PTI Current Trends in PT Design and Construction San Diego Handou...

Current Trends
in PT Design and Construction

in North America
March 10, 2015
San Diego, California
38800 Country Club Drive

Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Telephone: (248) 848-3180
Fax: (248) 848-3181
www.post-tensioning.org
PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015
March 10, 2015
Current Trends
in PT Design and Construction
in North America
Miroslav Vejvoda, MBA, P.E.
Technical Director
Post-Tensioning Institute
March 10, 2015
Credits
PTI seminars are developed in collaboration with
several PTI committees.
Special recognition to long time PT designers:
Cary Kopczynski, Ken Bondy, Brian Allred, Don Kline,
and others for their contributions.
What is PTI?
A non-profit organization for the advancement
of prestressed post-tensioned concrete
Established in 1976
Activities
Technical committees (15)
Specifications and technical documents
Certification committees (8)
Certification programs for materials fabrication
and field personnel certification
Marketing and promotional activities
PTI JOURNAL
Research projects and scholarships
Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved
Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved
March 10, 2015
Overview
General
Structural systems
Restraint to shortening
Common design issues
Quality and Durability
March 10, 2015
General
PT Applications & History
PT Basics
PT Systems & Protection
Reasons to Consider PT
Post-Tensioned slabs are typically 2 to 3 thinner than a rebar
deck and use less reinforcement providing financial savings.
Thinner slabs also benefit foundations, columns and seismic
design
The slab can be stressed when concrete reaches 3000 psi and the
forms pulled after that
The shoring and re-shoring times are reduced when using posttensioning
Deflections and Long-term creep problems are significantly
reduced by load balancing
Deck moment of inertia approaches I (gross) as opposed to I
(effective) resulting in reduced deflections
Sustainability
Post-Tensioned Concrete
Advantages
Photo Courtesy of Cary Kopczynski & Company
2201 Westlake, Seattle, WA
Sustainability
McKinney Place, Houston, Texas

Courtesy of Walter P. Moore
Espirito Santo Plaza,

Miami, FL
(Courtesy of LERA and Estroil Inc.)
How Much Post-Tensioning?
Based on PTI tonnage statistics from 1972 and

reasonable estimates before that
About 5 billion square feet of building construction
with unbonded post-tensioning
About 50,000 post-tensioned buildings in the US
Does not include bridges, earth applications,

residential foundations
10
Post-Tensioning Applications
2013 North American
Post-Tensioning Tonnage
Earthwork
6%
Bridges
10%
S-O-G
45%
Buildings
37%
Misc.
2%
11
Landmarks in PT Buildings
Introduction of strand systems (1962)
Replaced button-head tendon system
Development of ductile iron castings for singlestrand unbonded tendons (1963)

Introduction of load-balancing design method
(T.Y. Lin, 1963)
Introduction of banded tendon layout for 2way slab systems (late 1960s 1970s, Ned
Burns 1985)
Formation of Post-Tensioning Institute (1976)
Improvements in corrosion resistance (1993)
Encapsulated systems for 318 structures (2014)
12
Testing at University of Texas
wires
Bearing
plate
Shims
Stressing
washer
Coldformed
buttons
Button-Headed (BBRV) Anchorage
Innovations in post-tensioning
Structural Material Types
Structural Steel
Prestressed Concrete
Post-Tensioned
Pre-Tensioned
Bonded Strands
Reinforced
Concrete
Bonded Tendons
Unbonded Tendons
Internal
External
Prestressed Concrete
What is Prestressing?
Prestressing is a method of reinforcing concrete, actively
resisting applied loads.
Pre-Tensioning
Steel tendons are stressed prior to concrete placement,
usually at a precast plant remote from the construction site.
Post-Tensioning
Steel tendons are stressed after the concrete has been
placed and gained sufficient strength at the construction
site
Axially- vs. Eccentrically-Placed Prestressed Reinforcement
Combined Stresses Due to Prestress + External Loading
Tendon Configurations
Constant
Harped
Parabolic
Load Balancing
M1 = P e = Primary Moment
P wbal l
8e
Load W
P tan
CGC
Tendon
Wbal
P tan
P
Where should the tendons be placed?
Moment Diagram
Tension
No net
eccentricity
Tension
No net
eccentricity
When moments are drawn on the tension side of a member,

