Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bn khng nn s dng thut ng chung- thay v dng cu "nhng ngi mun mua qun o
cho tr nh" bng cu "ng b ni ngoi v nhng ngi mun tng qu ang tm b qun o
c bit cho tr s sinh".
Cn thn khng nn m m nhiu th cng mt lc. Khng phi tt c mi ngi u l
khch hng mc tiu ca bn. Khng phc v tt c mi khch hng - hy phn on th
trng. Nu bn bn du si nh trong mt khu vc c th no , bn c th nhm mc tiu
marketing vo tt c cc h gia nh trong khu vc . Nhng liu nh th bn s dng c
hiu qu tin bc v thi gian ca mnh cha? C l l cha. Bn nn thu hp im tp trung
ca mnh li. Khch hng mc tiu ca bn l nhng ngi ang s dng du si nh hay
l nhng ngi ang s dung kh ga si nhng ang mun chuyn sang dng du? Hay
bn ang tp trung vo nhng ngi va mua nh v cha quyt nh s mua du si nh
au? Bn bn hng cho ngi dn a phng hay cho cc doanh nghip a phng?
C mt s im khc bn cng cn xem xt:
Khng nn on khch hng mc tiu ca bn l ai. Khi c th tnh ton bng con s
thc thng qua kho st. T vn mt hip hi thng mi; n th vin nghin cu v
tra cu s liu th trng; s dng thng tin v nhn khu thng qua cuc tng iu
tra, v.v.
Khch hng ca sn phm hay dch v ca bn khng nht thit phi l ngi s dng.
3. nh v sn phm
nh v sn phm l nt c trng ca bn trn th trng; lm th no th trng v i th
cnh tranh nhn bit sn phm hay dch v ca bn. Vic nh v sn phm ca bn s c nh
hng ti bt k phn no trong k hoch marketing ca bn.
nh v sn phm nn da vo li ch ca sn phm bn a ra, khch hng ca bn l ai, v
i th cnh tranh nh v sn phm ca h nh th no. Hy a ra li tuyn b nh v sn
phm tp trung v c ng. V d, cng ty Acme Movers a ra li nh v sn phm nh
sau "Cng ty t ng tin cy nht trong thnh ph". Hai kin trc s chuyn v thit k bp
c th a ra cc cch nh v hon ton khc nhau - mt ngi c th l" l mt nh thit k
sng to nht cho khng gian bp hin i" trong khi ngi khc c th li l nh thit k tit
kim chi ph nht cho khu bp truyn thng". Bn ngh khu bp ca ai c th s c tm thy
m hnh gia nh hin i v bp ca ai nh hng mc tiu cho khch hng c mc sng
trung bnh?
Mt s li khuyn khi nh v sn phm:
Quyn qung co
Dch v cng ng
ng gi sn phm
Cc cuc thi u
Trng by ti cc im bn
Phiu gim gi
Hng khuyn mi
T chc cc s kin
T bm
Mu hng min ph
Bn hng h gi
Hi tho
xuyn
Ti tr
Cc tr qung co
Trin lm thng mi
Trang vng
K hoch kinh doanh ca nh sn xut cung cp nhng thng tin ti chnh b sung
phn nh tnh trng hng ang hot ng tt vi mt b h s theo di v ti chnh.
KE HOACH MARKETTING
Tm tt v cng ty
Cng ty xe p Breakaway thit k v ch to sn xe p theo yu cu ca khch hng vi
cc tiu chun k thut chnh xc ca cc nh chuyn mn ua xe p gii nht th gii trn
a hnh i ni v ng bng. Breakaway c c bn quyn ny v ngi sng lp cng
ty ng thi l nh ch to gii, ng Mike Giro, ch to th cng cc sn xe ng
bng v ng ni p ng mt tiu chun chung cho tt c cc vn ng vin ua xe - loi
sn xe ny gip h chin thng trong cc cuc ua.
K t nm 1990, Breakaway thit k v ch to sn xe p c bit dnh cho cc nh
chuyn nghip ua xe v cho nhng ngi say m mn ua xe, coi vic i xe p l mt
hot ng nghim tc v mun c mt phng tin tt nht. Khi ngy cng nhiu ngi
Gim c iu hnh
Steve Brown
Jane Giro
= $50
2. Lm v khun c kim loi cho sn xe (2,5 gi lao ng v $25 cho nguyn liu)
= $50
3. cht liu tng hp grafit (2,5 gi lao ng v $100 cho nguyn liu) = $125
4. nh dng v hon thin sn xe (6 gi lao ng v $15 cho nguyn liu) = $75
5. Sn v hon thin sn xe (5 gi lao ng v $10 cho nguyn liu) = $85
Tm tt chung v cng ty
Chin lc Pht trin My vi tnh (CDS) l mt cng ty mi s ph thuc vo cc k nng
ca ngi sng lp cng ty p ng nhng nhu cu ang tng ln v o to my vi tnh.
ng G. I. Netwell, ngi p dng chuyn mn v my vi tnh hn chc nm ca mnh vo
kinh doanh s lnh o cng ty vi mc tiu tr thnh mt nh cung cp cc dch v o to
my vi tnh cht lng cao ti khu vc trung tm Chicago. Cng ty Chin lc pht trin
my vi tnh (CDS) lc u ch gii hn cc kho hc hng dn s dng cc chng trnh
my vi tnh Microsoft Windows 95, Excel, v Word (hoc Corel WordPerfect). Nm 2000,
CDS s bt u t chc cc lp hc v thit k v duy tr cc trang web, hin nay cc kho
hc ny ang trong qu trnh xy dng.
Vic tin trin lin tc trong cc cng ngh v phn mm em li cho cc ngnh kinh doanh
nh mt c hi hot ng hiu qu hn. Nhng cc c hi cng tng ln u phi tr gi
bng s phc tp tng ln. Kt qu nghin cu th trng chng minh rng o to my vi
tnh l mt trong nhng ngnh dch v pht trin nhanh nht ca t nc. CDS c kh nng
chim lnh mt th phn quan trng ti th trng ni a trong lnh vc o to my vi tnh.
Hn na, CDS d tnh s ti s dng li nhun ngay trong nhng nm u hot ng do quy
m th trng ln v mc u t thp tng i khi bt u cc hot ng. D tnh doanh
thu nm u tin t 350 nghn USD.
Cng ty CDS s to cho mnh nhng c trng so vi cc i th cnh tranh (ch yu l cc
cng ty ln) thng qua gi c thp v xy dng cc ti liu in t c o lm cng c
o to. Bng cch ch chuyn su vo mt s n phm phn mm ph bin nht, CDS tip
cn c phn on th trng ln nht trong mt th trng ang pht trin. Cch tip cn
tp trung kht khe ny cng d dng hn cho CDS khi thit lp v duy tr c v tr ca
ngi dn u ngnh.
Thng tin chung v kinh doanh
Cng ty
CDS l mt cng ty cng ngh nng ng lun sn sng chim lnh mt th phn ng k
ca mt trong nhng ngnh dch v ang pht trin nhanh nht ca t nc, l o to
my vi tnh. CDS l mt cng ty c thnh lp Illinois vo nm 1998 v do mt mnh
ng G. I. Netwell s hu. CDS s thit lp c s hot ng ti Naperville, Illinois. CDS d
nh s t chc cc kho o to my vi tnh v mt s chng trnh phn mm trn gi,
c nhiu doanh nghip va v nh cng nh nhiu c nhn s dng rng ri. Cc chng
trnh ny bao gm Microsoft Windows 95, Excel, v Word, v Corels WordPerfect. Cc
kho hc ang trong qu trnh xy dng a ra vo nm 2000 nhm hng dn phng
php thit k v duy tr cc trang web trn mng Internet.
Ch cng ty ng thi l nhn vin ch cht, ng G. I. Netwell c nhiu kinh nghim vi v
tr gim c ph trch pht trin v o to my vi tnh ti cng ty hin ng ang lm vic l
Computerized Business Machines (CBM). Bn cnh , ng Netwell cn pht trin mt
chin lc Marketing rt ph hp vi vic chim mt th phn ln ti mng th trng cc
doanh nghip nh v va. CDS c kh nng to c danh ting khi t chc cc cc kho
hc c cht lng v o to my vi tnh m li ch v lu di mi thy ht c.
Ngi h tr ng Netwell l B Sue Howe, mt nhn vin hp ng c lp c nhim v
tr gip o to cc nhn vin ph trch dch v khch hng v bn hng ca CBM. Vi
kinh nghim thm nin trong nghip v o to,b Howe c th p ng nhng tiu chun
dch v cao m CDS t t ra cho mnh.
Dch v
Cng ty CDS c thnh lp vi mc ch duy nht l cung cp cc dch v o to my vi
tnh ti khu vc trung tm Chicago. Cc kho hc v Microsoft Windows, Excel, v Word
(hoc Corels WordPerfect) c thit k cung cp cho nhn vin v ch cc doanh
nghip nh cc k nng m h cn c lm vic mt cch hiu qu trong mt mi trng
kinh doanh c my vi tnh ho. Chng trnh o to v thit k v duy tr cc trang web
c t chc vo u nm 2000 s gip cho cc doanh nghip nh c th xy dng trang
web ring cho mnh trn mng internet phc v cho cc hot ng marketing v xc tin
bn sn phm.
Ni chung cc kho o to s c t chc ti cc c s thu Naperville, mt khu vc
ngoi pha ty Chicago. a im t chc thun tin cho vic i li, c khu xe v gn h
thng giao thng cng cng. Tuy nhin, nu c th th CDS s t chc o to ngay ti c s
ca khch hng.
im then cht l CDS nh gi cho cc dch v ca mnh. vCDS c th m phn a im
thu thun li vi mc chi ph tng i thp, nn cng ty c th gim gi ng k cho
khch hng so vi cc cng ty cung cp dch v o to khc.
Ti liu o to Sch t hc
Mt phng php m cng ty CDS s s dng phn bit cc kho o to ca mnh vi
nhng kha o to do cc cng ty khc t chc l thng qua s dng mt b sch t hc
in t do ng Netwell xy dng. Cc ti liu ny, mi ti liu dnh cho mt phm vi ng
dng, s c s dng lm ti liu h tr trong cc t o to, v sau l nhng cng c
tham kho c gi tr. Ti liu ny kt hp c nhng tng v khi nim c chng
minh l thnh cng trong sut nhim k lm vic ca ng Netwell ti CBM, c gn lin
vi nhng khi nim i mi c xy dng t nhng hiu bit thu o ca ng trong hot
ng o to ca CBM.
B sch t hc ny c cp cho cc hc vin ca CDS di dng a mm hoc a CDROM. Ti liu khng p dng cch tip cn theo ch thng gp trong cc cun hng
dn s dng v chng trnh tr gip trc tuyn m p dng cch tip cn theo chui cng
vic. Mi ti liu tip cn phn mm t v tr ca ngi s dng, nhng gip h nhn thc
nhanh hn nhiu so vi bt k ti liu hng dn no. Ni dung trong mi ti liu c trnh
by theo mt hnh thc l gc v d theo di. Ti liu minh ha mt cch r rng cc c tnh
ca mi ng dng, cung cp mt lot v d v ch dun ti liu tham kho p dng cho
mt lot tnh hung kinh doanh cng nh c nhn khc nhau.
