals in the brine pool
Delicately interlaminated
-rich sediments
interlaminated sulphides
sulphides and organic
organic-rich
Strongly zoned deposit if the bathymetric low
low spatially
spatially overlies
overlies the
the vent
vent
complex
347
Sullivan Deposit, Belt Purcell, B.C.
348
-section of the Sullivan Basin

Geological Cross
Cross-section
349
Geological Cross-section, Sullivan Deposit

Surface
Overburden
100
m
0
FF
FF
100
Stratigraphic Mar ker
LEGEND
Tourmaline

Albite-chlorite-pyrite
Quartzite
Lower Aldridge Formation
Gabbro
Granophyric hornfels
Conglomerate
Sulphide ore
Chaotic breccia
Massive pyrrhotite
Shale
Fault
from Hamilton et al., 1982
350
Geological Cross
-section of the Sullivan
Cross-section
Basin
West
East
Middle
Aldridge
Fm.
High Pass
Matthew Creek
(north of
west of Matthew
Kimberley Fault) Creek Thrust
DDH 6459
DDH 6452
North Star
Hill
Concentrator Hill
Sullivan Sub-basin
DDH 235
DDH 6455
DDH 6423
DDH 6417
DDH 5455
DDH 2506
DDH 6421
Lower
Aldridge
Fm.
Hu graded beds
Hu graded beds
H Conglomerate
H graded beds
I Laminations
I ore
U Quartzites
(base of the Middle
Aldridge Formation)
Laminated Sullivan
Horizon
I graded beds
D ore band
C ore band
B triplets
A ore band
Main ore band
H graded beds
D to I laminations
D waste
C waste
B waste
A waste
Pyrrhotite laminated argillite

10 meters
(vertical scale)
Pyrrhotite
laminated
footwall
Modified from Paul Ransom

Cominco Limited
351
Sulphur Isotope Profiles for H6455

Sullivan Deposit
H6455
8300
Biogenic
Sulphur
DDH 6464
1025
Middle Aldridge
1005
Middle
Aldridge
8400
Hydrothermal
Sulphur (?) Input
B
B
1045
1065
1085
1105
Lower Aldridge
Depth below DDH collar (feet)
985
B
B
BB
B
B
B
B
B
B
8500
Mineralized
Interval
Biogenic
Sulphur
-6
-4
-2
Delta 34S (per mil)
8600
-10
-5
10
15
20
Delta 34S (per mil)
352
Sullivan Hydrothermal Model

oxygenated
O2
H2S
Sea Level
anoxic and saline
element dispersion
Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, As, Sb, In
6459
6455
3833
6421
distal hydrothermal
sediment
element dispersion
Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, As, Sb, In
vents
Replacement
Vent
Complex
6417
6423 5455
brine pool?
bedded ore
Footwell quartzite
fault
fluid discharge
channel
chaotic breccia
with tourmaline
and pyrrhotite
from Goodfellow (2000)
353
Model # 4: Buoyant Fluids and BSR plus

Hydrothermal Reduced Sulphur
Fluids:
-Zn-chloride, H
-depleted and
Fluids: Pb
Pb-Zn-chloride,
H22SS-depleted
and
relatively
O22 (above
(above the
the H
H22S/SO
S/SO44
relatively high
high ffO
boundary)
boundary)
Fluid
Fluid discharged
discharged along
along (extension,
(extension, syn
syn-sedimentary
sedimentary faults
faults and
and reach
reach neutral
neutral
buoyancy
buoyancy in
in soft
soft sediment
sediment below
below the
the seafloor
seafloor
Fluids
Fluids form
form buoyant
buoyant hydrothermal
hydrothermal plumes
plumes
Source
Source of
of reduced
reduced sulphur
sulphur:: bacteriogenic
bacteriogenic H
H22SS
in
in the
the lower
lower part
part of
of aa stratified
stratified ambient
ambient water
water
column
column
Precipitation
Precipitation of
of sulphides
sulphides in
in the
the plume
plume by
by the
the
reaction
reaction of
of Zn
Zn and
and Pb
Pb with
with bacteriogenic
bacteriogenic H
H22SS
in
in the
the ambient
ambient reduced
reduced water
water column
column
Delicately
Delicately interlaminated
interlaminated sulphides
sulphides and
and
organic
-rich sediments
-distal part
organic-rich
sediments in
in the
the vent
vent-distal
part
of
of the
the deposit
deposit
Strongly
Strongly zoned
zoned where
where bedded
bedded sulphides
sulphides
spatially
spatially overlie
overlie the
the vent
vent complex
complex
354
Black Smokers
355
Model for Black Smokers

Oxidized Modern Bare Ridge Environment
356
Surface Geology, Tom Deposit

Upper
Chert
Sand-striped
Mudstone
lt
Fau
Chert-Pebble
Conglomerate
Southeast
Zone
East Zone
Breccia
Bed
d
ed
Fa c
Vent Complex
ies
Carbonaceous
Cherty Mudstone
New portal
Cherty
Mudstone
with barite
nodules
West Zone
Old portal
Radiolarian
Chert
300m
357
Geological Cross Section, Tom Deposit

T88-1
T88-4
T89-7
T88-2
T89-5
T88-3
T89-6
TE unit
Black
Chert
Pyrite
laminated
TH unit
Nodular
Barite
Black
Mudstone
200 m
Limestone
Bed
TG unit
Cherty
Mudstone
Nodular Barite
TC unit
WEST ZONE
Southeast
zone
Sand-striped
Chert pebble
Congmomerate
high
Sulphide, barite
And laminated
mudstone
mudstone
MACMILLAN PASS
MEMBER
Damictite
We s
t zo
ne
TOM SEQUENCE
Calcareous
siltstone
SOUTHEAST ZONE
358
Bedded Ore Facies

, Tom Deposit
Facies,
Grey Facies
Pink Facies
Pink Sp
Barite
Shale
Barite
Sp + Gn
Green Sp
Black Sp + Gn
Grey Facies
Black Facies
359
Vent Facies
Facies,, Tom Deposit
Qz
Qz
Sid
Gn, Sp
Py
1 cm
Carbonate
veins
360

Tom Deposit, Yukon
34S (per mil)
10
20
30
40
50
Unit
TH
100
300
Tom Member
Portrait Lake Formation)
250
Earn Group
200
Late Devonian (Givetian Frasnian)
Unit
TG
Black carbonaceous chert

with nodular barite and
pyrite
Pyrite curve
after smoothing
Pyrite curve
Unit
TC
350
Tch
400
Sulphide
Zone
Tch
450
Po
Ore
Zone
Py
Gn
Histograms of delta34S (CDT)

in West Ore Zone
Unit
MMa
MacMillan
Pass
Unit
Meters
150
Carbonaceous chert
Carbonaceous cherty
mudstone
Dark grey limestone
Sand and silt-banded
mudstone
Mud-clast sedimentary
breccia
Southeast zone
bedded sulphides
361
Genetic Model, Tom Deposit
362
Summary of Key Attributes

Key Attribute
Description
Tectonic Settings
Sediment-covered continental rift: intracratonic rift; reactivated

epicontinental rift; far-field back-arc continental rifts
Basin Architecture
Thick syn-rift clastic sequence (reaction zone) capped by post-rift,

impermeable basinal fine-grained sediments, e.g. shale, siltstone
Seafloor Environment
Periods when the oceans are stratified with lower anoxic and
sulphidic water column. Evidence: no bioturbation or benthic
fauna; high S/C ratios; low Mn/Al ratios; upward increasing
positive S isotope secular trends; bacteriogenic S source
Magmatism
Volcanic rocks and sills; MORB to alkali basalt; close spatial and
temporal association with SEDEX deposits
Siting of Vents and

Deposits
Intersection of rift-parallel extensional faults and transform faults;

third-order basins; fault-scarp breccias; facies changes
Fluid Temperature,
Composition
100-300oC; Zn-Pb-Ag-Ba-rich, neutral pH, seawater to brine

salinities; high fO2: Bottom hugging brines to buoyant plumes
Alteration Vectors
Chlorite, quartz, muscovite, Fe-carbonates, barite, pyrite

(tourmaline)
Seafloor Dispersion
Vectors
Pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, Fe-Mn-Ca-carbonates, barite,

fluroapatite; large suite of ore-forming and ore-associated metals
363
End
364
New Genetic Concepts and Methods

of Exploring for VMS Base Metal
Deposits
Calgary Mining Forum
Wayne Goodfellow
Geological Survey of Canada
Ottawa
Outline
Classification
Grade and tonnage
Geographic and temporal distribution
Tectonic settings and rift architecture
Syn-rift magmatism (physical and chemical
volcanology)
Seafloor environment; ocean evolution
Local geological settings
Hydrothermal alteration vectors
Exhalative mineralogical and chemical vectors
Hydrothermal system
Genetic models
Tectono
-Lithofacies Classification of
Tectono-Lithofacies
VMS Deposits
Stratigraphic Relationships and

Petrochemical Assemblages
From Piercey (2007)
Base Metal Classification of VMS Deposits
from Galley et al., 2007
Base metal Classification of VMS Deposits

Based on Base Metals and Gold Grades
Grade and Tonnage of VMS Deposits
Major SEDEX/BHT and VSHMS Districts
from Brook Hunt, 2004.
Value of Total Production in Canada
Broken Hill (Aus.)

Windy Craggy
Neves Corvo
Aljustrel
Rio Tinto
Brunswick No. 12
H.Y.C.
Sullivan
La Zara
Gamsberg
Horne (Zone 5)
Red Dog
Kidd Creek
Mt. Isa
Century
Howards Pass
Saladipura
Tharsis
Mt. Lyll
Big Syn
Furnteheridos
Broken Hill (Africa)
Black Mtn.
Azacollar
Hilton
Masa Valerde
Los Frailes
Sindesar
Navan
Ruttan
Flin Flon
Rampura-Agucha
Crandon
Sotiel
Geco
Faro
Matsumine-Shakanai
Cirque
Dariba-Rajpura
Lousal
Mount Morgan
Meggen
Tonnage
Distribution
of
Supergiant
and Giant
Deposits
SUPER-GIANT
DEPOSITS
Sediment-hosted
SEDEX
VSHMS
BESSHI
GIANT
DEPOSITS
50
100
200
Volcanic-hosted
VHMS
300
400
500
Million Tonnes of Sulphides
10
Grade
Versus
Tonnage
Plots of
Canadian
VMS
Deposits
11
Combined Base Metals Versus Tonnes

Giant and Supergiant Deposits
Broken
Hill (Aus.)
Red Dog
RampuraAgucha
Hilton
Nava
HS B-zone
Caribou
Faro Crandon
Meggen
DaribaRajpura
Flin
Flon
Lousal
H.Y.C.
Mount Isa
Brunswick
No. 12
Howards
Pass
Aljustrel
VSHMS
Big Syn
Ruttan
Saladipura
Masa
Valerda
SEDEX
Sullivan
Century
Black Mtn.
LaZara
Rio Tinto
Neves
Corvo
Fuenteheridos
Horne
(Zone 5)
Mount Morgan
Mt Lyll
VSHMS = VolcanicSediment Hosted