the diagram matches the general drape of the tendons.
Post-Tensioning Losses
Sources of Loss:
Initial
Losses
Friction, F
Elastic shortening, ES
Anchor set (wedge seating), A
Long Term
Losses
Concrete shrinkage, S
Concrete creep, C
Post-tensioning steel relaxation, R
Types of Prestressing
Tendons
Bare Strand
Monostrand
Multistrand
Bonded vs. Unbonded PT
PLASTIC TUBE P/T COATING
STRAND
(a) PLASTIC SHEATH FILLED WITH GREASE CONTAINING

UNBONDED MONOSTRAND
CORRUGATED METAL OR PLASTIC DUCT
SPACE FILLED WITH GROUT

STRANDS
(b) CORRUGATED SHEATH WITH GROUTED STRANDS
Wedge Close-up
Extrusion Process
Photo Courtesy of GSI Post-Tension
Plastic Hopper
Extruder
Grease Injector
Cooling Trough
Bare Strand
Extruded Strand
27
Tendon Cutting to Length

Photo Courtesy of Suncoast Post-Tension Ltd.
28
Fixed-End Anchor
Photo Courtesy of G. Chacos
Pull Installation
Push Installation
Field Installation
29
Tendon Identification
Photo Courtesy of G. Chacos
Identification Tag
Color Coding
30
10
Shipping of Tendons
Photo Courtesy of VSL
31
Encapsulated Tendons When?
Corrosive environments
Decks exposed and/or near salt water
Decks where de-icing salts will be used
(Northern areas)
PTI initiated change (PTI M10.2-00,
Addendum #3 December 2011):
Fully encapsulated PT systems for all
ACI 318 applications
ACI 318-14 refers to ACI 423.7-14; this
makes it a code requirement
32
Applicable Specifications
ACI 423.7, ACI 301, and PTI M10.2 & M10.6

Tendon encapsulation for ACI 318 applications
Protection of tendons during shipping, storage, and
handling
Watertight encapsulation of the strand over the entire
length of the tendon, including anchorage
PT coating; sheathing thickness; sheathing repair
Translucent transition sleeves connected to anchors
Sleeve and sheathing overlap
Timely and proper tendon finishing; caps and pockets
Adequate concrete cover
Installer & Inspector qualifications (certification)
11
End Anchorages
ENCAPSULATED
ANCHOR
STANDARD ANCHORS
ENCAPSULATED
ANCHOR
WEDGES
34
Encapsulated Tendons
Photo Courtesy of General Technologies, Inc.
12
Photo Courtesy of Hayes Industries, Inc.
Bonded Post-tensioning
Ducts for Post-Tensioning
Multistrand Anchorages
13
Bonded Tendon
Permanent
Grout Cap
Seal
Plastic Duct
Positive Mechanical
Coupling of Duct
40
Two-Way Slab with Bonded PT

41
March 10, 2015
Structural Systems
Two-way Systems
One-way Systems
Preliminary Design
14
Two-Way Slab Construction

Two-way framing action
Spans typically 30 to 40
feet each direction
Can have capitals, drop
panels, beams & joist
Efficient, least depth &
material use
Maximum tensile stress
is limited to 6fc
Two-Way Slabs
44
Two-Way Slabs
15
Two Way Slab with Caps
Two-Way Slabs
Banded Direction Tendons bundled together to
create a pseudo beam A final effective force in
the band is specified on the plans; similar to beams.
Uniform Direction Tendons groups equally spaced
perpendicular the bands A kip per foot force is
specified on the plans; similar to one way slabs.
Analysis method is the same for both directions.
BANDEDFLATPLATE
16
TENDONLAYOUTPLANS
Band Beams
Typical Dimensions
1 = 36 48 ft
= 20 28 ft
2 = 20 30 ft
b = 48 120 in.
h = 12 18 in.
17
Beam & (one-way) Slabs

One-way framing
action
Beam spans up to 65
feet with 36 in. depth
Slab spans up to 30 feet
Effective frame action
along beam lines
Clean soffit for
mechanical & electrical
Maximum tensile stress
is 12fc
Post-Tensioned Parking Garage