Nhn s ch cht
ng G. I. Netwell l ch s hu v l gim c cng ty CDS. ng c nhiu kinh nghim dy
dn v lnh vc phn mm my vi tnh v cc k nng qun l c tch ly khi lm gim
c ph trch nhm o to v H tr K thut (TST) cho cng ty CBM (Computerized
Business Machines). ng d nh s dng kinh nghim ca mnh khi chun b v a ra cc
chng trnh o to my vi tnh.
ng Netwell tng l mt k thut vin ph trch h tr k thut kim cn b hng dn o
to ni b c 8 nm trc khi tr thnh gim c TST cch y ba nm. ng c bng cp
trong c lnh vc gio dc ln k s in . Bn cnh vic ci t phn mm v h tr thit
lp mng, ng Netwell qun l b phn pht trin lot chng trnh o to my vi tnh
ton din cho nhng ngi s dng my vi tnh cc trnh s cp, trung cp v nng cao.
Qu trnh i mi kt hp hng dn cho tng c nhn v thc hnh trn my s c a
vo cc chng trnh o to my vi tnh ca CDS.
Khi l gim c TST, ng Netwell lnh o mt nhm gm 5 cn b hng dn c
nhim v o to cho cc nhn vin cng ty v cc chng trnh phn mm Microsoft nh
Word, Excel, PowerPoint v Windows. ng Netwell cng tham gia ging dy trong mt s
kho hc. Bng nhng kinh nghim ny, ng Netwell s iu phi nhng n lc o to ca
mt cn b hng dn bn chuyn (part-time) v mt tr l o to cung cp cho hc
vin ca CDS nhng c hi tip cn ln nht vi cc nhn s o to.
ng Netwell cng qun l mt nhm gm 6 k thut vin my vi tnh chu trch nhim ton
b cng vic lin quan n sa cha my vi tnh v my in. Bi v ng Netwell c kin thc
v k thut, nn cc nhn vin thng xin kin ca ng khi gp cc vn trc trc cn
sa cha. Nhng kinh nghim ny s chng t l c bit c gi tr trong cng vic hng
ngy. Thi gian cht ca my vi tnh s c gim thiu bi v ng Netwell t nht cng c
th sa cha nhng trc trc nh m khng cn phi i k thut vin my vi tnh.
K hoch Marketing
Phn tch th trng
ng Netwell tin hnh nghin cu th trng cn thn trc khi thnh lp CDS. Nghin
cu ny tp trung vo qu trnh pht trin ca hot ng o to my vi tnh ni chung v
tp trung vo th trng theo lnh th m ng d nh cung cp cc dch v. Kt qu nghin
cu hon ton mang tnh khch l. Theo cc kt qu nghin cu ca mt s tp ch thng
mi c uy tn trong ngnh th o to my vi tnh hin ang ngng ca ca mt giai on
hc vin. Chng trnh trn gi bao gm cc kho o to cho ngi cha bit s dng v
kho nng cao v Word hoc Word Perfect, Excel v Windows c mc hc ph l 380 USD.
y l mt s gim gi ng k so vi cc i th cnh tranh d khch hng la chn cc
kho o to cho tng phn mm hoc nhiu phn mm.
K hoch hnh ng/thc hin
Nhn s
Cng ty CDS c k hoch duy tr cc khon chi tr lng v tin cng mc thp, t nht l
trong giai on u. t c mc tiu ny, CDS s ch c hai nhn vin l ng G. I.
Netwell v B June Kelvin. B Kelvin s lm vic bn chuyn vi chc nng l cn b tr l
vn phng v o to. Trong giai on bn rn s c mt cn b o to lm vic bn
chuyn theo hp ng c lp l b Sue Howe h tr. B Howe s lm vic vi v tr l
ging vin my vi tnh b sung cho cc lp hc bui ti v cui tun. Theo k hoch m ng
Netwell chun b, ni chung B Howe s khng cn phi c mt trong cc giai on t hot
ng trong cc k ngh h v ngh ng.
B Howe cng c o to nhiu v lnh vc ny, nh b c th xem xt v nh gi
cc sn phm mi v mng v phn mm. Khi lm vic ti CBM, b c cp chng ch
K s H thng c Microsoft chng nhn. Do vy, b p dng cc kin thc chuyn
mn ca mnh khi lp k hoch, thc hin v h tr cc h thng thng tin bao gm
Microsoft Windows NT, BackOffice v mt lot cc chng trnh phn mm ng dng khc.
Ngoi ra b cn c cp chng ch ca Vin o to Cng ngh v Microsoft Word,
Windows, Excel, PowerPoint v Windows.
CDS v b Howe nht tr tho thun di y v ch tin th lao. Mi mt lp vi thi
gian 3 ting cho ngi mi bt u m b ging dy, b s nhn c 180 USD. Khon tin
ny s tng ln 200 USD nu l lp hc nng cao vi thi gian cng ba ting. Trong nhng
thng c nhiu lp, mi tun B Howe dy hai lp 3 ting cho ngi bt u hc v hai lp
3 ting nng cao, b s nhn c 760 mt tun.
Nhn vin tr l vn phng v o to l b June Kelvin, c nm nm kinh nghim lm vic
vi v tr l Trng phnh hnh chnh cho mt cng ty o to my vi tnh ln ng thi
cng c o to nhiu v hu ht cc chng trnh phn mm ph bin. Cc kinh nghim
v chuyn mn o to ny s em li li ch cho CDS khi cc hng dn vin cn s gip
i vi cc lp hc ln hn. CDS cng tr cho Kelvin 8 USD mt gi lm vic ti vn
phng v 12 USD cho thi gian h tr cc hng dn vin trn lp . ng c tnh, trung
bnh mt tun b Kelvin s lm vic 10 ting ti vn phng v 6 ting h tr o to. Nh
ny, CDS c tnh tng doanh thu trong nm u tin s t 351.840 USD hoc trung bnh
mi thng t 29.340 USD. Con s ny c th c c th ho trong bng di y:
50% s hc vin mi tham gia mt kho
$7,335
$15,485
$5,420
$1,100
thng trong hai nm u hot ng, xin xem Bo co thu nhp nu trong phn d ton ti
chnh
Tm tt
Cng ty dch v n nhanh ca Joe thnh lp nm 1997 Illinois, l mt cng ty kinh
doanh nh chuyn cung cp thc n nhanh cht lng cao bng xe ch hng ca cng ty n
hng lot trung tm vn phng cng ty lm vic vng th. Hot ng kinh doanh ca
cng ty di ci tn Joes Redhots. K hoch ca cng ty cho th ban gim c tn thnh
vic vay 1 triu USD t ba ngn hng m rng chin lc marketing v phn phi hng
vo trung tm thng mi Chicago bng su chic xe ch hng hin c ca cng ty. T sut
li nhun u t rng trong 3 nm d tnh s l 243%/ 1 triu USD u t, sau khi hon
vn.
c tnh doanh thu ca Joes Redhots nm 2000 ln ti 3 triu USD, li rng l $212.500
(7,1% doanh thu). Doanh thu d kin s t 12 triu USD, vi li rng l 1.280.100 USD
(10,7%), vo cui nm 2002. Cng ty Joes c su hp ng v c th c thm 24 hp ng
na cc to nh vn phng nhm i l Michigan v mt vi ni khc Chicago cung
cp dch n quanh nm. Khu vc ng c ny em li doanh thu trung bnh hng nm
tnh theo mi u xe hng l 300.000 USD ( ngha l bn c 1.000 ln mi tun v mi
ln bn trung bnh l $6,00). T mt xe bn hng vo nm 1995, Cng ty Joes tng doanh
thu hng nm l 1,8 triu USD trong ba nm ti vi li rng l 128.900 USD (7,2%),.
Doanh thu d tnh (n v 1,000 USD)
Nm
Doanh thu
Chi ph hng bn
Li gp t bn hng
Chi ph qun l
Marketing
Li cha tnh thu v li sut
ngn hng
Thu v li sut ngn hng
Li rng
1999
$1.800
540
1.260
860
180
220
2000
$3.000
900
2.100
1.428
300
372
2001
$6.000
1.800
4.200
2.643
600
957
2002
$9.000
2.700
6.300
3.844
900
1.555
2003
$12.000
3.600
8.400
5.034
1.200
2.166
91
$129
159
$213
445
$512
663
$892
886
$1,280
Chin lc nh v
Joes Redhots bn xc xch cht lng cao v cc thc n tra ch bin sn nhm phc v
cc doanh nhn ti cc khu th giao thng ng c. Khc vi nhng ngi bn hng n
rong trn ng ph, Joes Redhots oc xem l ni l tng nht n tra nhanh . C
c nh vy bi v Joes Redhots c nhng xe chuyn ch thc n sch s nht, nhng
ngi phc v v sinh nht, thc n nguyn cht, ti nht v gi c hp l nht. Gi thnh
mc thp cho thy dch v bn hng ca cng ty c cht lng cao. Joes Redhots cng ni
ting v khiu hi hc v kh nng tip th sn phm ca cc nhn vin, hng tun h lun
em n cho khch hng mt vi iu g c bit c th tit kim tin v gii tr.
Mi xe ch thc n u mang mt khu hiu Joes RedhotsLm bn hi lng ch vi
gi $2.00! Bn xng ng c thng thc n! Bc thng ip nhm vo nhng
khch hng i ng tim nng mun thng thc mt xc xch vi gi r. cng l mt
thng ip mi cho ngi ta "t bung th" mt cht v phn ln xc xch u c hm
lng cht bo cao. Kiu cho hng c o ny cng nhm chnh vo y bi v khi khch
hng thch n xc xch v cm thy h xng ng c thng thc vi gi r th s thy
rng l bc thng ip ny ht sc c ngha vi h. ngha ca bc thng ip cng ht
sc c o: gi r + s thch th. Mt cuc nghin cu nh tnh khng chnh thc cho
thy khch hng mc tiu l cc nhn vin cng s mu thun vi chnh bn thn h khi
mun n mt chic xc xch mm, ngon nhng li c gng theo di cht bo v lng tht
trong ch n ca mnh.
Hn na, xc xch ca Joes Redhots khng c hm lng cht bo cao. Xc xch ca cng
ty c cht lng cao, tt c u nguyn cht, khng c cht bo qun v cc cht ho hc c
hi. Nhng nhn vin bn do trn ng ph ca Joes Redhots u tuyn truyn cho khch
hng ca h thy rng thng thc xc xch va r li va c li cho sc khe. Mc d l li
cho hng nhm vo sn phm xc xch nhng mi xe hng ch n ca Joes cng c rt
nhiu mn n khc c li cho sc kho v gi c li hp l
Chin lc Marketing
Joes Redhots c hnh thnh nhm c c v tr hng u trong lnh vc dch v thc n
lu ng ti nhng trung tm thng mi ln th. Joes nhm vo cc i tng t cc
cn b cng s tr ln, nhng ngi mun n ba sng hay ba tra nhanh, thun tin v
linh hot. Mi xe ch n, chi ph khong 20.000 USD, cung cp cho 200 n 250 ba
n mi ngy.
hng v qung co. V k hoch ny s thc y hot ng bn hng tng ln nhanh chng
qua vic tng thm nhiu xe ch n mi cho nn k hoch ca Joes Redhots l dnh ti
thiu 10% li rng trong sut nm u hot ng.
