Introduction To Mechanics (B.SC) Engineering Mechanics Ch07 Projectile Motion

CH-7
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M th
PROJECTILE MOTION
CHAPTER
ne
t
projectile
s.
An object thrown into space with certain velocity, fired from a gun or dropped from a moving
plane is called projectile.
.h
on
Trajectory of a Projectile
ey
n
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e
A projectile moves with a constant horizontal velocity and at the same time falls freely under
the action of gravity. The path of projectile is called trajectory.
Let a particle of mass m is projected from a point O with initial velocity v0 making an
angle with horizontal. Take O as origin and horizontal and vertical lines through O as
x-axis and y-axis respectively.
://
ht
tp
P(x, y)
v0
r
mg j
x-axis
Suppose that after time t the particle is at point P(x, y) whose position vector is r . i.e.
r = xi + yj
dy
dr dx
j
= i +
dt dt
dt
dx
dy
j
v = i +
dt
dt
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2
dv d2 x
d2 y

=
i + 2 j
dt dt2
dt
d2 x
d2 y

a = 2 i + 2 j
dt
dt
________(i)
F = mg j
________(ii)
The gravitational force F acting on the particle at point P(x, y) is
By Newtons 2nd law of motion

F = ma
d2 x
d2 y

= m 2 i + 2 j
dt
dt
From (ii) & (iii), we get
d2 x
d2 y

m 2 i + 2 j mg j
dt
dt
s.
ot
e
ey
n
.h
on
d2 x
d2 y

i + 2 j 0.i g j
dt2
dt
2
d x
d2 y
0 and
g
dt2
dt2
On integrating with respect to t, we get
dx
dy
= A and
= gt + B
dt
dt
ne
t
________(iii)
_________(iv)
dy
= v0sin
dt
://
and
tp
dx
= v0cos
dt
Where A & B are constant of integration. To determine the value of these constant we apply
the initial conditions.
Initially at t = 0
ht
Using these values in (iv), we get

A = v0cos and B = v0sin
Using values of A & B in (iv), we get
dx
dy
= v0cos
= v0sin
and
gt
dt
dt
________(v)
Eq(v) gives the horizontal and vertical components of velocity at any time t.
On integrating (v), with respect to t, we get
1
x =
v0cost + C and y =
v0sint gt2 + D
________(vi)
2
Where C & D are constant of integration. To determine the value of these constant we apply
the initial conditions.
Initially at t = 0, x = 0 and y = 0

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3
C=D=0
Using value of C & D in (vi), we get
x =
v0cos
t
________(vii)
1
y =
v0sin
t gt2
________(viii)
2
Equations (vii) and (viii) are parametric equations of trajectory. Now we find Cartesian
equation of trajectory.
From (vii)
x
t=
v0cos
and
Putting value of t in (viii), we get
ne
t
y = xtan
gx2
sec2
2v0 2
s.
2
1
x
x
g

v0cos 2 v0cos
ot
e
y =
v0sin
ey
n
Which is Cartesian equation of trajectory of a projectile.
.h
on
Vertex, Latus Rectum & Maximum Height of a Projectile
ht
tp
://
We know that the Cartesian equation of the trajectory of a projectile is:

gx2
y = xtan
sec2
2v0 2
gx2
sec2 = xtan y
2v0 2
2v0 2
2v0 2
2
x =
xtan y

gsec2
gsec2
xv0 2 sincos 2yv0 2 cos2
2
x =

g
g
2
2yv0 2 cos2
xv0 sincos

x2
g
g
v0 2 sincos
Adding
on both sides we get
g
2
2yv0 2 cos2
xv0 2 sincos
v0 2 sincos
v0 2 sincos
x
+

g
g
g
g
2
2v0 2 cos2
v0 2 sin2
v0 2 sincos
=
y

x
g
g
2g
Comparing with (x h)2 = 4a(y k), we get
2

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4
v0 2 sincos
2v0 2 cos2
v0 2 sin2
h
, 4a
, k
g
g
2g
Thus, Vertex =
h, k
v0 2 sincos v0 2 sin2
,

g
2g
Latus Rectum = |4a||
Height (H) = k
2v0 2 cos2
g
v0 2 sin2
2g
Focus
v0 2 sincos
g
v0 2
sin2
2g
s.
ne
t
X-coordinate of focus = x-coordinate of vertex
ey
n
ot
e
v0 2 2sincos

2g
.h
on
1
Y-coordinate of focus = H (Latus Rectum)
4
v0 2 sin2 1 2v0 2 cos2

2g
4
g
://
v0 2 sin2 v0 2 cos2

2g
2g
v0 2
v0 2
cos2 cos2
cos2
2g
2g
ht
tp
Thus,
v0 2
v0 2
Focus = sin2,
cos2
2g
2g
Equation of Directrix
Height of directrix above the x-axis is:
1
y = H + (Latus Rectum)
4
v0 2 sin2 1 2v0 2 cos2
+