Massive Sulphide
deposits
Windy Craggy
Millions of Tonnes
12
Tonnage Versus Grade for all VMS

Deposits in Canada
from Dube et al., 2007
13
Global Size Distribution of VMS Deposits
14
Geographic and Temporal

Distribution of VMS Deposits
15
Canadian VMS Deposits in Production (2005)
16
Canadian VMS Deposits
from Galley et al.,

2007
17
Economic Importance of Base Metal Deposits
From data compiled by the CCGK project
18
19
20
VALUE
VALUE OF
OF GEOLOGICAL
GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
RESOURCES TO
TO 2002
2002
21
Major Districts-Type
22
Major World VMS Districts and Deposits
23
24
25
Geographic Distribution of VMS Districts
Major orogens with VMS: 1 = northern Cordilleran, 2 = Slave, 3 = western Trans Hudson, 4 =
western Superior, 5 = Penokean, 6 = Superior, 7 = Labrador trough, 8 = Appalachian, 9 =
Yavapai, 10 = Sudbury impact, 11 = central Cordillera, 12 = Caribbean arcs, 13 = southern
Cordillera, 14 = Amazonian, 15 - Gariep-Damara, 16 = Magondi, 17 = Barberton, 18 = Pan
African, 19 = Atlas, 20 = Iberian, 21 = Caledonides, 22 = Svecokarelian, 23 = Uralian, 24 =
Pontides, 25 = Troodos, 26 = Bohemian, 27 = Semail, 28 = Aravalli, 29 = Dharwar, 30 =
Caucasian, 31 = Altaids, 32 = Baika-Vitim, 33 = north Qilian, 34 = Indonesian platform, 35 = SinoKorean, 36 = Japan-Kurile Arcs, 37 = Philippines arc, 38 = Kalimantan arc, 39 = Banda arc , 40 =
Tasman, 41 = Yilgam. 42 = Pilbara.
26
Global Distribution of Gold

-rich VMS
Gold-rich
Deposits
from Dube et al., 2007
27
Large Tonnage VMS Deposits (50

->100 Mt)
(50->100
28
Large Tonnage VMS Deposits (25

-50 Mt)
(25-50
29
Major Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Districts of the World
World-wide contain about $500 billion in contained metal value

Sustain much of the worlds supply of zinc and silver, important sources of Cu,
and are a major source of high tech metals (Ge, In)
Occur in strata of all ages
850 deposits >200,000 t.
World metal production: 22% Zn, 6% Cu, 9.7% Pb, 8.7% Ag, 2.2% Au.
30
Temporal Distribution of VMS and

SEDEX Deposits
31
Tectonic Settings of VMS Deposits
32
Early Earth Evolution
Mantle Plume
Ocean Basin Evolution
Mature Arcs and Ocean-Continent Subduction
Tectonic
Settings
for VMS
Deposits
33
VMS Tectonic Settings
34
Rifting and Extension - Critical

depressurization induced partial melting
of mantle and crustal melting produces basaltic
and rhyolitic bimodal volcanism
VMS deposits form during episodic rifting of
oceanic and continental volcanic arcs, fore
arcs and in back-arc extensional regimes
Long lived extension - crustal thinning rifting
high heat flow- and extensive vertical
permeability (faults) are key to developing
and sustaining ore forming VMS
hydrothermal systems must be at shallow
crustal level (>10 km)
Allen et al., 2002
35
Location of the Flin Flon Belt
36
Tectonic Setting of the Flin Flon Belt
37
Simplified Map of the Slave Craton
from Bleeker & Hall., 2007
38
Geology Map of
the Hackett
River Belt
from Frith & Fryer, 1985
39
Stratigraphy of the Hackett River Belt
from Frith & Fryer, 1985
40
Tectonic Model of the Slave Craton

2690
-2660 Ma
2690-2660
from Bleeker & Hall., 2007
41
Modern Bimodal Mafic
42
North New Zealand Backarc Rift
43
White Island, North of New Zealand
44
Near the Vent, White Island
45
Volcanic Lava Thrown in the Air
46
White Island, New Zealand
47
Volcanic Deposits, White Island
48
Hot Pool, Northern New Zealand
49
Bimodal Felsic
Geology of
Kuroko
-type
Kuroko-type
Deposits,
Japan
50
Kuroko Stratigraphy of the Hokuroku

District, Japan
51
Tectonic Setting, Kuroko Deposits, Japan
52
Kuroko Backarc Continental Rift, Japan
53
Middle Valley, Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge

Modern Mafic Siliciclastic,
Besshi-Type
Middle Valley
54
Tectonic Model for Middle Valley
55
Windy Craggy Deposit, Northern B.C.
Ancient MaficSiliciclastic,
Besshi-Type
after Campbell and

Dodds, 1983;
MacIntyre, 1986
56
Tectonic Setting of the Windy Craggy

Deposit, Northern B.C.
From Peter, 2007
57
Sailing on a Volcanic Lake, New Zealand
58
Felsic-Siliciclastic Type
Bathymetric
Map of the
Okinawa
Trough
Showing
Tectonic
Elements,
Japan
59
Tectonic Setting of Okinawa Trough, Japan
60
Devonian-Mississippian Selwyn Basin
from Nerlson
and Colpron, 2007
61
Late Devonian Cordilleran Margin

Mafic-hosted VHMS
Finlayson Lake Belt
(Fire Lake)

VHMS
Finlayson Lake Belt
(Chu Chua)
(Wloverine, KZK)
MVT
VHMS
MacPass Pine Point
(Homestake
Cirque Robb Lake
Wolf
Selwyn Basin/
Kechika Trough
Slide
Mountain
Terrane
Kootenay
And Cassiar
Terranes
slab retreat
62
Geological Setting of VMS Deposits

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63
SILURIAN Period
Stratigraphy and Sulphide Horizons

Tetagouche Sheephouse
block
Brook
California Lake
block
Epoch/
Age
Canoe
Landing
Lake
nappe
LLANDOVERY
443 Ma
HBF
TRF
TOM
459 Ma
LRF
BBF
BBF
BBF
LLANVIRN
CB
MBF
CL
SLF
465 Ma
CLLF
ORDOVICIAN
melange +
blueschist
nappe
CARADOC
TREMADOC
490 Ma
CAMBRIAN
SKF
STFLB
BMS
HS
TetagoucheExploits
Basin oceanic
crust
Transition
Alkalic bsalts
SRF
MB
ARENIG
480 Ma
Mineralized
Horizons
Heath Steele
nappe
Spruce
Lake
nappe
ASHGILL
449 Ma
Tectonic
Setting
Stratmat
Brunswick/HS
Caribou
CSF
Missing
Section
MIRAMICHI
GROUP
CH
PBF
KBF
CRF
PBF
KBF
CRF
Chester
PBF
KBF
Passive
continental
margin
CRF
?
from van Staal et al., in press
64
Tectonic Setting
Subduction
Zone and
Island Arc
Oceanic
Crust
Back-Arc
Rift
Shelf
Land
Sea level
O2
H2 S
Anoxic seawater
Massive Basinal
Felsic
Volcanics Sulphides sediments
Oceanic Crust
Syn-rift
Syn-rift
clastics
clastics
Asthenosphere
O
ce
an
ic
ru
st
Magma
Continental
Basement
Asthenosphere
Upwheling
65
Geology Map of the Iberian Pyrite Belt
Neve Corvo
66
Tectonic Model, Iberian Pyrite Belt

OCEANIC RIFT
(Upper Devonian
pre-Famennian)
BACKARC
CONTINENTAL
RIFTING
(Upper Devonian to
Lower Carboniferous)
IBERIAN
PYRITE
BELT
CONTINENTAL
COLLISION
(Middle Carboniferous)
Modified from Silva et al. (1990)
67
Exogenic Processes
68
Ni
-Cu-PGE Sulphide Deposits of the
Ni-Cu-PGE
Sudbury Basin
69
Zn
-Pb-Cu Sulphide Deposits of the
Zn-Pb-Cu
Sudbury Basin
from Ames & Farrow, 2007
70
Schematic Sections of the Sudbury

Structure
71
Schematic Section Showing Tectonic

Setting of Sudbury VMS Deposits
72
Tectonic (?) Model of the Sudbury

Basin
VMS
73
Physical and Chemical Volcanology
74
Magmatic
Architecture
of a VMS
VMSgenerating
Rift System
75
Volcanic Classification of Different Types of

VMS Deposists
from Piercey, 2007
76
Stratigraphic Relationships and

Petrochemical Assemblages
From Piercey (2007)
77
BASALTS
A) Non-arc basalt
B) Arc basalt
C) Backarc arc-rift basalt
Volcanic
Classification
Diagrams
Figure 2: A) non-arc basalts; B) arc basalts;
and C) transitional (back-arc and arc riftrelated basalts).
Data from Sun and McDonough (1989),
Stolz (1990), Jenner (1981), ), Piercey et al.
(2004), Ewart et al. (1994), and Kepezhinskas
et al. (1997). Abbreviations: BABB = backarc basin basalt; IAT = island arc tholeiite;
LOTI = low-Ti island arc tholeiite; BON =
bonnites; E-MORB (enriched mid-ocean
ridge basalt); CAB = calc-alkaline basalts;
OIB = ocean island basalt; N-MORB =
normal mid-ocean ridge basalt. Primitive
mantle values from Sun and McDonough
(1989).
78
Basalt V
-Ti Volcanic Classification Diagrams
V-Ti
Mafic
-dominated Settings
Mafic-dominated
from Piercey, 2007
79
Basalt V
-Ti Volcanic Classification Diagrams
V-Ti
Continental Crust
-Associated Settings
Crust-Associated
Eskay Ck.
BMC
IPB
from Piercey, 2007
80
Primitive Mantle
-Normalized Plots
Mantle-Normalized
Mafic
-Dominated Ancient VMS Environments
Mafic-Dominated
Island Arcs
Mid-Ocean and Backarc Basalts
Ocean Island Basalts
from Piercey, 2007
81
Primitive Mantle
-Normalized Plots
Mantle-Normalized
Mafic
-Dominated Modern Ocean Settings
Mafic-Dominated
from Piercey, 2007
82
Primitive Mantle
-Normalized Plots
Mantle-Normalized
Basalts Associated VMS Deposits Hosted
within Continental Crust
from Piercey, 2007
83
Volcanic Classification Diagrams

Felsic Rocks Associated with Archean VMS Deposits
84

Felsic Rocks Associated with post
-Archean
post-Archean
Continental Crustal Ryolites
Type: Bimodal Felsic
-Siliciclastic
Felsic-Siliciclastic
FLD
BMC
IPB
from Piercey, 2007
85
Tectonic Classification Diagrams

Post Archean Felsic Rocks, Continental
Crust
-associated VMS Deposits
Crust-associated
from Piercey, 2007
86
High Temperature, Zirconium