Cn c vo quyt nh , hot ng qung co v h tr bn hng s uc u tin theo tnh
hiu qu thc t, vi chi ph d tnh nh sau:
Qung co
H tr bn hng
Cc hnh thc h tr bn hng nhm m rng hot ng kinh doanh s gm cc hng dng
th min ph n sng v n tra ng gi sn, cc ngy khuyn mi (v d nh mua hng
n km sa lt min ph). Cc chi ph cho hot ng marketing khc nh phn pht cc phiu
mua hng v th mua hng thng xuyn.
Nhng hot ng ny gip cho Joes Redhots tr thnh cng ty kinh doanh n nhanh duy
nht khu vc Chicagohang khch hang c n th min ph lin tc trong c nm v c
thmmt ngy c n min ph v tha thch . Trc y, chng trnh ny l cch pht
trin kinh doanh v gi c nhng khch hng trung thnh cho d phi bn thc n ngon
vi gi phi thp hn so vi cc ca hiu n nhanh khc trong vng (nh McDonalds,
Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, White Hen Pantry,....).
Tnh hnh th trng v phn phi hng
em so snh vi nhng hiu n v h thng xe bn n lu ng khc, cng ty c mt li
th ht sc c bit. S linh hot v a im bn hng, l ngay trong vn phng hay bn
ngoi, tnh hiu qu ca qui m t chc, chi ph qun l thp hn, cc n c chia thnh
khu phn v c gi sn, khng cn u bp, chi ph hng bn thp, khng cn phi nu
nng v cc dng km theo, loi b nhng nhn vin phi ch i phc v; tt c
nhng iu gip cho cng ty tit kim c mt khon bng khong 50% tng chi ph
cho hng ho v dch v d tnh so vi nhng nh hng thng thng khc c mc gi tng
t.
Joes Redhots cng phng nhng i th cnh tranh hin ti v trong tng lai bng
chng trnh chn la v k hp ng thu a im ti cc to nh tr s lm vic ng c
Chicago. Joe's cng l cng ty bn hng n bng xe duy nht c h thng xe lnh bo qun
n nhm cung cp n cho cc xe bn hng di ng khi cn. . Cng ty cng xem xt
kh nng tin hnh xy dng kho bo qun thc n chun b v cung cp n nhm
gim chi ph v c thmthc n chn khi c thm nhiu ni bn hng bng xe mi.
u th ca sn phm
Sn phm ca Joes Redhots c cht lng cao nht so vi bt k cc dch v bn hng di
ng hay hot ng bn hng n nhanh khc Chicago thng qua hng lot cc bi vit trn
cc phng tin thng tin i chng, qua iu tra khch hng, qua iu tra cc i l bn
hng n cnh tranh khu vc ln cn ca chnh cng ty. Sn phm ca cng ty 100%
nguyn cht vi khong 30% cc mn n v khu phn n c hm lng cht bo thp, t
hn 4 gram cht bo vi mi thc n. Thng tin v t l cht dinh dng cng lun c sn
trn i vi mi sn phm theo yu cu t pha khch hng.
Joes Redhots lun to ra nhiu thc n khc nhau hng tun, vi ba thc n ht sc c
bit vi mc gi khuyn mi mi ngy. S thay i thc n theo ma nh l thm sp, t,
hm v ung nng trong ma ng v thm salad v cc lnh (nh mn kem Italia)
trong nhng thng h.
Joes Redhots chuyn sn xut n sng nguyn cht ng gi sn, bnh sandwich, salad,
sp cho ba tra v nhng n nh. Nc st ma-don-ne vi hm lng cht bo thp, rau
hoa qu ti, tht vi hm lng canxi thp, bnh m bt nguyn cht mi ra l, sp v
hm t ch bin v cc mn ph km theo khc gip cho khch hng c nhiu s la chn
mn n cho mnh. Tt c n u khng c phm mu, cht ph gia,hay cht bo qun;
ngun nguyn liu th c o so vi cc i th cnh tranh. Joes Redhots kt hp bn
ung nguyn cht ly t cc ca hng thuc l/ko trong mi to nh nhm tng doanh thu
cho c i bn.
Tt c cc nhn vin bn hng v li xe hng ca Joes Redhot c xem xt o to nng
cao ( ng nht l sinh vin chim 30% ) v c o to dch v bn hng t ban u trong
thi gian l 6h. i trng mt xe hng ti thiu phi c1 nm kinh nghim v o to ti
cng ty.
Nhn s ch cht
Joe Hirasawa, l ch tch v ngi sng lp cng ty tng tt nghip trng i hc
Wisconsin v c mt vi nm kinh nghim v dch v n ung vi vai tr l bp trng v
qun l nh hng ti mt s nh hng ln Chicago. Gia nh ng qun l mt cng ty sn
xut n v ch yu bn cho cc nh phn phi, thng qua cc nh trung gian bn hng.
Joe trng thnh vi rt nhiu kinh nghim trong cc giai on kinh doanh ca gia nh.
ng i du lch khp ni trn th gii, hc hi cc k thut ch bin thc n v lng cht
dinh dng cn thit qua thc hnh ti cc hiu n khp mi ni, thng tho ting v
Ty Ban Nha v , l hi vin tch cc ca Ban t vn cng nghip thc phm cho Hip hi
Lin Nh hng ti M. Nm 1995, ng nhn c gii thng Nh doanh nghip ca nm
ca Hip hi cc ch nh hng ti Chicago.
nh gi cng ty v T sut li nhun u t (ROI)
Joes Redhots cam kt tng gi tr c phn bng cch tng doanh thu bn hng v li rng
ng thi xem xt vic kinh doanh, st nhp, lin doanh, v pht hnh c phiu rng ri ra
cng chng trong tng lai. Gi tr ca cng ty d tnh ch t cng khong 7,7 triu USD n
12,8 triu USD ( c th khong gp 6 n 10 ln li rng) trong vng 5 nm ti.
T sut li nhun u t (ROI) cho cc c ng thng, ng gp ban u vo nm 1992
( ngha l 1 triu c phiu x $0,50/ 1c phiu= $500.000, hay 20% c phiu chnh thc ca
cng ty trn th trng ti thi im u t ban u trong nm th nht) d tnh s l 300%
n 500% vo nm 1999, da theo con s 6 n 10 ln ca h s P/E \ (v d nh 20% ca
$7,7$12,8 triu), v y l mc nh gi ti thiu ca mt cng ty kinh doanh n ung
tng t. Pht hnh c tc l mt cng c nhm tng ROI ca cc c ng m cng ty c l
xem xt vo u nm 1996.
%
100
30
70,
0
10,
0
0,3
0,1
0,4
0,5
0,1
5,0
0,7
1,0
1,0
0,5
45
45
1,5
1,5
90
90
1,5
1,5
135
135
1,5
1,5
180
180
1,5
1,5
225
225
1,5
1,5
15
15
0,5
0,5
30
30
0,5
0,5
45
45
0,5
0,5
60
60
0,5
0,5
75
75
0,5
0,5
Cc dch v cng 15
cng
Hoa hng bn hng
150
Tin cng, tin lng 600
Tng chi ph
EBDIT*
$1.60
8
$492
Khu hao
EBIT**
120
$372
Li phi tr ngn 45
hng
Li trc thu
$327
Thu thu nhp
Li rng (l)
114
$213
0,5
30
0,5
45
5,0
20,
0
53,
6
16,
4
4,0
12,
4
1,5
300
1200
5,0
20,
0
51,
1
19,
0
3,0
16,
0
1,1
450
1800
5,0
20,
0
$4.50 50,
4
1
$1,79 20,
6
0
240
2,7
1,55 17,
6
3
90
1,0
600
2400
5,0
20,
0
$5.9 49,
34
5
$2,4 20,
66
6
300
2,5
$2,1 18,
66
1
113
0,9
750
3000
10,
9
3,8
7,1
$890
14,
8
6,3
8,5
$1.46
6
573
$893
$2.0
53
773
$1.2
80
$2.6
48
975
$1.6
73
$3.06
3
$1,13
7
180
$957
67
378
$512
0,5
16,
3
6,4
9,9
60
0,5
17,
1
6,4
10,
7
75
0,5
5,0
20,
0
$7.3 49,
57
1
$3,1 21,
43
0
360
2,4
$2,7 18,
83
6
135
0,9
17,
7
6,5
11,
1
$5.000
0
10.400
3.600
0
$19.000
$185.00
0
38.000
120.000
Cc khon n
Cc khon n ngn hn
Cc khon phi tr
chng t n ngn hn
chng t n di hn
thu a im bn hng
thu kinh doanh phi tr
thu lao ng phi tr
Tng lng
Tng khon n hin ti
N di hn
Cc khon vay mua xe
bn hng t ng
$11.65
0
0
7.450
1.200
2500
2150
4.400
$29.35
0
$32.00
0
Cc dng c chun b
24.350
Cc dng c d tr n
13.500
g v cc dng c
7.400
Tng n di hn
(32.875
)
$355.37
5
$374.37
5
26.750
144.70
0
$203.4
50
$232.8
00
$141.5
75
$374.3
75
khc
Tng ti sn di hn
Tng ti sn
Xy
dng
hoch
Marketing
Tng n
Vn c ng
Tng n v vn c ng
trn
trang
Web
ca
bn
Marketing trn trang web thc s cn thit bi v n nh hng trc tip n thi gian v vn
m bn s b ra u t xy dng mt trang web. Hi tho ny s gip bn nhanh chng v
d dng xy dng mt k hoch Marketing trn trang web mang tnh chin lc v chin thut
bng cch hng dn bn ra nhng quyt nh quan trng v thi thc bn phi thit lp cc
mc tiu.
Cho d bn ang giai on no ca qu trnh marketing trn trang web th bn u c th
tham gia vo hi tho ny. Nu bn mun xy dng mt k hoch ton din, hy bt u t
Bc 1 v tip tc thc hin thng qua mi phn luyn tp. Khi hi tho kt thc, bn s nhn
c mt k hoch marketing trn trang web c xy dng theo yu cu v bn c th in ra.
Nu bn mun c nhng thng tin c th ph hp vi nhng nhu cu v marketing hin ti
ca bn, hy la chn bc thch hp t bng di y. Sau khi hon thnh, bn c th
chuyn sang cc bc khc ca hi tho hoc ch cn in ra nhng kt qu thuc lnh vc bn
quan tm.
By gi hy xy dng mt k hoch ton din.
Tng quan v Hi tho
Bc 1: Bn mun t c iu g?
Bc 2: Khch hng ca bn l ai?
Xc nh cc mc tiu
Xc nh c gi ca trang
Web
La chn cc th thut
Marketing
Ngi np bng
th trng
40%
30%
20%
10%
ty nng lng. Song vic m rng qu mc s lm phn tn lc lng ca Cng ty trn trng
cnh tranh hin ti v k sng st ngy hm nay trong Marketing s c thay th bng sai
lm qu lo xa trong Marketing, ngha l nhn thy r mc tiu xa hn nhng mc tiu gn.
Vic a dng ho th trng vo trong nhng ngnh khng c lin quan l mt phng
n khc to chiu su chin lc. Khi cc cng ty thuc l Hoa K, nh Reynolds v Philip
Morris, nhn thy vic hn ch ht thuc tng ln, h khng tho mn vi vic phng th
v tr hay tm kim nhng th mi thay th cho thuc l. Thay v th, h nhanh chng
chuyn sang nhng ngnh mi, nh bia, ru, nc ngt v thc phm ng lnh.