4
g
2g

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5
v0 2 sin2 v0 2 cos2

+
2g
2g

v0 2
sin2 + cos2
2g
v0 2
2g
Time of Flight
s.
ne
t
The time taken by the projectile in reaching the final point is called the time of flight of the
projectile. We know that parametric equation of trajectory of projectile are:
1
x =
v0cost and
y =
v0sint gt2
2
To find the time of flight put y = 0
ey
n
t0
.h
on
1
v0sin gt t = 0
2
1
v0sin gt = 0
2
2v0sin
t=
g
ot
e
v0sint gt2 = 0
2
2v0sin
g
T.F =
tp
://
Thus,
ht
Range of a Projectile
The range or horizontal range of the projectile is the horizontal distance covered by the
projectile during time of flight.
Range (R) = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Flight)
2v0sin
v2
0 sin2
g
g

v0cos
R will be maximum when sin2 is maximum.

i.e.
sin2 = 1
2 = sin 1(1)
2 = 900
= 450

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6
Which shows that if projectile is projected with an angle of 450 then it covers the maximum
horizontal distance.
v0 2
Thus
Rmax =
g
Question 1
Determine the maximum possible range for a projectile fired from a cannon having muzzle
velocity v0 and prove that the height reached in this case is
v0 2
4g
ne
t
Solution
Solution
ey
n
2v0sin
v0 2

v0cos

sin2
g
g
ot
e
Rage = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)
s.
We know that
.h
on

sin2 = 1 2 = sin 1(1)
2 = 900
= 450
i.e.
ht
tp
://
Which shows that if projectile is projected with an angle of 450 then it covers the maximum
horizontal distance.
v0 2
Thus Rmax =
g
v0 2 sin2
As
Height reached
2g
0
Put = 45
1 2
v0 2
2
2
v0 sin 45
v0 2
2
Height reached

2g
2g
4g
Question 2
What is the maximum range of possible for a projectile fired from a cannon having muzzle
velocity 1mile/sec. What is the height reached in this case.?
Solution

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7
We know that
2v0sin
v0 2

v0cos

sin2
g
g
i.e.
sin2 = 1
2 = sin 1(1)
2 = 900
= 450
v0 2
Rmax =
So
g
Given that
v0 = 1 mile/sec = 1760 yard/sec = 1760 3 ft/sec = 5280ft/sec
52802
Thus Rmax =
32
871200
871200 feet
mile 165 mile
5280
v0 2 sin2
As
Height reached
2g
0
Put = 45
v0 2 sin2 45
Height reached
2g
1 2
v0 2
v0 2
2

2g
4g
://
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on
ey
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s.
ne
t
ht
tp
52802

4(32)
217800 feet
217800
mile 41.25 mile
5280
Question 3
A cannon has its maximum range R. Prove that
(a)
(b)
the height reached is R4
the time of flight is 2Rg
Solution

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8
We know that
2v0sin
v0 2

v0cos

sin2
g
g
Time of Flight
ne
t
w
://
Question 4
2Rgsin45 2Rg
2R
=
=
g
g
g2
2v0sin
g
= 450
s.
v0 2 sin2
2g
1 2
R
Rg sin2 45
2 R

2
2g
4
We know that
ot
e
Height reached
2 = 900
ey
n
As
2 = sin 1(1)
.h
on
sin2 = 1
v0 2
Rmax =
So
g
Given that
Rmax = R
v0 2
R=
g
2
v0 = Rg
i.e.
ht
tp
A projectile having horizontal range T, reaches a maximum height H. Prove that it must
have been launched with
(a) an initial speed equal to
gR2 +16H2

8H
(b) at an angle with horizontal given by

sin1
4H
R2 +16H2
Solution
We know that
R = Rage = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)

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v0 2
v0 2 sin2
R +16H = sin2 + 16

g
2g
v0 4 sin4
v0 4
2
2
= 2 4sin cos + 4
g2
g
4v0 4
= 2 sin2 cos2 + sin2
g
4v0 4 sin2
=
g2
R2 +16H2 4v0 4 sin2
g
=
8H
g2
4v0 2 sin2
2
v0 2
g
2
gR +16H2
2
v0 =
8H
gR2 +16H2

v0 =
8H
R2 +16H2 =
tp
://
2v0 2 sin
g
2
4H
2v0 sin2
g
=
2
g
2v0 sin
R2 +16H2
4H
4H
sin
sin1

