Professional Documents
Culture Documents
For other Mosul oensives, see Battle of Mosul (disam- 1.1 General background
biguation).
Main articles: Fall of Mosul and Mosul oensive (2015)
The Battle of Mosul (Arabic: ; Central Kurdish: ) is a joint oensive by Iraqi government forces with allied militias, Iraqi Kurdistan, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).[47][48][49] The
oensive, dubbed Operation "We Are Coming, Nineveh" ( ; Qadimun Ya Naynawa),[50][51] began on 16 October 2016 with forces besieging ISILcontrolled areas in the Nineveh Governorate surrounding
Mosul.[52][53][54] The battle for Mosul is considered key
in the military intervention against ISIL, which seized the
city in June 2014.[55] Outnumbering ISIL forces 10 to 1,
it is the largest deployment of Iraqi forces since the 2003
invasion by U.S. and coalition forces.[56]
Hasan
Sahami
as of : 2016/08/08
08/10
08/10
Kurds
into K. control
into IS. control
1.3
BACKGROUND
Peshmerga soldiers prepare to conduct a combined arms livere exercise with an Italian instructor near Erbil, on 12 October
2016.
U.S. Lt. Gen. Stephen J. Townsend, commander of the Combined Joint Task Force, at Qayyarah Aireld West, 22 September
2016
An Iraqi soldier during a course on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense training at Camp Taji. Coalition
forces have expressed fears ISIL may use chemical weapons during the Battle of Mosul.
2.1
2
2.1
Battle timeline
October: Initial advances
1617 October
3
known as the Freedom Bridge was destroyed on 17 October. Peshmerga sources blamed ISIL for its destruction,
while ISIL claimed it was blown up by airstrikes.[95]
18 October
On 18 October, The Iraqi government declared that 20
villages near Mosul were captured from ISIL in the rst
24 hours of ghting by the Peshmerga and Iraqi forces.[96]
On the southern front, Iraqi troops retook several villages
near Qayyarah, including al-Sirt, Bajwaniya, al-Hud and
al-Mashraf, and parts of the al-Hamdaniya District southeast of Mosul. Iraqi Federal Police also regained control of 56 oilelds in the Qayyarah district.[97] According
to reports, the Peshmerga were met with little resistance
on the eastern front, while Iraqi and PMF ghters coming from the south were facing tougher resistance from
ISIL.[98]
The coalition strategy was reported to be encircling Mosul completely before Iraqi troops advanced into the citycenter.[99] Early in the day on 18 October, Iraqi forces
in the east came close to Qaraqosh (Bakhdida), once the
largest Christian town in Iraq, and ghters in the south
were closing in on Hammam al-'Alil.[92] Iraqi Army later
stormed Qaraqosh and fought with ISIL ghters who remained holed up.[100][101][102] The Iraqi and Peshmerga
A U.S. Army M109A6 Paladin conducts a re mission at advance had been slowed down during the same day due
Qayyarah Aireld West, in support of the Iraqi security forces to suicide bombers, roadside IEDs and oil res. In order to eliminate any ISIL presence completely from the
push toward Mosul, 17 October 2016.
villages on the outskirts of the city, they were carrying
[103][104]
The PeshOn 16 October, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi de- out street-by-street search operations.
clared the beginning of the assault to recapture the city of merga later paused their advance while the Iraqi Army
[105]
Mosul.[54] Ocials reported howitzers ring on ISIL tar- continued its advance.