Phng th co cm
Nhng cng ty ln i khi thy rng h khng th bo v c ton b c ton b
lnh a ca mnh na. Lc lng ca h b dn ra qu mng v cc i th cnh tranh
ang ln dn trn mt s trn tuyn. Khi , dng nh ng li hnh ng tt nht l co
cm li theo k hoch (cn gi l rt lui chin lc). Vic co cm theo k hoch khng phi l
t b th trng, m l loi b nhng a bn yu v dn ti nguyn sang nhng a bn mnh
hn. Co cm theo k hoch l mt s dch chuyn nhm cng c sc cnh tranh ca mnh trn
th trng v tp trung lc lng vo nhng v tr then cht.
M rng th phn
Nhng ngi dn u th trng c th tng kh nng sinh li ca mnh hn na bng
cch tng th phn ca mnh. Ti nhiu th trng mt im th phn tr gi hng chc trin
dollar. Mt im th phn trn th trng c ph tr gi 48 triu USD, cn trn th trng nc
ngt l 120 triu! Nn khng ly g lm ngc nhin khi cuc cnh tranh bnh thng tr
thnh chin tranh Marketing.
Cch y my nm, ti "nh hng ca chin lc th trng n li nhun" c
nghin cu nhm tm cch xc nh nhng bin quan trng nht c nh hng n li nhun.
Cc s liu thu thp t hng trm n v doanh nghip thuc cc ngnh khc nhau xc nh
nhng bin quan trng nht gn lin vi kh nng sinh li. Nhng bin quan trng bao gm
th phn, cht lng sn phm v mt s bin khc na.
H pht hin thy rng kh nng sinh li ca cng ty (c o bng t sut li nhun
trc thu trn vn u t - ROI) tng cng vi th phn tng i ca n trn th trng m
cng ty phc v
Nhng kt qu to ln ny dn nhiu cng ty n ch theo ui vic m rng th phn
v ly lm mc tiu, bi v n s to ra khng ch nhiu tin li hn, m cn to ra kh
nng sinh li ln hn (li nhun trn vn u t). V d General Electric quyt nh rng
mnh phi l mt hay s hai trn mi th trng nu khng th b ngnh kinh doanh my tnh
v iu ho khng kh, v n khng t c nhng v tr thng nh trong ngnh ny.
Nhng ngi hoi nghi kt lun rng GE thc s khng mun li nhng th trng m n
phi cnh tranh.
Tuy nhin cc cng ty khng c ngh rng c tng c th phn trn th trng m
mnh phc v l mc nhin s tng c kh nng sinh li. iu ny cn ph thuc nhiu vo
chin lc tng th phn ca mnh. Chi ph cho vic to ra mt th phn ln hn c th vt xa
gi tr thu nhp ca n. Cng ty cn xem xt ba yu t trc khi theo ui mt cch m qung
vic tng th phn.
Yu t th nht l kh nng gy ra hnh ng chng c quyn. Nhng i th cnh
tranh cm tc rt c th lm m "chuyn c quyn ho" nu mt cng ty khng ch ln
chim thm th phn. S tng ri ro ny s lm gim st sc hp dn ca vic ginh th phn
qu mc.
Yu t th hai l hiu qu kinh t. Thc t cho thy rng kh nng sinh li c th bt
u gim st khi th phn vt qu mt mc no . Trong trng hp ny, th phn ti u
ca cng ty l 50% v nu cng ty theo ui mt th phn ln hn th iu ny c th dn n
chi ph qu t cho kh nng sinh li. V c bn, chi ph ginh thm th phn c th vt
qu gi tr ca n. Mt cng ty chim 60% th trng chng hn, phi nhn thy rng
nhng ngi tiu dng "b gi li" c th khng a cng ty, trung thnh vi nhng ngi cung
ng cnh tranh, c nhng nhu cu c o hay thch quan h vi nhng ngun cung ng nh
hn. Hn na, cc i th cnh tranh c th u tranh quyt lit hn bo v th phn ang
b gim st ca mnh.
Yu t th ba l, cc cng ty c th theo ui chin lc Marketing sai lm trong nhng
c gng tng th phn v v vy khng tng c li nhun. Tuy nhng bin Marketing - mix
nht nh c hiu qu trong vic to ra th phn, khng phi tt c u dn n tng li nhun.
Th phn cng ln s c xu hng to ra cng nhiu tin li khi c hai iu kin:
+ Gi thnh n v gim khi th phn tng: Gi thnh n v gim v ngi dn u tit
kim c chi ph nh vn hnh nhng nh my ln hn v v c cp kinh ph kinh nghim
i xung nhanh hn. iu c ngha l mt chin lc Marketing hiu qu tng th phn
c sinh li v theo ui ro rit gi thnh thp nht trong ngnh v dnh nhiu tit kim chi
ph cho ngi tiu dng thng qua gi c thp hn. l chin lc ca Henry Ford bn
t trong nhng nm 1920 v chin lc Texas Instruments bn transitor trong nhng nm
1960.
+ Cng ty cho bn sn phm cht lng siu hng v nh gi cao hn trang tri chi
ph cho vic to ra cht lng cao hn: Trong cun sch "Cht lng min ph" ca mnh
Crosby khng nh rng vic nng cao cht lng sn phm khng gy tn km cho cng ty
hn bi v cng ty s tit kim c vic phc v lt vt v dch v sau bn hng, v.v... Hn
na, ngi tiu dng rt mun sn phm ca h v sn sng tr gi cao hn gi thnh nhiu.
IBM, Caterpillar v Michelin cng nh nhiu cng ty khc theo ui chin lc tng th
phn c sinh li ny.
Mi ngi u ni, nhng ngi dn u th trng cn gi c v tr thng nh
hc c ngh thut m rng ton b th trng, bo v lnh a hin ti ca mnh v tng th
phn ca mnh mt cch c li.
2. Chin lc ca ngi thch thc th trng
Nhng cng ty chim hng th hai, th ba v thp hn trong ngnh c th c gi l
nhng cng ty bm sau. Trong s cn nhng cng ty kh ln nh Colgate, Ford,
Montgomery Ward, Avis, Westinghouse v Pepsi - Cola, Nhng cng ty bm st ny c th c
mt trong hai thi . H c th tn cng ngi dn u cc i th cnh tranh khc trong
cuc chin ginh git th phn (nhng ngi thch thc th trng). Hay h c th hp tc v
khng "khuy o" nhng ngi theo sau th trng).
C nhiu trng hp nhng ngi thch thc th trng ui kp ngi dn u th
trng hay thm ch vt ngi dn u: Canon vo nhng nm 1970 mi ch c quy m
bng mt phn mi Xerox, ngy nay sn xut my sao chp nhiu hn c Xerox, Toyota
ngy nay sn xut nhiu xe hn General Motors, British Aiways vn chuyn hnh khch
quc t nhiu hn ngi dn u trc y, Pan Am. Nhng ngi thch thc ny c kht
vng ln v huy ng ton b nhng ngun ti nguyn nh hn ca mnh trong nhng ngi
dn u th trng vn tin hnh kinh doanh bnh thng.
Dolan pht hin thy rng s cnh tranh quyt lit v vic ct gim gi din ra mnh
m nht nhng ngnh c ph c nh cao, ph tn kho ln v nhu cu quan trng hng u b
ngng tr, nh st thp, t, giy v ho cht. By gi ta s xem xt nhng chin lc tn
cng cnh tranh ca nhng ngi thch thc th trng.
Bo v mc tiu chin lc v tn cng cc i th
Ngi thch thc th trng trc tin phi xc nh mc tiu chin lc ca mnh. Nguyn
tc qun s v mc tiu i hi mi chin dch phi nhm vo mc tiu c xc nh r rng
dt khot v c th t c. Mc tiu chin lc ca hu ht nhng ngi thch thc th
trng l tng th phn ca mnh vi nhng suy ngh l iu s dn n kh nng sinh li.
Vic quyt nh mc tiu, d l nh bi i th cnh tranh hay lm gim th phn ca ngi
hn. Trong trn tn cng chnh din thun tu, ngi tn cng u nhau vi i phng ca
mnh bng sn phm, qung cao v gi c v.v... Gn y nh sn xut dao co ng th hai
Brazil tn cng Gillete, ngi dn u th trng. Ngi tn cng c hi l liu h c
bn cho ngi tiu dng li cao tt hn khng. Cu tr li l "khng". Gi c h khng?"
"Khng" "Bao b c p hn khng?" "Khng", "Mt chin dch qung co khn kho hn
chng?" "Chit khu nhiu hn cho thng mi?" "Khng", "Th l lm th no ng c hy
vng l s chim c th phn ca Gillete?" " ch quyt tm cao ". Khng cn phi ni,
cuc tin cng ca h l tht bi
cho mt cuc tn cng chnh din n thun ginh thng li, ngi tn cng phi c
u th v sc mnh so vi i th cnh tranh, khng nh rng bn c sinh lc (ti nguyn)
mnh hn s chin thng trong cuc giao tranh. Nguyn tc ny s khc i nu s phng th
c hiu qu ho lc ln hn nh vo li th ca a hnh (nh chim gi nh ni). Gio l
qun s dy rng cho mt cuc tn cng chnh din chin thng mt i phng c th
vng chc hay mt i phng ang chim lnh "im cao", cc lc lng yu hn hay ho
lc mnh hn t nht l gp ba ln. Nu k tn cng c lc lng yu hn hay ho lc yu hn
ngi phng th, th cuc tn cng chnh din rt cuc ch l mt s mnh t st v ngha,
RAC, GE v Xerox hc c bi hc cay ng khi h tung ra nhng n tn cng chnh
din vo IBM, xem thng v tr phng th kin c ca i phng.
Vi tnh cch l mt phng n chnh din thun tu, ngi tn cng c th tung ra n
tn cng chnh din c ci bin, m ph bin nht l ct gim gi ca mnh so vi gi
ca i phng. Nhng n tn cng nh vy c th c hai dng. Th on s dng hn l
i chi ngi tn cng nhng im khc v nh ngi bng gi. iu ny c th thnh
cng, nu ngi dn u th trng khng tr a bng cch gim ct gim gi v nu i th
cnh tranh thuyt phc c th trng rng sn phm ca mnh ngang bng vi sn phm
ca i phng m gi li h hn, l gi tr thc t.
Helene Curtis l mt ngi thc hin rt gii chin lc thuyt phc th trng rng
nhn hiu ca mnh c cht lng ngang bng, nhng gi tr ln hn so vi nhn hiu c
nh gi qu cao ca i th cnh tranh. Curtis nhi nhng nhn hiu hng u t tin vi chi
ph thp hn ri khuyn mi chng bng nhng chin dch qung co trng trn: "Chng ti
lm c ci m h lm vi gi ch bng mt na" Nm 1972, Curtis ch c mt phn nh b
1% ca du gi u Suave trn th trng du gi u. Nm 1973 h d tung ra mt chin
lc mi. n nm 1976 th h vt qua du gi u Head Shoulders ca Procter & Gamle
v du gi u tr s sinh Jonhnson & Johnson dn u th trng v khi lng. Nm
1979 th phn ca h t 16%.