R2 +16H2
R2 +16H2
ht
From (i)
.h
on
ey
n
________(i)
ot
e
ne
t
Now
s.
and
2v0sin
v0 2

v0cos

sin2
g
g
v0 2 sin2
H = Height reached
2g
Question 5
Find the range of a rifle bullet when is the elevation of projection and v0 the speed. Show
that, if the rifle is fired with the same elevation and the speed from a car travelling with
speed V towards the target, and the range will be increased by
2v0Vsin
Solution

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10
We know that
R
v0cos
2v0sin
v0 2

sin2
g
g
When shell is fired from a car moving with velocity V towards the target then the horizontal
velocity increased by V.
i.e.
Horizontal velocity = v0cos + V
Let R be new range. Then

R = (New Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)
2v0sin

v0cos + V

g
s.
2v0Vsin
g
v0 2
2v0Vsin v0 2
sin2 +

Vsin2
g
g
g
ey
n
ot
e
Increased in Range = R R
.h
on
Now
ne
t
2v0Vsin
v0 2
sin2 +

g
g
Question 6
Solution
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tp
://
The range of a rifle bullet is 1200yards when is the elevation of projection. Show that, if
the rifle is fired with the same elevation and the speed from a car travelling at 10 miles per
hour towards the target the range will be increased by 220tan
feet.
Given that
R = 1200yards = 1200 3 = 3600ft.
and
V = 10 mile /h
=
10 1760 3
3600
44
ft/sec
3
We know that

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11
R
v0cos
v0 2
2v0sin
v0 2

sin2
g
g
Rg
sin2
Rg
Rg
v0

2sincos
sin2
When shell is fired from a car moving with velocity V towards the target then the horizontal
velocity increased by V.
i.e. Horizontal velocity = v0cos + V
Let R be new range. Then
ne
t
R = (New Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)
ey
n
ot
e
2v0Vsin
v0 2
sin2 +

g
g
Now
2Vsin
Rg

g
2sincos
tp
2v0Vsin
g
v0 2
2v0Vsin v0 2
sin2 +

Vsin2
g
g
g
://
.h
on
Increased in Range = R R
s.
2v0sin

v0cos + V

g
ht
2R
V tan
g
44 2 3600

tan
3
32
44
3
60
tan
4
220tan

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Question 7
A battleship is steaming ahead with sped V and a gun is mounted on the battleship so as
the point straight backwards, and is set at an angle of elevation . If v0 is the speed of
projection (relative to the gun), show that the range is
2v0
sin

v0 cos
V
g
Also prove that the angle of elevation for maximum range is
cos
1
4v0
$
#
ne
t
Solution
"
V +V2 + 8v0 2
Let R be the range. Then
ot
e
Horizontal velocity = v0cos V
ey
n
i.e.
s.
When shell is fired from a battleship moving ahead with velocity V towards the target which
is behind the battleship then the horizontal velocity decreased by V.
R = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)

2v0sin

g
.h
on

v0cos V
2v0sin
v0cos V
g
Differentiating w.r.t , we get
dR 2v0
%cos
v0cos V & sin
v0sin '

g
d

tp
2v0
(v0cos2 Vcos v0sin2 )
g
ht
://
2v0
(v0cos2 sin2 Vcos)
g
2v0
*v0 cos2
1 cos2 Vcos+
g
2v0
%2v0cos2 Vcos v0'
g
2v0
%v0
2cos2 1 Vcos'
g
Differentiating again w.r.t , we get

d2 R 2v0
%4v0cossin + Vsin'

g
d2

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Putting
2v0
sin%V 4v0cos'
g
dR
= 0, we get
d
2v0
%2v0cos2 Vcos v0' 0
g
2v0cos2 Vcos v0 0
cos =
At
V V2 + 8v02
4v0
cos =
V + V2 + 8v02
4v0
d2 R
V + V2 + 8v02
So
< 0 at cos =
4v0
d2
s.
ot
e
2v0
sin *V2 + 8v02 +
g
ey
n
ne
t
V + V2 + 8v02
d2 R 2v0

sin -V 4v0
.
g
d2
4v0
.h
on
V + V2 + 8v02
Which shows that R is maximum at cos =
.
4v0
Thus the angle of elevation for maximum range is given by
://
V + V2 + 8v02
1
0
4v0
tp
cos
1
ht
Question 8
A shell bursts on contact with the ground and pieces from it fly in all directions with all
speeds up to 80feet per seconds. Prove that a man 100 feet away is in danger for 5
2
seconds.
Solution
We know that
2v0sin

v0cos

g
v0 2
sin2

g

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14
Given that
R = 100ft, v0 = 80ft/sec and g = 32ft/sec2
So
802
100 =
sin2
32
100 =
sin2 =
6400
sin2
32
1
1
2 = sin1 2 = 30, 150 = 15, 75
2
2
For the range of 100ft. there are two angles of projection. Let T1 and T2 be the times of the
flights respectively. Then
ne
t
2v0sin15
2v0sin75
and T2 =
g
g
s.
T1 =
T2
750
T1
150
100ft.
ht
tp
://
.h
on
ey
n
2v0sin75 2v0sin15

g
g
2v0
sin75 sin15
=
g
75 + 15
75 15
2v0
=
2cos
sin

g
2
2
2v0
2cos45sin30
=
g
5
4(80) 1 1
=
sec
=
32 2 2
2
=
ot
e
Let T be the maximum time of danger for the man. Then