- and Silica Zirconiumrich Felsic Volcanic Rocks
from Piercey, 2007
87
Chondrite
-Normalized Rare Earth Element Plots
Chondrite-Normalized
Barren and VMS
-Associated Rhyolites
VMS-Associated
from Piercey, 2007
88

Post
-Archean Mafic
-Associated Ryolites
Post-Archean
Mafic-Associated
Type: Bimodal
-Mafic
Bimodal-Mafic
from Piercey, 2007
89
Chondrite
-Normalized Rare Earth Element Plots
Chondrite-Normalized
Post
-Archean Rhyolites in Mafic
-Dominated
Post-Archean
Mafic-Dominated
Settings
from Piercey, 2007
90
FI
FII
FIII
progressive rifting
FI
FII
>30 km
30 - 10 km
garnet-bearing
residua
amphibole-
FIII
<15 km
plagioclase
plagioclase
bearing residua
dominant, garnet
and amphibole
-free residua
Slide courtesy of Tom Hart (see Hart et al., 2004).
91
Seafloor Environment and Ocean

Evolution
92
Ambient Seafloor Environments

Oxygenated modern marine water column
Brown, oxidized and bioturabed sediments

Normal marine fauna (Phanerozoic)
34S values in bedded barite
Normal marine seawater 34
Stratified with anoxic and H22SS-rich

-rich bottom
-waters
bottom-waters
Black laminated (non

-bioturbated) carbonaceous shale,
(non-bioturbated)
siltstone and chert
Absence of benthic fauna ((Phanerozoic
Phanerozoic only)
High or very low sulphur
/carbon ratios
sulphur/carbon
Very low Mn contents (<1000 ppm); low Mn/Al ratios
Ce/Ce
* near one
Ce/Ce*
Upward increasing sulphur isotope secular curves; heavy
sulphur
93
Modern Oxygenated Marine Environment

Middle Valley seafloor
Juan de Fuca Ridge
Core Tully 89d-07

Seafloor
Oxidized
Mud
Chimney
Core Tully 89d-07
Oxidized
seafloor
Bioturbated grey
Hemipleagic mud
Grey
Hemipelagic
Mud
94
Ancient Anoxic Environment

Sediment Textures
1 cm
Selwyn Basin
1 cm
Black Shale
Graded Py
Framboids
Pyrite Laminated Black Shales
Late Devonian, Selwyn Basin
95
Regional Geology And Deposits

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96
Stratigraphic Columns
97
Surface
Geology of the
Brunswick Belt,
BMC
98
Laminated Carbonaceous Shale

Patrick Brook Formation, Bathurst Camp
99
Geology of the Iberian Pyrite Belt
100
Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence

Iberian Pyrite Belt
101
Schematic Cross
-section
Cross-section
Eskay Creek Deposit
from Monecke & Jonasson, 2007
102
Laminated Sulphide Ore

Eskay Creek Deposit
103
Carbonaceous Mudstone, Hanging Wall

Eskay Creek Deposit
104
Cross
-section of the Wolverine Deposit, Yukon
Cross-section
from Murphy et al., 2006
105
Sulphur
/Carbon Systematics
Sulphur/Carbon
Bacterial Sulphate Reduction
(1) 2CH2O + SO4 2H2S + 2HCO3(2) 2H2S
HS- + 2S2- + 3H+
(3) Fe2+ + S2FeS0.9 (iron monosulfide)
Therefore, Cpy = k x Spy where:
Cpy = number of carbon atoms metabolized
Spy = total number of atoms of reduced sulphur precipitated
k = stoichiometric constant relating number of carbon
atoms metabolized to the number of sulphate atoms
consumed
In modern oxidized sediments, S/C ratios = 0.36 (mole ratio =
0.12), but are much higher in anoxic basins due to the addition of
sulphides from the overlying anoxic water column by sedimentation
106
Seafloor Environments: Mn Geochemistry
REDOX Reaction
Mn2+
Mn4+ + 2e-
107
MnO versus Fe2O3

Shale and Chert
Maroon Chert
Boucher Brook Fm.
Laminated Shale
Patrick Brook Fm.
108
Fe2O3 versus FeO

Shale and Chert
109
Cerium Anomaly Profiles - Black Sea

Oxygenated
Water
Depth in meters
500
Ce/Ce* =
3 Ce/Ce NASC +
(2La/LaNASC +
Nd/NdNASC)
Anoxic
H2S-rich
Water
1000
1500
where NASC =
North American
Shale composite
2000
2500
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Ce/Ce*
110
Chondite
-Normalized REE Profiles
Chondite-Normalized
111
Normalized Cerium Histograms

Ce/Ce*NASC = CeNASC / ( LaNASC x PrNASC)0.5
112
Cerium Stability Fields
113
Delta 34s Secular Curve

SIL.
Period
34S
Epoch/
Age
Tetagouche
block
LLANDOVERY
Heath Steele
nappe
TOM
449 Ma
CARADOC
459 Ma
LRF
LLANVIRN
FLB
NF
ARENIG
480 Ma
TREMADOC
490 Ma
CAMBRIAN
-5
TetagoucheExploits
Basin oceanic
crust
Transition
Alk. basalts
Anoxic
Oxic
10 15 20 25 30 35
VHMS Redox
TRF
ASHGILL
465 Ma
Hydrothermal
Events
HBF
443 Ma
ORDOVICIAN
Tectonic
Settings
(per mil)
Howards Pass
Yukon
Selwyn Basin
Secular Isotope Curve
For Sedimentary Pyrite
(from Goodfellow, 1987)
Brunswick
No. 12
Anoxic
Caribou
PBF
KBF
CRF
Passive
continental
margin
114
Impact of Water Column Conditions on the

Formation of BMC VSHMS Deposits
115
Global Anoxia and Ocean Evolution
Early Proterozoic

Transition from reduced Fe2+-rich Archean ocean to H2Srich ocean; relationship to the buildup of sulphate and
oxygen
formations
Archean

116
Ocean Evolution and Base Metal Deposits
from Goodfellow, in press
117
Relationship of SEDEX and VSHMS Deposits

to Phanerozoic Anoxic Cycles
118
Impact of Ambient Seafloor Conditions on

the Preservation of Seafloor Sulphides
OXYGENATED BOTTOM WATERS
Current Direction
e.g. Bent Hill,

Tag
Fe(OH).
nHO
3
2
Fe(OH).
nHO
3
2
Over 90% of the metals

in modern Black Smokers
are lost to the water column
Fe(OH).
nHO
3
2
Vent
Complex
Fe-Mn-oxides
Fe-Mn-oxides
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
ANOXIC BOTTOM WATERS
Py, Po, Sp, Cp, Gn

Chimney
Bedded
Sulfides
Current Direction
Py, Po, Sp, Cp, Gn
Py, Po, Sp, Cp, Gn
Bedded
Sulfides
Vent
Complex
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
e.g. Brunswick
No. 12
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
119
Local Geological Settings
120
TAG Modern Massive Sulphide Mound
from Hannington et al. 1999
121
E xp
lo re
rR
id g
e
Middle Valley Bathymetry

Seismic Events
Seismic Events
West
Valley
Middle
Valley
Middle
Valley
Jua n
de
Fuca
R idg
e
West
Valley
AAV
Bent Hill
ODP Deposits
From NOAA, 2001
122
Seismic Cross
-section, Middle Valley
Cross-section,
5 km
Surface
Penetrating
Faults
Bent Hill
Turbiditic
sediment
4 cm
Hemipelagic
sediment
2 cm
Basaltic Basement
Turbidite
from Davis, 1995
123
Heat Flow - Middle Valley
AAV
Bent Hill
124
Bent Hill
-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
Side-scan Sonar Image
Bent barrel from first sulphide intersection
Sulphide Mound ODP Deposit
125
Bent Hill ODP Cross

-Section
Cross-Section
North
ODP Deposit
Bent Hill Deposit

856H
856B
856C
1035E
1035C
1035F
Seafloor
1035H
South
Clastic
Sulphides
Massive
Sulphides
Hemipelagic
Sediment
Inferred Fault
Sill
Deep Copper Zone
Scale

and hemipelagic silty clay
ODP
Holes
50 meters
Basaltic Sills
Basement
Basaltic Flows
126
Sulphide Textures and Mineralogy
127
Sulphide Mineralogy
-ODP Deposits
Mineralogy:: Bent Hill
Hill-ODP
Clastic Sulphides (III)
Po
Is/Cp
Sp
Bed
e
d
i
h
Sulp
2 cm
t
Sedimen
Sp
Compact Sulphides (IVa)

Po
Is/Cp
2 cm
128
Sulphide Mineralogy
-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
Pyrite-magnetite (IVb)
Po
2 cm
Mt
5 mm
Vuggy Pyrite-Sphalerite (IVc)

Sp
2 cm
5 mm
129
Sulphide Mineralogy
-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
Vuggy Pyrite-Marcasite (IVd)
Py/Ma
Ma
2 mm
2 cm
2 mm
Deep Copper Zone
Chloritized Turbidite
Is/Cp
Ch
Is
Is/Cp
Cp
2 cm
2 mm
200 u
130
Sulphide Mineralogy:Bent Hill

-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
Sulphide Stringer Zone (V)
Po/Py
Ch.Qz
2 cm
Ch
Po/Cp/Py
1 cm
Ch.Qz
2 cm
131
Paragenesis
: Bent Hill
-ODP Deposits
Paragenesis:
Hill-ODP
Anhydrite Chimney
and Clastic Sediments
An/Gp+Py+Cp+Sp (IIIa)
(Quenching Present
Day Fluids
T = 265oC)
Clastic Sulphides
Po-Is/Cp-Wz-Py/Ma (IIIb)
(Reworking and alteration
of high-temperature
sulfide assemblage)
Chimney Sulphides
Po-Is/Cp-Wz (IIIb)
(Quenching End-member
High-Temperature Fluids
Vuggy and Colloform

Pyrite and Marcasite (IVd)
(Low-T Seawater
Oxidation)
Compact MS (IVa)
Po-Is/Cp-Wz
(High-T Replacement
in Vent Complex
T > 350oC)
Pyrite-Magnetite (IVb)
(+/-Po, Sp, Is/Cp)
(Replacment by
Increasing Depth
T = 350-400oC)
T= 250oC Fluids)
Vuggy Pyrite (IVd-1)

(Infilling by Sp or Cp
in the Vent Complex)
132
Chemical Profiles, Hole 856G,H,E

Bent Hill Deposit, Middle Valley
Clastic
Sulphide
Massive
Sulphide
Vuggy
Py/Ma
Py/Ma
Massive
Sulphide
StockStockwork
Zone
Stringer
Zone
Deep
Copper
Zone
133
Copper versus Zinc: Bent Hill

-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
Bent Hill
ODP
134
Tin versus Zinc: Bent Hill

-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
ODP
Bent Hill
135
VMS AND LODE GOLD DEPOSITS, ABITIBI MINING DISTRICT
VMS
Deposit
Gold Deposits
136
Abitibi Districts: Noranda
Blake River Group