[52]
gets later that day. The main assault began on 17 October at approximately 6 a.m.[61] with shelling and arrival of
armored vehicles to the front lines.[88] The Peshmerga in
the Khazir region east of Mosul started the ground assault
by advancing on ISIL-held villages from three fronts,
with Iraqi security forces advancing from the south.[89]
Iraqi troops advanced on the Bartella area east of Mosul while ISIL ghters red mortars at Peshmerga.[90]
The President of Iraqi Kurdistan, Massoud Barzani, said
that Peshmerga and Iraqi ghters retook 200 square kilometers (80 square miles) from ISIL on the rst day of
ghting.[91] Iraqi ocials reported that heavy losses of
life and equipment were inicted upon ISIL ghters in
the Hamdaniya district southeast of Mosul. ISIL ghters who were injured in the battle were reported to have
been bused towards the groups Syrian headquarters of
Raqqa for medical aid.[35] The anti-ISIL coalition destroyed 52 targets during the day[92] Family members of
ISIL ghters ed from Mosul to the village of Nawran
due to the shelling. It was also reported that some ght- Iraqi security forces transport combat equipment including M1A1
ers had started shaving their beards and were getting rid Abrams tanks and BMP-1 infantry ghting vehicles to tactical
of their Afghan uniforms.[93] The group was also reported assembly areas with assistance from the 313th Movement Control
to have evacuated and shifted its headquarters from west Battalion forward element, on 18 October 2016, near Makhmur,
side of Mosul to its east side.[94] A bridge into Mosul Iraq
2 BATTLE TIMELINE
Pro-government ghters in the south of Mosul were battling pockets of ISIL ghters and snipers as they tried to
reclaim the village of Abbasi,[106] and expected to soon
take control of the village of Zawiya.[107] Fighting resumed in the village of Kani Harami, which was captured
by the Iraqi Army a day earlier but recaptured by ISIL on
18 October as the Army lacked reinforcements.[101] The
Army also retook the village of Al-Hud on the Tigris,
where villagers had risen up against ISIL and killed at
least 9 militants.[108][109] State police also secured the AlMishraq sulfur plant south of Mosul.[110] The al-Shura
district was stated by its mayor to have been captured by
the Iraqi security forces.[111] Joint airstrikes by Iraqi and
coalition warplanes on ISIL headquarters in Mosul destroyed 13 targets and killed 35 militants.[112]
reported to be within 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the outskirts of Mosul.[119] The village of Kani Harami was captured after heavy ghting in the morning with the militants retreating to Abbasiyah.[120] A total of 22 towns
were reported to have been captured, with 12 by the Peshmerga and 10 by the ISF.[121] Nofal Hammadi, governor
of the Nineveh Governorate, declared that 40% of the
province had been retaken from ISIL.[122]
19 October
A U.S. bomb disposal expert embedded with the Peshmerga was killed after the vehicle he was riding in drove
over a roadside bomb.[133] ISIL also set Al-Mishraq sulfur plant on re, causing two deaths and nearly 1,000
hospitalizations from sulfur fume inhalation.[134] An ISIL
ambush near Bashiqa left dozens of Peshmerga dead or
wounded.[132] The group was also reported to be digging
trenches to slow the advancement of coalition troops.[135]
21 October
Airmen assigned to the 379th Expeditionary Aircraft Maintenance Squadron prepare to load a Joint Direct Attack Munition
onto an aircraft on 19 October as part of the U.S.-led airstrikes
supporting the oensive.
The Iraqi army resumed ghting on 19 October, surrounding Qaraqosh with ISIL deploying snipers and car
bombs.[117][118] Lt. Gen. Qassim al-Maliki declared that
Iraqi forces had captured 13 villages north and northeast
of Al Quwayr, south of Mosul. The Iraqi Army was also
2.1
2 BATTLE TIMELINE
31 October
1 November
The operation to enter the city began at dawn on 1
November. The forces began their assault in Mosuls eastern Karama district, with artillery, tank and machine-gun
re on ISIL positions as they prepared the larger push into
2.2
the city.[180] Airstrikes by the U.S.-led coalition were tar- Meanwhile, the Iraqi Armys 9th Armored Division was
geting ISIL positions, and ISIL had started tire res to reported to have entered the neighborhood of al-Intisar
reduce visibility.[57]
in eastern Mosul.[193] while Mosuls Fifth Bridge, located
[194]
Heavy ghting occurred in the Gogjali district, at the over the Tigris river, was destroyed by airstrikes.