T = T2 T1
Question 9
A number of particles are projected from the same point at the same instant in various
directions with speed v0. Prove that at any subsequent time t, they will be on a sphere of
radius v0t and determine the motion of the centre of the sphere.
Solution
Let a particle moving with velocity v0 makes an angle . Let after time t a particle is at a
point P(x, y, z). Then
x = (v0cos)t
y = (v0sin) t
1 2
1
gt y + gt2 = (v0sin) t
2
2

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z=0
Squaring and adding we get
1 2 2 2
x + y + gt + z =
(v0cos)t2 +
(v0sin)t2
2
2
= v0 2 t2 cos2 + sin2
=
v0 t2
Which is a sphere of a radius v0t centered at 0, 2 gt2, 0 . Since the centre lies on the
1
vertical axis and as t increases centre descends under gravity along vertical axes.
ne
t
Question 10
ey
n
ot
e
g a2 + h2 h
s.
Prove that the speed required to project a particle from a height h to fall a horizontal
distance a from the point of projection is at least
.h
on
Solution
v0
://
ht
tp
P(a, h)
Let O be the point of the projection from where the projectile is projected. Let v0 be the
velocity making angle with horizontal. Let h be the height of the point of the projection O
and projectile fall a distance a from O. Let it falls at a point P, therefore the coordinates of P
are (a, h).
gx2
y = xtan
sec2
2v0 2
Since P(a, h) lies on it, therefore

ga2
sec2
h = atan
2v0 2
2v0 2 h = 2av0 2 tan ga2 1 & tan2

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16
ga2 tan2 2v0 2 xtan + ga2 2v0 2 h = 0
Since it is coodratic in tan and tan is real therefore discriminate is greater than zero.
i.e.
b2 4ac 0
4a2 v0 4g2 a4 8gha2 v0

4
v0 4 + 2ghv0 2 g2 a2
v0 2 + gh3 g2 a2 & h2
v0 4 g2 a2 2ghv0 2
v0 4 + 2ghv0 2 +
gh2 g2 a2 +
gh2
v0 2 + gh g2 a2 & h2

v0 2 ga2 & h2 gh
ne
t
2av0 2 3 4
ga2
ga2 2v0 2 h
v0 g a2 & h2 h
s.
2av0 2 3 4
ga2
ga2 2v0 2 h 0
ot
e
ey
n
Hence the least velocity of projection is
.h
on
v0 = g a2 & h2 h
Question 11
tp
://
A projectile is launched at an angle from a cliff of height H above the see level. if it falls
into the sea at a distance D from the base of the cliff, prove that the maximum height above
sea level is
D2 tan2
4
H + Dtan

ht
H+
Solution
v0
D
H

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P(D, H)

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17
Let O be the point of the projection from where the projectile is projected. Let v0 be the
velocity making angle with horizontal. Let H be the height of the point of the projection O
and projectile fall a distance D from O. Let it falls at a point P, therefore the coordinates of P
are (D, H).
Let h be the height above the x-axis then
v0 2 sin2
2g
h=
y = xtan
________(i)
gx2
sec2
2v0 2
Since P(D, H) lies on it, therefore
v0
s.
ot
e
gD2
Dtan + H =
sec2
2v0 2
gD2
=
2
H + Dtancos2
Using value of v0 2 in (i), we get
D2 tan2

=
4
H + Dtan
.h
on
sin2
gD2

h=
2
H + Dtancos2 2g
ey
n
gD2
sec2
2v0 2
ne
t
H = Dtan
://
Height above sea level = H + h
ht
tp
D2 tan2
H+
4
H + Dtan
Question 12
A ball is dropped from the top of a tower of height h. At the same moment, another ball is
thrown from a point of the ground at a distance k from the foot of tower so as to strike the
first ball at the depth d. Show that the initial speed and the direction of projection of the
speed ball are respectively
g h 2 k 2
h

and tan 1
2d
k
Solution

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18
I
P
hd
v0
II O
ne
t
Let the first ball is dropped from the height h and it strikes the second ball at the depth d at a
point P whose coordinates are (k, h d).
1 2
gt
2
ot
e
x = ut +
s.
We know that
ey
n
For 1st ball, x = d and u = 0

