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PETE 203

DRILLING ENGINEERING

Drilling Hydraulics
1

Drilling Hydraulics
Energy Balance
Flow Through Nozzles
Hydraulic Horsepower
Hydraulic Impact Force
Rheological Models
Optimum Bit Hydraulics
2

Nonstatic Well Conditions


Physical Laws:
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of energy

Conservation of momentum
Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
API Power-Law
Equations of State
Incompressible fluid
Slightly compressible fluid
Ideal gas
Real gas

Average Fluid Velocity


Pipe Flow

q
2 .4 4 8 d

Annular Flow

q
v
2
2
2 .4 4 8 d 2 d 1

WHERE

v = average velocity, ft/s


q = flow rate, gal/min
d = internal diameter of pipe, in.
d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in.
d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in.

Law of Conservation of Energy


States that as a fluid flows
from point 1 to point 2:

g D
W

p 1V

1
v
2

2
2

2
1

In the wellbore, in many cases

Q = 0 (heat)
= constant

In practical field units


this equation simplifies to:

0 .0 5 2

8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
where

2
2

v1

p1 and p2
are pressures in psi
is density in lbm/gal.
v1 and v2
are velocities in ft/sec.
pp
is pressure added by pump
between points 1 and 2 in psi
pf
is frictional pressure loss in psi
D1 and D2 are depths in ft.

Determine the pressure at the bottom of


the drill collars, if
p
q

D
D

1 ,4 0 0 p s i

4 0 0 g a l/m in .
1 2 lb m /g a l.
1 0 ,0 0 0 f t.

(bottom of drill collars)

(mud pits)

ID

D C

2 .5 in .

3 ,0 0 0 p s i

Velocity in drill collars

2 .4 4 8 d

(g a l/m in )
2
(in )

400

2 6 .1 4 ft/s e c
2
2 .4 4 8 * (2 .5 )

Velocity in mud pits, v1 0

p 1 0 .0 5 2 (D

8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
p

-4

D 1)

( v 22 v 12 ) P p P f

0 0 .0 5 2 * 1 2 (1 0 ,0 0 0 - 0 )
- 8 .0 7 4 * 1 0

-4

* 1 2 ( 2 6 . 1 4 2 0 2 ) 3 ,0 0 0 1, 4 0 0

0 6 ,2 4 0 6 . 6 3 ,0 0 0 1, 4 0 0

Pressure at bottom of drill collars = 7,833 psig


NOTE: KE in collars

May be ignored in many cases

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p 2 p 1 0 .0 5 2 ( D 2 D 1 )
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0

-4

(v v1 ) P p P
2
2

f
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Fluid Flow Through Nozzle


Assume:

and

8 .0 7 4 * 1 0

2
n

p
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0

12

If

P f 0

E q u a tio n m a y b e w r itte n a s

vn c

p
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0

c d

0 .9 5

This accounts for all the losses in the nozzle.


Example:

v n 0 .9 5

1 ,0 0 0
3 0 5 ft/s e c
4
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0 * 1 2
13

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For multiple nozzles in //


Vn is the same for each nozzle
even if the dn varies!
This follows since p is the same across
each nozzle.

vn c

p
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0

b it

& v

-5

8 .3 1 1 * 1 0
C

2
d

2
t

3 .1 1 7 A

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Hydraulic Horsepower
HHP of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?