gate of the entrance to eastern Mosul, where ISIL militants used car bombs and sniper re to try to halt the
advance.[181] The Golden Division entered Mosuls city
limits that afternoon, engaging in street ghts with ISIL
militants.[181] Shortly after, the Iraqi Army announced
that they had captured Mosuls state television building
on the citys left bank.[182][183] The Gogjali district was
reported to be under Iraqi control by the evening, while
Iraqi Armys 9th Division and the 3rd Brigade had entered the neighborhood of Judaydat al-Mufti on the left
bank of Mosul. Near midnight, the Iraqi war media ofce reported that airstrikes had killed 116 militants inside
Mosul including 29 in Ghabat, 10 at an ISIL headquarters, 10 at a weapons depot and 67 at a hotel pool. They
also stated that Iraqi forces suered no casualties.[181][184]
Meanwhile, Iraqi forces captured 2 villages on the northern front.[181]
Brigadier Saad Maan, the spokesperson of Iraqs Interior Ministry, stated that the plan of the joint command in Nineveh was going faster than the Army had
planned.[185] In the western front, at least fteen PMU
ghters were killed when they entered abandoned villages booby-trapped with explosives.[186] ISIL also executed fty deserters in Mosul.[187]
2 November
On 2 November, ISOF continued ghting remaining
ISIL ghters in the eastern section of Gogjali.[188] Iraqi
Brigadier General Haider Fadhil said his troops were
forced to hold their positions in eastern Mosul as poor
weather conditions were limiting visibility for drones
and aircraft, and preventing them from advancing.[189]
Meanwhile, eight militants were killed in Mosul by Iraqi
forces.[190]
The PMU announced that it had captured 115 km that
day after erce ghting with ISIL, including six villages,
and had surrounded three ISIL-held villages. They also
claimed that they had reached a highway to the southwest
of Mosul and had cut the rst supply line to Mosul from
Raqqa.[188] The Iraqi Army in the southern front launched
an oensive in the morning to recapture Hamam al-Alil
and engaged in heavy ghting with the group.[191] Meanwhile, Iraqi Federal Police captured two villages in the
south.[188]
3 November
6 November
ISIL released an audio le purportedly from their leader
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, in which he said he was con- On 6 November, Iraqi forces in southwestern front stated
dent of victory in Mosul, and urged ISIL ghters not to that they are 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Mosul International Airport after taking control of Hamam al-Alil the
retreat.[192]
2 BATTLE TIMELINE
11 November
On the southern front, Iraqi forces were preparing to
advance up the western bank of the Tigris River toward Mosul International Airport.[216] In eastern Mosul, Iraqi forces launched a new oensive to regain control of the neighborhood of Karkukli.[217] Iraqi antiterror units were reported to have entered the Qadesiyya
neighborhood.[218]
12 November
On 12 November, heavy clashes were reported in the alSalam neighborhood of east Mosul.[219] Iraqi Army announced that it had captured al-Arbajiya district and was
clearing the adjacent al-Qadisiya al-Thaniya district.[220]
They also reached Palestine neighborhood in southeast
Mosul and were engaged in battle with ISIL in the Quds
neighborhood.[219] The PMU announced that the Sinjar
Resistance Units (YB) as its part, had started the operation to capture villages around Sinjar from ISIL.[221]
After a number of its senior leaders were killed by a coalition air strike in east Mosul, ISIL imposed a curfew in
the city.[222] A local source also stated that the group was
evacuating families of its ghters from west to east Mosul, denoting a severe collapse of defenses on the western front.[223] Its ghters were meanwhile using drones
for surveillance as well as suicide bombers and snipers
against the Iraqi Army.[219]
10 November
14 November
9 November
2.2
forces managed to liberate the areas of Hayy Adan, alAkhaa and the water project in Mosul, within the eastern axis of Nineveh liberation operations. The Wali of
Islamic State in Hayy Adan, Marwan Hamed Saleh alHayali, was killed.[243]
Kursabad
(Khorsabad)
Tel Kepe
(Tall Kayf)
Alabiyah
Base
(Qaryat
al Ashiq)
Tuaym
(Tuwaim)
Bashika
(?)
Badush
Ciment
factory
Alabiyah
Base
Badush
Gonaisiya
Al Mayjarim
Bard Allah
(Bartella)
Al Malawi
Hasan Shami
?
(Ali Rashsh)
Julukhan
?
(Bakhdida)
Muhallabiyah
Yarghanti
(Dozen of houses)
Tappah
Kabarli
16 November
Adhbah
Al Ukaydat
Tawajinat
11/24
Qaryat Bakhirah
Adayah
Arbid
Umarkan
Hawsalat
Keys:
ISIS
Qaryat as Salmani
Hammam
al-Alil
Hamirah
Jirin
(Jurn)
Iraqi Persh.