1 2
gt
2
For 2nd ball parametric equations are
x = (v0cos)t
y = (v0sin)t
________(i)
.h
on
and
d=
So
://
tp
k = (v0cos)t
h d = (v0sin)t
ht
and
1 2
gt
2
Since P(k, h d) lies on it therefore
______(ii)
1 2
gt
2
______(iii)
Adding (i) and (iii), we get

h = (v0sin)t
______(iv)
Squaring (ii) and (iv) then adding, we get
h2 + k2 =
(v0sin)t2 +
(v0cos)t2
= v02 t
sin2 + cos2 = v02 t2
2
= v0 2
v0
2d
g
gh2 + k2

2d
By(i)

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v0
gh2 + k2
2d

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19
From (ii) & (iv), we have

tan =
h
k
h
= tan1
k
Question 13
From a gun placed on a horizontal plane, which can fire a shell with speed 2gH, it is
required to thro a shell over a wall of height h, and the elevation of the gun cannot exceed
< 450. Show that this will be possible only when h < Hsin2, and that, if this condition
be satisfied, the gun must be fired from within a strip of the plane whose breadth is
4cos
H
Hsin2 h
Solution
ey
n
ot
e
s.
ne
t
.h
on
v0
://
O
Let AC be a wall of height h and particle be projected at O with speed v0 making an angle .
ht
tp
Then v0 = 2gH (given)

Now for a shell to cross the wall, the height of the wall is less than the height of vertex.
v0 2 sin2
2g
i.e.
h <
2gHsin2
h <
2g
h < Hsin2
v0 = 2gH
Which is required.
y = xtan
gx2
sec2
2v0 2
Putting y = h and v0 = 2gH, we get

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20
x2
h = xtan
sec2
4H
4hH = 4xHtan x2 sec2
x2 sec2 4xHtan + 4hH 0
x2 4xHtancos2 + 4hHcos2 0
x2 4xHsincos + 4hHcos2 0
x=
4Hsincos 16H2 sin2 cos2 4

1(4hHcos2 )
2
4Hsincos 16H2 sin2 cos2 16hHcos2

=
2
Thus
s.
ot
e
ey
n
= 2Hsincos 2cosH2 sin2 hH
ne
t
4Hsincos 4cosH2 sin2 hH

=
2
OB = 2Hsincos + 2cosH2 sin2 hH
Hence the breadth of the strip is:
.h
on
OA =2Hsincos 2cosH2 sin2 hH
ht
tp
://
OO = AB = OB OA = 4cosH2 sin2 hH

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21
Question 14
A shell fired with speed V at an elevation , hits an airship at height H,, which is moving
horizontally away from the gun with speed v0. Show that, if
2Vcos
v0 V2 sin2 2gH = v0 Vsin
The shell might also have hit the air ship if the latter had remained stationary in the position it
occupied when the gun was actually fired.
Solution
ot
e
s.
ne
t
.h
on
ey
n
We know that
://
by hell to reach height H.
Let A be the position of airship when shot was fired and it hit plane at B. If t is the time taken
1 2
gt
2
H = (Vsin)t
1 2
gt
2
ht
tp
y = (v0sin)t
Putting v0 = V, = and y = H, we get
2H = (Vsin)t gt2
gt2 (Vsin)t & 2H = 0
t=
2Vsin 4V2 sin2 8Hg

2g
Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

g

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22
Let t1 and t2 be the time taken by the shell to reach the point A and B respectively. Then
t1 =
Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg
and t2 =
Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

g
Let T be the time taken by the shell from A to B. Then

T = t2 t1

2V2 sin2 2Hg
Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

g
g
|AB| = Distance covered by shell
ne
t
Now
Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg
= (Horizontal Velocity)(Time)
s.
ot
e
2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg
______(i)
.h
on
Now
ey
n

Vcos
2V2 sin2 2Hg
|AB| = Distance covered by airship
= (Velocity)(Time) = v0t2
tp
From (i) and (ii), we get
ht
2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg

g
______(ii)
://
v0 Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg
v0 Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

g
2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg v0 Vsin + v0 V2 sin2 2Hg
v0 Vsin = 2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg v0 V2 sin2 2Hg

v0 Vsin =
2Vcos v0 V2 sin2 2Hg
Which is required.