Nhiu cng ty ng th hai thch theo sau hn l thch thc ngi dn u th trng. Ngi
dn u th trng khng bao gi chu ngi yn cho c nhng n lc li ko mt khch ca
mnh xy ra. Nu bin php li ko ca ngi thch thc l h gi thp hn, ci tin dch v
hay b sung thm nhng tnh cht mi cho sn phm, th ngi dn u c th nhanh chng
theo kp nhng vic lm v ph tan trn tn cng. Trong mt trn nh tng lc, ngi dn
u c th c sc do dai hn. Mt trn c chin c th lm cho c hai cng ty u b thit hi
nng v iu ny c ngha l cng ty th hai cn phi suy ngh k lng trc khi tn cng.
Tr khi cng ty c th tung ra n nh ph u di hnh thc i mi c bn sn phm
hay t ngt ph h thng phn phi, thng thng n thch theo sau hn l tn cng ngi
dn u.
Trng thi "song hnh c thc" thng hay tn ti trong nhng ngnh c sn phm
ng nht v tn nhiu vn, nh st thp, phn bn v ho cht. C hi phn bit to ra sn
phm v phn bit hnh nh rt him, cht lng dch v thng l tng ng, s nhy cm
v gi c rt cao. Chin tranh gi c c th n ra bt k lc no. Tm trng nhng ngnh ny
khng cho php ginh git th phn, bi v chin lc ch kch ng vic tr a. Hu ht
cc cng ty u quyt nh chng ginh git khch hng ca nhau. Thay vo h c cch
cho hng tng t nh nhau i vi ngi mua, thng thng l bng cch sao chp theo
ngi dn u. Cc th phn rt n nh.
iu ny khng c ngha l nhng ngi theo sau th trng khng c nhng chin
lc. Mt ngi theo sau th trng cn thit phi bit lm th no gi nhng ngi khch
hng hin c v ginh c mt phn chnh ng trong s khch hng mi. Mi ngi theo
sau th trng u c gng to ra nhng u th c bit cho th trng mc tiu ca mnh - a
im, dch v, ti tr. Ngi theo sau l mc tiu quan trng ca nhng ngi thch thc. V
vy nhng ngi theo sau th trng phi gi cho gi thnh xut xng ca mnh thp, cht
lng sn phm v dch v cao. H cng cn tham gia vo nhng th trng mi khi chng
xut hin. Vai tr theo sau khng phi l mt vai tr th ng hay mt bn sao ca ngi dn
u. Ngi theo sau phi xc nh con ng pht trin, nhng phi l con c khng dn
n s cnh tranh tr a. C th phn bit ba chin lc chnh ca ngi theo sau:
+ Ngi sao chp: Ngi sao chp chy theo nhng sn phm, cch phn phi, cch
qung co v.v.. ca ngi dn u. Ngi sao chp khng sng to ra mt im no ngoi vic
sng n bm vo s u t ca ngi dn u th trng. mc cao nht, ngi sao chp
l mt ngi lm dm, chuyn sn xut " dp khun" sn phm ca ngi dn u.
Nhng cng ty nh Apple Computer v Rolex rt phin lng v vn ngi lm dm,
c bit l Vin ng, v ang tm cch nh bi hay kim sot nhng ngi lm hng
dm.
+ Ngi nhi kiu: Ngi nhi kiu bt chc mt s im ca ngi dn u, nhng
vn gi nhng im khc bit v cch bao gi, qung co, nh gi, v.v... Ngi dn u
khng phn i ngi nhi kiu khi m ngi nhi kiu khng tn cng mnh m mnh.
Ngi nhi kiu thm ch cn gip ngi dn u trnh b buc ti c quyn.
+ Ngi ci bin: Ngi ci bin ly cc sn phm ca ngi dn u ri ci bin v
thng l ci tin chng. Ngi ci bin c th bn trn th trng khc nhau trnh i u
trc tip vi ngi dn u. Nhng ngi ci tin pht trin thnh ngi thch thc trong
tng lai, nh nhiu cng ty Nht lm sau khi ci bin v ci tin nhng sn phm sn xut
nc khc.
Cng ty theo sau kim c g? Tuy cng ty theo sau khng phi chu nhng chi ph
i mi, n thng kim c t hn ngi dn u. V d, mt cng trnh nghin cu cc
cng ty chin bin thc phm cho thy bnh qun nhng cng ty ln nht t 16% li nhun
trn vn u t, cng ty loi hai t 6%, cng ty loi ba t - 1%, v cng ty loi bn t 6%. Trong trng hp ny ch c cng ty thng hng l c li, nhng mc li ca cng ty
loi hai khng c g khoe khoang. Khng ly g lm l khi Jack Welch, - gim c iu
hnh ca GE tuyn b mi n v kinh doanh ca h phi chim v tr th nht hoc th hai
trn th trng ca mnh nu khng th s c chuyn! Chin lc theo sau khng phi lun
lun l con ng ng theo ui.
4. Chin lc np gc th trng
Mt cch tr thnh mt ngi theo sau trn mt th trng ln l lm ngi dn u
trn mt th trng nh hay ni n khut. Nhng cng ty nh thng cnh tranh vi nhng
cng ty ln bng cch nhm vo nhng th trng nh m nhng cng ty ln t hoc khng
quan tm. Nhng ngy cng c nhiu cng ty ln thnh lp nhng n v kinh doanh hay
cng ty phc v nhng ni n khut. y l ba cng ty c kh nng sinh li ln theo
ui nhng chin lc np gc:
Johnson & Johnson l mt hng kinh doanh sn phm chm sc sc kho vi doanh s
12,4 t USD theo ui trit l "pht trin ln chia nh ra". N c 166 chi nhnh v cng ty
con. Mi hot ng u do mt ch tch hng ch o. Nhiu n v kinh doanh theo ui
nhng th trng n khut v hn mt na s sn phm ca cng ty chim v tr dn u trn
th trng tng ng ca mnh
EG & G l mt cng ty sn xut cc b phn v thit b cng nghip vi doanh s 2,7 t
USD, bao gm trn 175 n v kinh doanh ring bit v t qun, trong d nhiu n v c
doanh s bn di 10 USD trn nhng th trng tr gi 25 USD. Nhiu n v kinh doanh c
lc lng nghin cu v pht trin, sn xut v bn hng ring ca mnh. Hin ti EG & G l
ngi dn u th trng hay k thut trn 80% s th trng ca mnh. Mt iu ng ngc
nhin hn na l EG & G c xp th hai v li tc trn c phm v th nht v kh nng
php lut hay thit k li sn phm ca mnh cho ph hp vi nhng nhu cu hon ton khc
ca ngi tiu dng v nhng mong mun ca h. Cng vic kinh doanh s d dng v an
ton hn.
Cn c mt s yu t na, c th li ko mt cng ty vo thng trng quc t. Th
trng trong nc c th b cc cng ty ton cu tn cng khi cho bn nhng sn phm tt
hn hay vi gi h hn. Cng ty c th mun phn cng nhng i th cnh tranh ti th
trng ni a ca h nhm gi chn nhng ngun ti nguyn ca cc i th ny. Cng ty
cng c th pht hin thy rng mt s th trng nc ngoi l nhng c hi sinh li nhiu
hn so vi th trng m rng quy m. Cng ty c th mun gim bt s ph thuc ca mnh
vo bt k mt th trng no gim bt ri ro cho mnh. Khch hng ca cng ty c th s
ra nc ngoi v cn c dch v quc t.
Tuy nhin, trc khi quyt nh ra nc ngoi cng ty phi cn nhc mt s ri ro nh
nu trn. Do nhng li th cnh tranh v ri ro cc cng ty thng khng hnh ng g
cho n khi c mt s kin no y h ln v i quc t. Mt ngi no , nh mt nh
xut khu s ti, nh nhp khu nc ngoi. chnh ph nc ngoi tha thit yu cu cng ty
bn hng ra nc ngoi. Hay cng ty c cng sut d tha v cn phi tm thm th trng
cho hng ho ca mnh.
Quyt nh th trng s xm nhp
Khi quyt ra nc ngoi cng ty cn xc nh r mc tiu v chnh sch Marketing quc t.
T l hng bn ra nc ngoi trn tng s hng bn ra l bao nhiu? Hu ht cc cng ty u
bt u t nh khi h quyt nh ra nc ngoi. Mt s cng ty d kin s vn gi mc
nh v xem hot ng nc ngoi l mt phn nh trong hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh.
Mt s cng ty khc th c nhng k hoch s hn v thy rng vic kinh doanh nc
ngoi v c bn c tm quan trng ngang bng hay thm ch cn ln hn vic kinh doanh
trong nc ca mnh.
Cng ty phi quyt nh s kinh doanh mt vi nc hay nhiu nc. Ayal v Zif
cho rng cng ty chi nn xm nhp mt s t nc hn khi.
+ Chi ph xm nhp th trng v kim sot th trng cao;
+ Chi ph thch nghi sn phm v giao tip cao;
+ Dn s, mc thu nhp v mc tng trng cao nhng nc c chn u tin; v
+ Cc cng ty khng ch nc ngoi c thit lp nhng hng ro chng xm nhp
cao?.
Cng ty cng phi quyt nh nhng loi nc cn xem xt. Tnh hp dn ca mt nc
chu nh hng ca sn phm, cc yu t a l, mc thu nhp v dn s, tnh hnh chnh tr
v nhiu yu t khc. Ngi bn c th a thch nhng nhm nc nht nh hay nhng phn
th gii nht nh.
Gi s mt cng ty ln danh sch nhng th trng xut khu tim n. H s la chn
nh th no? Nhiu cng ty bn hng cc nc lng ging, v h hiu r hn nhng nc
v h c th kim sot tt hn cc chi ph ca mnh do gn. Cho nn khng c g ng ngc
nhin l th trng ln nht ca Hoa K l Canaa, hay cc cng ty Thu in bn hng ca
mnh cho cc nc lng ging Scandinavia. Ngoi ra s gn gi v tm l hn l s gn gi
v a l c nh hng quyt nh n vic la chn.
Quyt nh cch thc xm nhp th trng quc t
Mt khi cng ty quyt nh mc tiu l mt nc c th no th n phi xc nh cch
xm nhp tt nht. C rt nhiu cch nh xut khu trc tip, xut khu gin tip, cp giy
php sn xut, thnh lp cng ty lin doanh, thnh lp cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi. Mi
chin lc k tip li cha ng nhiu hn cam kt, ri ro, quyn kim sot v tim nng sinh
li. nm chin lc xm nhp th trng bao gm:
Xut khu gin tip, ngha l h thng qua nhng ngi trung tian c lp. Nhng trung
gian nay c th bao gm: thng nhn xut khu c c s trong nc, i ly xut khu c c
s trong nc, t chc hp tc x, cng ty qun ly xut khu,..
Xut khu trc tip, cc cng ty quyt nh trc tip tham gia vo cc hot ng xut
khu. Cp giy php sn xut. y l cch n gin ngi sn xut tham gia vo th trng
quc t. ngi cp giy php cho php cc cng ty nc ngoi s dng quy trnh sn xut,
nhn hiu, bng sng ch, b quyt thng mi hay nhng th c gi tr khc vi iu kin
phi tr l ph hay tin bn quyn.
u t trc tip hoc lin doanh, cc cng ty nc ngoi c th thnh lp mt cng ty
100% vn nc ngoi hoc lin doanh vi cc cng ty a phng thnh lp cc cng ty lin
doanh
Quyt nh chng trnh marketing
Sn phm
C nm chin lc thch nghi sn phm v khuyn mi vi mt th trng nc ngoi. M
rng trc tip, Thch nghi thng tin, Thch nghi sn phm, Thch nghi c hai yu t v Sng
to sn phm mi
Thch nghi sn phm i hi phi thay i sn phm cho ph hp vi iu kin hay s
thch ca a phng. C mt s mc thch nghi. Mt cng ty c th sn xut sn phm
ca mnh theo nhng mu m khu vc, nh mu m Ty u, mu m Bc M, v.v... Hay cng
c th sn xut theo mu m cho tng nc. Nht, tch c ph ca Mister Donut nh hn v
nh hn cho ph hp vi bn tay ca khch hng Nht; ngay c nhng chic bnh rn cng
nh hn mt cht. c Heinz bn thc phm tr s sinh lm t c cu; H Lan thc phm
tr s sinh c lm t u nu.