Iraqi Army
23 November
On 23 November, PMF reported cutting the road between Sinjar and Tal Afar, their Shia component groups
advancing from the South linking up with the Sinjar
Resistance Units and zdxan Womens Units to the
North, thus completing the encirclement of the Mosul
pocket.[248]
25 November
20 November
Iraqi Federal Police said that fty IS militants were killed
The Anti-Terrorism Directorate said in a statement aired and 32 others were arrested. The operations have also
by the state-owned television that the Anti-Terrorism resulted in the destruction of four barracks.[249]
10
HUMANITARIAN ISSUES
world in 2016.[255] Save the Children warned that massive civilian bloodshed was likely unless safe routes were
[256]
The U.S. government has
On 30 November, PMF said they captured 12 villages allowed to let civilians ee.
accused
ISIL
of
using
Mosul
civilians
as human shields.
[250]
from ISIL in the Tal Afar area over the past ve days.
30 November
2.3
December
6 December
Humanitarian issues
On 26 October, CNN reported that ISIL has been carrying out retribution killings of civilians as revenge for
others welcoming Iraqi and Peshmerga troops in liberated
villages.[156]
According to Ravina Shamdasani, of the Oce of the
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, ISIL executed 232 people near Mosul in late October for defying its orders and had taken tens of thousands of people
to use as human shields against advancing Iraqi forces.
She claimed that ISIL executed 42 civilians in Hamam
al-Alil, south of Mosul. Also on Wednesday ISIL executed 190 former Iraqi Security Forces for refusing to
join them, in the Al Ghazlani base near Mosul.[162]
Up to 1.5 million civilians live in the city, sparking serious concerns of a massive humanitarian crisis.[255] Lise
Grande, the United Nations' humanitarian coordinator
in Iraq, stated, In a worst-case scenario, we're literally
looking at the single largest humanitarian operation in the Iraqi forces evacuated more than 1,000 civilians from the
3.2
11
In October 2016, Iraqi government has launched a military operation in Mosul to eject ISIL. Based on reports provided by the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights
Monitor, more than million residents in Mosul are at risk
and many of them were killed or used as human shields
against the advance of Iraqi army. Euro-Mediterranean
Human Rights Monitor warns that Iraqi government and
international forces have to put an end to the humanitarian crisis in Mosul and provide its residents with their
basic needs. ISIL has driven some of Mosuls residents
out of their neighborhoods while others were prevented
from eeing to the regions controlled by Iraqi army. Human rights are violated by both ISIL, which drove about
550 families from the villages of As-Semalyya and AnNejafyya, and Iraqi troops which captured 1,500 civilians
from mosques and schools in the Dybka refugee camp.
On 21 October 2016, Another human rights violation
committed by Iraqi army and police as they arrested almost hundreds of civilians and executing some villagers
in the south of Mosul claiming that they are hosting ISIL
militias. On the same day, Iraqi airstrikes targeted a funeral in Kirkuk province causing death of 20 people and
injuring dozens others. Mosuls population reached to
1.5 million people, including 600,000 children who are
besieged by ISIL militias and suering from the shortage of food, water, electricity and medical care. ISIL
militias monopolize the local hospitals in Mosul and AlHemdanyya District to treat only its supporters and members. About 690 families have been evacuated from the
Makhmoor District east of Mosul and Al-Hemdanyya
District to the Al- Hood camp.[265]
12
4 CONTEXT
to leave Kirkuk, which is mostly residential. More than that it might do so again inside Mosul, where more than
12,000 were expelled by Kurdish forces to live in unsafe a million civilians live.[288]
conditions in Kirkuk.[277]
On 3 November, Kurdish and UN aid workers said more
The presence of several militias with histories of hu- than 40,000 refugees had ed to Kurdistan in the rst few
man rights abuses was criticized; Human Rights Watch weeks of ghting. Ten new refugee camps have been built
called for Shia militias from the Popular Mobilization in the Dohuk Governorate, Erbil Governorate and in the
Forces (PMF) to not enter Mosul, following allegations town of Khazir.[289] According to the United Nations and
of severe abuse of Sunni Muslims in anti-ISIL operations UNICEF, 22,000 people had been displaced, including