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23
Question 15
An aeroplane is flying with constant speed v0 and at constant height h. Show that if, a gun
is fired point blank at the aeroplane after it has passed directly over the gun when its angle
of elevation as seen from the gun is , the shell will hit the aero plane provided that
2
Vcos
v0 v0 tan2 = gh
Where V is the initial speed of the shot, the path being assumed parabolic.
Solution
B
ne
t
s.
ey
n
ot
e
Let A be the position of plane when shot was fired and it hit plane at B. Let v0 be the speed of
plane.
From fig.
Horizontal coordinate of B = OD
( S = vt)
.h
on
AB = v0t
= OC + CD
://
= OC + AB
AB = v0t
_____(i)
ht
In AOC
tp
= OC + v0t
AB = CD
AC
= tan
OC
h
h
= tan OC
OC hcot
OC
tan
Using value of OC in (i), we get
Horizontal coordinate of B = hcot + v0t

Thus coordinates of B are (hcot + v0t, h)
The parametric equations are:
x = (v0cos)t
y = (v0sin)t
1 2
gt
2

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24
Here v0 = V therefore
x = (Vcos)t
______(ii)
y = (Vsin)t
1 2
gt
2
______(iii)
Since B lies on the trajectory therefore x = hcot + v0t and y = h

Using x = hcot + v0t in (ii), we get
hcot + v0t = (Vcos)t
hcot = (Vcos)t v0t
t=
hcot = (Vcos v0)t

hcot
Vcos v0
ne
t
Using y = h in (iii), we get
= (Vsin) Vcos v
hcot
g Vcos
2
1
v0
hcot
ot
e
s.
1 2
gt
2
ey
n
h = (Vsin)t
ghcot2 = 2
Vcos
Vcos v0 2
Vcos v02
://
2
Vcos v02 = 2
Vcos
Vcos v0 hgcot2
ghcot2 = 2
Vcos v0
Vcos Vcos + v0
tp
2
Vcos
h
cot
g

1 =
Vcos v0
2 Vcos v0
ht
.h
on
2
Vhcos
1
hcot
=
g

Vcos v0
2 Vcos v0
gh = 2v0
Vcos v0tan2

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25
Parabola of Safety
A parabola which touches the every trajectory of a projectile which is formed inward for
different value of angle of projection with same initial velocity v0 is called parabola of safety.
y
ey
n
ot
e
s.
ne
t
Parabola of safety
ht
tp
://
.h
on
Equation of trajectory of a parabola is:

gx2
sec2
y = xtan
2v0 2
gx2
1 + tan2
y = xtan
2v0 2
gx2
gx2

tan2
y = xtan
2v0 2 2v0 2
gx2
gx2
2
tan xtan + 2 + y = 0
2v0 2
2v0
This equation is quadratic in tan. For envelope put discriminate of equation equal to zero.
i.e.
b2 4ac = 0
gx2
gx2
x2 4 2 2 + y = 0
2v0
2v0
g
gx2 + 2v0 2 y
1 2 2
=0
v0
2v0 2
gx2 + 2v0 2 y
=1
g
v0 4
v0 4
2
2
gx + 2v0 y =
g
v0 4
gx2 = 2v0 2 y +
g

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26
2v0 2 y 2v0 4
x =
+
g
2g2
2v0 2
v0 2
2
x =
y

2g
g
Which is the equation of parabola of safety.
2
Question 16
2ga of which the vertical component is V. Show that at time t = 2a/V the particle is on a
fixed parabola (parabola of safety), that its path touches the parabola, and that its direction of
motion is then perpendicular to its direction of projection.
A particle is projected at time t = 0 in a fixed vertical plane from a given point O with speed
ne
t
Solution
v0 2
2v0 2
y

x =
g
2g
2
2ga
22ga
x =
7y
8
g
2g
= 4a
y a
.h
on
ey
n
We know that the equation of parabola of safety is:
ot
e
s.
Given that v0 = 2ga and V = v0sin
_______(i)
______(ii)
______(iii)
tp
Let P(x, y) be a point on trajectory then

x = (v0cos)t
ht
://
Which is the equation of the parabola of safety.
y = (v0sin)t
At t =
2a
ii becomes
V
x = (v0cos)
= (v0cos)
1 2
gt
2
2a
V
2a
v0sin
x = 2acot
At t =
______(iv)
2a
iii becomes
V

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27
2a
1 2a 2
y = (v0sin)
g
V
2 V
= (v0sin)
2a
1
2a 2
g

v0sin
2 v0sin
1
2a
= 2a g

2 2ga sin
= 2a a cosec 2
______(v)
Thus the coordinates of P are (2acot, 2a a cosec 2 )

Putting (iv) and (v) in (i), we get
ne
t
s.
a2 cot2 = a2
cosec 2 1
a2 cot2 = a2 cot2
ot
e
4a2 cot2 = 4a
a acosec 2
L.H.S = R.H.S
ey
n
2acot2 = 4a
2a a cosec 2 a
.h
on
Thus P(x, y) lies on the parabola of safety. So at t = 2a/V this trajectory touches the parabola
of safety.
Differentiate (ii) & (iii) w.r.t t, we get
At t =
://
v0 sin gt
v0 cos
ht
dy dy dx
= :
dx dt dt
tp
Now
dy
dx
= v0 cos and
= v0 sin gt
dt
dt
2a
V
2a
dy v0 sin g V
=
dx
v0 cos
=
=
Vv0 sin 2ag

