(Bolted or Riveted Tension Members)

BOLTED OR RIVETED CONNECTION

Capacity of Bolted or Riveted Connections
1. Bearing Capacity of Bolted Connections
T = Ap Fp
Ap = bearing area
Ap = D T N
D = diameter of bolts
T = thickness of plates
N = member of bolts
Fp = allowable bearing stress of bolts
Fp = 1.2 Fu for standard or short slotted holes with two or more bolts in line of force.
Fp = 1.0 Fu for long slotted holes with two or more bolts in line of force
Fu = minimum tensile strength of beam
2. Shearing Capacity of Bolted Connections
T = Av Fv
Av =

(D)2(N)

D = diameter of bolts
N = number of bolts
Fv = allowable shearing stress on bolts

Problem no. 1
From the bolted connection shown, the diameter of bolts is 18 mm with the hole diameter
equal to 3 mm bigger than the bolt diameter, the angular section is 100 x 75 x 8 mm, with an area
of 1340 mm2. Thickness of the gusset plate is 9 mm. the gusset plate and the angle are A36 steel
with Fy = 250 MPa. Fu =400 MPa.

a) Determine the tensile capacity of the connection based on gross area.

b) Determine the tensile capacity of the connection based on effective net area using a reduction
factor of 0.85.
c) Determine the tensile capacity of the connection based on block shear strength.

Solution:
a) Tensile capacity of the connection based on gross area.
T = 0.6 Fy Ag
T = 0.6(250)(1340)
T = 201000 N
T = 201 kN
b) Tensile capacity based on effective net area:
T =0.5 Fu Ae
Ae = 0.85 An
Diameter of hole = 18 + 3 = 21
An = (100 -21)(8)
An = 632 mm2
Ae = 0.85(632)
Ae = 537.20 mm2
T = 0.5 Fu Ae
T = 0.5(400)(537.20)
T = 107440 N
T = 107.44 kN

c) Tensile capacity of the connection based on block shear strength.

Av = [ 256.253 ( 21 )10.5 ] (8)
Av = 182.75(8)
Av = 1462 mm2
At = 8(37.5 10.5)
At = 216 mm2
T = 0.3 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At
T = 0.3(400)(1462) + 0.50(400)(216)
T = 218640 N
T = 218.64 kN

Problem no. 2
A W 310 x 45 is used as a tension member in a truss. The flanges of the member are connected to
a 9.5 mm gusset plates as shown. All structural steel is A 36(Fy = 250 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa). A 12
19 mm high strength bolts is connected to each flange. Assume standard holes to be 3 mm
greater than bolt diameter and a slip critical condition.
Properties of W 310 x 45
d= 313 mm
bf= 166mm

A= 5691 mm2
tf = 11.2 mm
tw = 6.6 mm

a) Determine the capacity of the member due to tensile capacity of the wide flange. Use 0.85
reduction factor.
b) Determine the capacity of the member due to block shear strength of the wide flange.
c) Determine the capacity of the member due to block shear strength of the gusset plate.

Solution:
a) Capacity of the member due to tensile capacity of the wide flange. Use 0.85 reduction factor.
Tensile capacity due to gross area:
T = 0.60 Fy Ag
T = 0.60(250)(5690)
T = 853500 N
Tensile capacity due to net area:
T +0.50 Fu Ae
Ae = 0.85 An
An = Ag Aholes
Dia. Of hole = 19 +3
Dia. Of hole = 22 mm
An = 5690 -4(22)(11.2)
An = 4704.40 mm2
Ae = 0.85(4704.40)
Ae = 3998.74 mm2
T = 0.50 Fu Ae
T = 0.50(400)(3998.74)
T = 799748 N
Use T = 799.75 kN (capacity of member)
b) Capacity of member due to block shear strength of the wide flange.
Shear area:
A = [ 406.255 (22 )11 ] 11.2 ( 4 )
v

