Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Phm vi
Tiu chun ny quy nh cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l mi trng, gip
cho mt t chc c th hnh thnh chnh sch v cc mc ch c tnh n cc yu cu
ca php lut v cc thng tin v nhng tc ng ln n mi trng. Tiu chun ny p
dng i vi cc phng din v mi trng m t chc c th kim sot qua hy vng
l c nhng tc ng. Tiu chun ny bn thn n khng a ra cc tiu ch c th v
hot ng mi trng.
Tiu chun quc t ny c th p dng trong mi t chc mong mun
a. Thc hin, duy tr v ci tin h thng qun l mi trng;
b.
m bo t chc ca mnh ph hp vi chnh sch mi trng
tuyn b;
c.
Th hin s ph hp ti cc bn
d.
Chng nhn/ng k h thng qun l mi trng bi mt t chc
bn ngoi
e. T xc nh v t tuyn b s ph hp i vi cc yu cu ca tiu chun quc t
ny.
Tt c cc yu cu ca tiu chun quc t ny l tp hp li thnh mt h thng
qun l mi trng. Phm vi p dng s ph thuc vo cc nhn t nh chnh sch mi
trng ca t chc, bn cht cc hot ng v iu kin hot ng. Tiu chun ny cng
a ra, trong ph lc A, hng dn v vic s dng tiu chun.
Phm vi p dng tiu chun ny phi c nu ra mt cch r rng.
Ch : d s dng, cc iu khon nh ca tiu chun ny v ph lc A u c
s lin h vi nhau; v d nh, 4.3.3 v A3.3 v cc mc ch v mc tiu lin quan n
mi trng, v 4.5.4 v A5.4 v nh gi h thng qun l mi trng.
2. Cc nh ngha
Tiu chun quc t ny s dng nhng nh ngha sau
Mc tiu mi trng tng th, xut pht t chnh sch mi trng, m t chc ra
cho mnh phi t c, v phi c nh lng nu c th.
2.8 Kt qu hot ng mi trng
Kt qu o lng c ca h thng qun l mi trng, lin quan n vic kim
sot cc kha cnh v mi trng ca t chc, da trn chnh sch v mi trng, mc
ich v mc tiu ca t chc.
2.9 Chnh sch mi trng
Tuyn b ca t chc v cc nh v nguyn tc c lin quan n kt qu tng th
hot ng v mi trng m a ra c khun kh cho cc hot ng v cho vic xc
nh mc ch v mc tiu v mi trng ca t chc.
2.10 Cc mc tiu v mi trng
Cc yu cu chi tit v kt qu hot ng, c nh lng nu c th, c p
dng cho t chc hoc cc b phn ca t chc, xut pht t mc ch v mi trng v
cn c thit lp v p ng t c cc mc ch.
2.11 Bn lin quan
C nhn v nhm c quan tm hoc b tc ng bi kt qu cc hot ng v mi
trng ca t chc.
2.12 T chc
Cng ty, hng, doanh nghip, c quan hoc vin nghin cu, hoc mt b phn kt
hp, c st nhp hay khng, thuc khu vc cng hay t nhn, m c chc nng v t
chc ca mnh
Ch - i vi t chc m c t mt n v vn hnh tr ln, th mt n v vn
hnh cng c th c nh ngha l mt t chc.
2.13 Phng nga nhim
Vic p dng cc qu trnh, thc tin, nguyn vt liu hoc sn phm m trnh
c, gim bt hoc kim sot c s nhim, c th bao gm c vic ti ch, x l,
thay i qu trnh, c ch kim sot, s dng hiu qu cc ngun lc v cc nguyn vt
liu thay th.
Lnh o phi cung cp ngun lc cn thit cho vic thc hin v kim sot h
thng qun l mi trng. Cc ngun lc bao gm ngun nhn lc v cc k nng
chuyn mn, cng ngh v cc ngun lc ti chnh.
Lnh o cao nht ca t chc phi ch nh ra mt i din lnh o ngi m
ngoi cc trch nhim khc, phi c nhim v, trch nhim v quyn hn cho
a. Vic m bo l cc yu cu v h thng qun l mi trng c thit lp, thc
hin v duy tr ph hp vi tiu chun quc t ny;
b.
Bo co kt qu hot ng v h thng qun l mi trng ln lnh
o cao nht xem xt nh l c s cho hot ng ci tin h thng qun l mi
trng.
3.4.2 o to, nhn thc v nng lc
T chc phi nhn bit cc nhu cu o to. T chc phi yu cu tt c cc nhn
s m cng vic ca h c th gy ra tc ng ng k n mi trng, phi c o to
ph hp.
T chc phi thit lp v duy tr cc th tc cc nhn vin hoc thnh vin ca
mnh ti cc b phn chc nng v cc cp nhn bit c
a.
Tm quan trng ca s ph hp vi chnh sch mi trng v cc
th tc v vi cc yu cu ca h thng qun l mi trng;
b.
Cc tc ng ng k v mi trng, thc t v tim tng, ca cc
hot ng cng vic v cc li ch v mi trng do kt qu hot ng ca cc c
nhn c ci tin.
c.
Vai tr v trch nhim ca h trong vic t c s ph hp vi
chnh sch v cc th tc v vi cc yu cu ca h thng qun l mi trng, bao
gm c s sn sng khn cp v yu cu phc p;
d.
Kt qu tim n ca vic p dng cc th tc vn hnh c th.
Cc nhn vin thc hin cc nhim v c th gy ra cc tc ng ng k v mi
trng phi c nng lc trn c s c gio dc, o to v/hoc kinh nghim hp l.
3.4.3 Trao i thng tin
V cc kha cnh mi trng v h thng qun l mi trng, t chc phi thit lp
v duy tr cc th tc
a.
Trao i thng tin ni b gia cc cp v cc b phn chc nng
ca t chc;
b.
Tip nhn, lp vn bn v phc p nhng trao i thng tin t cc
bn c quan tm bn ngoi.
T chc phi xem xt cc qu trnh trao i thng tin bn ngoi v nhng kha cnh
ln v mi trng v ghi h s cc quyt nh.
3.4.4 Ti liu h thng qun l mi trng
T chc phi thit lp v duy tr thng tin, bng vn bn hoc phng tin in t,
phi lp k hoch cc mc tiu ny, bao gm vic duy tr, nhm m bo l chng phi
c thc hin theo cc iu kin c th bng vic
a. Thit lp v duy tr th tc bng vn bn bao qut cc tnh hung khi m s
thiu vng chng c th dn n s sai chch khi chnh sch v mi trng v
cc mc ch v mc tiu;
b.
Quy nh cc tiu ch hot ng trong cc th tc;
c.
Thit lp v duy tr cc th tc lin quan n cc kha cnh mi
trng c th nhn bit c ca hng ho v dch v do t chc s dng v trao
i cc th tc v yu cu n cc nh cung cp v cc nh thu.
3.4.7 S sn sng khn cp v phc p
T chc phi thit lp v duy tr cc th tc xc nh tim nng cho v phc p
n cc tai nn v cc tnh hung v cc tnh hung khn cp, v phng nga v gim
nh nhng tc ng v mi trng m c th i km vi chng.
T chc phi xem xt v sa i, khi cn thit, s sn sng khn cp v th tc
phn hi, c bit, sau khi xy ra cc tai nn hoc cc trng hp khn cp.
Khi c th t chc cng phi nh k kim tra nhng th tc ny.
3.5 Kim tra v hnh ng phng nga
3.5.1 Gim st v o lng
T chc phi thit lp v duy tr cc th tc bng vn bn nh k gim st v o
lng cc c tnh c bn trong hot ng ca t chc v cc hot ng m c tc ng
ng k n mi trng. Hot ng ny bao gm vic ghi li cc thng tin truy tm kt
qu hot ng, kim sot vn hnh v s ph hp vi cc mc ch v mc tiu ca t
chc.
Thit b gim st phi c hiu chun v duy tr v cc h s ca qu trnh ny
phi c duy tr theo cc th tc ca t chc.
T chc phi thit lp v duy tr th tc bng vn bn nh gi nh k s tun
th php lut v quy nh v mi trng.
3.5.2 S khng ph hp v hnh ng khc phc v phng nga
nhng lut l hin hnh v vic ci tin lin tc. Chnh sch a ra c s qua t chc
thit lp cc mc ch v mc tiu. Chnh sch phi r rng cc bn lin quan bn
trong v bn ngoi t chc c th hiu v nh k phi c xem xt v sa i phn
nh s thay i cc iu kin v thng tin. Phm vi p dng phi c xc nh r.
Lnh o cao nht ca t chc phi xc nh v thit lp bng vn bn chnh sch
mi trng m bo ng tinh thn ca chnh sch mi trng ca t chc ln hn m n
l mt b phn vi s chp thun ca t chc , nu c.
Ch - Lnh o cao nht c th bao gm mt c nhn hoc nhm cc c nhn vi
cc trch nhim lnh o i vi t chc.
A.3 Lp k hoch
A.3.1 Cc kha cnh v mi trng
iu khon nh 4.3.1 nhm a ra mt qu trnh cho mt t chc nhn bit cc
kha cnh v mi trng ng k m phi c gii quyt h thng qun l mi trng
ca t chc gii quyt u tin gii quyt. Qu trnh ny phi tnh n chi ph v thi gian
thc hin phn tch v mc sn c ca cc d liu ng tin cy. Cc thng tin sn c
cho cc mc ch iu chnh hoc cc mc ch khc c th c s dng cho qu trnh
ny. T chc cng c th xem xt n mc thc hin kim sot m h c th c i
vi cc kha cnh mi trng c xem xt. T chc phi xc nh u l cc kha cnh
v mi trng ca h bng vic xem xt cc yu t u vo v u ra gn lin vi cc
hot ng, sn phm v/hoc dch v hin ti v trc y ca t chc.