Sng to sn phm i hi phi to ra mt ci g mi. N c th c hai dng. Sng to
ngc a ra nhng dng sn phm trc kia, nhng c thay i tht ph hp vi nhng
nhu cu ca nc ngoi. National Cash Register Company a tr li my m tin quay
tay vi gi bng mt na gi ca my m tin hin i v bn c rt nhiu Chu M
La Tinh v chu Phi. iu ny minh ho chu k sng ca sn phm quc t, trong cc nc
ang nhng giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh sn sng chp nhn mt sn phm c th.
Sng to thun l to ra mt sn phm mi p ng nhu cu nc khc. nhng nc
chm pht trin c mt nhu cu rt ln v thc phm r, giu protein.
Gi c
Cc cng ty a quc gia phi ng trc mt s vn nh gi c bit khi bn hng ra
nc ngoi. H phi dnh n chuyn leo thang gi c, chuyn i gi c, ph gi v th
trng ch en.
Khi cc cng ty bn hng ca mnh ra nc ngoi, h phi ng u vi vn leo
thang gi c. Mt chic ti xch Gucci c th bn vi gi 120 USD Italy v 240 USD Hoa
K. Ti sao vy? Gucci phi cng thm cc ph vn chuyn, thu xut nhp khu, tin li
cho ngi nhp khu, tin li cho ngi bn s v tin li cho ngi bn l v gi xut xng.
Tu theo nhng chi ph cng thm ny cng nh ri ro thng ging ca ng tin, sn phm
c th phi bn vi gi thp t hai n nm ln nc khc c th gi c mc li
nh c cho nh sn xut. Thm vo tnh hnh leo thang gi c mi nc mt khc: v th
m c vn l lm th no nh gi cho cc nc khc nhau. Cc cng ty c ba cch la
chn:
1.
nh gi thng nht khp mi ni: Nh Coca - Cola c th mun nh
gi 40 cent cho mi ni trn th gii. Nhng khi Coca - Cola s c t l li nhun
rt khc nhau nhng ngc khc nhau, bi v gi c leo thang khc nhau. iu ny
cng s dn n tnh trng l gi qu cao nhng nc ngho v cha ng mc
nhng nc giu.
2.
nh gi theo th trng tng nc: y Coca - Cola s nh gi
ph hp vi ti tin tng nc. Nhng iu ny b qua chnh lch v chi ph thc
t gia cc nc. N cng s dn n tnh trng l nhng ngi trung gian cc nc
c gi thp s chuyn s Coca - Cola ca mnh n nhng nc c gi cao.
3.
nh gi cn c vo chi ph i vi tng nc. Trong trng hp ny
Coca - Cola s s dng mt gi chun ri cng thm chi ph tng ni. Nhng iu
ny c th lm cho Coca - Cola c gi qu cao so vi th trng nhng nc chi ph
cao.
Rt nhiu trng hp cng ty pht hin thy mt s ngi phn phi to bo mua nhiu
hn s lng m h c th bn c nc mnh ri chuyn hng sang nc khc cnh
tranh vi ngi phn phi da vo li th chnh lch gi. Cc Cng ty a quc gia c
gng ngn chn cc th trng en bng cch gim st nhng ngi phn phi hay nng gi
i vi nhng ngi phn phi cho chi ph thp hn hay thay i nhng c im ca sn
phm hoc dch v bo hnh i vi nhng nc khc nhau.
Khuyn mi
Cc cng ty c th trin khai cng nhng chin dch qung co v khuyn mi nh c s
dng trn th trng ni a hay thay i chng i cho ph hp vi tng th trng a
phng.
Hay xem xt ni dung thng tin. Cng ty c th thay i ni dung thng tin theo ba mc
khc nhau. Cng ty c th s dng thng tin khp mi ni, ch c thay i ngn ng, tn
gi v mu sc. Exxon s dng "Hy t mt con h vo chin xe ca bn" c thay i mt
cht t v c quc t tha nhn. Mu sc c th thay i trnh phm vo nhng iu
king k mt s nc. Mu ta c lin tng vi s cht chc Barma l mt s nc
M La Tinh, mu trng l mu tang tc Nht, v mu xanh c lin tng vi bnh tt
Malysia. Ngay c tn gi v cu ch qung co cng phi thay i. c mist (sng) c
ngha l "phn", scotch (bng keo trong) c ngha l "trang sc" v "Come Alive with Pepsi"
ca Pepsi c dch thnh "Hy chui ra khi nm m vi Pepsi". Ty Ba Nha Nova ca
Chevrolet c dch thnh "N khng chy!". Mt qung co my ht bi chn khng ca
Electrolux c dch t ting Thu in sang ting Anh v ng ti trn mt tp ch i Hn
c ngha l "Chng c g ht Electrolux" Mt qung co x bng git c ni l git sch
"nhng vt bn nht" c dch sang ting Php Quebec thnh "mt loi x bng ra
nhng ch kn". Mt kh nng na l s dng cng mt ti cho ton cu, nhng thay i
hnh nh cho ph hp vi tng th trng a phng.
X bng Camay c hnh mt ph n xinh p ang tm. Vernezuela, thay vo l
mt ngi n ng trong phng tm, Italy th ch l mt cnh tay ca mt ngi n ng,
cn Nht ch l mt ngi n ng ang ch bn ngoi.
Cui cng, mt s cng ty khuyn khch hay cho php cc cng ty qung co ca mnh
thay i ti v cch th hin cho ph hp vi tng th trng a phng.
trong Cng ty nh nghin cu v pht trin (R&D), sn xut, thu mua, ti chnh.v..vNhiu
nhn s v t chc thuc h thng marketing bn ngai Cng ty cng phi gp phn cho vic
thc hin chin lc. Cc nh cung cp, cc nh bn s, cc nh bn l ca Cng ty, cc c s
qung co, cc cng ty nghin cu marketing, cc nh t vn bn ngoi, cc gii truyn thng,
ti chnh ngn hng v tt c u c th h tr hay gy tr ngi cho vic thc hin chin lc
marketing ca Cng ty. Cng ty phi trin cu trc v h thng mt cch c hiu qu phi
hp, tt c cc hot ng ny li vi nhau thnh mt phng n hnh ng thnh cng.
Theo hng Mc Kinsey mt Cng ty t vn hng u mt chin lc r rng v chu o ch
l mt trong 7 yu t dn n thnh cng.
Cu trc (Structure), Chin lc (Strategy), H thng (System), K nng (Skills), Nhn
s (Staff), Phong cch (Style), Cc gi tr (Shared value)
Ba yu t u: chin lc (Strategy), cu trc v h thng l phn cng ca s thnh
cng.
Bn yu t k tip: k nng nhn s, phong cch l cc gi tr c cng nhn l phn mm.
Chng c mi lin h mt thit tng tc vi nhau to nn s thnh cng.
Vy th, mt Cng ty mun thnh cng th trc ht phi thit k mt chin lc hay,
nng ng t c cc mc tiu ca mnh. Th ri, Cng ty phi thit lp c mt cu
trc t chc hp l vi cc h thng thng tin, hoch nh, iu hnh v tng thng tt
thc hin chin lc ny. Cc nh t vn ca hng McKinsey cho rng trong nhng thp nin
gn y, gii qun tr qu thin v cc yu t phn tch cng nhc v xa ri vi nhng yu
t quan trng lin quan n con ngi. Sc mnh ca Cng ty vt qu chuyn chin lc,
cu trc v h thng. S thnh cng ca Cng ty cn ty thuc vo vic c c nhng con
ngi ng (nhn s) lm vic ng (k nng) trong mt bu khng kh t chc v qun tr tt
(phong cch v cc gi tr c tha nhn). Tin trnh thc hin chin lc marketing trnh
by trong hnh 14-1.
Trin khai cc chng trnh hnh ng
trin khai v thc hin thnh cng chin lc Marketing Cng ty phi xy dng mt
chng trnh hnh ng chi tit. Chng trnh ny nh r nhng quyt nh v phn vic ct
yu cn thit chuyn cc chin lc marketing thnh cc hot ng thc t ni tng
thng. Chng trnh hnh ng cng phn cng trch nhim quyt nh v cc cng vic c
th cho cc n v v tng nhn vin ca Cng ty. Cui cng, chng trnh hnh ng cn bao
gm mt thi gian biu trnh by khi no th phi a ra cc quyt nh khi no th phi thc
hin cc cng vic v khi no th cc im mc chin lc phi hon thnh. Ai s lm iu
v cc quyt nh cng nh cc hnh ng s c phi hp ra sao t c cc mc tiu
chin lc ca Cng ty.
Vai tr ca cc qun tr vin sn phm l trin khai cc k hoch sn phm, xem xt vic
thc hin chng, d bo cc kt qu v iu chnh
Qun tr vin sn phm trin khai chin lc cnh tranh cho sn phm, son tho k
hoch marketing, tin on mc tiu th, cng tc vi cc c s qung co trin khai cc
chin lc qung co, khch l lc lng bn hng v cc nh phn phi ng h sn phm,
phn tch thnh tch ca sn phm v xut nhng s ci tin sn phm p ng nhng
nhu cu ang thay i ca th trng. Cch t chc theo sn phm c nhiu u im.
- Th nht, qun tr vin sn phm iu hp c cc thnh vin ca Marketing mix cho
sn phm.
- Th hai, qun tr vin sn phm c th phn ng nhanh chng hn trc nhng ch tc
ni thng trng.
- Th ba, cc nhn hiu nh t b l l v c ting ni thng xuyn bnh vc cho sn
phm.
- Th t, vic qun tr theo sn phm l mt mnh t tuyt ho hun luyn cho cc nh
iu hnh tr, v n da vo cc lnh vc hot ng ca Cng ty.
T chc theo th trng
Nhiu Cng ty bn sn phm ca h cho nhiu th trng khc nhau. Ni no khch
mua hng hp thnh tng nhm c hnh vi mua hng hoc th hiu sn phm ging nhau th
mt t chc qun tr theo th trng l cn thit.
Theo cch t chc ny, mt gim c th trng git st nhiu qun tr vin th trng.
Cc qun tr vin th trng c nhim v trin khai cc k hoch trng k v hng nm v
doanh s v li nhun trong th trng ca h.
T chc theo sn phm/ th trng
Cc Cng ty ang sn xut nhiu sn phm tung ra th trng thng gp phi mt tnh
trng nan gii. H c th s dng mt h thng qun tr theo sn phm vn i hi cc qun
tr vin sn phm phi thng tho vi nhng th trng th trng khc bit rt xa. Hoc h c
th s dng mt h thng qun tr theo th trng i hi cc sn phm rt khc bit nhau
th trng . Hoc c th kt hp c hai li thnh mt t chc ma trn.