Av = 12779.20 mm2
Tensile area:
At = (33 11)(11.2)(4)
At = 985.60 mm2
T = 0.30 Fu At
T = 0.30(400)(12779.2) + (0.50)(400)(985.60)
T = 1730624 N (capacity of member)
T = 1730.62 kN
c) Capacity of the member due to block shears strength of the gusset plate.
Shear area:
Av = [ 406.25( 22 )11 ] (9.50)(4)
Av = 10839.50 mm2
T =0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At
T = 0.30(400)(10839.50) + (0.50)(400)(1482)
T = 1597140 N
T = 1597. 14 kN (capacity of member)

Problem no. 3

A tension member in a truss is to be composed of a W 200 x 36 and is connected with two lines
of 22 mm in each flange as shown. There are three bolts per line, 75 mm pitch, 37.5 mm edge
distance and A 36 steel Fy = 250 MPa. Fu = 400MPa. Assume that the gusset plates and the bolt
capacities are satisfactory. Diameter of hole is 3 mm greater than bolt diameter

.
Properties of W 200 x 36
Ag = 4580 mm2
d= 201mm
bf = 165 mm
tf = 10.2 mm
a) Determine the tensile load capacity based on gross area.
b) Determine the tensile load capacity based on effective net area with a reduction factor of
0.90.
c) Determine the tensile load capacity based on block shear.
Solution
a) Tensile load capacity based on gross area.
T = 0.60 Fy Ag
T =0.60(250)(4580)
T = 687000 N
T = 687 kN

b) Tensile load capacity based on effective net area with a reduction factor of 0.90
T = 0.5 Fu Ae
An = Ag Dia. Of 4 holes x thickness of flange
An = 4580 (25)(10.2)(4)

An =3560 mm2
Ae = U An
Ae = 0.90 (3560)
Ae = 640800 N
Ae = 640.8 kN
c) Tensile load capacity based on block shear.
Shear Av: (there are four blocks)
Av =

[ 187.52 ( 25 )12.5 ]

(12.5)(10.2)

Av = 5100 mm2
Tension area At: (there are four blocks)
At =25(10.2)(4)
At = 1020 mm2
T = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At
T = 0.30(400)(5100) + 0.50(400)(1020)
T = 81600 N
T = 816 kN

(STAGGERED RIVETED
CONNECTION )

STAGGERED OR RIVETED CONNECTION

Section 502.3.2 NSCP specifies that for a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal
or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the
sum of the diameters or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain, and adding for each gage space
in the chain quantity.

S
4g

( Cochranes formula )

Where:
S = longitudinal center to center spacing of any consecutive holes.
G = transverse center to center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines.

Net width = h 2dh +

Net area =

hd h +

S
4g

S2
4g

Where:
dh = diameter of hole
dh = diameter of rivets or bolts + 3 mm

Problem no. 1

A staggered riveted
arranged as shown.
mm. Diameter of hole is
bigger than that of the rivet.
Fy = 248 MPa

connection has rivets

Diameter of rivets is 28
assumed to be 2 mm

a) Which of the following gives the distance b so that the net area in chain 1-2-3-4 is
equal to the net area of the chain 1-2-4?
b) Using the computed value of b, solve for the net width.
c) Which of the following gives the maximum tensile force P that the riveted connection
could carry if the allowable tensile stress is 0.6 Fy.
Solution:
a) Distance b :
Considering chain 1-2-3-4:
45

Net width = 350 - 4(28) + 2 +

Net area =

b
+
4( 90)

b2
360

Net width = 253.63 +

253.63+

60

b2
360

(10)

Considering chain 1-2-4:

2

(45)
4(90)

Net width = 350 3(28) +

(60b)
4 (180)

(60b)
720

Net width = 271.63 +

Net area =

253.63+

b2
360

10 =

(60b)
720

(10)