in Fallujah, Tikrit and Amirli.[278][279][280] Iraqi Prime more than 9,000 children.[290]
Minister Haider al-Abadi later stated that only the Iraqi On 6 November, the United Nations High Commissioner
army and the Iraqi national police will enter the city for Refugees (UNHCR) stated that 33,996 people had
itself.[54][281]
been displaced from the Mosul District. 63 percent of
On 21 October, International Business Times reported
that disturbing and graphic footage posted to social media allegedly shows Iraqi security forces torturing and interrogating young children for information about ISIL as
they attempt to retake Mosul from the Islamic State terror
group.[282]
On 11 November, video emerged of the Iraqi army apparently torturing and murdering an Iraqi child. The boy,
identied as Muhammad Ali Al-Hadidi, was dragged
through the desert and shot dead before a tank was driven
over him. The men in the video were identied as Shia
and yelled sectarian slurs at the child, a Sunni. The video
caused extreme outrage on social media, with Arabic
speakers using the hashtag #CrushedByATank (Arabic:
_#). The soldiers were wearing the insignia of
the Iraqi Special Forces.[283]
4 Context
3.3
4.3
4.2
13
The involvement of Turkey in the operation has considerably strained its relations with Iraq.[9] Turkey has 1,500 to
2,000 soldiers in Iraq,[306] including 500 Turkish soldiers
deployed to a base near Bashiqa, where they trained 1,500
Iraqi Sunni volunteers, mainly Turkmens, and Arabs to
recapture Mosul from ISIL.[307][308] Turkeys participation is against the wishes of the Iraqi government, which
has said the Turks are violating Iraqs sovereignty. Turkey
has refused to withdraw its forces.[9] Turkish President
Recep Tayyip Erdogan told the Turkish parliament on 1
October, We will play a role in the Mosul liberation operation and no one can prevent us from participating,[309]
and said their presence was to ensure that Mosul did
not fall to Kurdish or Shia control and become a threat
to Turkey.[310][311] Turkeys presence was criticized by
Kurds in northern Iraq,[312] and thousands of protestors
demonstrated at the Turkish Embassy in Baghdad on
18 October, demanding Turkish forces withdraw from
Iraq.[313] The United States has reportedly attempted to
persuade Iraq to cooperate with Turkey on the Mosul
oensive.[314] Al-Abadi declined the oer of Turkish assistance, saying, I know that the Turks want to participate. We tell them thank you, this is something the Iraqis
will handle and the Iraqis will liberate Mosul and the rest
of the territories.[315] However, on 23 October, Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yldrm announced Turkish
troops had red on ISIL positions near Mosul after requests for assistance from the Peshmerga.[9]
The situation between Turkey and Iraq escalated on 1
November, the day Iraqi forces entered Mosul. Turkey
announced it was sending tanks and artillery from Ankara
to Silopi near the Iraqi border. Turkeys Minister of
Defense Fikri Ik said the deployment was a move
to prepare for important developments in the region
and be ready for any possible scenario and stated that
further action can be taken if Turkeys red lines are
crossed warning Shi'ite militias and PKK not to terrorize and take hold of Iraqi Turkmen-majority regions
in the area.[316][317][318] Prime Minister Al-Abadi warned
Turkey not to invade Iraq, predicting war if they did.
Al-Abadi, addressing journalists in Baghdad, said, We
warn Turkey if they want to enter Iraq, they will end up
becoming fragmented... We do not want to ght Turkey.
We do not want a confrontation with Turkey. God forbid, even if we engage in war with them, the Turks will
pay a heavy price. They will be damaged. Yes, we too
will be damaged, but whenever a country ghts a neighboring country, there will be no winner, both will end up
losing.[319]
On 7 November, Iraq rejected Turkeys proposal to continue running the Bashiqa military camp, no matter if it
were formally transferred under the auspices of the coalition forces, and suggested that Turkey hand over control
of the camp to Iraqs central government.[320]
14
See also
American-led intervention in Iraq (2014present)
Battle of Fallujah (2016)
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ISIS Map
Coordinates:
43.2897E
23
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File:U.S._Soldier_prepares_for_key_leader_engagement_to_assess_Iraqi_security_force_checkpoints_at_Q-West.jpg
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