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Ratna Dahiya
D.P. Kothari
Director general
Vindhya Institute of Technology & Science
Indore (M.P.), India
E-mail: dpk0710@yahoo.com
I.
INTRODUCTION
41
iL
1
V dt I L0
L t L
(1)
Figure 4. Output membership function
(2)
E = 1/2L(IL)2
(3)
d /dt
nnb
nb
z
pb
ppb
(4)
nnb
nb
pb
ppb
nb
nb
n
p
p
nb
nb
n
p
p
n
n
z
p
p
n
n
p
pb
pb
n
n
p
pb
pb
42
Synchronous
Generator
E =
E fd =
Excitation voltage
Damping coefficient
X 'd
Xd
Xl =
Xt =
Line reactance
Transformer reactance
Inertia constant of machine
direct axis current
M =
id =
1
[ Pm Pe Psm D ]
M
PCC
Fault
(10)
Psm I smVsm
(11)
400kV
X 'd
Infinite
Bus
STATCOM
SMES
Psm K D
(12)
=
1
=
M
E
(5)
(
Pm Pe D ) ]
(6)
1
[ E ( X d X ' d )id E fd ] (7)
T 'd 0
EV
Pe
sin
X 'd X t X l
E V cos
id
X 'd X t X l
(8)
where as
(13)
Vsmo 0
Hence
(14)
Vsm
Where
KS
1 pTS
(15)
Psm
(9)
I sm0 K S
1 pTs
(16)
where
=
=
KD
Psm
I sm0 K S
at
(17)
43
x A ( x) F ( x)
Similarly the deviation of Pe and id may be given [2]. Since the
parameter is defined the above equation may enter as
followed.
(18)
Pe f ( , e)
V ( x)
i n j n
(19)
Vt K e e K f f ( , e)
(20)
ke
vq0
Xe
;
X e X 'd VT0
V
kf 0 0
E B cos 0
(D K D )
M
0
0
0
0
2 g ( )
0
0
V ( x) P T ( x) ( x)
n
i Pkl
k 1 l 1
l i
(28)
k ( )
l :
xi
0
Xl
i=1,2,3,4, . N.
Where
(29)
( x) [ 1 ( x) 2 ( x) 3 ( x)......... n ( x)]
0
0
2
4
Q ( AT P T PA)
(30)
V ( x) X T QX
For the validity of Lyapunove function V(x) there are several
ways to assure the sign-definiteness of the derivative of V(x),
here To assure the sign-definiteness of V (x) for validity of
V(x) as a Lyapunov function the one condition is
If one can state
(24)
F ( x) AP T 1 ( x) 0
X d X 'd
T 'd 0
K
1
1
; 4
; 5 R K e ;
TR
T 'd 0
TR
K
6 R K f ;
TR
IV.
(26)
(27)
Where
;
( )d i
Xe Xd
X e X 'd
(23)
where
ij
1
V ( x) [ P T 1V ( x)]T Q[ P T 1V ( x)] V T ( x)[ F ( x) AP T 1 ( x)]
2
Xq
v q0
v0
X 'd
cos 0 d0
sin 0 0
X e X 'd
VT
VT
X e X q
(22)
j 1
(21)
1
[ K R VT ]
TR
f ( , e)
+
e
Where
Xi
P
i 1
id B 0 e g ( )
(25)
LYAPUNOV FUNCTION
(31)
For all x, if Q is positive definite or positive semi-definite
then function V(x) has negative definite derivative or negative
semi-definite derivative then the origin of (25) is a stable
equilibrium point.
The Q matrix is then given as
P1
1
D
P2 6 P14
5 P14
4 P14 P41
2 P1 ( D K D ) M
M
M
P
P
1 P2 6 P14
0
0
P4 6 41
Q M
M
5 P14
0
21 P3
5 P4 3 P3
(D K D )
P41
6 P4 2 P3 5 P4
2 4 P4
4 P14 P41
M
M
(32)
44
2
e2 2
1
V ( x) (1 M 3 6 1 )M 2 f ( , e)d 1 1 3
2
25
2 2 2 25
0
V.
(33)
1
M
0 f ( )
(34)
2D 0
Q
0 0
D
M
1
(35)
RESULTS
(D K D )
M
1
1
M f ( )
(36)
V ( , )
1
M 2 f ( )d
2
0
1
M 2 represent the transient kinetic
2
energy and the last term represent the potential energy of the
system. The function V ( , ) is the sum of kinetic and
potential energies and remains constant once the fault is
cleared since the system is conservative. This energy must be
absorbed by the system once the fault is cleared if the system
to be stabile.
The related Q matrix is
2( D K D ) 0
Q
0
0
(38)
45
VII. CONCLUSION
Lyapunove second method is used to include the effect of
STATCOM-SMES on the stability of a SMIB power system
with Automatic Voltage Regular. The LF is energy-type and
the influence of each of the control devices appears on the
energy, synchronization torque, and damping torque. The
method applied to the SMIB system considering the effect of
SMES, LF formulation has shown very effective result with
respect to oscillation damping. During the fault SMES is
capable to absorb the excess electrical energy of the system
which is the main cause of instability of the system hence
increasing the critical clearing time. This excess energy is
stored in SMES and can be utilized during peak demand
hours.
The transient stability of SMIB system connected
with STATCOM-SMES also has been analyzed through the
simulation using SimPowerSystems of MATLAB. The
analysis of results reveal that system is stabile when subjected
to three phase to ground fault. The performances of various
controllers (PI, Fuzzy and ANN) used in STATCOM-SMES
also have been studied. The performances of intelligent
controllers (Fuzzy and ANN) have been found better than PI
APPENDIX
DATA USED:
M=0.0544 , D=0.0054 s;
X d = X q =0.7245 pu;
46
47