WEB YIELDING,

WEB CRIPPLING,
WEB BUCKLING

*LOCAL WEB YIELDING

Web yielding occurs when heavy concentrated loads produces stress at the junction of the flange
and web of a beam where the load is being transferred from a relatively wide flange to a narrow
web. Web yielding can be prevented if the web is stiffed near the loads. The toe of the fillet is the
most dangerous location of failure because the resulting area at that point is the smallest. Loads
are assumed to be distributed longitudinally along the beam from the load application point at a
distance of 2.5K for loads applied at the end and 5K on each side for concentrated loads applied
at a distance greater than d from the end of the member as shown on the figure.
A) Stress at the end of the member:
R
t w (N +5 K ) 0.66 Fy

Eq. 1

B) Stress at the concentrated load:

R
t w (N +2.5 K ) 0.66 Fy

Eq. 2

Bearing stiffness shall be provided if the compressive stress at the web toe of the fillets resulting
from concentrated loads exceeds 0.66Fy.
Where:
R = concentrated load or reaction in Newtons
tw = thickness of web in mm
N = length of bearing (not less than K for end reactions)
K = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet in mm

*WEB CRIPPLING
Concentrated loads and end reactions will cripple or buckle the web of a beam unless the web is
stiffened or the loads are spread over a large area of the flange.
Web crippling as shown in figure arises from high compressive stresses occurring in the vicinity
of concentrated loads when applied to beams or beam bearing supports and reaction of beam
flange at connection to columns.
Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of member under concentrated loads when
compressive force exceeds the following limits.
A) When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the end of the
member.
N tw
)( )
d tf
R=177.2 t w
1+ 3(

1.5

F yw t f
tw

Eq. 3

Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of beam web in MPa

B) When the concentrated load is applied less than a distance d/2 from the end of the
member.

N tw
)( )
d tf
R=83.3 t w

1+3(

1.5

F yw t f
tw

Eq. 4

*SIDEWAYS WEB BUCKLING

The web will be subjected to compression if a compressive force will be applies to braced the
compression flanges as a result the tension flange will buckle as shown in the figure.

A) If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and

dc
t
1+0.4( w )
L
R=
bf
46880 t w

dc
tw
L
bf

is less than 2.3

dc
tw
L
bf

is less than 1.7

Eq. 5

B) If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and

R=

dc
tw
0.4 ( )
L
bf
46880 t w

Eq. 6

Where:
L = largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point of load in mm
bf = flange width in mm
dc = d-2K = web depth between web toes of fillets in mm

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
A W 30 x 116 beam has the top flange restrained against lateral displacement and rotation and
has an unstiffened web. A point load is applied to the top flange at 2m from one support. The
beam spans 12m. Use A 36 steel with yield strength of Fy = 248MPa.

Properties of W 30 x 116
d = 762 mm
bf = 266.7 mm
K = 41.28 mm
tf = 21.59 mm
tw = 14.33 mm
1.) Compute the maximum value of the point load that maybe applied without web yielding
occurring.
2.) Compute the maximum value of the point load which maybe applied without web
crippling occurring.
3.) Compute the maximum value of the point load which maybe applied without side sway
buckling occurring.
SOLUTION:
1.) Point load occurring that maybe applied without web yielding occurring:
When the force applied is at a distance from the member and that is greater than the depth of the
member.
R = 0.66Fytw(N+5K)
R = 0.66(248)(14.33)[0+5(41.28)]
R = 484118 N
R = 484.12 KN

2.) Point load that maybe applied without web crippling occurring:

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the end of the
member.

N tw
)( )
d tf
177.2t w

1+3(

1.5

0 14.33
)(
)
762 21.59
177.2(14.33)2

F yw t f
tw

1+3(
R

1.5

( 248 ) (21.59)
14.33

R = 703372 N
R = 703.37 KN

3.) Point load that maybe applied without side sway web buckling occurring.