Mt t chc m hin ti khng p dng h thng qun l mi trng trc tin phi
thit lp v tr ca t chc v mi trng bng cc hnh thc xem xt. Mc ch phi l
vic xem xt tt c cc kha cnh v mi trng ca t chc nh l c s thit lp h
thng qun l mi trng.
Nhng t chc ang p dng cc h thng qun l mi trng khng phi tin hnh
hot ng xem xt ny.
Vic xem xt phi bao qut bn khu vc:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
A.3.3 Mc ch v mc tiu
Cc mc ch phi c th v cc mc tiu phi o lng c bt c khi no l thc
thi v khi ph hp phi thc hin cc bin php phng nga into account
Khi xem xt cc la chn v cng ngh, t chc phi xem xt vic s dng cng
ngh sn c tt nht, kh thi v kinh t, hiu qu v chi ph v nh gi ph hp.
Vic xem xt n cc yu cu v ti chnh ca t chc khng nhm ng l t chc
phi c trch nhim s dng cc phng php k ton chi ph lin quan n mi trng.
A.3.4 Cc chng trnh qun l mi trng
Vic to v s dng mt hoc nhiu chng trnh l yu t chnh thc hin thnh
cng h thng qun l mi trng. Chng trnh phi m t cc mc tiu ca t chc v
mc ch phi t c, bao gm phm vi thi gian v con ngi chu trch nhim thc
hin chnh sch mi trng ca t chc. chng trnh ny c th c chia nh gii
quyt cc yu t c th trong hot ng ca t chc. Chng trnh phi bao gm vic
xem xt v mi trng i vi cc hot ng mi.
Khi ph hp, chng trnh c th bao gm vic xem xt cc giai on lp k hoch,
thit k, sn xut, tip th v x l. Vic ny c th thc hin cho c cc hot ng, sn
phm v dch v hin c v mi. i vi sn phm, vic ny c th gii quyt cc vn
v thit k, nguyn vt liu, cc qu trnh sn xut, s dng v x l cui cng. i vi
vic lp t v nhng thay i ln trong cc qu trnh, vic xem xt c th gii quyt cc
vn lp k hoch, thit k, xy dng, u nhim, hot ng v ti thi im t chc cho
l thch hp thc hin thay i c vn decommission.
A.4 Vic thc hin v hot ng
A.4.1 C cu v trch nhim
Vic thc hin thnh cng h thng qun l mi trng yu cu s cam kt ca tt
c cc nhn vin trong t chc. Do vy, trch nhim v mi trng phi khng c coi
l ch gii hn n chc nng mi trng, m c th bao gm c cc khu vc khc ca t
chc nh qun l tc nghip hoc cc chc nng ca cn b khng thuc v mi trng.
Cam kt phi bt u cp cao nht. Theo , lnh o cao nht phi thit lp
chnh sch mi trng ca t chc v m bo l h thng qun l mi trng c thc
hin. Nh mt phn ca cam kt ny, lnh o cao nht phi ch nh a) i din lnh o
vi cc trch nhim v quyn hn c th thc hin h thng qun l cht lng. Trong
t chc ln hoc phc tp, c th c nhiu hn mt i din lnh o. Trong cc doanh
nghip nh v va, nhng trch nhim ny c th do mt c nhn thc hin. Lnh o
cao nht cng phi m bo cung cp cc ngun lc ph hp m bo h thng qun
l mi trng c thc hin v duy tr. Cng rt quan trng l cc trch nhim ch yu
trong h thng qun l mi trng c xc nh r v truyn t n tng nhn s thch
hp.
A.4.2 o to, nhn thc v nng lc
T chc phi thit lp v duy tr cc th tc xc nh cc nhu cu o to. T
chc cng phi yu cu cc nh thu hot ng i din thay mt cho t chc phi c kh
chng minh l nhn vin ca h c o to y theo yu cu.
Lnh o phi xc nh mc kinh nghim, kh nng v o to cn thit m
bo nng lc ca nhn s, c bit l nhng ngi thc hin nhng chc nng qun l
mi trng c th.
A.4.3 Trao i thng tin
T chc phi thc hin th tc tip nhn, lp vn bn v phc p ti thng tin
thch hp v yu cu ca cc bn lin quan. Th tc ny phi bao gm i vi cc bn
lin quan v vic xem xt nhng quan tm thch hp. Trong mt s trng hp, vic phc
p ti cc bn lin quan phi bao gm c cc thng tin lin quan v tc ng n mi
trng i lin vi hot ng ca t chc. Nhng th tc ny phi thc hin nhng trao
i cn thit vi cc c quan cng chng v lp k hoch cc trng hp khn cp v cc
vn lin quan.
A.4.4 Ti liu h thng qun l mi trng
Mc chi tit ca ti liu y m t cc yu t chnh v s tng tc ca h
thng qun l mi trng v a ra phng hng cho thu thp thng tin v hot ng
ca tng b phn c th ca h thng qun l mi trng. Ti liu ny c th gp vi ti
liu ca cc h thng qun l khc m t chc ang thc hin. Ti liu ny khng nht
thit phi di hnh thc mt cun s tay ring.
Cc ti liu lin quan bao gm:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
khc;
b.
H s v nhng khiu ni;
c.
Cc h s o to;
d.
Thng tin v qu trnh;
e.
Thng tin v sn phm;
f.H s v kim tra, duy tr v hiu chun
g.
Nh thu lu di v cc thng tin v nh cung cp;
h.
Bo co s c;
i. Thng tin v s sn sng khn cp v phc p;
j. Thng tin v cc vn mi trng ni bt;
k.
Kt qu nh gi;
l. Xem xt ca lnh o
Phi xem xt mt cch thch hp cc thng tin v b mt kinh doanh.
A.5.4 nh gi h thng qun l mi trng
Chng trnh nh gi v cc th tc phi bao gm cc ni dung:
a.
Cc hot ng v khu vc c xem xt trong qu trnh nh gi;
b.
Tn xut nh gi;
c.
Trch nhim lin quan n vic qun l v thc hin nh gi
d.
Trao i thng tin v kt qu nh gi;
e.
Nng lc ca nh gi vin
f.Thc hin nh gi nh th no;
nh gi c th do nhn s trong t chc thc hin v hoc do ngi bn ngoi do
t chc la chn. Trong c hai trng hp, ngi thc hin nh gi phi v tr nh
gi mt cch khch quan v cng bng.
A.6 Xem xt lnh o
Nhm duy tr ci tin lin tc, tnh ph hp v hu hiu ca h thng qun l mi
trng v kt qu thc hin h thng, lnh o ca t chc phi xem xt v nh gi h
thng qun l mi trng ti thi im xc nh. Phm vi ca vic xem xt phi ton din
mc d khng phi tt c cc yu t ca h thng qun l mi trng cn phi c xem
xt ngay v qu trnh xem xt c th din ra trong mt thi k.
ISO 9001:2000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Phm vi
1
1.1
1.2
M u
Khi qut
Cch tip cn theo qu trnh
Quan h vi ISO 9004
S tng thch vi cc h thng
qun l khc
Phm vi
Khi qut
p dng
2
3
4
2
3
4
4.1
4.1
5.5
Yu cu chung
Trch nhim, quyn hn v trao
i thng tin
Trch nhim v quyn hn
Cam kt ca lnh o
Chnh sch cht lng
Ci tin
Hoch nh
Hng vo khch hng
Xc nh cc yu cu lin quan
n sn phm
Xem xt cc yu cu lin quan n
sn phm.
Hng vo khch hng
4.2
Lp k hoch
Kha cnh mi trng
4.3
4.3.1
5.5.1
5.1
5.3
8.5
5.4
5.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
4.4
C cu trch nhim
4.4.1
5.2
7.2.1
5.4.1
5.4.2
8.5.1
7
7.1
5
5.1
5.5.1
5.5.2
6
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.3
6.4
6.2.2
To sn phm
Hoch nh vic to sn phm
Trch nhim ca lnh o
Cam kt ca lnh o
Trch nhim v quyn hn
i din ca lnh o
Qun l ngun lc
Cung cp cc ngun lc
Ngun nhn lc
Khi qut
C s h tng
Mi trng lm vic
Nng lc, nhn thc v o to
5.5.3
4.4.5
4.4.6
7.2.3
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
7.
7.1
7.2
Khi qut
S tay cht lng
Kim sot ti liu
To sn phm
Hoch nh vic to sn phm
Cc qu trnh lin quan n khch
hng
Xc nh cc yu cu lin quan
n sn phm
Xem xt cc yu cu lin quan n
sn phm
Thit k v pht trin
Hoch nh thit k v pht trin
u vo ca thit k v pht trin
u ra ca thit k v pht trin
Xem xt thit k v pht trin
Kim tra xc nhn thit k v pht
trin
Xc nhn gi tr s dng ca thit
k v pht trin
Kim sot thay i thit k v pht
trin
Mua hng
Qu trnh mua hng
Thng tin mua hng
Kim tra xc nhn sn phm mua
vo
Sn xut v cung cp dch v
Kim sot sn xut v cung cp
dch v
Nhn bit v xc nh ngun gc
Ti sn ca khch hng
Bo ton sn phm
Xc nhn gi tr s dng ca cc
qu trnh sn xut v cung cp dch
v
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.5.5
7.5.2
8.3
H s
4.5.3
nh gi h thng qun l 4.5.4
mi trng
Xem xt li ca ban lnh 4.6
o
8
7.6
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.4
8.3
8.5.2
8.5.3
4.2.4
8.2.2
Khi qut
Theo di v o lng
S tho mn ca khch hng
Theo di v o lng cc qu trnh
Theo di v o lng sn phm
Phn tch d liu
Kim sot sn phm khng ph
hp
Hnh ng khc phc
Hnh ng phng nga
Kim sot h s
nh gi ni b
5.6
Xem xt ca lnh o
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
Khi qut
u vo ca vic xem xt
u ra ca vic xem xt
lm.