54
18
Long Span Beams
Preliminary Design of PostTensioning

Determine Minimum Prestressing
One way Slabs/Parking Garages
Aggressive environments use 150-200 psi
Normal environment use 125 psi
Temperature tendons use 100 psi
Two Way Slabs

Minimum use 125 psi
Load Balancing:
60% to 70% of DL for one- and two-way slabs
70% to 80% of DL for beams
100% for spandrel beams supporting ext. cladding
56
Variations to Estimations
End bays may require more PT for the same
span (higher moments, reduced drape,
unrestrained condition)
Heavy exterior skin loads that must be
supported by the slab
Parking slab PT quantity will increase due to
increased clear cover requirements in
aggressive regions
19
Preliminary Design
Span/Depth Ratio
Source: Design of
Post-Tensioned
Slabs With
Unbonded
Tendons; 3rd Ed.,
PTI
*These values apply
for members with
LL/Dl ratios < 1.0
Minimum Slab Thickness
(Governed by Fire Rating, IBC 2003)
Concrete Cover
(Governed by Fire Rating; IBC 2003)
20
Restrained Vs Unrestrained
A span is considered to be restrained when it
can resist the horizontal forces developed
during a fire
Typically end bays are considered to be

unrestrained unless calculations can show
otherwise (ACI 423.3-05)
61
PreliminaryDesignTables
PTI DC20.9-11:
Guide for Design of Post-Tensioned Buildings
Two-way parking structures (flat plate or flat slab)
Basic design parameters and assumptions:
Loading: DL = self-weight + 5 lb/ft2 (0.2 kN/m2) (SDL); LL = 40 lb/ft2
(1.9 kN/m2)
Slab minimum F/A = 125 psi (0.9 MPa)
Three-span condition assumes a 62 ft (19 m) typical parking garage span
Concrete: fc = 5000 psi (34 MPa); fci = 3000 psi (21 MPa)
Assumed final effective force per 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) strand tendon = 27 kips
(120 kN)
Tendon CGS: Slab 1.5 in. (38 mm) top; 1 in. (25 mm) bottom interior span;
1.75 in. (44 mm) bottom exterior span
Cover to nonprestressed reinforcement: Slab 1.25 in. (32 mm) top; and
0.75 in. (19 mm) bottom
Column size: 14 x 28 in. (355 x 710 mm)
21
March 10, 2015
Restraint to Shortening
Shear wall arrangement
Pour strips / slip joints
22
Arrangement of Shear Walls
67
RTS Cracking
Floor Shortening and Restraint

Cracking
Sources of Cracking
Stiff lateral load resisting elements
Short stiff columns
Short floor-to-floor height
Factors Contributing to Floor Shortening
Elastic shortening due to precompression

Creep shortening due to precompression
Shrinkage
Temperature drop
Show Joint and Slip Details on Structural

Drawings
Inspect Slip Details During Construction
69
23
Slab Shortening Components

Category
% Of Total
Elastic
7%
Creep
9%
Shrinkage
56%
Temperature
28%
Total
100.0%
Elastic and creep shortening contribute about 16% of the total

slab shortening. The benefits of post-tensioning will offset the
effect of these slightly higher movements.
Shrinkage is the largest contributor to slab shortening with
temperature being second. Note that shrinkage and
temperature will be the same for both prestressed and nonprestressed structures.
70
Slab Shortening Components

ASSUME 100 LONG SLAB AS FOLLOWS:
POST-TENSIONING P/A . . . . . . . .
CONCRETE f c @ STRESSING . . . . .
TEMPERATURE CHANGE . . . . . . .
DRYING SHRINKAGE @ 28 DAYS . . .
ELASTIC SHORTENING
PL
=
190 (100) (12)
=
AE
3,122,000
CREEP
2 (.07) =
THERMAL
(.0000055) (30) (100) (12) =
DRYING SHRINKAGE LONG TERM
(.00084) (100) (12) =
TOTAL
.
.
.
.
190 PSI
3000 PSI
30 F
.042%
.07
.14
.20
1.01
____
1.42
71
Progress of Creep and

Shrinkage with Time
% Shrinkage or Creep
100
80
60
40
20
10
100
1000
10000
vs = volume to surface ratio