Exhalative Vectors with
MC-ICP-MS technology
137
Geology and VMS Deposits of Noranda Camp
from Gibson & Galley, 2007
138
Bimodal Mafic (Noranda) Type
139
(A) Geologic map

of the central
portion of the
Noranda Volcanic
Complex (NVC);
Noranda
Formation
((B)
B) Reconstructed
north
-south
north-south
geologic cross
crosssection through
the Noranda
Cauldron
140
Photographs of Rocks from the Noranda District

Columnar Basalt
Hyaloclastite Rhyolite Flow
Rhyolite Breccia
Contact Tuff (exhalatite)
Main Contact Tuff
Sillicified Andesitic
Pillow Flow
(A) Columnar-jointed basalt

from the Rusty Ridge
formation; (B) Typical lobehyaloclastite rhyolite flow
facies of the Amulet L
member; (C) Coarse-bedded
and graded monolithologic
rhyolite block breccia; (D)
Main contact Tuff from the
Corbet Mine area; (E)
Mineralized Main Contact
Tuff with pyrite and
sphalerite; (F) Silicified
pillowed flow from Upper
Amulet andesite that directly
underlies the C Contact Tuff
horizon.
141
Sulphide Textures, Noranda Camp

C
A.
B.
C.
B
D.
Finely bedded tuff partially

replaced by massive pyrrhotitechalcopyrite at the Ansil deposit,
Noranda.
Cranston tuff unit with lit-par-lit
replacement and in-filling by first
pyrite-sphalerite, followed by
pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite, Ansil
deposit, Noranda.
Rhyolite clasts cemented by
pyrite-sphalerite rich sulphide
groundmass, Louvicourt deposit,
Val d'Or. 12 cm red magnet for
scale.
Well developed pyrrhotitechalcopyrite vein stockwork zone
with intense chlorite alteration of
the rhyolite wallrocks, Ansil
deposit, Noranda
from Galley et al, 2007
142
Cross
-section and Long
-section Through
Cross-section
Long-section
the Ansil Deposit
Andesite
Dacite
Rhyolite
Andesite
143
Vertical North
-south Cross
-section Through
North-south
Cross-section
the Horne Deposit, Noranda District
144
Volcanic Reconstruction of the Millenbach

Dome Complex, Noranada District
Andes
ite
Silicif
ied An
desite
145
Comparison of the Archean

, Noranda Volcanic
Archean,
Complex and Cauldron with the Monowai
Caldera of the Kermadic Arc
146
General Geology of the Doyon

-Bousquet-LaRonde
Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde
Mining Camp, Abitibi Belt, Quebec
from Mercier-Langevin et al., 2007
147
General Location and Statistics for Gold

Goldrich VMS Deposits
148
Simplified Stratigraphy of the Doyon

-BousquetDoyon-BousquetLaRonde Mining Camp
149
Longitudinal Section of the Doyon

DoyonBousquet
-LaRonde Mining Camp
Bousquet-LaRonde
150
Geological Cross
Crosssection of the
LaRonde Penna
Deposit Showing
Alteration Types
151
Geological Section of the Bousquet 2

-Dumagami
2-Dumagami
Ore Body, Doyon
-Bousquet-LaRonde Mining Camp
152
Sulphide Vein
Py-Cp Stringer
Sulphide Vein
Massive Sulphides
Sulphide Breccia
MS + Al Alteration
Sulphide Breccia
Gold-coated Fractures
Photographs of
Mineralized Rocks
A) Stringers of semimassive to massive
sulphide veins of zone 3-1 at Bousquet 1. B)
Semimassive sulphide band or vein. C)
Transposed auriferous pyrite and chalcopyrite
stringer of the LaRonde Penna deposit in
silicified and sericitized rhyodacite to
rhyolite. D) Massive sulphides of the
LaRonde Penna deposit composed of pyrite
bands and sphalerite bands. E) Disseminated
to semimassive sulphides associated with
aluminous alteration, LaRonde Penna mine.
Ore in this zone consists mostly of pyrite and
chalcopyrite in a quartz, kyanite, andalusite,
and muscovite matrix. F) Sulphide ore breccia
of the Bousquet 2-Dumagami orebody. G)
Sulphide ore breccia of the Bousquet 2Dumagami orebody with interstitial massive
bornitetennantite and tellurides containing
elevated Au and Cu grades. H) Late fractures
coated with native Au within the Bousquet 2Dumagami auriferous sulphide zones.
153
Geological Map of the Mooshla Synvolcanic

Intrusion, Doyon
154
Geological Section Through the Zones 1 and

2 of the Doyon Mine
155
Geological Map of the West Zone Veins,

Doyon Mine
156
Genetic Model of the Bousquet 2

-LaRonde
2-LaRonde
Penna Deposits
157
Flin Flon District

Saskatchewan and Manitoba
158
Location of the Flin Flon Belt
159
Geology of the Flin Flon Belt
160
Flin Flon
Tectonic
Assemblage
Map
Flin Flon Belt
Showing
Deposit
Locations
161
Sandstone
Geology Map
and Cross
Crosssection of the
Flin Flon
Deposit
Basaltic
Andesite
Basaltic Andesite
Lapilli Tuff
Rhyolite
Flows
Basaltic
Flows
Gabbro
Sill
162
Geology Map
of the Snow
Lake Arc
Assemblage
163
Grade and
Tonnage Plots,
Flin Flon VMS
Deposits
164
Sulphides in argillite
Py-Sp Massive Sulphides
Cp-Po Massive Sulphides
Bedded Sulphides
Py-Sp Massive Sulphides
Recrystallized Py_Sp
Photographs of
Hydrothermal
Facies
(A) Sulphide layers within the argillite unit
hosting the West Arm VMS deposit; (B)
Argillte-chert layers hosting the White
Lake deposit are replaced by pyrite,
pyrrhotite and sphalerite; (C) Strong
mylonitization and cataclasis of pyritesphalerite ore from the Mandy deposit; (D)
Well developed sucrose texture due to the
development of metamorphic blastesis in
sphalerite-pyrite ore from the Chisel VMS
deposit. (E) Well developed
durchbewegung texture in pyritechalcopyrite-pyrrhotite ore from the
Callinan deposit. Clasts include bedded
chert, altered rhyolite and quartz vein
material; (F) Coarse-grained development
of sphalerite and pyrite blastesis in the
Ghost deposit. Note large, twinned
sphalerite crystal (arrow).
165
Mafic Breccias
Rhyolites
Synvolcanic Intrusions
Mafic-Andesite Flows
Schematic
Cross
-section
Cross-section
Through the
Snow Lake Arc
Assemblage
Showing
Alteration Types
and Their
Relationship to
VMS Deposits
166
Photographs of Alteration Facies

Pillowed Basalt
(Ep+Qz+Plag)
Feldspar-phyric Basalt
(Ac+Ep+Gn)
Felsic Igneous Rock

(Bio+Ald)
Pillowed Basalt
(silicified margins))
Qz+Fsp+Am+Gn)
Subvolcanic Intrusion
(Mg-Chl+Mg-Bio+Staur+Qz)
(A) Pillowed basalt flows strongly altered to

an epidote-quartz-plagioclase assemblage,
Cuprus and White Lake VMS deposits; (B)
Silicified margins on pillows from the basal
pillowed basalt formation of the Bear Lake
Block. (C) Complex alteration of a clast of
feldspar-phyric basalt, now represented by
the metamorphic assemblage of plagiocalseactinolite-epidote-garnet, footwall to the
Chisel, Lost and Ghost Zn-Pb-Cu VMS
deposits, Snow Lake; (D) Intense quartzfeldspar-amphibole-garnet alteration below
the Chisel-Lost-Ghost VMS deposit horizon;
(E) Fracture surfaces are defined by a
quartz-feldspar-staurolite metamorphic
assemblage typical of felsic igneous rocks
affected by extensive sub-seafloor Si-Al-Feenriched alteration, and then metamorphosed
to biotite-almandine facies; (F) This
trondhjemite phase of the Richard Lake
subvolcanic intrusion, Chisel sequence was
hydrofractured by circulating hydrothermal
fluids. Subsequent regional metamorphism
formed a (Mg-chlorite)-(Mg-biotite)staurolite-quartz-rich mineral assemblage.
Modified from Bailes and Galley (1999).
167
The Windy Craggy Deposit

Northern B.C.
168
Tectonic
Setting of
the Windy
Craggy
Deposit
from Jan Peter, 2007
169
Windy Craggy Deposit
170
Tectonic Setting of the Windy

Craggy Deposit
from Nelson &

Colpron, 2007
171
Windy Craggy
Deposit
172
Geology of Windy Craggy
173
General
Stratigraphy
of Windy
Craggy Area
174
Detailed
Stratigraphy
of Windy
Craggy
Deposit
175
Plan of the 1400 Metre Level

176
Cross
-section of the North Ore Body
Cross-section
177
Folder Argillite
178
Pillow Basalt
179
Massive Sulphides
Po-rich
Py-rich
Cp-rich
180
Po
-rich Beds and Laminae
Po-rich
181
Stockwork Sulphide Zone

182
Stockwork Sulphide Zone

183
Hematitic Chert Exhalite

184
Eskay Creek Deposit

British Columbia
185
Location of
the Eskay
Creek
Deposit,
B.C.
186
Geology of the Eskay Creek Deposit
187
Plan View of
Mineralized
Zones, Eskay
Creek
Deposit
188
Schematic Cross
-section
Cross-section
Eskay Creek Deposit
189
Geological Cross
-section
Cross-section
Eskay Creek Deposit
190
Laminated Sulphide Ore

Eskay Creek Deposit
191
Clastic Sulphide and Sulfosalt Ore

Eskay Creek Deposit
192
Laminated Sulphides in Black Mudstone

Eskay Creek Deposit
193
Sulphide Veins in Altered Rhyolite

Eskay Creek Deposit
194
Carbonaceous Mudstone, Hanging Wall

Eskay Creek Deposit
195
VMS Deposits, Bathurst Mining Camp

Brunswick No. 12
Caribou
Austin Brook
Brunswick No. 6
196
SILURIAN Period
Stratigraphy and Ore Horizons

Tetagouche Sheephouse
block
Brook
California Lake
block
Epoch/
Age
Canoe
Landing
Lake
nappe
LLANDOVERY
443 Ma
HBF
TRF
TOM
459 Ma
LRF
BBF
BBF
BBF
LLANVIRN
CB
MBF
CL
SLF
465 Ma
CLLF
ORDOVICIAN
melange +
blueschist
nappe
CARADOC
TREMADOC
490 Ma
CAMBRIAN
SKF
STFLB
BMS
HS
TetagoucheExploits
Basin oceanic
crust
Transition
Alkalic bsalts
SRF
MB
ARENIG
480 Ma
Mineralized
Horizons
Heath Steele
nappe
Spruce
Lake
nappe
ASHGILL
449 Ma
Tectonic
Setting
Stratmat
Brunswick/HS
Caribou
CSF
Missing
Section
MIRAMICHI
GROUP
CH
PBF
KBF
CRF
PBF
KBF
CRF
Chester
PBF
KBF
Passive
continental
margin
CRF
?
from van Staal et al., 2007
197
Geology - 1400
1400 Level
(Brunswick No. 12 Deposit)
11,900 E
Alkali Basaltic Flows