Th no l nh qun l c ti?
Mt trong nhng sai lm u tin l bn tr thnh mt nh qun l c ti. Kh c nh
qun l no li tha nhn h ang chng t mnh l nh qun l c ti. Nhng liu c ai
th kim tra cch qun l ca chnh mnh m bo rng h khng qu c ti trong
qun l nhn vin ca mnh hay khng?
Mt nh qun l c ti thng l ngi t tin tng hay thiu nim tin ngi khc. H
thy khng ai cn c th hn h trong cng vic no v kh c th lm tt hn h. Do
vy h khng thnh cng trong giao ph vic cho cp di. Khi giao ph cho nhn
vin mt vic no th h thng ng gp kin tng cht mt vo cng vic v
thng xuyn kim tra i kim tra li m bo rng cng vic hon tt theo mun
ca mnh. Thi gian qun l nhn vin ca h qu cht ch dn ti s km cht lng
trong sn xut.
Nh qun l ny cng t quan tm ti nguyn vng ca nhn vin. Trong khi cc doanh
nghip hin nay, cc nhn vin u mun c s t do c nhn. Nhng nhn vin ny c
trnh nht nh v h cng mun p dng kin thc m h hc c vo cng vic.
Nhng nh qun l li t to cho h c c hi th h s lm thoi ch nhn vin ca
mnh.
Vi cc nh qun l c ti, cc nhn vin khng c s dng ht kin thc, ti nng v
nng lc chuyn mn. V vy h thy bt mn. Nhng t hn l ngay chnh nh qun l
c ti cng mt i nhiu c hi trau di ngh nghip ca mnh. Mt nh qun l nh
vy c th lm cng ty mt i nhn vin ti nng v gim nng sut trong sn xut.
trnh tr thnh mt nh qun l c ti, bn hy phi t nim tin ngi khc, nht
l nhng ngi lm vic cho bn. c th tin cy h th nn tm hiu nhng nhn vin
lm vic cho mnh, bit c nhng im yu v im mnh ca bn. Cn giao ph cng
vic da trn cc im yu v im mnh ny. Cn cho nhn vin ca bn hc nhng
nghip v m h cn. Nn bit cng vic yu cu nh th no v tuyn ng nhn vin
c th m nhn tt cng vic . Cn chn la k cng ngi sp thay th v tr ca bn
v lp tc hun luyn h.
Cng nn nhn ra rng cng vic khng th hon tt khi bn lm ch c mt mnh. Khi
giao vic cho nhn vin, cn hiu rng u quyn mt cch hiu qu cng c ngha l chp
nhn nhng bin c ngoi mun c th km theo. Nh qun l c th khng nhn c
kt qu nh mong i nhng cn phi chp nhn n v chp nhn nhng sai phm xy
ra.
Nh qun l li bing l g?
Mt cch thc qun l khc cng dn n sai lm, l tr thnh nh qun l li bing.
Ngi ny lun n y mi cng vic cho nhn vin ca mnh. H c khuynh hng
a cho nhn vin ca mnh mi cng vic c thi gian rnh. Kt qu l cc nhn vin
phi lm vic qu nhiu nn h thng ni vi cp trn rng: chng phi l cng vic
ca h, n khng c trong bn hp ng lao ng, trong khi cht lng cng vic li rt
thp.
Vi nh qun l li bing th nhn vin ngy cng lm nhng cng vic ngoi kh nng
chuyn mn ca h v h cng chng b ra mt khong thi gian no bi dng thm
nghip v cho nhn vin. trnh thnh nh qun l li bing, bn cn lun lun lp
mt bn k hoch bao gm c nhng d n ngn hn v di hn km theo thi gian thc
hin. Bn cn trin khai nhng cng vic sao cho tht tt, c gng hc hi nhng cch
thc qun l tt.
Bn cng nn lp k hoch cho cng vic k tip bng cch lm vic t c n. Nn
nh rng bn ang b theo di v nh gi bi nhng ngi khc.
Mt cch qun l sai lm th ba m khng t ngi mc phi, l tr thnh mt nh
qun l qu lm dng quyn hnh. Thng nhng ngi ny cn tr. H t nhy bn
trong cch qun l cng nh tht bi trong vic tm hiu mi trng lm vic mi.
Nh qun l lm dng quyn lc
Nh qun l ny thng cho rng vic mnh lm l mt nhim v c giao v t khi a
ra li gii thch. Nhn vin khng nhng cm thy bc tc m h s cn ngh ra cch
cn tr cng vic m nhng ngi ny thy kh lng c th t hiu qu 100%. Vy l s
dn n tht bi khi mt nh qun l lm dng quyn lc phn cng cng vic. Nn nh
rng nhng ai qu lm dng quyn hnh ca mnh u sm b sa thi. Chnh h cng thy
bn thn mnh khng th thch nghi vi mi trng lm vic hin ti.
iu t hi nht l mi quan h gia ngi ny vi thnh vin trong cng ty v thnh
thong l c cc thnh vin ngoi cng ty cng khng hi lng. Quyn hnh chung ca
tp th s bin thnh quyn hnh c nhn ca h. Chnh t h c th thu v nhiu li
ch cho bn thn mnh, ch khng phi cho cng ty.
trnh tr thnh mt nh qun l lm dng quyn hnh, bn cn hiu rng quyn lc
ny l p dng cho cng ty ch khng phi cho ring c nhn bn. Nn c suy ngh v
ngi qun l qu p dng quyn lc trc kia ca mnh vo cm nhn v ngi nh
th no. Bn cng nn ngh n vic trao quyn hnh cho tt c cc nhn vin ch khng
phi ch cho ring c nhn mnh. Nn nhn xa trng rng v cn bit rng chnh mnh
ang cn cc nhn vin m mnh tng to ra khong cch khng thn thin vi h.
Cui cng, cc nh qun l cn phi hiu r v mi trng a dng ni m h ang lm
vic. Qun l tnh a dng mt cch hiu qu i hi nh qun l phi nng ng v sng
to. Cha kha thnh cng trong qun l trc tin l nh qun l cn nhn bit c
nhng nt khc nhau trong mi trng lm vic v t c cch thc i x thch ng
nht.
(theo TBKT)
Bn ha tu thng hiu
C bao gi bn nghe mt bn nhc ha tu b "lc iu" cha? Hy tng tng s t hi
nh th no nu phi nghe m thanh pht ra t cc nhc c ca dn nhc "lc iu".
Tng t, cc hot ng xy dng thng hiu cng s khng mang li hiu qu mong
i nu chng khng din ra ng b v bi bn.
Nu nh mt dn nhc ha tu cn c mt bn ha m chung th mt sn phm cng cn
c mt chin lc thng hiu (Brand Strategy) nh hng ton b cc hot ng xy
dng thng hiu. Vi nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam hin nay, khi nim chin lc
thng hiu vn cn l mt khi nim mi v thng c hiu nh mt chin lc tip
th.
Vy, c th mt chin lc thng hiu bao gm nhng g?
Hin trn th trng trn ngp cc thng hiu ni ln ngoi vi v s nhng thng ip
tip th t nh sn xut. Hng ngy, n tc ng n ngi tiu dng di nhiu hnh
thc, t qung co trn truyn hnh, bo in, i pht thanh; n cc t ri, bng rn, bng
biu trn ng ph Trong bi cnh nh th, cu hi t ra cho ngi lm thng hiu
l liu c cch no thu ht s ch ca ngi tiu dng v pha mnh hay khng?
nh v thng hiu (Brand Positioning) c xem l mt cch c bn v ct li nht
thu ht s quan tm ca ngi tiu dng. Yu t cn thit m thng ip nh v mun
truyn ti n ngi tiu dng chnh l s khc bit (khc, hn, l).
Ly v d trong ngnh sn phm du gi u, gia "cuc chin khc lit" ang din ra
gia cc "i gia" nhm thu ht qu b, qu c, bng c mt thng hiu du gi c
nh v dnh ring cho gii my ru xut hin v bc u c nhn nh l thnh
cng.
K n l vic xy dng mt tnh cch ring cho thng hiu (Brand Personality). S n
lc nhng yu t nh hng ngoi, cht lng hay gi c khng cn l yu t chnh tc
ng n quyt nh mua hng ca ngi tiu dng na m chnh l nhng li ch cm
tnh do mt thng hiu mang li.
Chng hn, ti sao mt ngi m li chn mua sa bt thng hiu X m khng phi l
sa bt Y khi cht lng v gi c khng c s chnh lch ng k? C th bi v ngi
m thy thng hiu X ng tin cy hn, gi cho ch v mt hnh nh b thng minh,
khe khon v vui v. y chnh l li ch cm tnh m thng hiu X c trong khi
thng hiu Y thiu hoc khng c.
Nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam c tm c hin nay cng ang n lc chng minh mnh c
cng ngh cao, cht lng ngoi. l iu cn thit nhng liu ngi tiu dng xem
truyn hnh c th "cm" c nhng thng ip "hi cng" ny hay khng? C th ni
ch n sau cng ca vic xy dng thng hiu l to ra mt hnh nh c o, khc
bit v c ngha i vi nhm khch hng mc tiu.