Time in Days
72
24
Restraint Cracking
Photo Courtesy of Merrill Walstad
73
Slab Movement
74
Closure Strip
CSs are used to reduce creep and shrinkage
effects
CSs must remain open for a specific amount
of time (until creep and shrinkage has taken
place)
They are 3 to 4 ft wide temporary
separations between two
regions stressed separately
3 to 4 ft.
CS
Once creep and shrinkage takes

place, CS is filled, tying the two
slab regions together
75
25
Closure Strip
Slab is temporarily allowed
to cure in smaller segments
Can locate the lateral system
in the middle of the
individual pour
Allows for internal stressing
may be critical on
subterranean projects
Typically remain open for 30
to 60 days. Deck will still
move for many months/years
76
Closure Strip
Movement Joints
78
26
Slip Detail
Slip Detail
Slip Connection
27
March 10, 2015
Common Design Issue
Facts about PT
Constructability
ACI 318-14
Facts About PT
PT concrete is not crack free
PT concrete is not water proof
You can drill / make openings in PT slab
If you drill into a tendon, it will not fly out
of the building
It is possible to upgrade / repair a PT
structure
PT structures are durable
83
Structural modeling
DO NOT use simplified analysis using
coefficients (Direct Design Method)
Use the Equivalent Frame Method, EFM
Sec. 13.7 of ACI 318-08, excluding Sec. 13.7.7.4
and 13.7.7.5
DO NOT use middle/column strip concept
Apply total moment to entire bay section when
using EFM
28
Incomplete design
Specify all PT requirements:
Final effective force, or the number of
tendons and corresponding final effective
force
Tendon profile
Not checking initial stress conditions
Over prestressing using sections that are

too small for the amount of force being applied
29
Not looking at beam/column joints and

considering space needed for PT anchorages
Requiring 2 integrity tendons through the column

(for two-way slabs; not for one-way slabs)
Not coordinating embed plates for curtain wall

systems with the PT anchorage requirements
30
Specifying the same force and high/low points

in spans of significantly different lengths
End bays may require more PT for the same span

Reduced tendon drape
Restraint vs. unrestrained condition
Heavy exterior skin loads that must be supported by
the slab
Parking slab PT quantity will increase due to
increased clear cover requirements in aggressive
regions
Review
Added tendon anchorage area
Review
31
Cantilever Tendons
One-Way
Slab
Construction
95
Banded Tendon Anchorage

ACI 318-08, 18.14.2
Two horizontal bars at least #4 to be provided
parallel to the slab edge; bars to extend at least
6 beyond the outermost anchorage edge
Hairpins required when 6 or more anchorages
are in a group (spaced < 12 apart)
96
32
Backup bars and bursting reinforcement
Banded Tendon Anchorage

98
Band Anchorage
99
33
Transfer Girders
Photo Courtesy of DYWIDAG Systems International
Harped profile may be

more efficient to resist
concentrated loads
PT forces can balance the
dead loads
Stage stressing to avoid
overstressing the beams
Multi-strand tendons
when large forces are
required
100
Podium Slab
Congestion Near Supports

Photo Courtesy of Walter P. Moore
102
34
Bad Duct Layout

Photo Courtesy of Magnusson Klemencic Associates
103
Bad Conduit Layout

Photo Courtesy of Seneca Structural Engineering Inc.
104
Conduit Layout
105
35
Eccoduct Layout
106
Eccoduct Layout
107
P/T and Rebar Placement

Banded direction reinforcement should be in the top most
layer at the columns/walls
Uniform direction reinforcement is directly below.
Layout maximizes the profile of the tendons in each
direction.
Top bars should not have excessive droop away from the
column
Column/Wall should not extend into the future Reduces
punching shear strength.
If shear studs are used, top of the stud should align with the
reinforcing at the column.
Look for smooth tendon profiles No kinks.
36
UNIFORMTENDONSATCOLUMN
Inspection of the Installation
Top Rebar
Column Shear Reinforcement
111
37
Column Extension into Slab
Typical Re-Shoring - Parking
Typical Re-Shoring
Pour Strip
38
Typical Re-Shoring
Pour Strip
For most two way slab applications the pour strip
is not designed to be a cantilever
The pour strip edges NEED to be fully re-shored to
the foundation
Without adequate re-shores pour strip deflections
and flexural cracking can occur.
ACI 318-14
Published in late 2014
Member based code
No Chapter 18 on prestressing
Prestressing requirements in chapters as
applicable
Refers to referenced standard 423.7-14 in 20.6.3.3
for corrosion protection of unbonded tendons.
New requirements for two-way slabs with bonded
tendons 8.6.2.2. and 8.6.2.3;
ACI 318-14
39
New in ACI 318-11