271.63+

b
360

(60b)
271.63+
720

= 18

(60b)2
720

10

2b2 (3600 120b + b2) = 12960

b

+ 120b 16560 = 0

120 b+283.97
b=
2
b = 81.99 mm say 82 mm
b) Net width :
2

Net width = 253.63 +

(82)
360

Net width : 272.31 mm

c) Maximum tensile force :
P = Anet (0.6 Fy)
P = 272.31(10)(0.6)(248)
P =405197 N
P = 405.20 kN

Problem no. 2
From the figure, an angular section 100 mm x 75 mm x 6.25 mm is riveted by a 19 mm rivets
arranged as indicated. Assume A36 steel Fy = 248 MPa. Fu = 400 MPa. Diameter of hole is 3 mm
greater than rivet diameter.

a) Determine the capacity of the section based on yielding of gross area.

b) Determine the capacity of the section based on tensile fracture of the net area.
c) Determine the capacity of the section based on block shear failure.

Solution:
a) Capacity of the section based on yielding of gross area.

T = Ag 0.60 Fy
T = 168.75(6.25)(0.60)(248)
T = 156937.5 N
T = 156.94 kN

b) Capacity of the section based on tensile fracture of the net area.

Diameter of hole = 19 + 3
Diameter of hole = 22 mm
Considering section ABC:
Net width = 168.75 22
Net width = 146.75 mm
Considering section DEBC:
Net width =168.75 2(22) +
Net width = 124.75 +

S2
4g

(37.5)2
4(100)

Net width =128.27 mm < 146.75 mm (use)

Net area An = 128.27(6.25)
An = 801.69 mm2

Capacity based on tensile fracture or net area:

T = An 0.50 Fu
T = 801.69(0.5)(400)
T = 160338 N
T = 160.34 kN
c) Capacity of the section based on block shear failure.
Considering lines (FE + BG) as shear area and EB as tension area:

Shear area: (line FE and BG)

Av = [ 1502211 +187.50222211 ] 6.25
Av = 1559.375 mm2
Tension area: (line EB)
2
(37.5)
At = 10022+ 4 (100)

6.25

At = 509.47 mm2
Capacity based on block shear:
T =Av 0.30 Fu
T =1559.375(0.3)(400) + 509.47(0.5)(400)
T =289019 N
Considering FE as shear area and EBC as tension area.
Av = (150 22 11)(6.25)
Av = 731. 25 mm2

At =

10022+

(37.5)2
4 (100)

6.25 + (37.5 11)(6.25)

At = 675.10 mm2
Capacity based on shear block:
T = Av 0.30 Fu + At (0.5) Fu
T = 731.25 (0.3) (400) + 675.10 (0.5) (400)
T = 222770 N
Use T = 222.77 kN

(TENSION MEMBERS)

TENSION MEMBERS
Failure in Tension Members

Based on Net Area:

the member may rupture on the net area.
Effective net area: Ae = An
An = (h 2dh) t
dh = diameter of hole
dh = diameter of rivets or bolts plus 3 mm
allowable tensile stress:
Ft = 0.50 Fu
Fu = the specified minimum tensile strength of steel.
Tensile capacity based on net area:
P =0.50 FuAn
An = (h 2dh) t

Based on Gross Area:

Allowable tensile stress :
Ft = 0.60 Fy
Fy = yield stress of steel
Tensile capacity based on gross area:
P =0.60 Fy Ag
Ag =gross area of member
Ag = hT

Based on block shear strength:

Tensile capacity based on block shear strength
P = Av Fv + At Ft
Av = net shear area
Fv =0.30 Fu (Allowable shear stress)
At = net tension area
Ft = 0.50 Fu (allowable tensile stress)
Tensile capacity based on block shear strength:
P=Av 0.30 Fu + At 0.50

Problem no. 1
A web member BC in alight truss is made up of two angles 75 x 50 x 6.5. the tensile load will
be 206 kN and the length of the member BC is 4 m. Fasteners has a diameter of 19 mm A
325 bolts with a bearing capacity of 116 kN on two 6.5 mm thickness of angle and a critical
shear capacity of 60 kN. Spacing of fasteners is 50 mm with a minimum edge distance of
31.75 mm. the fasteners will connect the double angle member to a 9.5 mm gusset plate.
Assume the strength of the gusset plate will not control. Use A 36 steel with Fy = 250 MPa.,
Fu = 400 MPa. Diameter of hole is 3 mm greater than bolt diameter.