R rng, " y khng phi l cuc chin trn thng trng m l cuc chin trong tm
tng ngi tiu dng" nh mt chuyn gia trong ngnh tip th ni. V d i vi
ngi tiu dng Vit Nam, khi ni n nc ngt th ch c Pepsi hoc Coca-Cola; nhng
khi ni sa u nnh ng chai th ngh ngay n Tribeco Nhng vn t ra l lm
sao duy tr v th tin phong? Lc doanh nghip li cn c mt tm nhn thng hiu
(Brand Vision) c th nh hng cho vic qun l v pht trin thng hiu lu di.
V cui cng l mt h thng nhn din thng hiu (Brand Identification). N ch yu
bao gm tn, logo, khu hiu, nhc hiu, bao b, website v cc vt phm qung co c
thit k da trn c tnh ring ca mt thng hiu nhm gip ngi tiu dng d dng
nhn bit v phn bit vi cc sn phm khc c trn th trng. Mt ci tn cho sn
phm nghe c v n gin nhng thc t l nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam khi pht trin
ra nc ngoi gp ngay vn v cch c v ngha i vi ngi tiu dng bn
x
Trn y l bn phn chnh trong mt chin lc thng hiu m c l nhng doanh
nghip Vit Nam khi bt tay vo lm khng nn b qua. C n trong tay ngay t u s
gip doanh nghip tp trung ngun lc truyn ti thng ip n khch hng mc tiu
nhanh hn v hiu qu hn thng qua cc cng c tip th v qung co ph hp. Mt
chin lc thng hiu c bi bn s gip sn phm hay doanh nghip ng tch bit
khi "m ng" trn th trng.
Tuy nhin, y ch l bc u cho mt qu trnh. C mt chng ng di pha trc m
doanh nghip phi i qua i hi thi gian, cng sc v hn c l mt s cam kt cho
vic xy dng mi quan h cm xc vi khch hng.
BO HIM HNG HA
B h s khiu ni
Mt b h s khiu ni bo him thng gm:
- Hp ng hay giy chng nhn bo him gc
- Vn n gc
- Bn sao ho n gc hoc cc ho n chi ph
- Chng t xc nhn s lng, trng lng hng
- Th km tnh ton s tin khiu ni
- Giy yu cu bi thng hng ho tn tht (theo mu )
Tu tng trng hp khiu ni c th, cn km thm cc chng t sau :
B quyt ng u vi ri ro
Tng trng thng hp dn cc doanh nghip n ni h ch mi m bn cch khai thc
m khng ng ti ng sau n cn tim n nhiu cm by. tng trng mnh v lu
di, doanh nghip cn tm cch ng u vi ri ro.
Theo cc chuyn gia, khi ng trc mc tng trng qu nhanh, doanh nghip phi
bit kim sot ti chnh. Bi li nhun c th t mc yu cu, nhng nu khng qun l
tt vn lu ng, h c th i mt vi "tin ra nh sui, tin vo nh git". iu ny c
th dn n hu qu, doanh nghip khng kh nng thanh ton nhng mn n ngn
hn.
Thi k u ca tng trng bao gi cng i km vi yu t bt n, nn doanh nghip rt
d mt nhng mi quan h quan trng. Thm ch, khch hng c th bc mnh v khng
c chm sc ng mc cn nh cung ng vt t th gin gi v chm thanh ton ha
n. Do vy, mc tiu ca tng trng khng c truyn t thng sut trong ton
doanh nghip, khin cho ngi lao ng c tm l "ti sao mnh phi c lm ti tin
ca ng ch nng thm?".
C th nhn lc cha c chun b k chp nhn ri ro v chu thay i. V d, khi
doanh nghip tng trng qu nhanh, mt trong nhng gii php tnh th l thu mn
thm ngi ti t bn ngoi. Nhng nhng nhn vin mi c th t c thi gian lm
quen vi vn ha doanh nghip nn khng ha ng, khng lm vic theo nhm.
Doanh nghip c th m rng qu nhiu mng trong khi nng lc qun l v sn xut ni
b khng theo kp. Nguy nht l khi doanh nghip qu t tin, ngh rng mnh lm c
mi th. Tt hn l nn thu bn ngoi lm nhng vic khng phi l s trng, hoc ni
th quy trnh. Ngoi ra, cn trnh hin tng xy dng quy trnh nh bng doanh
nghip ch khng phi t quyt tm mun ci t tn ti v pht trin bn vng.
ng ngi. Gn y, trn cc phng tin truyn thng thng bn nhiu v chng
trnh o to, thu ht v i ng nhn ti. Khng nn qu lo lng v nhn ti m hy t
hi, chng ta c s dng ng ngi cho quy trnh cng vic cha? Ni cch khc, hy t
hi: "Nn thu ai v lm th no nhn vin c hun luyn, o to cho ph hp vi
cng vic?".
Tr li c cu hi ny, chng ta c th tm ra mt vi gii php cho doanh nghip. i
vi nhng cng vic kh c bit, cn phi c chnh sch u i tuyn dng nhng
ngi va thng tho k thut, va gii ngoi ng v c kin thc v kinh doanh.
Cn li, nhng cng vic bnh thng, sau khi tuyn dng, doanh nghip nn t chc cc
kha hun luyn c bn nhn vin thc hin cng vic c th gn lin nhng nhim v
ch yu c giao trong quy trnh. Ngoi ra, cng nn to c hi cho c nhn pht trin
v s dng nhiu k nng khc nhau pht hin v bi dng nhn ti.
ng c cu t chc. ng quy trnh cng vic, ng ngi nhng c c mt c cu
t chc ng l iu cng quan trng khng km. V ch khi c mt c cu t chc ng,
h thng bo co cng vic v trch nhim ca cc thnh vin mi thng sut. Cp qun
l c th ra quyt nh hay nhn c s ph duyt m khng b t quan liu cn tr v
mi ngi hiu r ai c quyn ra quyt nh g.
Ngoi ra, "ng thanh tng ng, ng kh tng cu", con ngi c nhu cu cng lm
vic vi nhau s t gn b vi nhau hay c gng cng lm vic trong mt n v. y
l cch m mt s cng ty v t chc nh IBM, NASA thng hay lm. Nh cc nhm
cng tc, trong cc chuyn gia t gn b vi nhau gii quyt mt vn no do
t chc t ra. Nhm trng s t tuyn ng chuyn vin hon thnh nhim v. p
dng c cu t chc ny, s gip nh qun l trnh c tnh trng nhn nhn vin theo
dng gi gm.
ng thng tin. C cu t chc ng s gip lung thng tin trong doanh nghip chy
thng sut. Hn na, do c quy trnh cng vic ng, c nhn trong t chc hiu mnh
cn thng tin g v khi no c nhn thng tin gii quyt cng vic. V vy, khi c
ng thng tin, c nhn trong n v s hnh ng kp thi v c th ra quyt nh ng.
m bo iu ny, doanh nghip cn xy dng mt h thng thng tin d liu cho
nhn vin truy cp. Ngoi ra, h thng thng tin phi bo m chnh xc v c th tip
cn ra quyt nh.
ng quyt nh. Ra quyt nh ng trong kinh doanh khng nhng cn thng tin ng
m cn ty thuc vo cch ra quyt nh. a s doanh nghip hin nay, nht l doanh
nghip quc doanh, thng ra quyt nh theo s ng thun ca tp th. y l mt cch
lm ng nhng cha , c bit trong mt mi trng kinh doanh bin ng v y bt
trc.
V vy, nh qun l cn bit nhiu cch ra quyt nh. Quyt nh ng thng l quyt
nh c chn la t mt s cc phng n v chng phi c a ra bi nhng ngi
c nng lc chuyn mn v kinh nghim. Mi ngi cn phi r ai lm quyt nh g v
mc no trong doanh nghip. Ngoi ra, quyt nh ng khi a ra cn c cn nhc
thm tc ng ca n n nhim v, gi tr, mc ch v chin lc ca doanh nghip.
ng phn thng. Ai lm tt cn c khen thng v phn thng tng xng vi
ng gp nhng phi tun theo quy nh c trc. Khi khen thng cho c nhn, lnh
o cn phi lm sng t ai c thng v v sao. Phn thng ng s c tc dng
cng c hnh vi tt mang li hiu qu kinh doanh. Ngi nhn v ngi cha c iu
kin c nhn thng u tha mn, to ng lc cho mi ngi tm kim thnh cng
ginh phn thng. Phn thng phi c mi ngi nhn thc l cng bng, n
gin, r rng v y ngha.
o lng mc nh hng ca thng hiu. Thu nhp ca thng hiu bng ch s Vai
tr ca xy dng thng hiu nhn vi thu nhp v hnh.
4. Tiu chun cnh tranh Phn tch nhng th mnh v im yu ca thng hiu nhm
xc nh Li sut khu tr thng hiu (li sut ny phn nh ri ro ca thu nhp k
vng trong tng lai c c nh thng hiu), c o lng bi im s sc mnh
thng hiu. c c kt qu ny, ngi ta kt hp xem xt cc tiu chun cnh
tranh v tp hp kt qu nh gi v th trng ca thng hiu, mc n nh, v tr
lnh o, xu hng pht trin, h tr, ph th trng v.v
5. Tnh ton gi tr thng hiu Gi tr thng hiu l gi tr hin thi (NPV) ca thu
nhp d on c c nh thng hiu, b khu tr bi T l khu tr thng hiu. Kt
qu NPV khng ch rt ra thi im d on m cn thi im xa hn na c th
phn nh kh nng to ra ngun thu nhp lin tc trong tng lai ca thng hiu
Brand Measurement: o lng thng hiu
M hnh o lng thng hiu ca Interbrand rt c ch cho bn trong vic o lng
thng hiu ca mnh. Sau y l nhng im chnh bn cn lu bit c th mnh
thng hiu ca bn l g v t xy dng v pht trin thng hiu .