HW
HW
12,200 E
FW
QES
Older
Sediments
SP
Feeder Zone
HW
Open
Pit
SP
FW
SPPC
HW
FW
FW
NO. 1
SHAFT
NO. 2 SHAFT
MAIN ZONE
OM
FW
Felsic
Dyke
IF
HW
NO. 3
SHAFT
Crystal Tuff
QES
Iron
Formation
CT
150
150
24,400 N
24,100 N
11 - N
23,800 N
5-S
23,500 N
Felsic volcanics
23,200 N
12,500 E
V - 2 ZONE
300 m
198
Deformation of Sulphide Deposits

ORIGINAL MORPHOLOGY
PRESENT MORPHOLOGY
Brunswick No. 12 Deposit

1400
Level
WestOre
Zone
Iron Formation
HW
Vent
Complex
Bedded
Ores
HW
Fault
HW
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
Felsic volcanics (NFFm.)
HW
Main Ore
Zone
Black shale (PBFm.)
Chester Deposit
Down-dip extension
of the Sulfide Stringer
zone
Felsic volcanics (CSFm.)
199
Sulfide Facies Attributes

VMS Deposits, Bathurst Mining Camp
Facies
Mineral
Chemistry
Metal
Abundances
and Ratios
Textures
Mineralogy
Iron
Formation
Well bedded to banded

siderite, magnetite, quartz,
apatite and host other silicates
Si + Ca + Mt + Hm +
Ap + Ch + sulfides
Bedded
Pyrite
Massive to finely laminated

crystalline pyrite with generally
minor bands of sphalerite and
galena; locally framboidal and
collomorphic
1) Py >> Sp > Gn >

Cp; 2) low Mt
Fine-grained pyrite with wispy

cream to grey bands and
laminae sphalerite and galena
1)Py > Sp > Gn >

Cp; 2) low Mt; 3)
High As and Te
1) Fe-poor Sp; 2)
Ag-poor Gn; 3)
As-rich Pr
Vent
Complex
Brecciated bedded sulfides

cemented by sulfides and cut
by veins of pyrite, pyrrhotite,
chalcopyrite, quartz, magnetite
and ferroan carbonate; minor
black sphalerite
1) Py/Po > Cp > Sp

> Gn > Po; 2) High
Mt and Sid; 3) Low
As and Te
1) Fe-rich Sp; 2)
1) High Cu, Co, Bi; 2)
Ag-rich Gn; 3) As- >Cu / (Cu+Pb+Zn); 3)
poor Py
>Fe/S
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
Veins and impregnations of

pyrite/pyrrhotite, quartz and
carbonate with minor
chalcopyrite and sphalerite
cutting hydrothermally altered
host rocks
1) Py > Cp > Sp >

Gn; 2) Low Mt; 3)
High Sid, Ch, Ms
and Qz
1) High Co, Cu, Bi; 2)

1) Fe-rich Sp; 2)
Ag-rich Gn; 3) As- >Cu / (Cu+Pb+Zn); 3)
>Fe/S
poor Py
Top
(vent distal)
Bedded
Ores
Examples
Brunswick No. 12 and 6,
Austin Brook, Heath Steele
deposits, Key Anacon, Flat
Landing Brook, Louvicourt
1) Generally low
abundance of both oreforming and oreassociated elements
1) High Zn, Pb, Ag,
Au, Sn, In, As, Sb,
Mo, Cd, Hg,Ga; 2)
<Cu / (Cu+Pb+Zn); 3)
<Fe/S

Heath Steele B zone,
Caribou

Heath Steele deposits, Key
Anacon, Halmile Lake

Heath Steele B and C,
Halfmile Lake, Caribou, Key
Anacon, Murray Brook

Heath Steele B and C,
Halfmile Lake, Caribou,
Chester, Key Anacon
Bottom and vent proximal
200
VMS Deposit Architecture

Proximal
Facies
LOCAL FAULTCONTROLLED
BASIN
Distal
Facies
Carbonate-oxide-silicate
Iron Formation
Po + Cp
Vent
Complex
Sp +
Local
basinal
sediments
Gn
Py
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
Py
Po
Bedded
Ores
Bedded
Pyrite
i ns
ve
STRATIGRAPHIC FOOTWALL
VOLCANIC AND
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
201
Bedded Sulphide
Facies, Bathurst
Mining Camp
202
Vent Complex,
Bathurst Mining
Camp
203
Sulphide
Stringer Zone,
Bathurst Mining
Camp
204
Massive Sulphide Zone Refining

All Massive Sulphides
Cu
Cu
No. of samples = 2529
Individual Deposits
Contours = number of
samples per 1 percent
of the area
Vent
Complex
10
Vent
Complex
Brunswick # 12
Brunswick # 6
Heath Steele
Halfmile Lake
Key Anacon
Stratmat
Caribou
Armstrong
Wedge
Murray Brook
Canoe Landing
Chester
CARIBOU
Vent Complex
Bedded Pyrite
Bedded Ores
20
Halfmile
Lake
30
Pb
Bedded
Ores
60
Bedded
Ores
Zn
205
Tectonic Assemblage Map of the North American

Cordillera
from Peter et al., 2007
206
Geology Map of the Finlayson Lake District
207
Structural and
Stratigraphic
Relationships in
the Finlayson Lake
District, Yukon
208
Geology Map of the Fyre Lake Deposit

Finlayson Lake District, Yukon
from Sebert et al., 2004
209
Stratigraphic Section of the Fyre Lake Deposit

Finlayson Lake District, Yukon
210
Rock Photographs, Fyre Lake Deposit
a) Footwall mafic volcaniclastic rocks; b)

Hanging wall intercalated mafic
volcaniclastics and sedimentary rocks; c)
Chalcopyrite-rich massive sulphide from
East Kona zone (Hunt, 2002); d) Fine to
medium grained blebby to disseminated
pyrite with interstitial chalcopyrite in a
matrix of grey, quarz-rich matrix, West
Kona Zone; e) Foliation-parallel quartzsulphide-magnetite bands interpreted to
be stringer veins from feeder zone, West
Kona zone; f) Fine-grained magnetite
fragments in matrix of pyrite-pyrrhotitechalcopyrite-quartz from West Kona
zone; g) Patchy to discontinuously banded
pyrite-quartz crosscutting fragmental,
fine-grained magnetite, West Kona zone;
h) Wispy, banded magnetite (dark grey),
chlorite (dark green), and semi-massive
sulphide (pyrite-chalcopyrite) below the
Upper Horizon of the East Kona zone; i)
Finely bedded to laminated magnetite iron
formation horizon from top of massive
sulphide, Lower Horizon of East Kona
zone.
211
Schematic
Stratigraphic
Section of the
Fyre Lake Deposit
Finlayson Lake
District, Yukon
from Hunt, 2002
212
Geological Map of the Kudz Ze Kayah and GP4F

Deposit Area
from Hunt, 2002
213
Surface Geology of the Wolverine Belt, Yukon
214
Cross
-section of the Wolverine Deposit, Yukon
Cross-section
215
Rock Photographs, Wolverine Deposit

a) Footwall quartz-phyric felsic
volcaniclastic (DDH WV97-102); b)
Footwall feldspar-porphyritic rhyolite; c)
aphyric rhyolite forming the immediate
hanging wall; d) Hanging wall felsic
volcaniclastic with rhyolite breccia clasts
(DDH WV97-112); e) Hanging wall
rhyolite and argillite clast breccia; f)
Magnetite iron formation, from
stratigraphic hanging wall to Wolverine
Zone; g) Calcite-pyrite exhalite which
forms the immediate hanging wall to the
massive sulphides in places; h)
Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-rich sulphides from
base of massive sulphide lens (DDH
WV00-120); i) Banded, sphalerite-rich
massive sulphides from upper part of
massive sulphide lens; j) Possible primary
massive sulphide breccia, with pyrite-rich
clasts in a sphalerite-rich matrix .
216
Geological Plan of the Wolverine Deposit, Yukon
217
Geological Plan of the Wolverine Deposit, Yukon
218
Temporal Distribution of VHMS Deposits,

Finlayson Lake District
from Nelson et al., 2002
219
VMS hydrothermal systems have a well defined mineralogic and

chemical alteration zonation patterns, both laterally and vertically
Semi-conformable alteration: lateral fluid flow - metal leaching patchy
In mafic-dominated substrates = epidote-quartz and silicification

In felsic-dominated substrates = sericite-quartz and silicification
Semi-conformable to stratigraphy (i.e., not discordant)
Upflow zone alteration: pipe- or carrot-shaped; vertically and laterally

zoned
Chlorite-(quartz) - proximal
Chlorite-sericite - medial
Sericite-quartz - medial to distal
Quartz - proximal or distal
220
Alteration Pipes - Zones and Sizes

Cu-Zn (Bimodal Mafic ,Mafic
Backarc & Pelitic-Mafic type)

Well defined
Great vertical extent
Width =< deposit width
Well-zoned
Fe chlorite + Cu-Fe sulfide

core
Sericite+ Mg chlorite margin
Silicification not prominent
Aluminous minerals minor
Zn-Pb-+/-Cu (Bimodal Felsic
and Siliciclastic types)

Poorly defined, disseminated
Vertical extent <= deposit
thickness
Width > deposit width
Poorly zoned
Silicic +Fe sulfide core; minor
Fe-chlorite; some Zn-rich
(ore!)
Sericite +/-carbonate +
aluminosilicate margin
Carbonate species zonation
Some Mn - enriched
221
Upflow Zone Alteration

Pipe- or carrot-shaped morphology that is discordant
relative to stratigraphy
Mineralogically and chemically zoned
Addition of elements from both hydrothermal fluids and
seawater (e.g., Fe, Mg, K, S, Si, metals)
Removal of elements due to fluid-rock interaction (e.g.,
Na, Ca)
The permeability, porosity, and reactivity of the immediate
footwall determine the alteration distribution and
composition
222
Bimodal Mafic ((Noranda)

Noranda) VMS
from Barrie & Hannington, 1999
223
Mafic Dominated (Cyprus) VMS
224
Siliclastic Mafic ((Besshi)

Besshi) VMS
225
Bimodal Felsic (Kuroko) VMS
Subvolcanic
Intrusion
Rhyolite
226
Bimodal Siliciclastic (Bathurst) VMS
227
High Sulphidation VMS (Atypical)
228
Hydrothermal Alteration - Footwall
229
Hanging Wall Alteration
230
Hanging Wall Alteration Halos

Brunswick No. 12 Deposit, BMC
231
Hanging Wall Alteration

Heath Steele Deposit, BMC
232
Tectonic Controls on Alteration Pipes

Related mainly to physical volcanological or sedimentary
characteristics , but also to water depth
Mafic flow and felsic flow and dome environments have well
defined pipes (deep water)
distinct Mg (margin) to Fe (core) zoning
Cu-rich, chlorite > silicification; cross-cut strata
great vertical extent
Pyroclastic and wacke-dominated setting have more diffuse
pipes
sericite and silicification dominant
Mg alteration subordinant
locally semi-conformable, low Cu
233
Morphology of
Hydrothermal
Alteration
Zones
234
Volcanological Setting determines