If the load flange is restrained against rotation and

dc
t
1+0.4( w )
L
Use R =
bf
46880 t w

dc = 762 2(41.28)
dc = 679.44
dc
tw
L
bf

dc
tw
L
bf

= 1.053 < 2.3

679.44
114.33
12000
266.7

h = 762 2(21.59)
h = 718.82 mm
46880 ( 14.33 )3
1+0.4 ( 1.053 )3 ]
[
R=
718.82
R = 281543 N

dc
tw
L
bf

is less than 2.3

R = 281.54 KN

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
The beam shown in the figure has a length of 9m and is not restrained against lateral buckling.
The beam is A36 steel with yield strength Fy = 248 MPa. The beam is a W21 x 248 steel shape,
whose relevant properties are as follows:
Weight = 369.4kg/m
Area = 46,968 mm2
Depth, d = 603 mm
tw = 27.9 mm
bf = 324.5 mm
tf = 50.5 mm
rt = 87.63 mm
Sx = 9,332.4x103 mm3
a) Determine the bending coefficient due to moment (gradient) acting on the beam
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange
c) Determine the permissible value of moment M

SOLUTION:
Allowable bending stress in tension:
Fb = 0.6Fy = 0.6(248) = 148.8MPa
Allowable bending stress in compression:
L/R1= 9000/87.63
L/R1 = 102.7
M1 = 0
M2 = 1.4M
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.30(M1/M2)2
Cb = 1.75 + 0 + 0 =1.75 part a

703,270 C b
Fy

= 70.45

3,516,330 Cb
Fy

Since

= 157.52

703,270 C b

Fy

L
R1

3,516,330 Cb
Fy

Fb = larger of (Fb1 & Fb2) 0.6Fy

2
Fb1 = [ 3 -

Fy(

L
)2
Rt

10.55 x 10 .6 Cb

Fy

102.7

Fb1 = [ 3 (248) = 130.197 MPa

248

Fb2 =

82,7410 C b
Ld
bf t f

Fb2 =

82,7410(1.75)
9000( 603)
(324.5)(50.5)

0.6Fy = 148.8MPa
Therefore, the allowable bending stress in compression is Fy = 148.8MPa. (the same in tension)
Moment capacity:

Fb =

M
Sx

148.8 =

M
3
9,334.4 x 10

M = 1,389 x 106N-mm
M = 1,389kN-m
Value of M:
1.4M = 1,389kN-m
M = 992.14kN-m

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3:
A simply supported beam with span of 8m is subjected to a counter clockwise moment at the left
support and a clockwise moment at the right equal to 25% of the moment at the left support, both
acting in the plane of the minor axis of the beam. The beam is not restrained against lateral
buckling. The beam is A36 steel with yield strength Fy = 248 MPa. The beam is a W 21 x 62
steel shape, whose relevant properties are:
Rt = 0.053 m

d = 0.533 m
bf = 0.210 m
tf = 0.016 m
S = 0.002077 m3
a) Determine the slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral
buckling.
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

SOLUTION:
L
R1

8
0.053

= 151

Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.30(M1/M2)2

M1 = 0.25 M
M2 = M
M1/M2 = -(0.25M/M)
M1/M2 = -0.25 (negative because they are of opposite sign)
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(-0.25) + 0.30(-0.25)2
Cb = 1.50625 < 2.3 OK

703,270 C b
Fy

3,516,330 Cb
Fy

703, 270(1.50625)
248

= 65.36

3,516,330(1.50625)
248

= 146.14

Part a:
Slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral buckling:
Slenderness ratio =

3,516,330 Cb
Fy

Part b:
Since L/R1 >

3,516,330 Cb
Fy

Fb = larger of (Fb2 & Fb3) 0.6Fy

= 146.14

1,172,100 C b

( rL ) 2

Fb2 =

Fb2 =

151

1,172,100(1.50625)

82,740C b

( AfL ) 2

Fb3 =

Fb2 =

82,740(1.50625)
8 (0.533)
0.21( 0.016)

= 98.205MPa

Allowable stress in compression flange, Fb = 98.205MPa

Part c:
Maximum moment at left support:
Allowable bending stress:
In tension:

Fb = 0.6Fy = 148.8

In compression: Fb = 98.205MPa
Use Fb = 98.205 MPa
Fb = M/S
98.205 =

M
3
0.002077 x 1000

M = 203,972,282N-mm
M = 204kN-m

WEB YIELDING,
WEB CRIPPLING,
WEB BUCKLING
(NSCP SPECS)

*WEBS UNDER CONCENTRATED LOADS

Local buckling is a factor in the vicinity of a large concentrated load that may occur in a reaction
point or where a column frames into a supporting girder. Web yielding and web crippling are two
types of local buckling as shown in the figure that may occur. These buckling can be reduced or
eliminated by the use of bearing stiffeners.