Th trng: 10% ca sc mnh thng hiu. Thng hiu kinh doanh trong mt th
trng m th hiu tiu dng s dng sn phm n nh th thng hiu c nh
gi cao hn. V d nh thng hiu thc phm hoc bt git s c nh gi cao hn
thng hiu qun o hay nc hoa v th hiu tiu dng c th thay i rt nhanh chng
khin cc thng hiu thi trang hay nc hoa d b li thi.
S n nh: 15% sc mnh thng hiu. Thng hiu c hnh thnh trc thng
c nh gi cao hn bt c th trng no v h c nhiu khch hng trung thnh.
V d nh nhn Honda s c nh gi cao hn Yamaha v Honda vo th trng Vit
Nam t rt lu n ni ngi tiu dng s dng t honda khi mun ni n mt chic xe
my.
Dn u: 25% sc mnh thng hiu. Mt thng hiu dn u th trng c gi tr rt
cao v n chim c u th v th phn. V d nh thng hiu Toyota s tr nn
ngy cng mnh v dn u trong ngnh t Vit Nam.
Xu hng li nhun: 10% sc mnh thng hiu. Interbrand cho rng thng hiu c
mt xu hng thu c li nhun trong di hn s c sc mnh hn cc thng hiu khc
do duy tr c s n nh v gn gi vi ngi tiu dng.
S h tr: 10% sc mnh thng hiu. Thng hiu c ch trng u t v h tr s
mnh hn cc thng hiu khc. Tuy nhin, vic h tr ny khng nhng v mt s
lng m cn v mt cht lng.
Gii hn a l: 25% sc mnh thng hiu. Nhng thng hiu hin din v c
chp nhn trn th gii s mnh hn cc thng hiu vng hoc quc gia v chng t b
tn thng do cnh tranh. Nhng thng hiu ny c ti sn thng hiu rt ln.
S bo v: 5% sc mnh thng hiu. Thng hiu c bo v bng lut php v bn
quyn quc t l yu t cui cng ca m hnh o lng mnh thng hiu ca
Interbrand.
t cng sc v tin bc t c nhng chng ch v cht lng. Vic hon thin cht
lng v gim thiu gi thnh s to nn li th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trn th
trng. Tuy vy, nhng li th ny khng m bo cho vic c c mt thng hiu
mnh. Li gii thch cho nhn nh ny nm trong khi nim gi tr cm nhn. Theo khi
nim v gi tr cm nhn th cch tip cn v cht lng v gi thnh trong vic xy dng
thng hiu c nhng hn ch sau.
Th nht, doanh nghip lun tin rng mt sn phm c cht lng tt s c ngi tiu
dng nh gi cao. Doanh nghip c th s dng nhng ch tiu cht lng nh gi
sn phm nhng ngi tiu dng nh gi sn phm bng cch nhn ch quan ca mnh.
Bng nhng kinh nghim, hiu bit, thng tin v nhu cu m mi ngi u nh gi
hon ton khc nhau. Mt sn phm c cht lng tt c o lng trong nh my cha
chc l mt sn phm tt trong mt ngi tiu dng. Doanh nghip cn quan tm n
nhng nhu cu v mc hiu bit ca ngi tiu dng i vi sn phm v dch v.
Mt sn phm hay dch v c ngi tiu dng nh gi cao v cht lng s tng gi
tr ca thng hiu.
Th hai, doanh nghip thng cho rng ngi tiu dng s chn sn phm v dch v c
gi c thp hn. Ngi tiu dng lun so snh gia nhng gi tr m h nhn c vi
nhng chi ph phi tr. Gi c thp s thc y chn sn phm khi h nh gi c
nhng li ch m sn phm v dch v mang li. V mt l thuyt th gi c thp s mang
li gi tr ln hn cho ngi tiu dng nhng trong thc t th gi c thp c th lm cho
ngi tiu dng c cm gic l tin no ca ny v khng nh gi cao cht lng ca
sn phm v k qu l khng nh gi cao thng hiu. Gi c l mt nhn t m ngi
tiu dng lun quan tm nhng gi tr cm nhn s dn ti nhng hnh vi ca h. Doanh
nghip khng nn xc nh gi m nn xc nh gi tr ca sn phm v dch v ca mnh
Packaging Design: Thit k bao b
"Packaging design l s kt hp gia nguyn liu, cu trc, cch trnh by, hnh nh,
mu sc v nhng thnh phn khc to ra s thu ht th gic cho mc ch truyn thng
mc tiu v chin lc marketing ca mt thng hiu hay sn phm.
Vai tr ca bao b ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn trong vic xy dng mt thng hiu
mnh v nht qun. Bao b khng ch c tc dng bo v, m t v gii thiu sn phm
m n cn cha ng rt nhiu nhn t tc ng n khch hng v vic quyt nh la
chon mua hng ca h. lun l la chn s mt ca khch hng trc nhng i th
cnh tranh th u l yu t chnh trong vic xy dng nhng yu t thnh cng trong
vic thit k bao b ?
Da trn c s nhng nhn t tc ng n khch hng khi la chn v so snh nhng
sn phm cng loi chng ta hy tham kho 8 yu t c bn trong vic la chn thit k
mt bao b p, l:
1.S phi hp nht qun:
Tuy nhin n thi im ny, Ngnh Qung Co v Gii Tr vn cha pht trin thc s
ph bin. Ngha l vn cn nhng khong trng v cung cu ca PP gia 2 ngnh. Ngnh
gii tr hin xc nh c l PP rt cn thit cho h, trong khi ngnh Qung co cng
hiu rng PP rt hu ch cho khch hng ca mnh. Th nhng vn cha c c s thng
nht tin tc gia hai ngnh. Mt khi PP c chp nhn nh mt phn ca Phi thc tip
th th vic xc nh cung cu ca PP s gip ngi lm tip th c nhng quyt nh
chnh xc v gi tr hn
dng s da trn nhng th c xem l km quan trng hn, chng hn nh vic thit k
n chiu hu nh th no !
Chin lc cnh tranh , d l bt ngun t mt tng hay mt khi nim c s dng
to nn li th so vi i th cnh tranh mt im no trong nhn thc khch
hng, cn phi p ng c 2 yu cu. Th nht: u l nhm khch hng tim nng
ca bn ? Nhm khng c ngha l mt tp th x hi hay a l c cng mt vi im
chung v tnh cch hay li sng. Ti mun hng n nhng ngi c th chp nhn
nhng li ch m bn em li, v nhng li ch hp dn h hn hn nhng la chn
trc y ca h, hay t nht l mt iu mi m no i vi h. Th hai: Bn s em
li cho h nhng g m bn cho l c tim nng? Chin lc cnh tranh l mt khi nim
tr li 2 cu hi trn.
Nh vy, mt chin lc khng phi l mt cuc thi sc p hay mt cuc thm d
kin. Mc tiu s khng phi l t c s a thch ca tt c mi ngi. Kinh nghim
cho chng ta thy rng cha kha chnh l to ra mt nhm c bit cho d nh - tin
tng rng bn khng th thay th c. H hot ng nh mt b my thnh cng ca
bn, cho d h khng tht s c thi nh vy. Ngi am m BMW khng tin rng
Mercedes l mt chic xe ti, nhng n gin khng thch n v n khng phi l BMW.
i vi h, Mercedes khng th so snh c vi BMW. Ngi hm m Apple cng
ngh tng t i vi IBM.
Vy nhng yu t trn tc ng n mt thng hiu nh th no? Thng hiu l mt
hnh nh c o v r nt trong nhn thc ca khch hng, hay em n cho h nhng
li ch c bit khi s dng sn phm/dch v c sn xut/cung cp bi mt cng ty
c bit. V d, hnh nh v chuyn du lch n Paris thng c mang theo hnh nh
mt k ngh lng mn. S l sai lm khi ngh rng mt thng hiu s ch tht s l
thng hiu khi n tn ti mi ni xung quanh ngi tiu dng, ch khng phi trong
suy ngh ca h. Nu mt hnh nh hp dn v khc bit bn c th gi n l mt
thng hiu mnh. Mt ci tn hay mt biu trng quen thuc khng to thnh
mt thng hiu.
Quyt nh ca mt cng ty gip to ra nhng li ch c trng cho nhm khch hng ca
mnh em li tim nng cho cng vic kinh doanh gip nhn din u l c hi, v
u l khi nim c s dng mang li li ch cho khch hng, s l mt quyt nh
th hin t duy chin lc ca cng ty. Nu nh s la chn ca khch hng km theo
nhng yu t tm l, nh trong th trng nc hoa ( cm nhn ca khch hng), hay
nhng yu t x hi, nh s th hin ng cp (nhng hnh nh biu trng cho ng cp),
quyt nh cng cn phi th hin c tm nhn chin lc ca cng ty.
Trong vng vi nm gn y, vai tr ca thng hiu trong lnh vc marketing thay
i rt nhanh chng. Trc y, chng ta thng s dng thng hiu tn ti km theo
tn cng ty v sn phm, l cng c h tr chng tr nn hp dn hn i vi ngi tiu
dng, hay cn gi l nh bng nhn hiu. Ngy nay mi th khc hn, vic pht trin
mt thng hiu phi bao gm vic thit lp v thc hin ng li nh em n gi
tr cho khch hng. Nhng im nhn gip pht trin sn phm v dch v s c ch
trng thit k mang li nhng li ch thit thc cho khch hng, v thng qua t
c mc ch ca cng ty. Tt c nhng diu gip xy dng nn mt chin lc
thng hiu.
Vai tr chin lc ca vic xy dng thng hiu c pht trin da trn khi nim
thng hiu ngy cng m rng. Ngy nay, vic xy dng thng hiu khng ch l vic
li ko nhn thc v mong mun ca khch hng v mnh, m n cn l vic to lp mt
h thng bao gm s kt hp gia s cam kt v thit lp hnh tng trong nhn thc
khch hng, cng vi vic chuyn ti v thc hin s cam kt
Ti sn thng hiu s cng thm hoc gim bt cc gi tr mang n cho khch hng.