Morphology of Sulfide and Alteration
Distribution
Upflow Alteration
Pipe:
Flow Dominated
Environment
From Gibson (2005)
235
Alteration Pipe: Clastic Dominated Setting
From Gibson (2005)
236
Noranda District
237
Stacked Ore Deposits Within the Amulet

and Millenbach Areas, Noranda District
238
Architecture of a Typical Noranda

VMS Deposit
239
Schematic Model of Alteration and Zone

Refining, Noranda District
from Lydon, 1984
240
Idealized Alteration Zonation for VMS

Deposits of the Nornada District
241
Photographs of Mineralized Rocks, Noranda

Sp Replacing Tuff
Po+Cp Replacing Tuff
Po Replacing Volcaniclastic Unit
Footwall Sulphide Stringer
Sericite-Altered Rhyolite
(A) Sphalerite-rich remnant of

Cranston Tuff surrounded by
massive pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite
on Level 9A of the Ansil Mine;
(B) Cranston Tuff completely
replaced by pyrrhotitechalcopyrite; (C) Mature stage
of zone refining with massive
pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite replaced
with massive magnetite; (D)
Groundmass within a coarse
volcaniclastic unit is replaced
by massive pyrrhotitechalcopyrite, Corbet deposit;
(E) A typical footwall sulphide
stringer zone in massive,
chlorite-altered basalt, Corbet
deposit; (F) Sericite-altered
rhyolitic volcaniclastic flow
breccia, Horne deposit.
242
Oxygen Isotope Vectors,

Noranda Camp
Blake River Group
Oxygen isotope
mapping
18O ()
6.0
9.0
Oxygen Isotope Mapping
Noranda Volcanic Complex
1198 Samples
B. E. Taylor (1998)
from B.E. Taylor
243
General Geology of the Bousquet 1 Mine Area,

Doyon
244
Photographs of Altered Rocks

A) Biotite, feldspar, and muscovite-rich bands
and amphibole, chlorite, feldspar carbonate
bands developed in the footwall of the
Westwood ore lenses. B) Proximal alteration
assemblage composed of plagioclase,
chlorite, biotite, carbonate, muscovite, quartz,
and manganese-rich garnet developed in the
upper part of the lower member of the
Bousquet Formation. C) Carbonate, lightgreen chlorite, muscovite, and quartz
alteration assemblage developed in the
Ellison zone A horizon. D) LaRonde Penna
alteration assemblage composed of Mn-rich
garnet, biotite, chlorite, epidote, muscovite,
pyrite, and pyrrhotite. E) LaRonde Penna
hanging-wall alteration and 20 South lens
footwall alteration composed of quartz,
biotite, rutile-titanite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite.
F) Quartz-muscovitealuminosilicate
assemblage developed at the margin of the
aluminous alteration zones of Bousquet 2Dumagami and LaRonde Penna. G) Silicarich breccia of the Bousquet 2-Dumagami
orebody. H) Proximal quartz-muscovite
altreration at Westwood. .
245
Alteration Zoning at the Chisel VMS Deposit
246
General Model: Semiconformable Alteration
Regional Draw-Down Zone

Only occurs in shallow water systems
Massive flux of seawater, drawn down, heated
Widespread feldspar destruction, aluminosilicate
formation, carbonate precipitation
Chemical Effects
Na loss (80%), CO2 addition (patchy), Ca, Mg addition
Reaction Zone Cap

Precipitation of SiO2 through pressure release,
mixing, cooling
Broad zone of silicification, or carbonatization
Some epidote, albite precipitate
Chemical effects
massive SiO2 or CO2gain
247
Semi-conformable Alteration
Epidote-quartz patches in basalt, Noranda, PQ
Qtz patches in basalt, Upper Block, Duck Pond, NL
Bleached (qtz-altered) pillow lavas, Lake Douglas, NL
Epi- Qtz patches in basaltic volcaniclastic, Upper

Block, Duck Pond, NL
248
Replacement of a rhyolite
pumice deposit by sulphide
Relict quartz
phenocrysts in the
West Maurliden
massive sulphide ore
Rhyolitic quartz-feldspar
porphyry pumice deposit
that hosts the four
Maurliden ore deposits,
Skellefte District, Sweden
249
Semi-conformable Alteration
Semi-conformable alteration (recharge) - involves Mg-metasomatism, pH decreases of seawater,

leaching of metals and H2S, heating of hydrothermal fluids
250
251
Surface Geology of Brunswick #12

Alkali Basalt
Sedimentary rocks
Felsic Dyke
Felsic volcanics
252
Alteration Facies
Facies,, Bathurst Mining Camp
Facies
Textures
Mineralogy
Mineral Metal Abundances

and Ratios
Chemistry
Examples
Stratigraphic Hanging Wall

HW
(Zones
III, IV)
Chlorite + sericite
>Mg(Mg+Fe)
chlorite
Increase: Mg, Na, S, base

metals; Decrease: Ca
Brunswick No. 12, Heath

Steele B, Caribou
Albite + Mg-chlorite +
sericite; primary plagioclase
and K-feldspar partly altered
to albite, chlorite and sericite
>>Mg/(Fe+Mg)
chlorite and
sericite
Increase: Mg and Na;

Decrease: Ca

Steele B, Caribou
Pale green chloritized and sericitized

volcaniclastic and felsic volcanic rocks;
minor disseminated sulfides
Fe-Mg-chlorite + sericite +
quartz; chessboard albite
variably silicified; primary
feldspar destroyed
>Mg/(Fe+Mg)
chlorite and
sericite
Increase: Mg, Mn, CO2, S

Steele B, Caribou
Network of sulfide veins (Po +/- Py and

Sp; minor Sp + Gn) containing quartz
and with chlorite selvages cutting green
Fe-Chlorite +/- sericite + Py +

Cp +/- Po +/- Sp +/- Gn
>>Fe/(Fe+Mg)
chlorite and
sericite
Increase:Fe, CO2, Cu, Zn,
Quartz + Fe-chlorite +
sulfides
>>Fe/(Fe+Mg)
chlorite and
sericite
Widepsread chessboard albite after Kfeldpsar phenocrysts in pale green felsic

volcanic rocks
Stratigraphic Footwall
Vent distal
Outer
Zone
Widepsread chessboard albite after Kfeldpsar phenocrysts in pale green felsic

volcanic rocks
(Zone IV)
Intermediate
Zone III
Inner Deep
Core
(Zone II)
Inner
Shallow
Zone I
chloritized volcaniclastic and felsic

volcanic rocks
Network of quartz and sulfide veins (Po
+/- Py and Sp; minor Sp + Gn) cutting
grey highly silicified footwall
volcaniclastic and felsic volcanic rocks
and base metals;

Decrease: Na, Ca, K, Ba,
Rb and Ba
Pb, Ag, Cd, Sn, In, Bi,
As, Sb, Tl, Hg, Eu/Eu*,
(Fe+Mg)/(Ca+Na);
Decrease: Na and Ca
Increase:Si, Fe, CO 2, Cu,
Zn, Pb, Ag, Cd, Sn, In, Bi,
Tl, As, Sb, Hg, Eu/Eu*,
(Fe+Mg)/(Ca+Na);
Decrease: Na and Ca

Steele B, Caribou,
Brunswick No. 6, Key
Anacon, Halfmile Lake,
Devils Elbo, Camelback,
Chester, Restigouche
Steele B, Caribou
Vent proximal
253
Alteration Zonation
FELSIC VOLCANICS
(FLAT LANDING BROOK FM.)
1-3 km
3-5 km
Mineralized
Horizon (IF)
3-5 km
Zone 3
(Phengite+
chlorite)
Zone 3
(Fe-Mg-chlorite+
sericite)
FELSIC PYROCLASTICS
(NEPISIGUIT FALLS FM.)
Zone 1
(Quartz+
Fe-chlorite)
Zone 4
Zone 3 (Phengite+
Mg-chlorite
+ albite)
Zone 2
Fe-chlorite+/sericite
(sulphide
stringer
zone)
From D. Lentz
254
Photomicrographs of
Altered Rocks,
Brunswick No.
12 Deposit
255
Unfolded Tetrahedron
Na2O + CaO (mole prop)
Unaltered Felsic Volcanic Rocks
Alteration trend
Altered Felsic Volcanic Rocks

(Brunswick No. 12 Area)
albite
Zone I (Fe-rich chlorite + quartz + sericite

+ sulphide)
Zone II (Mg-rich chlorite + sericite)
Zone III (Albite + Mg-rich chlorite + sericite)
chlorite
Al2O3/2 (mole prop.)
se
ric
ite
MgO + FeOT (mole prop.)
K-feldspar
Na2O + CaO (mole prop.)
K2O (mole prop.)
Na2O + CaO (mole prop.)
256
3D Distriburion of Mg/Ca Ratios

Brunswick No. 12 Deposit, BMC
16 S
4S
4S
12 N
12 N
26 N
26 N
41 N
41 N
Surface
1400' LEVEL (425 m)
Mg/Ca in Felsic Volcanic

Rocks
Mg/Ca >5
Mg/Ca = 2.0 to 5.0
Mg/Ca < 2
Massive Sulfides
2000
0
0
400
4000 feet
800 metres
12N:Mine section number
257
Distribution of Hydrothermally Altered Rocks

Wolverine Deposit
258
Kuroko Deposits, Hokuroku District, Japan
259
Kuroko Deposit Alteration
after Ohmoto 1983
260
Bent Hill Deposit
Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge
261
Middle Valley, Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge

Besshi-Type
Middle Valley
262
Technology for Modern Vent Study
263
Bent Hill Magnetic Anomalies
Bent Hill deposit

ODP deposit
Magnetic Low
(alteration zone)
264
Alteration:: Bent Hill ODP
North
ODP Deposit
Bent Hill Deposit

856H
856B
Carbonate
Concretion
856C
1035E
1035C
1035F
Massive
Sulphides
Qz
4 cm
1035H
Clastic
Sulphides
Hemipelagic
Anhydrite
Sediment
Mg-smectite
2 cm
Inferred Fault
Sill
Seafloor
South
Ch+Qz
Barite
Deep Copper Zone
Po+Is/Cp
2 cm

and hemipelagic silty clayCh+Qz
ODP
Holes
Ch+Qz
Scale
50 meters
Basaltic Sills
Basement
Basaltic Flows
265
Bent Hill
-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
Increasing Intensity
Alteration
Mineral
Zone
Assemblage
IVa
Elements
Added
Elements
Removed
IA1
Qz-Ch-MsRu-Cp-Po
Si, Fe, Mg, K, Ba,