*LOCAL WEB YIELDING

Local web yielding occurs when a concentrated load is applied normal to one flange and
symmetric to the web. Such concentrated load may occur at a reaction point or a column or beam
framing into a supporting girder. According to Section 511.23 of NSCP, bearing stiffeners shall
be provided when the compressive stress at the web toe of fillet resulting from such load exceeds
0.66Fy.
For loads applied at or near the end of the member:
R
t w (N +2.5 K )

Or

N min

0.66Fy

R5 t w k (0.66 F y )
0.66 F y t w

Eq. 1

Eq. 2

*WEB CRIPPLING
According to Section 511.24 of NSCP, bearing stiffness shall be provided in the webs of
members under concentrated loads, when the compressive force exceed the following limits:

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance x from the end of the member not less than
d/2:
N tw
)( )
d tf
177.2 t w

1+3(
R=

1.5

F yw t f
tw

Eq. 3

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance x from the end of the member greater than
d/2:

N tw
)( )
d tf
R=83.3 t w

1+3(

1.5

F yw t f
tw

Eq. 4

Where:
R = concentrated load or reaction, N
N = bearing length (not less than k for end reaction), mm
tw = web thickness, mm
tf = flange thickness, mm
k = distance from the outer face of the flange to the toe of fillet, mm

NSCP Specs: if stiffeners are provided and extend at least one half web depth, equations 3 and 4
need not be checked.

*SIDESWAY WEB BUCKLING

Bearing stiffeners is required for webs of members with flanges not restrained against relative
movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subject to concentrated compressive loads that
exceed the following limits:

dc
tw
A) If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and L
bf
dc
tw
1+0.4( )
L
R=
bf
46880 t w

is less than 2.3

Eq. 5

B) If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and

R=

dc
t
0.4 ( w )
L
bf
46880 t w

h
2

Eq. 6

dc
tw
L
bf

is less than 1.7

Where:
L = largest laterally unbraced length along their flange at the point of load, mm
bf = flange width, mm
dc = (d-2K) = web depth clear of fillets, mm

NSCP Specs: Equations 5 and 6 need not be checked provided that

dc
tw
L
bf

respectively or for webs subjected to a uniformly distributed load.

BEARING
PLATES

exceeds 2.3 or 1.7

Most of steel beam are supported through connections to other structural steel beams, but some
beams are supported by bearing on concrete or masonry members, such as walls or pilasters.
Bearing plates are used to distribute the pressure over a large area of concrete, since concrete and
masonry is weaker than steel.
Bearing plates must be; (a) large enough to ensure that the actual bearing pressure, fp under the
plate does not exceed the allowable bearing pressure, Fp, (b) long enough so that web crippling
or web yielding does not occur, and (c) thick enough so that the allowable bending stress in steel,
Fb (Fb= 0.75Fy), at the assume critical section is not exceeded.
The actual bearing area of plate is
A1= NxB

Eq. 1

The actual bearing pressure under the plate is:

fp =

R
A1

Fp

Eq. 2

For bearing plate resting on full area of concrete support:

R
0.3.5 f c '

A1

Eq. 3

For bearing plates covering less than the full area of concrete support:
1
R
A 2 ( 0.3.5 f c ' )2

A1

Eq. 4

Where A2 is the maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically
similar to and concentric with the loaded area, mm2.
The thickness of the plate is:
t=

3 f pn2
fb

Eq. 5

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
The W21 x 93 beam sown in the figure must transmit a total reaction of 1,000kN to the steel base
plate over a concrete column. All steels are A36 with Fy = 248MPa. The concrete has f c =
27MPa and the allowable bearing stress on concrete is 0.3f c. It is required to determine the size
and thickness of the steel base plate. The beam has no bearing stiffeners.
a) Determine the required area of base plate.
b) Determine the minimum value of N.
c) Determine the required plate thickness.