Vv0 cos
v0 sinv0 sin 2ag
v0 sinv0 cos
V = v0 sin
2gasin2gasin 2ag
2gasin2gacos

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v0 = 2ga

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28
2agsin2 2ag
2agsincos
=
1 sin2
sincos
cos2
=
sincos
= cot
This is the slope of the tangent at t = 2a/V

Since
dy
= tan
dx
Where is inclination of the tangent at P(x, y). Then
ne
t
s.
= 900 +
ot
e
tan = cot tan(900 + )
ey
n
Thus at t = 2a/V, its direction of motion is perpendicular to the direction of projection.
.h
on
Range of a Projectile on Inclined Plane
tp
://
P(x, y) = (rcos, rsin)
ht
So
Let a plane be inclined at an angle to the horizontal. Let a particle is projected from point O
with velocity v0 by making an angle to the horizontal with < . Let the projectile meet
the inclined plane at a point P(x, y). Then OP = r is called the range of projectile on inclined
plane.
Then x = rcos and y = rsin
P(x, y)
r
v0
rsin
rcos
Equation of the trajectory is:

gx2
sec2
y = xtan
2v0 2

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29
Since P lies on it therefore
gr2 cos2 2
rsin = rcostan
sec
2v0 2
grcos2
sincos cossin
=
2v0 2 cos2
cos
grcos2
= sin

2v0 2 cos
r=
ne
t
sin
grcos2
=
cos
sin
2v0 2 cos2
cos
2v0 2
cossin

gcos2
s.
Since sin( + ) sin( ) = 2cossin

Replacing by , we get
ot
e
grcos2
= costan sin
2v0 2 cos2
.h
on
sin(2 ) sin() = 2cossin( )
____________(i)
ey
n
grcos2
sin = costan
2v0 2 cos2
___________(ii)
v0 2 sin(2 ) sin
r=
cos2
g
Which is the range of a projectile on an inclined plane.
tp
://
Range will maximum if sin(2 ) = 1
2 = sin 1(1)
ht
2 = + 900
= + 450
2
Thus,
r<=> =
=
v0 2 1 sin

g
cos2
v0 2 1 sin

g 1 sin2
1 sin
v0 2
v0 2

=
g
1 + sin
g
1 sin
1 + sin

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30
Question 17
A fort and a ship are both armed with guns which give their projectiles a muzzle velocity
2gk, and the guns in the fort are at a height h above the guns in the ship. If d1 and d2 are
the greatest horizontal ranges at which the fort and ship, respectively, can engage, prove
that
d1
k+h
=
kh
d2
Solution
ot
e
s.
ne
t
ey
n
v0
.h
on
d2
://
Let S be ship and F be fort. Let fort makes angle with x-axis. i.e. ASF = . Let SF = r
Since d2 is greatest horizontal range for gun in the ship so r is the maximum range on inclined
plane with inclination . Then
v0 2
g
1 + sin
ht
Put v0 = 2gk
tp
r=
r=
2gk
g
1 + sin
2k r + rsin
From fig.
h = rsin
2k r + h
r 2k h
Also from fig.
r2 = h2 + d2 2

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31
2k h2 = h2 + d2 2
4k2 + h2 4hk = h2 + d2 2
d2 2 4k2 4hk 4k
k h
_______(i)
For a gun in fort, change h to h
d1 2 4k
k + h
d1 2
d2
4k
k + h
4k
k h
ne
t
d1
k+h

d2
kh
s.
_______(ii)
ot
e
Question 18
.h
on
ey
n
A shell of mass m1 + m2 is fired with a velocity whose horizontal and vertical components
are u, v and at the highest point in its path the shell explodes into two fragments m1, m2.
The explosion produces additional kinetic energy E, and the fragments separate in a
horizontal direction. Show that they strike the ground at a distance apart which is equal to
V
1
1
2E
g
m1 m2
Solution
_______(i)
ht
tp
u = v0cos
://
Let v0 be the velocity of the projection. then by given conditions
v = v0sin
______(ii)
At the highest point, there is only horizontal velocity u. Let v1 and v2 be the velocities of m1
and m2 respectively at the time of explosion. Then by law of conservation of momentum.
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)u
u=
m 1 v1 + m 2 v2
m1 + m2
_______(iii)
Now
Increase in K.E. = K.E. after explosion K.E. before explosion
1
1
1
E = m1 v1 2 + m2 v2 2
m1 + m2 u2
2
2
2
2E = m1 v1 2 + m2 v2 2
m1 + m2 u2