Power

r a te o f d o in g w o r k

F * s / t

* A

q
A

q p

In field units:

q p
H H P
1714

4 0 0 * 3 ,0 0 0

700hp
1714
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Hydraulic Impact Force


What is the HHP Developed by bit?
Consider:

0 .9 5

q 4 0 0 g a l/m in
1 2 lb /g a l
p n 1 ,1 6 9 p s i
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Impact = rate of change of momentum

q vn
m v m
Fj

v
t
3 2 .1 7 * 6 0
t
C

F j 0 .0 1 8 2 3 c d q p

0 .9 5

q 4 0 0 g a l/m in
1 2 lb /g a l
p n 1 ,1 6 9 p s i

F j 0 . 0 1 8 2 3 * 0 . 9 5 * 4 0 0 1 2 * 1 ,1 6 9 8 2 0 l b f
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Newtonian Fluid Model

E x p e r im e n ta lly ,

F
A

V

L


Shear stress = viscosity * shear rate

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F
A

V
L

Laminar Flow of Newtonian Fluids

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Newtonian Fluid Model

In a Newtonian fluid the shear stress is


directly proportional to the shear rate (in
laminar flow):

dyne
1

2
cm
sec

i.e.,

The constant of proportionality, is the


viscosity of the fluid and is independent of
shear rate.

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Newtonian Fluid Model

d yn e se c
cm 2

Viscosity may be expressed in poise or


centipoise.
dyne - s
g
1 p o is e 1
1
2
cm
cm s
1 c e n tip o is e 0 .0 1 p o is e

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Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate for a Newtonian Fluid

Slope of line
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Example - Newtonian Fluid

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Example 4.16

Area of upper plate = 20 cm2


Distance between plates = 1 cm
Force reqd to move upper plate at 10
cm/s
= 100 dynes.
What is fluid viscosity?
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Example 4.16

s h e a r s tre s s F / A 1 0 0 / 2 0 d y n e s /c m

-1
s h e a r ra te
V /L
1 0 /1 s e c

dyne s

0 .5
0 .5 p o is e
2
10
cm
5

50 cp
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Bingham Plastic Model

27

Bingham Plastic Model

p y

if y
if - y y

p y

if - y

and y are often expressed in lbf/100 sq.ft


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Power-Law Model

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Power-Law Model

if 0
n 1

if 0

n = flow behavior index


K = consistency index
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Rheological Models
1. Newtonian Fluid: shear stress
absolute viscosity

shear rate
2. Bingham Plastic Fluid:

y ( p)*

What if y

y yield point
p plastic viscosity
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Rheological Models
3. Power Law Fluid:

K ( )

K = consistency index
n = flow behavior index

When n = 1, fluid is Newtonian and K =


We shall use power-law model(s) to
calculate pressure losses (mostly).
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Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)

Fig. 4-26. Velocity profiles for laminar flow:


(a) pipe flow and (b) annular flow

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3D View of Laminar Flow in a pipe


- Newtonian Fluid

It looks like concentric rings of fluid


telescoping down the pipe at different velocities34

Summary of Laminar Flow Equations for Pipes and Annuli

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36

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Fig 4.33: Critical Reynolds number for


Bingham plastic fluids.

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Fig 4.34:

Fraction Factors for Power-law


fluid model.

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40

Total Pump Pressure

Pressure loss in surf. equipment


Pressure loss in drill pipe
Pressure loss in drill collars
Pressure drop across the bit nozzles
Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill
collars and the hole wall
Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill
pipe and the hole wall
Hydrostatic pressure difference ( varies)
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Total Pump Pressure

P PUM P PSC P DP P DC
P B P D C A P D P A ( P

HYD

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Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
Flow pattern is linear (no radial flow)
Velocity at wall is ZERO
Produces minimal hole erosion
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Types of Flow - Laminar

Mud properties strongly affect


pressure losses
Is preferred flow type for annulus
(in vertical wells)
Laminar flow is sometimes referred to
as sheet flow, or layered flow:

* As the flow velocity increases, the flow type


changes from laminar to turbulent.
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Types of Flow

Turbulent Flow
Flow pattern is random (flow in all directions)
Tends to produce hole erosion
Results in higher pressure losses
(takes more energy)
Provides excellent hole cleaningbut
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Types of flow

Turbulent flow, contd


Mud properties have little effect on pressure losses
Is the usual flow type inside the drill pipe and collars
Thin laminar boundary layer at the wall

Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
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flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow

Turbulent Flow - Newtonian Fluid

The onset of turbulence in pipe flow is


characterized by the dimensionless
group known as the Reynolds
number _

R e

v d

In field
units,

R e

928 v d

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Turbulent Flow Newtonian Fluid

Re

928 v d

where fluid density, lbm/gal


_

v avg. fluid velocity, ft/s

d pipe I.D., in
viscosity of fluid, cp.