Prop. Of 2 75 x 50 x 6.5 mm angle

Ag = 1535 mm2
a) Determine the number of bolts required by the member BC
b) Determine the minimum required gross area based on the required effective net area Ae. Use
reduction coefficient of 0.85,
c) Determine the adequate block shear capacity.

Solution:
a) Number of bolts required by the member BC.
Due to bearing capacity of bolts.
206
N = 116
N = 1.78 say 2 bolts
Due to shear capacity bolts.
N=

206
60

N = 3. 43 say 4 bolts
Use N = 4 bolts

b) Minimum required gross area based on the required effective net area Ae. Use reduction
coefficient of 0.85
P =0.5 Fu Ae
P = 0.5 Fu (0.85) An
206000 = 0.50(400)(.85) An
An = 1211.76 mm2
An = Ag - Aholes
1211.76 = Ag (22)(6.5)(2)
Ag = 1497.76 mm2
c) Adequate block shear capacity.
Dh = 19 +3 = 22 mm
Shear Area:
Av =

[ 181.7522 ( 3 )11 ]

(6.5)(2)

Av = 1361.75 mm2 (for 2 angles)

Tension Area:
At = (31.75 11)(6.5)(2)
At = 269.75 mm2 (for 2 angles)
P = Av 0.30 Fu + At 0.50 Fu
P = 1361.75 (0.3)(400) + 269.75(0.5)(400)
P = 217360 N

P = 217.36 kN

Problem no. 2
For the truss shown, member DE is composed of two angular sections 100 mm x 75 mm x
6.25 mm. all joints are all assumed to be pinned connected with one gage line of 19mm
diameter high-strength bolts. At each end of DE assume four bolts on the gage line , edge
distance of 31.25 mm and a 62.50 mm pitch.

Use A36 steels:

Fy = 248 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
Area of 2 angles = 2180 mm2
Rx = 32 mm
a) Compute the capacity of DE based on effective net area. Assume a reduction factor of 0.85.
b) Compute the capacity of DE based on block shear strength.
c) Determine the ratio of the actual force of member DE to the capacity of member DE.

Solution:
a) Capacity based on effective net area.
T = 0.50 Fu Ae
Dia of hole = 19 +3
Dia of hole = 22mm
An = 2180 22(6.25)(2)
An = 1905 mm2
Ae = U An
Ae = 0.85(1905)
Ae =1619.25 mm2
T = 0.50 FuAe
T = 0.50(400)(1619.25)
T = 323850 N
b) Capacity of DE based on block shear strength.
Shear Area :
Av = (218.75 22 22 22 -11)(6.25)(2)
Av = 1771.875 mm2
Tension Area :
At =(37.5 11)(6.25)(2)
At = 331.25 mm2
T = Av(0.30Fu) + (0.50Fu)
T = 1771.875(.3)(400) + 331.25(0.5)(400)
T = 278875 N
T = 278.88 kN
c) Ratio of the actual force of member DE to the capacity of member DE.