Tt c cc thnh t ca ti sn thng hiu s gip cho khch hng c th hiu c cng
nh lu gi c rt nhiu thng tin khc nhau v sn phm v thng hiu. N s mang
n cho khch hng s t tin khi la chn sn phm (kt qu ny c c do nhng tri
nghim m khch hng c c khi s dng sn phm ny trc y). Mt v d, khi
khch hng mua mt sn phm ca Sony th h hon ton tin tng vo cht lng v y
l mt thng hiu ni ting vi cht lng vt tri. C mt kha cnh quan trng
khng km l cht lng cm nhn v thuc tnh thng hiu s nng cao hn s hi
lng ca khch hng mi khi s dng sn phm. Nu mt ngi s dng xe BMW hay
Mercedes th h s c nhng cm nhn hon ton khc bit, cm thy mnh tr nn quan
trng hn v nhng cm xc ny s gia tng s hi lng ca ngi s dng i vi sn
phm
mt t chc kinh doanh qun l nhiu thng hiu khc nhau (c th dch l phng
php qun tr a thng hiu).
Chng hn h thng khch sn Marriott c t nht bn thng hiu chnh: Marriott
Residence Inn, Mariott Hotels, Resort & Suites, Courtyard by Marriott, v Fairfield Inn
by Marriott. Khi mun xm nhp th trng khch sn cao cp, Marriott mua li h thng
khch sn Ritz-Carlton nhng thn trng khng gn vo thng hiu Marriott (vn
khng nh v l h thng khch sn sang trng nht) m tip tc duy tr thng hiu
Ritz-Carlton. Courtyard by Marriott xut hin nm 1983 nhm vo khch hng chnh l
cc thng nhn ti khu vc ngoi thnh. Fairfield Inn xut hin nm 1987 nm trong khi
vc ngoi thnh nhng st vi cc xa l ln v tp trung vo i tng khch hng l gia
nh. Cng ty P&G trong th trng du gi u cng phi qun tr nhiu thng hiu:
Head&Shoulder tp trung vo th trng du gi chng gu, Pert Plus l du gi kt hp
vi du x, Pantene l du gi theo kiu m phm, lm tc ng p.
Vn mu cht trong qun tr a thng hiu l lm th no c th tip cn cc phn
khc th trng mi, gii thiu sn phm mi m khng chu s ri ro v tn km khi
phi to ra cc thng hiu mi. Nhng i khi chin lc kinh doanh i hi phi s
dng cc thng hiu khc nhau cho cc khc th trng khc nhau. Do , vn qun
tr a thng hiu c t ra cho cc nh qun l. Theo gio s David A. Aaker, kin
trc thng hiu l cng c c s dng to ra tng lc, s phn vi minh bch gia
cc thng hiu c th, v to sc nng cho thng hiu. C th hn, kin trc thng
hiu l mt cu trc nhm t chc cc thng hiu nm chung trong mt danh mc vi
mc ch xc nh r vai tr ca tng thng hiu, mi quan h gia cc thng hiu (v
d quan h gia Ford v thng hiu xe Taurus), cng nh quan h gia cc thng hiu
trn th trng sn phm (v d quan h gia Nike chu u v Nike Hoa K, Sony
Theaters v Sony Television).
C th tm tt cc mc tiu chnh trong vic qun tr a thng hiu nh sau:
1To ra nhng thng hiu mnh, c hiu qu.
2- Phn phi ngun lc hp l trong vic xy dng cc thng hiu khc nhau (v d chi
nhiu tin qung co hn cho cc thng hiu chin lc).
3- To sc cng lc, trnh gy cc n tng thng hiu hn lon trong u khch hng.
4- Cung ng sn phm/dch v c chn dung thng hiu (brand indentity) r rng, gip
cc cng ty bn l, cng ty qung co, phng php trng by trong tim, hiu r cc mi
quan h gia cc thng hiu ca cng mt cng ty, do c th to ra chin lc kinh
doanh ph hp.
5- Nng cao gi tr ca thng hiu (brand equity).
6- To ra ngun lc cho s pht trin trong tng lai (thm nhp vo cc th trng
mi/pht trin kp thi cc sn phm mi).
t chc thnh cng mi quan h h tng gia cc thng hiu, nh qun l cn quan
tm n nm nhn t chnh:
1Danh mc thng hiu (brand portfolio).
2Vai tr c th ca cc thng hiu trong danh mc.
3Vai tr ca cc thng hiu trong bi cnh th trng-sn phm.
4Cu trc danh mc thng hiu
5Chin lc m rng thng hiu
Nim tin thng hiu/Brand Beliefs Nim tin no chng t rng thng hiu s
mang li li ch cho ngi dng
Tnh cch thng hiu/ Brand personlization: Nu thng hiu bin thnh
ngi th ngi s nh th no, tnh cch ngi ra sao?
Hng ngy hng gi, ngi tiu dng tip nhn hng ni thng tin, qu ti vi tr
nh ca h nn khng th nh c ht cc thng tin thu nhn. H ch c th nh nhng
g r rng, n gin v khc bit.
nh v thng hiu nhm truyn thng tinh cht ca thng hiu mt cch ng
nht trn mi phng tin truyn thng t xy dng ti sn ca thng hiu (Brand
Equity)
Bc 3: Xy dng chin lc thng hiu
Mc chi tiu cho khuch trng thng hiu trong tng nm.
vv
Sau khi ng chin lc v thng hiu, ngi qun l thng hiu da trn
ngn sch ca nm th nht ln k hoch truyn thng cho c nm.
K hoch bao gm thng no tiu bao nhiu tin, qung co thng ip no, trn
cc knh novv.
Bc 5: o lng v hiu chnh k hoch truyn thng
Sau mi giai on truyn thng, cn c s o lng hiu qu ca chin dch truyn thng
c s hiu chnh kp thi.
Cc thng tin thng phi c thu thp bao gm:
Thng thng khi mt thng hiu c nhn bit u tin ln hn 50% thi hu nh rt
kh c th nng cao ch s ny. Chnh v vy, ci thin ch s ny th i hi phi qu
nhiu chi ph trong khi hiu qu th khng c bao nhiu nn nhim v ca doanh
nghip l nn duy tr mc nhn bit mc ny.
i vi cc sn phm hng tiu dng nh du gi u, kem nh rng, bt git th tng
s nhn bit thng hiu ng vai tr quan trng. Tiu ch nhn bit u tin lun lun
quan trng nhng i vi nhng sn phm m ngi ta quyt nh ti im mua hay mua
sm m khng hoch nh trc th ch s tng nhn bit lun c doanh nghip
quan tm hn. Khi mt ngi ni ch i siu th mua sm trong tun th h thng ngh
l s mua bt git nhng h thng khng hoch nh s mua omo hay tide nn khi i
siu th n ni trng by h u c th quyt nh mua bt k thng hiu no m h
bit.
Nu tng nhn bit thng hiu ln hn 90% th rt tt v hu nh rt kh nng
nhn bit ln 100%. Chnh v vy, chi ph cho vic qung b thng hiu khi hu ht mi
ngi bit n thng hiu ca mnh th khng hiu qu. Doanh nghip ch nn qung
b thng hiu mt cch khng thng xuyn nhm duy tr mc nhn bit ny
Th t, ti sn thng hiu s to mt nn tng cho s pht trin thng qua vic m rng
thng hiu. Sony l mt trng hp in hnh, cng ty da trn thng hiu Sony
m rng sang lnh vc my tnh xch tay vi thng hiu Sony Vaio, hay sang lnh vc
game nh Sony Play Station Mt thng hiu mnh s lm gim chi ph truyn thng
rt nhiu khi m rng thng hiu.
Th nm, ti sn thng hiu cn gip cho vic m rng v tn dng ti a knh phn
phi. Cng tng t nh khch hng, cc im bn hng s e ngi hn khi phn phi
nhng sn phm khng ni ting. Mt thng hiu mnh s h tr trong vic c c
mt din tch trng by ln trn k. Bn cnh thng hiu ln s d dng nhn c
hp tc ca nh phn phi trong cc chng trnh tip th.
Cui cng, ti sn thng hiu cn mang li li th cnh tranh v c th l s to ra ro
cn hn ch s thm nhp th trng ca cc i th cnh tranh mi. Khi nhn v kha
cnh thuc tnh thng hiu th Tide l loi bt git dnh cho cc gia nh phi git gi
nhiu v y chnh l mt thuc tnh ngm nh rt quan trng cho phn khc th trng
ny. Chnh v vy m mt thng hiu khc s kh c th cnh tranh c vi Tide
phn khc git gi nhiu. Vi v tr vng chc v cht lng cm nhn th thng hiu
Acura c c li th cnh tranh rt ln m i th cnh tranh kh c th vt qua
c. Vic thuyt phc khch hng rng c mt thng hiu khc c cht lng tt hn
Acura th rt kh
Tuy nhin, s chnh lch ngy cng ln gia gi tr s sch v gi tr trn th trng
chng khon ca cc cng ty khin cho ngi ta ngy cng cng nhn gi tr ca ti
sn v hnh. V t xut hin nhu cu nh gi thng hiu.
Trc y, ngi ta ch tnh gi thng hiu khi i mua li ca ngi khc, ch t khi
nh gi thng hiu ca mnh. l do cc tiu chun k ton ch ghi nhn mc uy tn
mt khi ti sn v hnh c mua bn vi gi c th.