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32
2E = m1 v1 + m2 v2
m 1 v1 + m 2 v2 2

m1 + m2

m1 + m2
By (iii)
2
m1 + m2 E =
m1 + m2
m1 v1 2 + m2 v2 2
m1v1 + m2v22
= m 1 2 v1 2 + m 1 m 2 v2 2 + m 2 m 1 v1 2 + m 2 2 v2 2 m 1 2 v1 2 m 2 2 v2 2
2m1 m2 v1 v2
= m1 m2 v2 2 + m2 m1 v1 2 2m1 m2 v1 v2
= m1 m2
v2 2 + v1 2 2v1 v2
2
m1 + m2 E
m1 m2
1
1
v2 v1 2E
m1 m2
ne
t
v2 v1 3
s.
= m1 m2
v2 v1 3
ot
e
Which is relative velocity of m1 + m2.

1
(Time of flight)
2
1 2v0 sin
v0 sin
=
=
2
g
g
v
=
By (ii)
g
.h
on
Time =
ey
n
Now the time taken by pieces to touch the ground is given by:
tp
://
Distance Apart = (Relative velocity)(Time)

v

v2 v1
g
ht
v
1
1
2E
g
m1 m2
Which is required.

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33
Question 19 (Speed of projectile)

Show that least speed with which a particle must be projected so that it passes through two
points P and Q at height hP and hQ respectively is:
ghP + hQ + PQ
Solution
y
Directrix
s.
ne
t
y=
v0 2
2g
.h
on
ey
n
ot
e
hP
hQ
ht
From fig.
tp
Let S be the focus.
://
LM = LP + PM
v0 2
= hP + PM
2g
_________(i)
RN = RQ + QN
v0 2
= hQ + QN
2g
_________(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

v0 2
= hP + hQ + PM + QN
g
v0 2 = ghP + hQ + PM + QN
= ghP + hQ + PS + QS

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By focus-directrix property

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34
v0 = ghP + hQ + PS + QS
v0 is least when PS + QS is least, which is least when S lies on PQ. i.e. when
PS + QS = PQ
Hence
v0 min = ghP + hQ + PQ
ht
tp
://
.h
on
ey
n
ot
e
s.
ne
t
%%%%% End of The Chapter # 7 %%%%%

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Introduction To Mechanics (B.SC) Engineering Mechanics Ch07 Projectile Motion

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Introduction To Mechanics (B.SC) Engineering Mechanics Ch07 Projectile Motion

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CH-7

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The gravitational force F acting on the particle at point P(x, y) is

By Newtons 2nd law of motion

Using these values in (iv), we get

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Putting value of t in (viii), we get

Which is Cartesian equation of trajectory of a projectile.

Vertex, Latus Rectum & Maximum Height of a Projectile

We know that the Cartesian equation of the trajectory of a projectile is:

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Latus Rectum = |4a||

X-coordinate of focus = x-coordinate of vertex

v0 2 sin2 1 2v0 2 cos2

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R will be maximum when sin2 is maximum.

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Rage = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)

R will be maximum when sin2 is maximum.

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the height reached is R4

the time of flight is 2Rg

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(b) at an angle with horizontal given by

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Horizontal velocity = v0cos + V

Let R be new range. Then

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R = (New Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)

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Let R be the range. Then

Horizontal velocity = v0cos V

R = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)

Differentiating again w.r.t , we get

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Let T be the maximum time of danger for the man. Then

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Since P(a, h) lies on it, therefore

2v0 2 h = 2av0 2 tan ga2 1 & tan2 

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ga2 tan2 2v0 2 xtan + ga2 2v0 2 h = 0

4a2 v0 4g2 a4 8gha2 v0

v0 2 + gh g2 a2 & h2 

Hence the least velocity of projection is

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The gravitational force F acting on the particle at point P(x, y) is

the height reached is R4

the time of flight is 2Rg

Let R be new range. Then

R = (New Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)

2v0 2 h = 2av0 2 tan ga2 1 & tan2

v0 2 + gh g2 a2 & h2

Then v0 = 2gH (given)

Putting y = h and v0 = 2gH, we get

4Hsincos 16H2 sin2 cos2 4

4Hsincos 16H2 sin2 cos2 16hHcos2

= 2Hsincos 2cosH2 sin2 hH

4Hsincos 4cosH2 sin2 hH

OB = 2Hsincos + 2cosH2 sin2 hH

OA =2Hsincos 2cosH2 sin2 hH

OO = AB = OB OA = 4cosH2 sin2 hH

2Vsin 4V2 sin2 8Hg

Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

2V2 sin2 2Hg

Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg

2V2 sin2 2Hg

2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg

v0 Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

v0 Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg v0 Vsin + v0 V2 sin2 2Hg

v0 Vsin = 2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg v0 V2 sin2 2Hg

Given that v0 = 2ga and V = v0sin