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
New in ACI 318-11

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
Elongations
Measured elongation needs to be within 7% of
calculated value (ACI 318-08, 18.20.1); change
in wording in 318-14, 26.10.2 in an attempt to
clarify requirement not achieved.
For tendons outside the 7%, the EOR shall
ascertain and correct the problem.
Timing for elongation approval is critical.
120
40
Elongation Discrepancy
Causes of Improper Elongation
Poor marking procedures
Inaccurate measurements
Inaccurate gauge reading
Improper stressing procedure
Math errors
Excessive seating loss
Equipment malfunction
121
March 10, 2015
Quality & Durability

Finishing
Inspection
Certification
Placement Inspection
Requirements
Check for damage to sheathing and
encapsulation items. Record the repairs
Verify number of tendons and CGS from
structural drawings
Verify that minimum number of tendons pass
through column in both directions
Remove/move excessive conduit, penetrations,
etc., especially by the anchors and columns
Look for tendons with extreme bends or odd
configurations
Conduit in the slab and penetrations too close
to the anchorages
123
41
Inspection of Finishing
Tendon tails to be cut within one working
day after approval of elongations (ACI 301).
Tail cuts to be made between in. to a
distance specified by system supplier
proper lock in of encapsulation cap.
End caps to be installed within 8 hours of
cutting of the tails (ACI 301).
124
Tendon Finishing
Filling of Stressing Pockets (PTI FAQ 11)
Protruding tendon end of proper length
to accommodate end cap
Surface preparation: free from PT
coating, grease, form release agent, dirt,
loose concrete, etc.
Bonding agent
High quality premixed cementitious
chloride-free low-shrinkage repair grout
Proper mixing and application
125
Certification
Post-Tensioning
Material Producers
Certification of plants producing single strand
unbonded tendons (PTI Certified Plants)
42
Certification
Field Personnel
Slab-on-Ground Installer-Stressor
Level 1 Unbonded PT Field Installation
Level 2 Unbonded PT Ironworker
Level 2 Unbonded PT Inspector
Level 1 Bonded PT Field Installation
Level 2 Bonded PT Field Specialist
Thank You!
Questions ?
128
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in PT Design and Construction

38800 Country Club Drive

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

March 10, 2015

March 10, 2015

Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

March 10, 2015

March 10, 2015

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

2201 Westlake, Seattle, WA

McKinney Place, Houston, Texas

Espirito Santo Plaza,

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

How Much Post-Tensioning?

Based on PTI tonnage statistics from 1972 and

Does not include bridges, earth applications,

Development of ductile iron castings for singlestrand unbonded tendons (1963)

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

Testing at University of Texas

Button-Headed (BBRV) Anchorage

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

Structural Material Types

Axially- vs. Eccentrically-Placed Prestressed Reinforcement

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

Combined Stresses Due to Prestress + External Loading

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

Where should the tendons be placed?

When moments are drawn on the tension side of a member,

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

Bonded vs. Unbonded PT

PLASTIC TUBE P/T COATING

(a) PLASTIC SHEATH FILLED WITH GREASE CONTAINING

CORRUGATED METAL OR PLASTIC DUCT

SPACE FILLED WITH GROUT

(b) CORRUGATED SHEATH WITH GROUTED STRANDS

Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

Tendon Cutting to Length

Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved

Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved

Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved

Encapsulated Tendons When?

Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved

ACI 423.7, ACI 301, and PTI M10.2 & M10.6

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015

Copyright Post-Tensioning Institute. All rights reserved

Post-Tensioning Institute. All Rights Reserved

PTI-Current Trends in PT-San Diego-March 10, 2015