Tin trnh qun tr marketing bao gm hoch nh, t chc thc hin v kim tra
hot ng marketing. Kim tra marketing nhm pht hin nhng sai lch gia thc
hin vi k hoch, xc nh nguyn nhn gy nn sai lch; trn c s a ra cc gii
php iu chnh nhm t c mc tiu k vng. C 3 loi kim tra marketing: Kim
tra k hoch nm, kim tra doanh li v kim tra chin lc
1. Kim tra k hoch nm
Mc ch kim tra k hoch hng nm l nhm m bo cho cng ty t c
mc doanh s, li nhun, th phn cng nhng mc tiu khc ca k hoch nm ca
cng ty.
Bng 15-1: Cc loi kim tra marketing
LOI KIM
TRCH NHIM
TRA
CH YU
MC CH KIM
CCH TIP CN
TRA
1. Kim tra k - Cp qun tr cao nht. - Kho st xem cc kt - Phn tch doanh s.
hoch nm
- Cp qun tr bc trung qu d tr c t c - Phn tch th phn
khng
- T l chi ph
marketing trn doanh
s.
- Thm d thi ca
khch hng.
2.
Kim
doanh li
tra -
Kim
tra
marketing
a
Khc
bn
tuyn
th
trng.
- Knh phn phi.
- Quy m t hng.
3.
Kim
chin lc
nh
marketing
may marketing tt ca
mnh v thc hin iu
ny mt cch hiu qu
hay khng
3.
4.
Trong kim tra k hoch nm, ni dung kim tra thng bao gm: phn tch
doanh s, phn tch th phn, phn tch chi ph marketing so vi doanh s v thm d
thi ca khch hng.
Phn tch doanh s
Phn tch doanh s bao gm vic nh gi doanh s thc t so vi mc tiu
doanh s. C hai cng c c s dng:
Phn tch sai lch doanh s, Cho ta bit vic thc hin km st ny do gim bao
nhiu? Do gim khi lng l bao nhiu?
Phn tch doanh s chi tit hay phn tch doanh s vi m. N cho chng ta bit
khu vc no, c nhn no khng t doanh s d kin.
Phn tch th phn
Nu ch phn tch doanh s th cha , cha bit c cng ty ang hot ng
nh th no so vi cc i th cnh tranh. Nh phn tch th phn, c th gii p c
cu hi . Gi s cng ty ang c mc doanh s tng ln. iu ny c th do tnh
hnh kinh t kh quan m tt c cc cng ty u c hng. Hoc c th do thnh tch
ca cng ty kh quan hn so vi cc i th cnh tranh. Cc nh lnh o cn phi
theo di th phn ca cng ty mnh. Nu th phn ca cng ty tng ln, cng ty ang
hng li hn i th cnh tranh. Nu th phn gim xung, cng ty ang thua thit so
vi i th ca mnh. Khi phn tch th phn ht sc thn trng. Bi v:
Cc nhn t bn ngoi khng gy nh hng nh nhau i vi mi doanh nghip.
Khng nn khi no cng so snh kt qu doanh nghip t c so vi mc trung bnh
trong khu vc.
Nu c mt doanh nghip mi xut hin trong ngnh, th phn cng ty ti ch
gim i. Mi s gim th phn c th do mt chnh sch c cn nhc v doanh li gy
nn. V d: loi b nhng sn phm t li hoc khng c li. Th phn c th bin ng
do cc l do khng cn xem xt v mt qun l. Ngi ta thng xem xt, phn tch
cc loi th phn sau y:
Th phn ca cng ty so vi ton b th trng: chnh l t l % gia doanh s
ca cng ty so vi doanh s ca ton ngnh.
Th phn ca cng ty so vi phn khc m n phc v: l t l % gia doanh
s ca cng ty so vi doanh s ca ton phn khc.
7 bc vn ti thnh cng
Bn mun cng vic kinh doanh t n nh cao ca s thnh cng? Hy thc hin tt by
bc sau y.
1/ Hoch nh k
Yu cu u tin cho s thnh cng trong kinh doanh l vic hoch nh. Khi bn ln trc k
hoch cho mi hot ng cng chi tit v ton din th bn cng c th d dng v nhanh
chng thc hin cc k hoch nhm t c nhng kt qu m bn mong mun.
Nu bn b ra 20% thi gian ban u cho vic hoch nh, bn s tit kim c 80% thi
gian thc hin cc mc tiu ra. Mun vy, u tin bn hy t hi v tr li: Sn phm hay
dch v ca ti l g; khch hng l ai, mua nhng g v nh gi cao iu g; iu g lm cho
sn phm hay dch v ca ti ni tri hn i th cnh tranh; khch hng tim nng ca ti s
khng mua nhng g, mua g t cc i th cnh tranh v nhng gi tr no h nhn c; lm
th no ti c th b p cho nhng gi tr ny v khin khch hng ca cc i th cnh
tranh quay sang mua hng ca ti; iu g l quan trng nht khin khch hng ca ti b
thuyt phc v phi mua sn phm ca ti ch khng phi ca ai khc?
Khi t hi v tr li nhng cu hi ny, bc tip theo l t ra nhng ch tiu c th cho
doanh s v li nhun. Xc nh r rng nhng yu t v nhn lc, ti chnh, qung co, tip
th, phn phi, qun l v nhng cng c h tr m bn cn c thc hin nhng ch tiu
ra.
2/ T chc tt trc khi bt u
Sau khi xy dng c mt k hoch hon chnh, bn phi bit t chc tt v con ngi v
cc ngun lc cn thit trc khi bn bt u thc hin k hoch . Trong vic t chc, bn
s phi kt hp tt c nhng ngun lc m bn xc nh rng bn s cn n trong qu trnh
hoch nh.
3/ Tm ngi thch hp
Vic tm ngi c nng lc, phm cht thch hp thc hin cc k hoch ra s quyt
nh 95% chuyn thnh bi ca doanh nghip trong kinh doanh.
4/ Giao ph nhim v mt cch sng sut
Bn phi pht trin c cho mnh kh nng giao ph nhim v cho cp di theo nguyn
tc ng ngi, ng vic, ng cch. Nu thiu kh nng ny, bn s khin cho mi ngi
khng lm vic ht kh nng, thm ch lm cho k hoch kinh doanh b tht bi.
Vi t cch l ngi iu hnh qun l hoc l ch doanh nghip, bn phi xc nh cho mnh
hai hoc ba nhim v quan trng nht, gp phn lm nn nhiu gi tr nht cho doanh nghip,
cn li nn giao bt cho ngi khc.
lc v k hoch thc hin cc mc tiu. Trong qu trnh ny, nh qun l phi d kin
c cc kh khn, tr ngi, nhng bin ng ca mi trng kinh doanh v c nhng k
hoch d phng.
Hoch nh c xa v gn. Xa l tm nhn v con ng pht trin ca doanh nghip trong di
hn vi cu hi chnh: Doanh nghip trong 5, 10 v 20 nm ti s nh th no?.
Xu th ton cu ha c nh hng rt mnh n cu hi ny. Khng cn c th gii hn cu
tr li trong phm vi mt ngnh v mt quc gia, m n lc phi nh v n trong bi cnh
cnh tranh v hp tc ton cu. Hoch nh gn l nhng k hoch ngn hn nh tng thng,
qu, hay nm.
Kho st gn y ca chng ti trn 200 doanh nghip thuc bn ngnh ti TP.HCM v H
Ni cho thy hu ht u c lp k hoch kinh doanh (KHKD) nh mt cng c hoch nh.
Nhng phn ln ch l hnh thc, KHKD b qun lng ngay sau khi vit. Lc ny chnh l vai
tr ca t chc v iu hnh. K nng ny bao gm phn b cng vic, ti nguyn, nhn s v
phi hp thc hin gia cc c nhn, cc nhm v cc t chc. Mt k hoch hay s v ngha
nu n khng c t chc thc hin nghim tc v hiu qu.
Tuy nhin, cng vic chung s khng th t chc tt nu cng vic c nhn khng c t
chc hiu qu. Nh qun l hin i phi l ngi t chc tt cng vic v thi gian ca chnh
mnh. Cn phn b hp l cc ngun lc c nhn cho cc cng vic s v hng ngy, u t
pht trin (hc tp, nghin cu), th gin, gia nh v x hi. S mt cn i trong b tr
ngun lc c nhn s lm gim hiu nng ca nh qun l.
2. Lnh o
Mt nh lnh o tt phi dm nhn trch nhim, ng u vi nhng th thch v chp
nhn thay i. H phi bit ng vin nhn vin ca mnh bng cch to ra mi trng lm
vic tt (thu nhp, s hng th lm vic, cc th thch, s an ton trong cng vic, cc thng
tin...), phi a ra cc nhn xt (khen v ph bnh) chnh xc trn mt tinh thn xy dng.
Khen v ph bnh ng lc v ng liu lng c tc dng ng vin rt cao. Trn thc t rt
nhiu nh qun l khng bit cch khen ngi hay ph bnh v khng vt qua c bn thn
hay cho cm tnh c nhn xen vo cng vic.
La chn, hng dn, pht trin v phn quyn cho nhn vin cng l cc k nng quan trng
ca mt nh lnh o. Nh lnh o gii phi c cc cng s gii bin cc k hoch ca h
thnh hin thc.
3. ng x v giao tip
K nng ny i hi s tinh t, linh hot v kin thc cng nh kinh nghim x hi ca nh
qun l. Mc tiu ca k nng ny l nng cao s hiu bit v tn trng ln nhau trn c s
nhn din v cng nhn cc gi tr v nhu cu ca cc i tng giao tip. Cng nhn v chia
s cc gi tr v thnh tu ca ngi khc hon ton khng phi l vic n gin d gi tr
l ca cp di hay ng nghip, hoc cp trn.
L mt ch th kinh t c lp
Tr c cc khon n
Cc loi hnh doanh nghip: Dch v, thng mi, sn xut (cng c th bao gm cc doanh
nghip nng nghip v khai thc m)
Cc doanh nghip dch v:
Lao ng
Vn
- Bn ngoi t chc: Vi cc nhu cu v thng tin khc nhau, cch hiu khch nhau v
cc bo co ti chnh
- Bn trong t chc: Cc nh qun l, ban gim c
Thng tin m ngi s dng quan tm:
Vi nhng nhu cu khc nhau nh vy, ngi bn ngoi t chc c la chn 1 trong 2
dng thng tin m k ton cung cp.
- Cc bo co ti chnh tng hp gm:
+ Bng cn i k ton
+ Bo co li l (bo co kt qu hot ng kinh doanh)
+ Bo co lu chuyn tin t
- Cc bo co ti chnh v mt mc c th : Bo co chi ph, cc bo co nh gi v
hot ng
Ngi ngoi t chc yu cu thng tin chnh xc v cc ngun lc do cng ty kim sot.
Cc thng tin ny ch lin quan n cc s kin trong qu kh v lin quan ti thc th kinh
doanh.
H thng bo co cung cp cho ngi ngoi doanh nghip phi l mt h thng bo co
ph hp mt cch ton din vi bn cht ca cc bo co ti chnh v tun th theo :
Cc yu cu ca lut php
Cc quy nh ca chnh ph
K ton ti chnh
K ton qun tr
K ton ti chnh
K ton qun tr
Ch yu l thc o gi tr
Ngi s dng thng Cc thnh phn bn ngoi doanh Cc thnh phn bn trong cng ty,
tin
nghip, i th cnh tranh, cc t Gim c, qun l, gim st vin
chc tn dng, cc nh cung cp,
ngi lao ng, ngi u t
Cc bo co k ton Bng
cn
i
k
ch yu
Bo co kt qu kinh doanh
K bo co
Qu, nm
nm.