W21 x 93
A = 17,613 mm2
H = 550 mm

tw = 14.7 mm
bf = 214 mm
tf = 23.6 mm
k = 40.2 mm
k1 = 27.5 mm
r1 = 55.12 mm

SOLUTION:
Part a:
Plate area =

R
Fp

1,000,000
0.35(27)

Plate area = 105, 820 mm2

Part b:
R
t w (N +2.5 K )

0.66 Fy

R 1,000,000
14.7 ( N +2.5( 40.2))

= 0.66(248)

N = 315 mm
Part c:
N = 420 mm
B = 105, 820/420
B = 252 mm

Plate thickness, t =

3 f pn2
Fb

n = B/2-k1
n = 252/2-27.5
n = 98.5 mm
fb = actual bearing stress
fb = R/Ab = 1,000,000/(420x252)
fb = 9,448 MPa

Allowable bending stress, Fb = 0.75(248) = 186 MPa

Plate thickness, t =

3 ( 9.448 ) (98.5)2
186

Plate thickness, t = 38.45 mm

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
W21 x 62 steel is used as a beam simply supported over a span of 8m. The beam is laterally
unsupported over the entire span. Use Fy = 250MPa
The properties of the section are as follows:
Depth, H = 533 mm
Flange width, bf = 210 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 15.6 mm

Web thickness, tw = 10.2 mm

Radius of gyration, rT = 53.34 mm
Section modulus, Sx = 2,077 x 103 mm3
a) Determine the value of the ratio L/rT.
b) Determine the allowable bending stress.
c) Determine the safe uniformly distributed load that the beam can carry.

SOLUTION:
L = 8m = 8000mm
rT = 53.34 mm
L/rT =

8000
53.34

= 149.98 part a

Cb = 1 (for simply supported and no end moment)

703,270 C b
Fy
3,516,330 Cb
Fy

Since

L
rT

>

703,270(1)
250

3,516,330(1)
250

3,516,330 Cb
Fy

Fb1 =

L
rT

1,172,100 C b

Fb1 =

149.98

1,172,100(1)

Fb2 =

Ld
Af

82,740C b

= 53.04

= 52.11 MPa

= 118.59

Fb2 =

82,740(1)
8,000(533)
(
)
210(15.6)

= 63.57 MPa

0.6Fy = 150 MPa

Therefore, Fb = 63.57 MPa part b

Uniform load:
Moment capacity:
Fb =

Mc
Ix

M
Sx

M = FbSx= 63.57(2,077x103)
M = 132, 034, 890 N-mm
M = 132.034kN-m

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3:
A 750 x 173 beam is supported by a masonry wall with an allowable bearing stress of concrete Fp
= 5.18 MPa. The beam reaction is 466KN and the length of bearing N is limited to 150 mm. Use
A 36 steel Fy = 250 MPa.
Properties of W750 x 173
d = 762.25 mm
bf = 266.57 mm
tf =21.59 mm
tw = 14.35 mm
K = 41.28 mm
a) Determine the width of bearing plate due to bearing strength of concrete wall.
b) Determine the length of bearing plate due to web yielding
c) Determine the size of the bearing plate to support the beam.
SOLUTION:
a) Width of bearing plate due to bearing strength of concrete wall.
R
fp = NB
5.18 =

466000
150 B

B = 600mm
b) Length of bearing plate due to web yielding.
Ry
0.66Fy = ( N +2.5 K )t w
0.66(250) =

466000
( N + 2.5 ( 41.28 ) ) 14.35

N+103.20 = 196.81
N = 93.61 mm

ECCENTRICALLY
LOADED
COLUMNS USING
SECANT
FORMULA

1) Critical column stress:

ec
P
1+ 2 sec
min
= A [
]
r
2)

L
2r

P
EA

3)

ec
2
r

4)

P=total axial load

5) r =

= eccentricity ratio

I
A

(radius of gyration)

6) L = unsupported length of column

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
A long steel column with yield strength of 250 MPa has pinned ends. The column is 7.5m long
and has a cross sectional area of 16500 mm2 and a centroidal moment of inertia of 146 x 106 mm4
and a distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber of 180 mm. It carries an axial concentric
load of 660kN located 80mm from the longitudinal axis. Assume E =200,000 MPa. Using the
secant formula.
min

ec
P
1+ 2 sec
[
]
A
r

Where:
=

L
2r

P
EA

a) Determine the value of eccentricity ratio.

b) Determine the critical column stress.
c) Determine the stress factor of safety of the column.