Mn, Cu, Zn, Se
Ca, Na, CO2,

TOC, As
IA2
Ch-Sm-FpQz
Mg, Fe2+, Rb,

Cu, S
Ca, Na, K, Ba, Sr,

Rb, La, CO2,
TOC, Zn, As, Sb
IIa
Ab-Ch-MsPy
Si, Mg, Na,

Mn, S
Ca, CO2, Ba, Sr, K,
IIIa
An-Il-Ba-Py
Mg, Fe2+, K, Ba, Rb,

S, Cu, Zn, As, Sb
Ca, CO2, Sr,

Fe3+, Na
IVa
Ca-Il-Py
Ca, CO2, Sr, Mn,
Fe3+, K, Na, Ba,

Rb, Cu, As
Fe2+, Mg, S, Zn
Rb, TOC, Cu, Sb
266
Element Profiles, Hole 856H

Bent Hill Deposit
267
Element Profiles, Hole 856H

Bent Hill Deposit
268
Ternary MgO
-Na2O
-Al2O3/2 Plot
MgO-Na
O-Al
Middle Valley and Escanaba Trough
269
Rare Earth Element Profiles

Bent Hill
-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
270
Area of Active Venting

Venting,, Middle Valley
Side-Scan Image
AAV Sediment Mound
AAV - Seafloor
AAV
AAV Anhydrite
Anhydrite Chimney
Chimney
271
Area of Active Venting

Venting,, Middle Valley
272
AAV Deposits
Quartz
Anhydrite
Mg-smectite
Barite
273
Area of Active Venting (AAV)
Increasing Intensity
Mineral
Alteration
Assemblage
Zone
Elements
Added
Elements
Removed
Ib
Qz-Wa-EpPy-Sp
Si, Al, Ca
Na, K, Ba, Sr, Rb, CO2,

TOC, Fe, Zn, As, Cu
IIb
Qz-Ep-Ch
Mg, Na, Al, Fe

Zn
K, Ba, Sr, Ca,

CO2, Fe3+, As
IIIb
Ab-Ch-Ms-Py Mg, Na, Al, Fe2+, As, Zn,

Sb
K, Ba, Sr, Rb, Ca,

CO2, Fe3+, As, Sb
IVb
An-Il-Py
Mg, Fe, S, Zn
K, Ba, Sr, Rb, Ca,

CO2, TOC, As, Sb
Vb
Ca-Il-Py
Ca, CO2, Mn, K, P, Ba, Fe,

S, Sb, As, Se
Na
274
Depth Profiles, Site 857, Middle Valley

Log Permeability (m2 )
-18
0
-16
-14
-12
-10
Temp. C
50
100 1 50 20 0 2 50 3 00 0
K 2 0 (%)
1
100
D epth (m)
200
300
Hemipelagic
and Turbiditic
sediment
400
5 00
600
7 00
800
90 0
Mafic Sill
and Sediment
Complex
T = 180-300oC
(Fluid Inclusions)
Hydrothermal
Reaction
Zone
Qz-Ab-Ep-Wz-Ch
Assemblage
1000
275
Seismic Cross
-section
Cross-section
Middle Valley
5 km
Surface
Penetrating
Faults
Bent Hill
Turbiditic
sediment
4 cm
Hemipelagic
sediment
2 cm
Basaltic Basement
Turbidite
from Davis, 1995
276
Profiles Through the Hydrothermal

Reaction Zone, Middle Valley
Reaction Zone
Hydrothermal Cap
Metres
277

Reaction Zone
Hydrothermal Cap
Metres
278

Reaction Zone
Hydrothermal Cap
Metres
279

Reaction Zone
Hydrothermal Cap
Metres
280
Composition of Hydrothermal Fluids

Modern Sedimented Oceanic Rifts
SEDIMENT-COVERED RIFTS
AAV Bent Hill

T ( oC)
pH
Alkalinity
ET
GB
BARE
RIDGES
MAR
180-275
265
108-217
250-308
335-350
5.5
5.13
5.4
5.9
3.7-3.9
1.4-2.0
1.45
3.1
9.6
-0.6-0.24
5.6
15.3
<0.1
NH 4 (mmol/kg)
2.8
B (mmol/kg)
1.73
1.6
1.71-2.16
1.6-1.8
0.52
Ca(mmol/kg)
81
40
33.4
27.7
10
Cu(umol/kg)
0.6
0.3-1.3
0.2-1.1
10-17
Zn (umol/kg)
0.9-1.7
0.7
11.3
47-50
11
Delta B
87
86
Sr/ Sr
11.5-10.1 17.4-19.6 16.5-23.2

.7042
.7044
.7099
.7059
26.8
.7028
from Butterfield et al. (1994); Von Damm et al., 1985; Campbell et al., 1988
281
Exhalative Seafloor Vectors
282
Black Smokers
283
Hydrothermal Plume Fallout
26S, EPR metalliferous sediments, V. Marchig
SuSu chimney & plume, Manus Basin, S. Scott
Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge metalliferous sediment, I. Jonasson
284
Model for Black Smokers

Oxidized Modern Bare Ridge Environment
285
Contours of Isopleths
Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge
From Baker et al., 1985
286
Contours of Hydrothermal Pyrite

Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge
fromFeely et al., 1987
287
Map of the Red Sea
288
Atlantis II Metalliferous Muds
289
Mineral Zonation
Atlantis II and Chain Deeps
290
Chemical Halos, Atlantis II Deep
291
Genetic Model, Atlantis II Deep
292
Exhalites - Iron Formations, Tuffites,

Metalliferous Muds
from Lydon (1984)
293
Altered Volcanic Rocks and Exhalites,

Noranda Camp
Main Contact Tuff Exhalite
Overlying Andesites
294
Distibution Of Iron Formations

o
4742
Silurian and younger

Granite and Gabbro
Sediments
Ordovician
Granite
Fournier Group
Brunswick
Belt
Tetagouche Group
Tomogonops Formation
Little River Formation
Flat Landing Brook Formation
Nepisiguit Falls Formation
California Lake Group
Boucher Brook Formation
Spruce Lake Formation
Mount Brittain Formation
Canoe Landing Lake Formation
Sheephouse Brook Group
Slacks Lake Formation
Iron
Formation
Bathurst Mining
Camp
New
Brunswick
Heath Steele Belt
Cambrian - Ordovician
Miramichi Group
Clearwater Stream Formation
Pre-Cambrian
Gabbro
unconformity
fault, thrust fault
Massive Sulfide Deposit
4700
6545
o
6630
10
15
Kilometers
295
Iron Formations/Exhalites
Iron formations and chemical sedimentary rocks

are important rocks in many VMS (and SEDEX)
systems.
We can use geochemistry and mineralogy as a
vector to mineralization.
Key is separating detrital versus hydrothermal
signatures: higher hydrothermal signature, near
to vent source and potential mineralization.
296
Iron
Formations,
Bathurst
Mining Camp
297
Distibution of Iron Formations

Brunswick Belt
Brunswick No. 12
Northend Zone 1125 m

below Surface
5
2
4
4
Brunswick No. 12
4
5
4
2
3
2
QSR
Fab. Sulphide
Zone
2
6
1
3
Headway
Esker
Iron
Formation
km
8
6
Gabbro
Younger Sediments
Boucher
Brook
Basalt
Fm.
3 Rhyolite & Sediment-Flat
Landing Brook Fm.
2 Quartz -Eye Schist-Nepisiguit Falls
Fm.
TETAGOUCHE & MIRAMICHI GROUP
1 Older Sediments
4
Captain
TETAGOUCHE GROUP
CNE
Austin
Brook
3
1
1
4
Austin Brook Iron Mine

( Past Producer )
2
3
2
6 6 3
Flat Landing Brook
Brunswick
No. 6
21
36
Brunswick No. 6
( Past Producer )
1
1
Fab zone
Fault
Thrust Fault
Iron Formation
(Exhalative Horizon)
Hg ppb
2.5
600
Massive Sulphide Deposit
298
Fe/Ti Versus AL/(Al+fe+mn)

Brunswick Belt Iron Formations
10000
1000
Fe/Ti
Iron Formation
Clastic sediment
Brunswick Mines
sediment
Red Sea
metalliferous sediment
East PacificRise
metalliferous sediment
80
60% metalliferous sediment
100
40
20
Pacific Ocean
Pelagic sediment
10
terrigenous
sediment
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)
host
sediments
0.7
0.8
0.9
from Peter and Goodfellow (1996)
299
Heath Steele Belt Iron Formations
300
301
302
303
CO2 wt. %
304
Cd (ppm)
305
Zn (ppm)
306
Magnetite in Iron Formations

Heath Steele Deposit
307
Siderite in Iron Formations

308
Chalcopyrite in Iron Formations

309
Tin in Iron Formations

310
Arsenic in Iron Formations

311
Gold in Iron Formations

312
Mineral and Element Zonation

Brunswick Belt Iron Formation
S
kilometers
High
Low
>> siderite
stilpnomelane
chalcopyrite
CO2/Ti; P/Ti
Fe/Mn
>> Sphalerite,
galena, Eu/Eu*,
Pb, Zn, Ag, As,
Au, Bi, Cd, Hg,
In, Sb, Sn, Tl
Vent
Complex
Extensional
Fault
Sulfide
Stringer
Zone
Bedded
Ores
>> Magnetite,
pyrite,
Mn/Fe
Iron Formation
STRATIGRAPHIC FOOTWALL
VOLCANIC AND
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
from Peter and Goodfellow (in press)
313
Genetic Models
314
Sulfide Precipitation
Hot, low pH, H2S- and Cl-bearing, metal-rich fluids in the

recharge zone
Fluids behave buoyantly and rise up synvolcanic faults
React with wall-rocks, altering them via replacement,
exchange, and destruction reactions
Fluids rise and cool en-route to surface via conductive
cooling AND mixing with ambient seawater
Mineralisation is dominated by Fe-sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite)
and variable amounts of chalcopyrite, sphalerite
Galena and barite common in most post-Archaean deposits.
Sulphosalts an important component in many deposits.
Circulating fluid evolves thermally and compositionally with
time
ZONE REFINING PROCESSES - early low temperature
then progressive heating and then subsequent cooling.
Precipitation, dissolution, reprecipitation, etc.
315
Ancient Chimneys
Safyanovka,Urals
Tash Tau, Urals
Alexandrinka, Urals
316
Modern Chimneys
317
Fluid Mixing and Cooling
se
ng
ixi
rm
a te
aw
cooling path
Cooling & mixing with seawater are the main mechanisms of sulfide precipitation
318
Processes of Mound Growth
From Lydon (1988)
319
Zone Refining & Metal Zonation
From Large
(1992), based on
concepts from
Eldridge et al.
(1983), PisuthaArnond and
Ohmoto (1983) see also
Ohmoto (1996).
320
VMS Hydrothermal Model