MA

=0

R1(4)(4.6) + 136(3.6) = 68(2)(4.6) + 136(4.6) + 136(2)(4.6) + 136(3)(4.6)

R1 = 211.39 kN

tan =

3.6
4.6

= 38.05

FE Sin 38.05 = 211.39

FE = 342.97 kN
DE = 342.97 Cos 38.05
DE = 270.08 kN < 278 .88 kN (safe)
Check:
L
r

ratio

L
r

= 143. 75 mm <300 mm ok

Capacity based on gross area:

T = 0.60Fy Ag
T = 0.60(248)(2180)
T = 324384 N
T = 324.38 kN (safe)
Safe capacity on member DE = 278.88 kN
270.08
Ratio = 278.88
Ratio = 0.968

Problem no. 3
Two plates each with thickness t = 16 mm are bolted together with 6 22 mm forming a lap
connection. Bolt spacing are as follows: S1 = 40 mm, S2 =80mm, S3 = 100mm. bolt Hole
diameter is 25 mm.
Allowable stress:
Tensile stress on gross area of the plate
Ft = 0.60 Fy

Tensile stress on net area of the plate

Ft = 0.50 Fu
Shear stress of the bolt: Fv = 120MPa
Bearing stress of the bolt: Fp = 1.2 Fu
Calculate the permissible tensile load P under the following conditions.
a) Based on shear capacity of the bolt
b) Based on bearing capacity of the bolt
c) Based on block shear strength

Solution:
a) Based on shear capacity of the bolts.
P=

2
4 (22) (6)(120)

P = 273696 N
P = 273. 70 kN
b) Based on bearing capacity of the bolts
P =Ab Fb
P =16(22)(6)(1.2)(400)
P = 1013760 N
P = 1013.76 kN
c) Based on block shear strength.
Av = (200 25 25 -12.5 )(16)(2)
Av =4400mm2
At = (100 12.5 12.5)(16)
At = 1200 mm2
P = 0.30 Fv Av + 0.50 FuAt
P = 0.30(400)(4400) + 0.50(400)(1200)
P = 768000 N
P = 768 kN
Second possible failure in block shear:
Av = (200 25 25 12.5)(16)
Av = 2200 mm 2
At = (140 12.5 25)(16)
At = 1640 mm2
P = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fy At
P = 592000 N
P = 592 kN

(LOADING OF BEAMS)

Problem no. 1
The floor framing plan of an industrial building is shown. The tank legs impose loads of 180
kN at the location shown. The floor is 150 mm reinforced concrete slab and the design live load
is to be 9.7 kPa. Assume an additional load of 0.48 kPa to account for the weight of the beam.
Concrete weighs 2400 kg/ m3.

a) Determine the design moment for the beam B -7

b) Determine the design moment for the beam B 1
c) Determine the design moment for the beam B 3
Solution:
a) Design moment for the beam B 7
Live load = 9.6 kPa
Dead load:
Slab =

.15 (2400)( 9.81)

1000

Slab = 3.53 kPa

Wt. of beam =0.48 kPa
Dead load = 3.53 + 0.48
Dead load = 4.01 kPa
Total load = DL + LL
Total load = 4.01 +9.6
Total load = 13.61 kN/ m2
Considering beam B 2

W = 13.61(1.5)
W = 20.42 kN/m

2R = 20.42(4.5)
R= 45.95 kN
Considering beam B 7

M = 45.95(1.5)
M = 68.93 kN.m
b) Design moment for the bean B 1

 MR 2

=0

4.5
9R1 = 180(6) + 45.95(4.5) +10.21(4.5)( 2 )
R1 = 154. 46 kN
R1 + R2 = 180 + 45.95 + 10.21(4.5)
R2 = 117. 44 kN
Design moment:
Max. M =154.46(3)
Max. M = 463.38 kN.m

c) Design moment for the beam B 3

MR 2

=0

9R1 = 10.21(4.5)(6.75) + 225.95(4.5) +20.42(4.5)(

R1 = 170. 41 kN
R1 + R2 = 225.95 + 20.42(4.5) + 10.21(4.5)
R2 = 193.38 kN
Design moment:
170.41+124 .47
M=
(4.5)
2
M = 663.48 kN.m

4.5
2 )