SOLUTION:
a) Value of eccentricity ratio

M = 660 (80)
P = 600 + 440
P = 1100 kN
M = Pe
660(80) = 1100e
e = 48 mm
Eccentricity ratio =

ec
r2

48(180)
( 94.07)2

Eccentricity ratio =

Eccentricity ratio = 0.976

b) Critical column stress

ec
P
1+ 2 sec
min
= A [
]
r

L
2r

79.73
2

P
EA

1100 x 103
200,000(16500)

=0.728r adians

0.728(180)

=41.70

ec
P
1+ 2 sec
[
]
A
r

1100000
1+0.976 sec 41.70 ]
16500 [

= 153.8 < 250MPa ok

c) Stress factor of safety of the column.

250
F.S. = 153.8
F.S. = 1.63

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
The A-36 steel W 6 x 20 column in the figure shown is pin connected at its ends and is
subjected to the axial load P. The column is laterally supported about its weak axis.
Determine the maximum value P.
The properties of W x 6 x 20:
A = 3, 790 mm2
Ix = 17, 231, 980 mm4
rx = 67.4 mm
ry = 38 mm
d = 157 mm
SOLUTION:
KL x
SRx = r x
SRx =

1( 4,500)
67.4

SRy =

KL y
ry

SRy =

1( 2250)
38

= 66.77

= 59.21

Maximum slenderness ratio =

Cc =

22E
Fy

Cc =

2 2 (200,000)
248

KL x
rx

= 66.77

; Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200,000 MPa

Cc = 126.2 > kL/r

(
Fa = (1-

FS =

5
3

KL 2
)
Fy
r
) FS
2 C2c
KL
)
r
8C c

3(
+

(
-

KL
)3
r
8C 3c

= 1.847

Fa = 115.48MPa
[P=FaA]
P = 115.48(3,790)
P = 437, 669N
P = 437.669kN

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3:
A W14 x 550 is used as a column to carry an axial load of 3600kN. Design a square base plate
support the column. The base plate rests on full area of a square concrete compression block with
fc = 21 MPa. Use A36 steel base plate.

SOLUTION:
Relevant properties:
bf = 514 mm
d = 437 mm
Column load, P = 300kN
Allowable bearing stress on concrete:
Fp = 0.35fc = 0.35(21)
Fp = 7.35 MPa
Allowable bending stress on steel:
Fb = 0.75Fy = 0.75(248)
Fb = 18 MPa

Area of base plate, A =

P
Fp

3,600,000
7.35

Area of base plate, A = 489, 796mm2

N2 = A = 489, 796
N = 700 mm
m = (700-415.15)/2 = 142.425 mm
n = (700-411.2)/2 = 144.4mm = x
Actual bearing pressure, fp =

3,600,000
7002

Plate thickness, t =

3 f p x2
Fb

Plate thickness, t =

3 ( 7.347 ) (144.4)2
186

= 7.347 MPa

Plate thickness, t = 49.71 mm say 50mm

Therefore, use 700mm x 700mm x 50mm thick base plate.

AXIAL AND
BENDING
STRESSES

When a member is acted upon these loads, the stresses produced axial stress and bending stress.
Additional stresses resulting from a secondary moment must be taken into account, especially
when the member is subjected to a large axial compressive force.
Small axial compression (fa/Fa 0.15)
fa
Fa

fbx
Fbx

fby
Fby

1.0

Large axial compression (fa/Fa >0.15)

Stability interaction criterion:

C max fbx
fa
fa
Fa + (1
) Fbx
Fax

C y fby
fa
(1
)Fby
Fay

1.0

Strength interaction criterion:

fa
0.60 Fy

Fc =

fbx
Fbx

fby
Fby

1.0

12 2 E
KLb 2
23 (
)
rb

Axial tension and bending

fa
Ft

fbx
Fbx

fby
Fby

1.0

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
The A-36 steel W6 x 20 column is pin connected at the top and fixed at the bottom (K = 0.7) and
is subjected to the eccentric load P. The beam is laterally supported about its weak axis.
The properties of W 6 x 20 relevant to this problem are:
A = 3,790 mm2
Ix = 17,231,980 mm4

d = 157 mm
Determine the maximum value of P. The allowable bending stress of the section is Fb = 152MPa.