- Ti sn lu ng
- Ti sn c nh
Ti sn lu ng: Tin hoc cc ti sn c th chuyn thnh tin trong vng mt chu k
k ton gm:
- Tin mt, tin gi ngn hng: l ti sn c th dng thanh ton ngay cho cc mua sm
hoc tr n n hn
- Hng ho tn kho: Th hin kh nng to ra doanh thu v li nhun
- Cc khn phi thu do phi bn chu hng cho khch hng
- Nguyn vt liu, sn phm d dang
- Ti sn lu ng khc: Dch v, cc khon bo him tr trc
Ti sn c nh: L cc ti sn c thi gian s dng di, c gi tr ln, do doanh nghip
phi b tin mua phc v sn xut kinh doanh.
Trong qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh cc ti sn ny c tnh hao mn thng qua hnh
thc khu hao
TSC c chia thnh hai nhm chnh
- TSC hu hnh gm:
Nh xng
My mc thit b
Phng tin vn ti
Thit b dng c qun l
- Ti sn c nh v hnh gm:
Bn quyn tc gi
Li th thng mi
TSC c trnh by trn bng cn i k ton nh sau:
Gi nguyn thu ca ti sn
XX
Tr i khu hao lu k
XX
Bng gi tr cn li
XX
XX
XX
= Hng c sn bn
XX
XX
=Gi vn hng bn
XX
XXXXXX
hhhhhTr: gi vn hng bn
XXXXX
Li nhun gp
XXXX
XXX
Li nhun hot ng
XX
Li nhun rng
XXX
XX
Li nhun li
Li nhun
rng
Rt vn ca
CSH
Vn gp ca
CSH
Ghi ch: Vit Nam theo php lnh k ton thng k k k ton theo nm dng lch (
t 1/1/N n 31/12/N).
K k ton tm thi: Thng, qu.
5. Nguyn tc gi ph (gi vn): Nguyn tc ny i hi vic o lng tnh ton v ti sn,
cng n, vn, doanh thu chi ph phi c t trn c s gi ph (theo gi tr vn -s tin m
n v b ra c c nhng ti sn ) thc t.
K ton quan tm n gi ph hn gi th trng v:
- Gi th trng kh c tnh v mang tnh cht ch quan. Trong khi gi ph mang
tnh cht khch quan.
- Khi nim Hot ng lin tc lm cho vic c tnh gi th trng khng cn thit.
6. Nguyn tc xc nh doanh thu: Doanh thu l s tin thu c khi bn cc sn
phm, hng ho, dch v cho khch hng. iu quan trng l phi a ra c thi im xc
nh doanh thu. Thng thng thi im xc nh doanh thu trng vi thi im hng ho,
dch v c chuyn giao quyn s hu hay c thc thc hin vi ngi mua (Thu c
tin hay c ngi mua chp nhn).
Doanh thu c ghi nhn trong k m n dc thc hin.
Doanh thu c th c ghi nhn: 1,Trc; 2, Trong; 3, Sau k m doanh nghip thu c tin
bn hng.
C 3 loi doanh thu
Doanh thu bng tin ngay.
Doanh thu cha thu tin.
Doanh thu nhn trc
Nh vy khi nim doanh thu bn hng khc vi tin bn hng thu dc trong k.
7. Nguyn tc ph hp: Nguyn tc ny i hi chi ph phi ph hp vi doanh thu
k m doanh thu c ghi nhn. Xu hng y l s ph hp trn c s thi gian, n m
bo doanh thu xc nh ca thi k k ton v chi ph lin quan ti thi k l ph hp.
Nguyn tc ny chi phi cch tnh li, l trong k k ton.
Chi ph lin quan ti doanh thu ca 1 k l cc chi ph ca k .
Chi ph ca 1 k l:
Gi vn/ gi thnh hng bn trong k
Cc khon chi khc cn thit cho hot ng ca k (chi ph bn hng, chi ph qun l)
Cc khon thit hi xy ra trong k
8. Nguyn tc khch quan
Ti liu do k ton cung cp phi mang tnh khch quan, c th kim tra c ngha l c
bng chng ng tin cy.
K ton phi c thc hin trn c s cc s liu khch quan v cc quyt nh khch
quan trong phm vi cao nht c th c
K ton l khch quan ng thi cng c tnh ch quan trong mt phm vi nht nh
Nghip v kinh t ngoi sinh: Tnh khch quan v php l cao
Nghip v kinh t ni sinh: Tnh php l thp v mang nng tnh ch quan
K ton l mt ngh thut hn l mt khoa hc. L khoa hc, k ton mang tnh khch
quan, logic. L ngh thut, k ton c tnh ch quan, ph thuc vo ngi lm k ton.
9. Nguyn tc nht qun: Cc khi nim, chun mc, nguyn tc, cc phng php m
k ton s dng phi m bo lin tc, nht qun, khng thay i t k ny sang k khc.
Nh cc Bo co ti chnh c th c so snh gia cc thi k v so snh gia cc doanh
nghip vi nhau
Trong trng hp c s thay i phng php v ch k ton p dng, doanh nghip
phi din gii, trnh by trn thuyt minh bo co ti chnh.
V d: S thay i phng php tnh gi tr hng tn kho, s thay i phng php tnh
khu hao
10. Nguyn tc cng khai
Nguyn tc ny i hi bo co ti chnh ca doanh nghip phi r rng, d hiu v phi
bao gm y cc thng tin lin quan n cc hot ng ca doanh nghip. Nhng bo co
ny phi c trnh by cng khai cho tt c nhng ai quan tm
11. Nguyn tc trng yu
Nguyn tc ny ch n cc vn , cc yu t, cc khon mcmang tnh trong yu
quyt nh tnh bn cht, ni dung ca s vt, hin tng m b qua nhng vn , yu t
th yu khng lm thay i ni dung, bn cht ca s vt hin tng.
Ni cch khc, theo nguyn tc trng yu:
S d
Tng
Gim
Ti sn
Bn n
Ghi n
Ghi c
Cng n
Bn c
Ghi c
Ghi n
Vn ch s hu
Bn c
Ghi c
Ghi n
Doanh thu
Bn c
Ghi c
Ghi n
Chi ph
Bn n
Bn n
Bn c
Ti khon cng n
Ti khon vn
Cc khon
Cc khon
Cc khon Cc khon tng Cc khon Cc khon tng
tng c ghi gim c ghi gim c ghi c ghi vo gim c ghi c ghi vo
vo bn tri vo bn phi vo bn tri bn phi hoc vo bn tri
bn phi hoc
hoc bn N hoc bn C hoc bn N
bn C
hoc bn N
bn C
Khi p dng cc nguyn tc trn
Tng s d n ca cc ti khon Ti sn = Tng s cc D c ca cc ti Khon cng
n v Vn ch s hu.
Phng php ghi chp nh trn c gi l ghi s kp
Ch s hu u t 5000 vo kinh doanh
+5000
+5000
+3000
+500
+3000
+500
-4200
-4200
-300
-300
-1015
+6000
1000
-600
-15
-600
S k ton
Loi nghip v
Thu tin mt
Chi tin mt
Nht k bn hng
Bn chu hng
S chi tit
Hu ch trong vic tng hp thng tin c lin quan
D dng trong vic lp cc bo co vi mc ch c th
Gim thiu khi lng ghi chp trn s nht k chung
Cc loi s chi tit thng thng
S phi thu ca Khch hng
S phi tr ngi bn
S ti sn c nh
Mi quan h gia s chi tit v s ci ti khon
S ci cc ti khon ghi s tng cng ca cc s chi tit
Chuyn 2
Ra quyt nh da trn thng tin ca k ton
Phn tch bo co ti chnh
Phn tch im ho vn
nh gi hot ng ni b
Gii thiu
Bo co li l trnh by kt qu hot ng kinh doanh trong 1 thi k
Bng cn i k ton cho bit tnh hnh ti sn, cng n ca 1 doanh nghip ti 1 thi
im nht nh
- Tng n/ Tng ti sn
- Tng n/ tng vn
- N di hn/TSC
Kh nng sinh li
- T sut li nhun trn doanh thu
- Hiu sut s dng ti sn
- H s quay vng ti sn
- T sut li nhun theo vn
H s hot ng
- Vng quay hng tn kho
- Vng quay khon phi thu
- Chu k chuyn i tn kho
- Kh nng thanh ton li vay
Hai nhn t ch yu ca mt doanh nghip c nh gi l c kh nng tn ti v pht
trin
Doanh nghip c kh nng lin tc to ra mc li nhun mong i
Doanh nghip lun lun duy tr c c cu ti chnh n nh
Cc h s v kh nng sinh li
Doanh li tng vn = (Li nhun trc thu)/(Ti sn bnh qun)
(H s ny o lng mc sinh li ca ng vn. Cho bit mt ng vn bnh qun
trong k to ra c my ng li nhun)
Trong :
Ti sn bnh qun= (Ti sn u k + Ti sn cui k)/2
Doanh li tng vn ph thuc vo kh nng to li nhun ca doanh thu v c o bng:
Doanh li doanh thu = (Li nhun trc thu)/( Doanh thu)
(H s ny cho bit 1 ng doanh thu to ra bao nhiu dng li nhun)
c so snh vi
Cc khon n phi tr nh cung cp
Doanh s mua chu ca nh cung cp / N phi tr bnh qun
Qun l vn lu ng
Bn cht ca ri ro ti chnh
Kh nng ti chnh ngn hn ph thuc vo kh nng tr cc khon n n hn
Mi quan h gia ti sn lu ng v n ngn hn
Vn lu ng= Ti sn lu ng
Vn lu ng rng= Ti sn lu ng - N ngn hn
Vn lu ng(rng) = Vn CSH + N phi tr - TSC
Kh nng thanh ton
(1)
H s thanh ton hin thi = Ti sn lu ng / N ngn hn
(2)
Kh nng thanh ton nhanh = Tin, cc khon tng ng tin / N ngn hn
im ho vn
im ho vn ch ra mc hot ng cn thit trnh tn tht
im ho vn biu th mc doanh thu ti thiu m doanh nghip cn t c
Gim im ho vn bng 3 cch
Gim tng chi ph c nh
Gim chi ph bin i
Tng gi bn sn phm dch v phc v cho vic phn tch im ho vn, chi ph
trong doanh nghip c phn loi theo cch ng x ca chi ph
Chi ph bin i: L chi ph thay i trong tng s mt cch trc tip vi s thay i ca
mc hot ng.
Bin ph/
VSP
Chi ph c
Li
=
nh
nhun
Vn bn chung v QLTC
Ngh nh 59/CP 3/10/96 Ban hnh quy ch qun l ti chnh v hch ton cho DNNN.
Ngh nh 27/1999/N-CP 20/4/99 sa i b sung quy ch qun l ti chnh v hch
ton i vi
DNNN ban hnh km theo N 59/CP ngy 3/10/1996 ca chnh ph.
Cc thng t hng dn
TT 62/1999/TT-BTC 7/6/99 Hng dn vic qun l, s dng vn, ti sn trong DNNN.