Problem no. 2
A reinforced concrete beam having width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 600 mm has a
spacing of 2.5 m. on centers support a slab 100 mm in thickness. The super imposed dead load =
3 kPa (includes floor finish, ceiling, fixtures, etc.) Live load = 4.8 kPa. Columns E and H are
omitted such as the girder BEHK support beams, DEF at E and GHI at H.

a) Compute the ultimate load (kN) at E induced by the beam DEF.

b) Compute the ultimate load (kN) at H induced by the beam GHI
Solution:
a) Ultimate load (kN) at E induced by the beam DEF.
Live load:
LL = 4.8(2.5)
LL = 12 kN/m
Dead load:

Slab = 2.4(9.81)(0.1)(2.5) = 5.886 kN/m

Beam = 0.3(0.5)(2.4)(9.81) = 3.532 kN/m
Super imposed = 3(2.5)
= 7.500 kN/m
DL

= 16.918 kN/m

Ultimate load at E = ( 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL )( 6 )

Ultimate load at E = 1.4(16.918) + 1.7(12)
Ultimate load at E = 264.51 kN
b) Ultimate load at H:
Ultimate load at H = (1.4DL + 1.7LL)(6)

Ultimate load at H =

[ 1.4 ( 16.918 ) +1.7(12) ]

Ultimate load at H = 264.51 kN

Problem no. 3
A bolted connection shown consist of an angular section 150 mm x 100 mm x 8 mm. the angle is
made up of A 36 steel and bolts are 18 mm in diameter. Cross sectional of the angular area of the
angular section is 1894 mm2. Fu = 400 MPa, Fy = 250 MPa.
a) Compute the effective net area of the section.
b) Compute the allowable tensile strength of the angle.
c) Compute the allowable block shear strength.

Solution:
a) Effective net area :
Diameter of hole = 18 + 3
Diameter of hole = 21 mm

An = 1894 21(2)(8) +

(50)2
4 (62.5)

(8)

An = 1638 mm2
NSCP specs for reduction coefficient U.
W, M or S-shapes and all other shapes, including built up sections with bolted or riveted
connections with no fewer than three fasteners per line in the direction of stress, the reduction
coefficient.
U = 0.85
Ae = 0.85 An
Ae = 0.85 (1638)
Ae = 1392.3 mm2

b) Allowable tensile strength of angular section:

T = 0.60fyAg

T = 0.60(250)(1894)
T = 284100 N
T = 0.50 FuAe
T = 0.50(400)(1392.3)
T = 278460 N
Allowable tensile strength = 278.46 kN

c) Allowable block shear strength:

Along the shear plane.
Av = net shear area
Av = (300 21 21 10.5)(8)
Av = 1980 mm2
Along the tension plane.
At = net tension area
At =

902 ( 21 ) +

(50)2
4(60)

(8)

At = 467. 33 mm2+
T = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At
T = 0.30(400)(1980) + 0.50(400)(467.33)
T = 331066 N
T = 332.066 kN

(MOMENT REDUCTION DUE TO

PRESENCE OF HOLE IN BOTH
FLANGES)

MOMENT REDUCTION DUE TO PRESENCE OF HOLE IN BOTH FLANGES

Holes in beams generally will reduce its capacity. When the holes are located in the beam web, it
reduces its shear capacity, while holes in beam flanges, and reduces its moment capacity. The
cross sectional property that governs the moment capacity is the moment of inertia. The web of a
wide flange beam contributes very small to the moment of inertia and the effect of web holes on
moment capacity may be neglected. The effect of flange holes will reduce the moment of inertia.
Afn = net flange area
Afg = gross flange area
Afn = Afg area of holes
Area of holes = Dn tf
Dh = diameter of bolt hole
Dh = D + 3 mm
D = diameter of bolt

NSCP specifies:

Reduction of hole is neglected when 0.5 Fu Afn > Afg

Reduction for hole must be considered when 0.5 Fu Afn > Afg

Effective tension flange system:

Afe =

5 Fu A
6 FY

fn

Afh = Afg area of holes

Allowable bending stress:
Fb = 0.66 Fy
Problem no. 1

A W 460 x 106 is used as a beam. It has two holes punched in each flange for 25 mm bolts.
Assume A 36 steel. Fy = 248MPa, Fu = 400 MPa, Fb = 0,66 Fy. diameter of hole = 3 mm greater
than bolt diameter.
Properties of W 460 x 106
w = 1.04 kN/m
d = 469 mm

Sx = 2080 x 103 mm3

Ix = 488 x 106 mm4

bf = 20.6 mm
tw = 12.6mm

a) Determine the effective tension flange area as specified by NSCP.

b) Determine the reduced resisting moment of the beam due to presence of the holes.
c) Determine the percent reduction in the resisting moment.
Solution:
a) Effective tension flange area as specified by NSCP.
Afg = gross flange area
Afg = 194(20.6)
Afg = 3996.40 mm2
Afn = net flange area
Diameter of hole = 25 + 3
Diameter of hole = 28 mm
Afn = Afg - Ahole
Afn = 3996 .40 28(20.6)(2)
Afn = 2842. 80 mm2

When:
If 0.5 Fu Afn > 0.60 Fy Afg
No reduction shall be made for shop or field bolt or rivet holes in either flange.

When:
If 0.5 Fu Afn < 0.60 Fy Afg

Afe =

5 Fu
6 Fy

Afn (effective tension flange area)

0.5(400)(2842.80) > 0.60(248)(3996.40)

568560 > 594664
5 (400)(2842.80)
Afe =
6(248)
Afe = 3820.97 mm2

(effective tension flange area)

b) Reduced resisting moment of the beam due to the presence of the holes.
Decrease in area per flange.
A = 3996.40 3820.97
A = 175.43 mm2
Net Ix = Ix A d2
Net Ix = 488 x 106 175.43(224.20)2(2)
Net Ix = 470.4 x 106+
Net Sx =

470.4 x 106
234.5

Net Sx = 2005.97 x 106+

Reduced resisting moment:
Mr = Fb Net Sx
Mr = 0.66(248)(2005.97)103
Mr = 328.34 kN.m
Percent reduction in the resisting moment.
M1 = Fb Sx
M1 = 0.66 FySx
M1 = 0.66(248)(2080) 103
M1 = 340. 45 kN/m
Percent reduction =

(340.45328.34)
340.45

(100)

Percent reduction = 3.56 %

Problem no. 2

A W 410 x 46 beam section consisting of A 36 steel Fy = 250 MPa, Fu =400 MPa has 2 holes
from 22 mm diameter bolts in its tension flange. Fb =0.66 Fy assume diameter of hole is 3mm
greater than bolt diameter.
Properties of W 410 x 46
w = 46.2 kg/m

Sx = 2080 x 103 mm3

d = 403 mm

Ix = 488 x 106 mm4

bf = 140 mm

A = 5890 mm2

tw = 7,0mm

tf =11.2 mm

a) Determine the effective tension flange area.

b) Determine the amount of moment of inertia to be released due the effect of holes.
c) Determine the safe concentrated load that it could support at the midspan besides its own
weight if it has a simple span of 6 m.

Solution:
a) Effective tension flange are.
Afg = bf tf (gross area of one flange)
Afg = 10(11.2)
Afg = 1568 mm2
Afn = 1568(22 + 3)(2)(11.2)
Afn = 1008 mm2 (net area of one flange)

When:
If 0.5 Fu Afn > 0.60 Fy Afg
No reduction shall be made for shop or field bolt or rivet holes in either flange.