SOLUTION:
rx =

I
17,231,980
=
A
3,790

rx = 67.43 mm
Slenderness ratio, SR = KL/rx =

0.7(4500)
67.43

SR = 46.7
Solve for Fa:
Cc =

22E
Fy

Fy = 248 MPa
E = 200, 000MPa
Cc =

2 2 (200000)
248

(
Fa = (1-

FS =

FS =

5
3

5
3

= 126.2 >KL/r

KL 2
)
Fy
r
) FS
2
2 Cc
KL
)
r
8 Cc

3(
+

3( 46.7)
8(126.2)

(46.7)2
248
Fa = (1- 2( 126.2)2 ) 1.8

KL 3
)
r
8 C 3c
126.2

8
(46.7)3

= 128.3 MPa

fa = Mc/I
M = Pe +750P
157
)
2
17,231,980

( 750 P ) (
fb =

= 1.8

= 0.0034166P

Assuming fa/Fa 0.15,

fa
Fa

fb
Fb

0.0002638 P
128.3

1.0

0.0034166
152

= 1.0

P = 40, 760N
fa = 0.0002638(40760) = 10.75 MPa
fa/Fa = 10.75/128.3 = 0.084 < 0.15 OK
Therefore; P = 40,760N

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
Steel column 3.6m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry an axial load of 1000kN. The
column is subjected to end moments (reverse curvature) with M1 = 90%M2. Fy = 248MPa, E =
200GPa. The allowable axial stress Fa = 115 MPa and the allowable bending stress Fb = 149
MPa.
The properties of the section are:
A = 0.013m2
Sx = 0.00012 m3
rb = 94mm
a) Determine the computed (actual) axial stress of the column.
b) Determine the computed (actual) bending stress of the column.
c) Determine the moment capacity of the column.

SOLUTION:
Part a:
fa =

P
A

1000 kN
0.013m2

fa = 7,923 kPa
fa = 76.923 MPa
Part b:
fa/Fa = 76.923/115
fa/Fa = 0.669 > 0.15 (large axial compression)
Cm = 0.6 0.4(M1/M2)
Cm = 0.6 0.4(0.9M2/M2) = 0.24 < 0.4 (use Cm = 0.4)

Fe =

12 2 E
2
Klb
23 (
)
rb

Fe =

12 (200000)
1(3600) 2
23(
)
94

= 702.16

C max fbx
fa
fa
Fa + (1
) Fbx
Fax

0.4 fbx
76.923
76.923
) 149
115 + (1
702.16

fb = 109.82MPa
Also:
fb = M/Sx
fb = M/(0.00012)(1000)3 = 71.97
M= 8636400N-mm or 8.6364kN-m
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3:
A column is subjected to axial load P = 40kN and a bending moment of 60kN-m on strong axis.
The column is 9m long and laterally supported about its weak axis at mid height. The steel is
A36 steel with Fy = 248MPa. Effective length factor K = 1.0. The section used is a compact
section. The allowable bending stress on strong axis is 114MPa and the allowable bending stress
on weak axis is 82MPa.
The properties of the section are:
A = 5580 mm2
d/tw = 58.33
bf/2tf = 9
rx = 147.9 mm
d = 350 mm
ry = 41.7 mm
Sy = 697x103mm3
rt = 47.8 mm
Bf = 180mm
tf = 10mm
a) Determine the computed axial stress
b) Determine the computed bending stress
c) Determine the value of the interaction equation

SOLUTION:
Part a:
Computed axial stress, fa =

P
A

Computed axial stress, fa = 7.17MPa

40,000
5,580

Part b:
M
Sx

Computed bending stress, fb =

60 x 106
697 x 103

Computed bending stress, fb = 86.08MPa

Part c:
Allowable axial stress, Fax:
Cc =

22E
Fy

2 2 (200000)
248

= 126.17

KLx/rx = 1(9000)/147.9 = 60.85

Since KL/r < Cc

FS =

5
3

KL
3(
)
r
8 Cc

KL
(
)
r
8 C 3c

= 1.83

(
Fa = (1-

KL
)
r
2 C2c

Fy
) FS

= 119.76MPa

fa /Fa = 7.17/119.76
fa/Fa = 0.0<0.15 (small axial compression)
fa
Fa

fbx
Fbx

Note: the term

+
fby
Fby

fby
Fby

1.0

is zero since bending is on x axis only.

Fbx = 114MPa
Value of interaction equation:
fa
Fa

fbx
Fbx

7.17
119.76

fa
Fa

fbx
Fbx

= 0.815

86.08
114