Tuy nhin, cui thp nin 1980, mt s kin Anh lm thay i cch suy ngh v cch
lm ny. Nm 1988, Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM), mt tp on thc phm hng u
Anh, c nguy c b mua t trc s g gm quyt lit ca Goodman Fielder Wattie
(GFW). Nhng RHM t v thnh cng nh chin lc chng minh gi tr danh mc
thng hiu ca mnh. y l ln nh gi thng hiu u tin cho thy rng c th nh
gi khng ch cc thng hiu c mua li, m c thng hiu do chnh cng ty to ra.
Sau khi khng c thnh cng mua t ca GFW, RHM a vo cc bo co ti
chnh nm 1988 gi tr ca c nhng thng hiu do chnh mnh to ra ln nhng thng
hiu mua li t hng khc di mc ti sn v hnh trong bng cn i k ton.
Nm 1989, S Giao dch chng khon London ng h khi nim nh gi thng hiu
theo cch ca RHM. iu ny l ng lc to nn mt ln sng cc cng ty ln vi hng
ha c thng hiu ring (nh LVMH, LOral, Gucci, Prada, v PPR) ghi nhn gi tr
thng hiu nh l ti sn v hnh trong bng cn i k ton ca h. Mt s cng ty
dng cch ny nh mt ch s th hin hiu qu ti chnh bo co vi cc c ng
(bng cch so snh gi tr thng hiu trc y v hin nay).
Anh, c, v New Zealand i u trong vic iu chnh cc tiu chun k ton cho
php cc thng hiu c mua li xut hin trong bng cn i k ton. Ln lt cc hi
ng tiu chun k ton ca Anh, ca quc t (nm 1999) v ca M (nm 2002) thm
cc iu khon cho php ghi nhn uy tn c mua li (acquired goodwill) trong bng
cn i k ton.
Nhn chung, phn ln cc m hnh nh gi thng hiu c th xp thnh hai loi chnh
nh sau:
Nhng phng php da vo nghin cu
Nhiu m hnh dng nghin cu tiu dng nh gi ti sn thng hiu. Nhng m
hnh ny khng p gi tr ti chnh ln thng hiu, m o lng nhng hnh vi v thi
ca ngi tiu dng c tc ng n hiu qu kinh t ca thng hiu. Nhng m hnh
ny s dng nhiu s o khc nhau v cm nhn ca ngi tiu dng nh mc nhn
bit/ hiu r/ quen thuc v sn phm, nhng c im hnh nh c th, nhng yu t cn
nhc khi mua sm, s thch, mc tha mn v gii thiu vi ngi khc.
Bng phn tch thng k, cc m hnh ny nh gi tc ng tng hp i vi hnh vi
mua sm ca ngi tiu dng, t c tnh gi tr ti chnh ca thng hiu. Tuy nhin,
mi ngi c bit l gii tr, ngoi ra phn ln cc chng trnh hi tho, thuyt trnh
u c cc nh khoa hc tr thc hin , hn na, c th s dng hnh nh ca
Einstein cng rt tn km.
Vic s dng hnh nh Einstein c th dn n nhng lin tng sai lch ca vt l hc
ngy nay nhng tht s Einstein c th gi ln s quan tm hng th ca mi ngi i
vi vt l, v l l do quan trng.
Tm li, vic s dng hnh nh Einstein nhn chung khng phii l mt sai lm, v nh
khoa hc v i ny vn tip tc li ko c s ch v tr tng tng ca nhiu
ngi, v l iu quan trng nh ng tng ni: s tng tng quan trng hn c
kin thc.
V vn ny, b Phm Chi Lan, thnh vin Ban nghin cu ca Th tng Chnh ph
cho rng, vi nhng doanh nghip cha xy dng c thng hiu ring cho nhng th
trng mi, d l trong nc hay nc ngoi, th cch thc tip cn vi thng hiu
khng phi l mt li mn.
Vic mua bn thng hiu l mt chin lc cn c cc doanh nghip tnh ton cn
trng. "Mua quyn s dng cc thng hiu ln thng c gi thnh rt cao. c bit,
gn vi cc hp ng mua bn ny thng c nhng iu kin km theo, nh mua cc
sn phm ca doanh nghip bn thng hiu...", b Chi Lan ni.
Chnh v vy, i vi cc doanh nghip nh v va, vic tham gia vo mt chui cc dy
chuyn sn xut hoc tiu th sn phm ca nhng thng hiu ni ting c th l li
i tt hp sc hn.
Cc doanh nghip song song t c hai mc tiu, l va c mang thng hiu ni
ting vi chi ph thp hn, va khng nh c cht lng hng ha, uy tn ca doanh
nghip mnh chnh nh vo thng hiu .
c bit, cc doanh nghip ti cc lng ngh truyn thng nh Bt Trng, Ph Quc... c
th chn hnh thc chung sc trong vic xy dng v s dng thng hiu mang tn tui
ca lng ngh. Vi cch lm ny, chi ph xy dng, qung b thng hiu s tit kim
rt nhiu v t hiu qu cao.
Tt nhin, thnh cng ca thng hiu chung ph thuc rt nhiu vo s gn kt, hp sc
ca cc doanh nghip trong cc bc t gim st cht lng sn phm, thc hin cc cam
kt v giao dch..., n xy dng chin lc.
Song, y li l im yu ca cc doanh nghip VN. Rt nhiu chuyn gia kinh t tha
nhn rng, cc doanh nghip trong cng ngnh ngh nhn nhau vi con mt ca i th
cnh tranh nhiu hn l i tc hp tc kinh doanh.
Chnh v vy, s tch cc trong vic lin kt cc doanh nghip trong cng ngnh ngh hu
nh khng c cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khai thc. Theo ng Trn Hu Hunh: "Cc
doanh nghip Vit Nam cn phi thay i thi quen tham gia vo cc t chc mang
tnh cng ng nhiu hn v chnh s lin kt l cng c hiu qu gip cc doanh nghip
va v nh trn th gii ng vng trong cnh tranh ton cu".
Tin thn ca Nike l Cng ty Blue Ribbon Sports, do Phil Knight sng lp vo nm
1964, vi mc ch nhp khu giy th thao r tin ca Nht mang thng hiu Onizuka
vo th trng M. Cng hp tc vi Knight l Bill Bowerman, mt hun luyn vin chy
ua ca Trng i hc Oregon, sau ny tr thnh chuyn gia thit k mu m giy th
thao sng to nht ca Nike, ngi gp phn a Nike thnh thng hiu ton cu trong
th trng sn xut giy th thao.
Lc u Cng ty Blue Ribbons Sport gp qu nhiu vn . Tn thng hiu c loay
hoay mi vn cha chn xong, i t Onizuka thnh Onizuka Tiger, ri Tiger v Asics,
cng vn cha tr c. Mi n nm 1972, khi thnh lp mt dy chuyn sn phm c
lp ti Hn Quc, Cng ty Blue Ribbons Sport mi quyt nh chn ci tn Nike (tn ca
n thn chin thng Hi Lp).
Trong sut thp nin 1970, doanh s bn ca Nike tng vt gp i, thm ch c nm gp
ba ln, t 14 triu USD ln 71 triu USD nm 1978, v 280 triu USD nm 1980, 900
triu USD nm 1983. Nm 1979, phn na th trng giy dng chy b ti M l do
thng hiu Nike khng ch. Nm sau Nike qua mt Adidas trong th trng M.
L do chnh ca s thnh cng vt bc ny l do Nike nm c thi c: th trng
giy dng chy b tp th thao cn b trng t gia thp nin 1970. C Adidas v Reebok
khng ch n th trng ny.
Mang giy Nike gip vn ng vin t thnh tch cao
Phil Knight, ch tch Tp on Nike, l mt vn ng vin in kinh chy vit d nn ng
nm bt rt nhanh nhu cu ca gii th thao. Ch trng chnh ca Knight trong khi xy
dng thng hiu Nike l sn phm c cht lng cao s gip vn ng vin t thnh
tch cao hn trong thi u.
Bt chc chin lc ca Adidas, Nike bng mi cch phi li cun cc vn ng vin
ni ting tham gia vo vic xy dng thng hiu cho mnh. Mc tiu c th l phi gn
cho bng c logo ca Nike vo tn ca nhng ngi chin thng v trn tivi, mt chin
lc to ra s gn b cm tnh v tm l gia ngi tiu th vi thng hiu Nike thng
qua s gn b vi cc siu sao th thao.
Nhng hnh tng siu sao th thao ca Nike phi khc vi hnh tng siu sao ca
Adidas. Mt siu sao th thao theo phong cch Nike phi to bo, thm ch khiu khch,
phi t ra c lp v c o.
Thnh cng ln nht trong chin dch marketing ca Nike c l l tm ra c nhn vt
Michael Jordan lm "l chn sng" cho thng hiu ca mnh. Jordan, siu sao huyn
thoi trong lng bng r th gii, gp phn a thng hiu Nike ln n nh cao
ngy nay, v anh hi t ton b c tnh ca mt siu sao m Nike cn n.
Ngay lp tc Nike tung ra loi giy bng r c tn Air Jordan (c th tm dch: "phong
cch Jordan"), v ngay nm u tin t doanh s bn hn 100 triu USD. Khi Jordan
mang i giy ny thi u, anh b Hip hi Bng r quc gia M phn i, cm khng
cho mang v tri vi qui nh ca hip hi.
Nm ngay ly c hi bng vng ny, Nike lp tc tung ra mt chin dch qung co vi
ni dung "Air Jordan b cm chnh v thit k mu m mang y tnh cch mng ca n".
Bo ch tham gia t phn i lnh cm phi l ni trn. Hip hi Bng r quc gia phi
u hng, rt lnh cm li.