Hydrothermal plumes
Precipitation
sites
Fluid
Discharge
conduit
Reservoir Cap
Reaction zone
Metal source
Heat Source
from Franklin (1996) and Franklin et al. (2005)
321
Hydrothermal Model
Sea Level
Oxygenated
Anoxic
Buoyant
Plume
Hydrothermal
Sediments
Massive
sulphides
Felsic
volcanics
Impermeable
sediment cap
Fault
Syn-rift
Clastics
Hydrothermal
Reservoir
Seawater
Recharge
Volatiles
Magma
Continental
Crust
322
Depositional Model
Anoxic Water Column Sulphide
Particles
Seafloor
Seafloor
Vent
Hydrothermal Plume
Iron
Formation
Bedded Sulphides
Felsic tuff
Fault
Local
Seawater
Recharge
ra
Alte
one
Z
n
tio
Sulphide
Stringer
Zone
Felsic
volcanics
Black shale
Impervious Cap
Hydrothermal Fluids
(Zn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Cl)
Sealed Hydrothermal
Reservoir (Permeable
Clastic Sediments)
Magmatic Volatiles
(Sn, In, Au, As, Sb)
Magma
Sub-volcanic
Intrusive
Seawater
Recharge
Isotherms
323
Tin versus Tonnage

Bmc Massive Sulphide Deposits
1000
Orvan Brook
Sn (ppm)
Armstrong A
Rocky
Turn
Halfmile Brunswick
Lake
No.6
l
Flat Landing
Brook
Brunswick
No. 12
Caribou
Murray Brook
Canoe Landing Lake
Restigouche
Stratmat
100
Chester
Key Anacon
Captain
Heath
Steele
Stratmat Horizon
Flat Landing Lake Fm.
Brunswick Horizon
Nepisiguit Falls Fm.
Wedge
Taylor Brook
Caribou Horizon
Spruce Lake Fm.
Mount Brittain Fm.
Canoe Landing Lake Fm.
Chester Horizon
McMaster
Clearwater Fm.
10
.1
10
100
1000
Million tonnes (Mt)

from Goodfellow & McCutcheon, 2007
324
Al2O3 Versus SiO2

Massive Sulphide Deposits
100
Modern Deposits
Atlantis II sulfide
Bent Hill-ODP, Middle Valley
Al2O3 (wt %)
Caribou Deposit
10
Bedded Sulfide facies

Vent Complex
O3
l
2
/A
Bedded Sulfide facies

Vent Complex
3)
3
l 2O
A
/
0
=1
Bottom
Hugging
Brines
(>Si/Al)
iO 2
iO 2
S
(
Howards Pass depost
S
e
al
Bedded Sulfides
h
kS
Patrick Brook Formation
o
ro
Shale
B
20 30
k
=
c
O 3 O 3=
tri
l
a
2
l2
P
/A
Buoyant
O 2 O 2/A
i
S
Si
Plumes
(<Si/Al)
0.1
0.1
10
100
SiO2 (wt %)
325
Lead Isotope Ratios

BMC Massive Sulphide Deposits
15.67
Murray Brook
Rocky
Turn
CARIBOU
HORIZON
Pb207/Pb204
Brunswick
No. 6
Armstrong B
Wedge
15.66
Halfmile
Lake
Key Anacon
Brunswick
Horizon
Heath Steele
A-zone
15.65
Captain
Chester
Armstrong A
Canoe
Landing
Orvan
Brook
Caribou
Willet
Brunswick Strachans
Lake Portage
No. 12
Lakes
Austin
Brook
Restigouche
15.65
18.18
18.22
18.26
18.30
Pb206/Pb204
326
Delta34s Secular Curve

SIL.
Period
34S
Epoch/
Age
Tetagouche
block
LLANDOVERY
Heath Steele
nappe
TOM
449 Ma
CARADOC
459 Ma
LRF
LLANVIRN
FLB
NF
ARENIG
480 Ma
TREMADOC
490 Ma
CAMBRIAN
-5
TetagoucheExploits
Basin oceanic
crust
Transition
Alk. basalts
Anoxic
Oxic
10 15 20 25 30 35
VHMS Redox
TRF
ASHGILL
465 Ma
Hydrothermal
Events
HBF
443 Ma
ORDOVICIAN
Tectonic
Settings
(per mil)
Howards Pass
Yukon
Selwyn Basin
Secular Isotope Curve
For Sedimentary Pyrite
(from Goodfellow, 1987)
Brunswick
No. 12
Anoxic
Caribou
PBF
KBF
CRF
Passive
continental
margin
327
Hydrothermal Model
Bent Hill
-ODP Deposits
Hill-ODP
East
West
Deep Copper
Zone
RIFT
AXIS
9 km off axis
Hydrothermal
Plume
Bent Hill-ODP
Massive
Sulphides
Feeder Zone
Sediment Cap
Fluid
Reaction
Zone
Sills
5 km
er
t
a
Fluid Discharge
w r ge
a
Se cha
Conduit
Re
Magma
MORB
Chamber
328
Bent Hill
-ODP Genetic Model
Hill-ODP
329
New Deep Search Technology
330
TGI3 Deep Search

Primary Vectors and New Genetic Models
Kidd-Monroe hydrothermal
sediment vectors (Joint with
TGI3 Abitibi Project)
Jan Peter (GSC)

Dan Layton-Matthews, Queens
University
LEGEND:
PROSSER TWP
Prosser Porphyry granitoid stocks

Graywacke turbidites
Axial planar traces of

inferred upright F0 folds
Subvolcanic gabbro intrusions
Northeast-trending F 1 fold
Minor graphitic argillites
Faults
Kidd Creek Mine and open pit
Felsic volcanic rocks

Scale: 5 km
Komatiite flows and sills

REID TWP
CARNEGIE TWP
Mark Hannington, University of

Ottawa (CAMIRO-AMIRA?)
PDF (Huayong Chen (Queens U.)

Ben Berger (OGS)
Xstrata
KIDD VOLCANIC COMPLEX (CA. 2717-2710 MA):

SIMPLIFIED STRATIGRAPHY
Approx. Scale: 500 m
KIDD CREEK
Epiclastic breccias
Evolved Arc
Hanging-wall
basalt sequence
Primitive Arc
Gabbro sills
Quartz-feldspar
porphyry
Diverse Zone: MORB-like flows

2716.10.6 Ma
MACDIARMID TWP
Kidd Creek orebodies
KIDD TWP
Proto-arc: LOTI basalts
WARK TWP
Foowall rhyolites
Gabbro sills
Komatiite flows & sills
Plume: komatiite flows & sills
331
TGI3 Deep Search

Primary Vectors and New Genetic Models
Hackett-River Belt, NWT
Jan Peter (GSC)

Dan Layton-Matthews,
Queens University
PDF (Huayong Chen, Queens
U.)
Hanah Grant, M.Sc. Thesis,
Queens U.
Bill Gray, M.Sc. Thesis,
Brock U.
Sabina Limited
332
Primary Vectors Abitibi TGI3 Projects
multiple generations of pyrite growth

Syn-depositional & hydrothermal
Diagenetic-Basinal fluids,
Sedimentary
compaction, dewatering, postdepositional nucleation
diagenetic
Metamorphic fluids (Au-related?)

metamorphic
Pyrite
History
333
Deep Search Abitibi

3D Predictive Modeling (Common Earth Model)
Abitibi 3D data integration, visualization and interpretation
Eric de Kemp (GSC)
GIS specialist (GSC)
Xstrata Limited
Mera Geoscience
334
TGI3 Deep Search

3-D camp scale modelling
activities
Heath Steele Belt
Best 3-D Integration Practices:
Many historical camps need

special treatment
(Heath Steele, Bathurst
Anastasia Vandermost)
3-D Structural and stratigraphic Modelling:
Blake River Group Noranda Region
Blue: sulphides
Noranda Camp
(Eric de Kemp, John Percival GSC,

Jean Goutier, Marc Legault MRNFQ
Olivier Rabeau, Francine Fallara
UQAT)
335
TGI3 Deep Search

Testing New Targeting Tools
Generate, classify
and rank targets:
Noranda Camp
Marcus Apel,
Martina Bohme
(Frieberg, Germany)
& Jeff Harris (GSC)
336
TGI3 Deep Search

New Analytical Technology
Portable XRF
Innov-X System
In situ micro-analysis
Portable Hyperspectral
ASD FieldSpec Pro

Visible to 3500 nanometers
Multicollector ICP-MS (laser ablation)
Innov-X Systems
Precision analysis of elements and
isotopes, bulk or in situ micro-analysis
ASD FieldSpec Pro
337
End
338
Deposit Types, Iberian Pyrite Belt
339
Stockwork Zone: San Miguel, IPB
Shallow replacement with

stockwork in the footwall (and
hanging wall).
In massive igneous (felsic) rocks
Pyrite and Cu-rich. Zn-Pb poor
340
Metal
Statistics
for Deposits
Grouped by
Lithological
Class
341
Development
of a Seafloor
Hydrothermal
System
342

6.1 Goodfellow - SEDEX+VMS - CalgaryForum - April24 - 2009

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New Genetic Concepts and Methods

of Exploring for SEDEX Base Metal

Classification of Sediment Hosted Lead

SEDEX and MVT Deposits

Global Zinc Reserves, Production and Resources

Data from Brook Hunt, 2004

Broken Hill (Aus.)

Million Tonnes of Sulphides

Pb+Zn Versus Geological Resources

from Goodfellow & Lydon, 2007

Pb+Zn Versus Mt of Pb+Zn Metal

from Goodfellow & Lydon, 2007

Temporal Distribution of SEDEX, VMS and

SEDEX and Related Deposits

Early Paleozoic Cordilleran Passive Margin

Epicratonic Reactivated Rift

Devonian-Mississippian Cordilleran Margin

Devonian Back-arc Rifts

Felsic-hosted VSHMS Mafic-hosted

from JoAnne Nelson et al. (2002)

Far-Field Back-arc Extension

From Betts et al., 2003

from Goodfellow, 2000

Geology and Deposits, BMC

from van Staal et al. (in press)

Back-arc Sedimented Continental Rift

from Goodfellow and McCutcheon, 2003

Tectonic Setting: Iberian Pyrite Belt

Tectonic Setting: Iberian Pyrite Belt

Modern Back-arc Continental Rift

Sedimentary Basin Architecture

Sedimentary Basin Architecture

Reactivation of extensional faults

Basin Architecture and Evolution

First Order Basin

Oxygenated Water Column

Mesozoic Teslin suture separating

Fault (defined, approximate)

after Eisbacher (1981)

Basin Architecture: Selwyn Basin

Earn Group basinal

Road River Group Earn Group

Geology of the Aldridge Basin, B.C.

from Lydon, 2007

Basin Architecture: Belt-Purcell Basin

Basin Architecture: McArthur River Basin

Modern Sedimented Rift

Heat Flow and Magnetics

from Davis, 1995

Depth Profiles, Site 857

Log Permeability (m ) Temperature ( C)

50 100 150 200 2 50 300 0

modified from E. Davis (1994)

Magmatism: Belt-Purcell Basin

Magmatism: Selwyn Basin

Magmatism: Temporal Relationship with

Lower Earn Group

Road River Group

Ambient Seafloor Environments and Why

Ambient Seafloor Environments

Brown, oxidized and bioturabed sediments

Stratified with anoxic and H22SS-rich

Black laminated (non