We often assume that fluid flow is


turbulent if Nre > 2,100
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Pressure Drop Calculations

PPUMP

Q = 280 gal/min

= 12.5 lb/gal
PPUMP = PDP + PDC
+ PBIT NOZZLES
+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN
+ PHYD

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"Friction" Pressures
2,500

DRILLPIPE

"Friction" Pressure, psi

2103

2,000
1,500

DRILL COLLARS

1,000

BIT NOZZLES

500

ANNULUS

0
0

5,000

10,000

15,000

Distance from Standpipe, ft

20,000

25,000
50

Optimum Bit Hydraulics

Under what conditions do we get the best


hydraulic cleaning at the bit?
Maximum hydraulic horsepower?
Maximum impact force?
Both these items increase when the circulation rate
increases.
However, when the circulation rate increases, so
does the frictional pressure drop.

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Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection


Nozzle Size Selection for Optimum Bit
Hydraulics:
Max. Nozzle Velocity
Max. Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
Max. Jet Impact Force

52

Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection


Proper bottom-hole cleaning
Will eliminate excessive regrinding of
drilled solids, and
Will result in improved penetration rates

Bottom-hole cleaning efficiency


Is achieved through proper selection of bit
nozzle sizes
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Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection


- Optimization -

Through nozzle size selection, optimization


may be based on maximizing one of the
following:
Bit Nozzle Velocity
Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
Jet impact force

There is no general agreement on which of


these three parameters should be maximized.
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Maximum Nozzle Velocity

Pb
Fromv Eq.
n C(4.31)
d
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0

vn

i.e.
Pb

so the bit pressure drop should be maximized in order to


obtain the maximum nozzle velocity
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Maximum Nozzle Velocity

This (maximization) will be achieved when


the surface pressure is maximized and the
frictional pressure loss everywhere is
minimized, i.e., when the flow rate is
minimized.
v n is maximized when 1& 2 above are satisfied,
at the minimum circulation rate
and the maximum allowable surface pressure.
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Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horsepower

The hydraulic horsepower at the bit is


maximized when( p b i t q ) is maximized.

pum p

b it

pum p

b it

where p d may be called the parasitic pressure


loss in the system (friction).
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Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horsepower

The parasitic pressure loss in the system,

p d p s p

dp

dc

dca

dpa

cq

1 .7 5

if th e f lo w is tu r b u le n t.
In general,

cq

where 0 m 2

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Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horsepower

b it

P H b it

pum p

p b it q p

1714

d P H b it

0 w hen
dq

pum p

pum p

q cq

cq

m 1

1714
c (m 1)q

0
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Maximum Bit Hydraulic Horsepower

p
i .e . , w h e n p
i .e . , w h e n p
P

H b it

c (m 1)q

(m 1)p

p u m p

pum p


p
m 1

p u m p

is m a x im u m w h e n

1

p
m 1

pum p
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Maximum Jet Impact Force

The jet impact force is given by Eq. 4.37:

F j 0 .0 1 8 2 3 c d q

0 .0 1 8 2 3 c d q

(p

b it

pum p

pd )
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Maximum Jet Impact Force

(p

F j 0 .0 1 8 2 3 c d q

pum p

p d )

But parasitic pressure drop,

p
F

0 .0 1 8 2 3 c

cq

cd q

m 2
62

Maximum Jet Impact Force

Upon differentiating, setting the first


derivative to zero, and solving the resulting
quadratic equation, it may be seen that the
impact force is maximized when,

2
p d
p
m 2

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