When:
If 0.5 Fu Afn < 0.60 Fy Afg
Afe =

5 Fu
6 Fy

Afn (effective tension flange area)

0.5(400)(1008) > 0.60(250)(1568)

Reduction of hole must be consider since 201600 > 235200
Effective flange area:

Afe =
b)

5 (400)(1008)
6(250)

Afe = 1344 mm2

Amount of moment of inertia to be reduced due to the effect of holes.
Reduction in flange area = 1568 1344
Reduction of flange area = 224 mm2
Reduction of moment of inertia.
Ix =2Ad2
Ix =2(224)(195.90)2
Ix = 17.2 x 106 mm2

c) safe concentrated load that it could support at the midspan besides its own weight if it has a
simple span of 6 m.
net moment of inertia:
Inet = 156 x 106 17.2 x 106
Inet =138.8 x 106 mm4
Section modulus needed:
S=

I net
c

S=

138.8 x 10
201.5

S = 688.83 x 103
Resisting moment capacity of the beam:
M = Fb S
M =0.66(250)(688.83)(10)3
M = 113.7 kN.m

Uniform weight of the beam:

W =46.2(9.81)
W = 453.22 N/m

WL 2
M= 8

PL
4

0.45322( 6)
M=
8

P(6)
4

M = 74.44 kN

Problem no. 3
A W 460 x 74 shape is used to carry the given loads as shown in the figure. Assume the beam
be fully laterally supported and that there will be two holes in each flange for 22 mm diameter
bolts located 2.7 m. from the left support. Use A 36 steel (Fy = 250 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa).
Properties of W 410 x 46
w = 46.2 kg/m

Sx = 1460 x 103 mm3

d = 457 mm

Ix = 333 x 106 mm4

bf = 190 mm

A = 9450 mm2

tw = 9mm

tf =14.5 mm

a) Determine the maximum moment of the beam.

b) Determine the resisting moment of the beam at the point 2.7 m. from the left support.

c) Determine the percent reduction in the resisting moment at the point 2.7 m. from the left
support due to the presence of the holes.
Solutions:
a) Maximum moment of the beam.

MB

=0

7R1 = 40(55) +36(3.5) + 18(7)(3.5)

R1 = 112.43 kN
R1 + R2 =40 +36 +18(7)
R2 = 89.57 kN

M1 =

112.43 +85.43
2

M1 = 148.395 kN.m
Max.M = 148.395 +

(45.43+ 9.43)
(2)
2

Max.M = 203,255 kN.m

b) Resisting moment of the beam at the point 2.7 m. from the left support
Diameter of hole = 22 + 3 = 25 mm
Afg = 190(14.5) = 2755 mm2
Afn = Afg Aholes
Afn = 2755 25(14.5)(2)
Afn = 2030 mm2
0.5Fu Afn = 0.5(400)(2030)
0.5 FuAfn =406000 N
0.6 FyAfg = 0.6(250)(2755)
0.6 Fy Afg = 413250 N
Effective flange area:

Afe =

5 (400)(2030)
6(250)

Afe = 48.33 mm2

Decrease in area per flange:
A = 2755 2706.67
A = 48.33 mm2
Net Ix = Ix A d2
Net Ix =333x 106 - 2(48.33)(221.25)2
Net Ix = 328.27 x 106 mm4
Net Sc =

Net I x
C

Sx = 1436.63 x 103
Allowable bending stress:
190
bf
=
2 ( 14.3 )
2 tf
bf
2 tf

= 6.55 < 10.75 =

170
fy

use Fb = 0.66 Fy (Non compact section)

Fb =165 MPa
Resisting moment of beam:
MR = Fb Sx
MR =165(1436.43) 103
MR = 237 kN.m
c) Percent reduction in the resisting moment. Resisting moment for the gross section.
MR =Fb Sx
MR =165(1460) 103
MR = 240.9 kN.m
Percent reduction =

(240.9237)
240.9

(100)

Percent reduction = 1.62 %

REFERENCES

SIMPLIFIED STEEL DESIGN

By BESAVILLA
FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
By DIT GELLESANIA