Cha bao gi mt chin dch qung co li thnh cng nh th. Cay ng nht c l l
Adidas v k thut chuyn mn to ra loi giy Air Jordan u tin do mt k s sng
ch v ngh bn cho Adidas nhng cng ty ny t chi khng mua. Vin k s ny
chuyn sang u qun cho Nike.
D nhin gp phn quan trng trong vic xy dng thng hiu ca Nike chnh l qung
co. Mt chng trnh qung co trn tivi cho khn gi chim ngng cnh Jordan ang
tung mnh phng ln cao dng tay p bng vi dng tt km theo: "Ai ni con ngi
khng th bay c ?". Hnh nh ny tr thnh biu tng cho ti nng huyn thoi
ca Jordan v t p phch qung co c a chung nht dnh ring cho siu sao ny.
Nm 1992 Nike cho thnh lp "ph Nike" (Niketown) trn i l North Michigan ti
Chicago. Trong chin lc xy dng thng hiu, y l sng kin u tin c o nht
ca Nike. Trong mt khu t c tng din tch khong 70.000 feet vung, mt ta nh ba
tng nghnh ngang ng tr, chia ra 18 gian hng trng by ton b sn phm mang
thng hiu Nike.
Quan trng nht l trong th gii Nike ny, trit l "Hy mnh dn lm iu bn mun"
cng nh "Ngo ngh nhn i" c c th ha thnh nhng hnh nh trc quan rt bt
mt. Thm ch c c mt thnh in dnh ring cho siu sao Michael Jordan m cc "tn
" c th n y t lng sng bi. Ngi n tham quan c bao ph trong mt
bin m nhc ht sc ho hng, kch ng, nhng on phim chiu li nhng cuc thi
u th thao quan trng, v ngay gia khng gian chnh l hnh nh khng l ca Jordan
ang "bay".
Nm 1996 "ph Nike" l im du lch thu ht nht ca thnh ph Chicago vi hn 1 triu
lt khch tham quan v doanh s bn l hng nm l 25 triu USD.
Khn ngoan nh th m Nike li b qun khng khai thc mt th trng tim nng trong
thp nin 1980: giy th thao dnh ring cho ph n. Li lm ny y ht nh mi nm
trc Adidas th vi th trng giy chy b v phi ngm ng nut cay nhn Nike
qua mt mnh ci v.
Reebok, thng hiu giy ng hng th ba sau hai n anh Adidas v Nike, khng b l
c hi, lp tc tung ra loi giy th thao dnh ring cho ph n thng lu mun t ra
"nh nhnh" mt t. N minh tinh Cybill Shepherd mang mt i giy Reebok n d
l pht gii Emmy. Doanh s bn ca Reebok tng vt t 35 triu USD nm 1982 ln 300
triu USD trong nm 1985. Nike chong vng, hng cht y kho khng bn c, doanh
s v li nhun tt gim, Phil Knight rt lui khng trc tip iu hnh cng ty na, vic
ct gim bin ch bt u.
C nhiu nguyn nhn cho s kin ny, nhng nguyn nhn chnh vn l s "ln sn" t
ca Reebok. Mi qua n thp nin 1990 Nike mi gng dy c khi ti nh v
thng hiu ca mnh trong th trng giy th thao v ch trng khng nn ph sc u
t vo lnh vc giy thi trang.
B quyt thnh cng ca Nike l xy dng thng hiu da trn s gn b tnh cm ca
ngi tiu dng vi cc siu sao m h hm m. Mang i giy ging ht nh i giy
m Jordan mang trong khi thi u th cn g "" hn na? T Nike quyt nh u
t mnh tay hn trong vic chiu m cc siu sao bng r v di trng ca mnh.
Trong sut hn 20 nm, Nike u t hu ht ngn sch qung co ca mnh bao sn
hn 2.000 vn ng vin chy vit d. Hn phn na vn ng vin trong Hip hi Bng
r quc gia M k hp ng qung co cho Nike.
Nhng sau khi b Reebok h "o vn" trong th trng giy th thao dnh cho ph n,
Nike quyt nh tp trung lc lng ca mnh vo nhng ngi sao chn lc, khng cn
m m qu nhiu. Jordan chnh l biu tng cho s thay i ny trong chin lc
thng hiu ca Nike. Doanh thu bt u khi sc tr li. Nm 1986, Nike t doanh s 1
t la. Nm 1990 con s ny vt ln n 2,2 t, nm 1994 3,8 t, v 9,6 t nm 1998.
Chin lc thng hiu chnh ca Nike trong thi k ny tp trung vo ba mi gip cng:
xy dng thng hiu xung quanh siu sao bng r Michael Jordan, s dng mng li
qung co trn ton quc to ra s c mt p o ca thng hiu Nike tt c mi
ni, pht trin h thng "ph Nike" da trn tng cung cp cho khch hng mt kinh
nghim c o v ht sc tp trung: "sng trong khng gian Nike, nghe m thanh Nike,
nhn thy Nike khp mi ni".
Tht khng qu li khi pht biu rng Nike nng chin lc xy dng thng hiu ln
mt tm cao mi m rt him i th c th vn ti c.
Theo cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc ny, xy dng thng hiu l c mt qu trnh tc
ng ln nhn thc ca con ngi, lm cho h nhn bit, thy quen, cm thy thch ri
hnh thnh s a chung v sau cng l s trung thnh vi thng hiu m DN ang mi
cng xy dng.
Qu trnh tc ng ny khng th din ra mt sm mt chiu, m cn phi c thi gian v
chin lc bi bn. Mt khc, cn phi m bo nguyn tc n gin, d hiu, khc bit,
n tng v nht qun lin tc ghi vo b nh ca khch hng.
Bng cch thu hiu c nhng g m khch hng trng i v sn sng tip nhn, chc
chn DN s tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph trong vic a cc thng ip c ch nh
vo tm tr ca ngi tiu dng thng qua cc hot ng tip th ph hp.
ng Nguyn Mnh Hng, Ph tng gim c Viettel ni: Khi bt tay lm thng hiu
cho Viettel th vn ha ca Cng ty cha c nh hnh. V th, chng ti c kht vng
a s kt hp vn ha ng Ty ca Cng ty vo tm nhn ca thng hiu.
Sau 8 thng vo cuc, JWT (Cng ty qung co ln nht th gii c mt ti Vit Nam)
hon thnh vic xy dng tm nhn thng hiu, slogan v logo cho Viettel vi tr gi
hp ng 45.000 USD.
Theo thng k, mi thng c hng ngn thng hiu xut hin trn th trng. Tuy nhin,
s thng hiu cn sng st sau 3 n 6 thng cho i khng qu 5%.
m bo tnh nht qun v ng b trong cc hot ng tip th, thng hiu cn phi
c lin tc lm mi qua vic truyn ti cc li ch gip ngi tiu dng c th d dng
nhn ra nhu cu ca mnh c quan tm p ng khi mua sn phm.
Thng hiu mnh i hi phi to ra c s tin cy ca khch hng. Nhiu DN cho
rng, tin nhiu c th rt ngn c thi gian, nhng khng th to ra c thng hiu
mnh.
Ngoi ra, DN cn s dng thc o ph hp, khc bit, tin cy trong bt k quyt nh
no. C nh vy mi gip cho DN Vit Nam xy dng c thng hiu mnh trong nn
kinh t ton cu.
iu kin cn cho vic xy dng thng hiu l phi nhit huyt, c tng, c mt
chin lc bi bn v khng th thiu nhng con ngi chuyn nghip...
Theo cc chuyn gia v nhn hiu, nn mng cho s thnh cng ca mt thng hiu
phi n t hai pha: DN (nhit huyt, mc sn sng cho vic to dng mt thng
hiu mnh) v khch hng (s tip nhn hi lng).
Giai thoi : " Tt hn c bn s l mt ch doanh nghip c lp, duy nht v bn cng chnh l ng ch ca bn"
Trong thc tin: iu ny s thch hp i vi mt doanh nghip nh. Khi kinh
doanh pht trin th ng thi s c nhiu phc tp ny sinh, lc bn cn phi
th hin r trch nhim - nu tin hnh cc hot ng kinh doanh mo him vi
kh nng tp trung vn ln m thnh cng th kt qu hp tc ca nhiu ngi.
Theo cc phn tch tm l kinh doanh, th nn la chn cc i tc kinh doanh c
nhng
tnh
cch
tri
ngc
vi
bn.
D sao i na, mt ch doanh nghip khng thc s lc no cng l ng ch ca
anh ta hay ch ta v khng th lun lun c lp c. Bi v cn c khch hng,
cc nh cung cp, nhng ngi cho vay tin, nhng ngi lm cng, v chng, gia
nh, nhng ngi hng xm, cc quan chc chnh quyn quan liu...
Giai thoi : " Cc ch doanh nghip c nhiu lo lng - Mt gi cho ring c
nhn qu t phi tr "
Trong thc tin: iu ny l ng v h chu nhiu sc p v s cng thng. Tuy
nhin, l mt ch doanh nghip khng nht thit phi qu cng thng hn nhng
i hi ca cng vic. Phn ln ch doanh nghip say m vi nhng g h lm, v
h pht trin nhng suy ngh mt cch linh hot v i mi theo yu cu.
Giai thoi : "Cc ch doanh nghip l nhng ngi tm kim quyn lc v
tin bc".
Thc tin: Trong khi c nhiu ch doanh nghip b cun theo cch ny, th phn
ln cc ch doanh nghip thnh cng v lun c thc pht trin li c ng c
hon ton ngc li. H n lc v trch nhim, mc tiu v cc kt qu hn l i
tm kim quyn lc v tin bc. Cc ch doanh nghip thnh t bao gi cng c
xu hng suy ngh v mi quan h kinh doanh lu di chim u th trc khi ngh
n nhng li nhun kim tin trc mt.
i tm b n ca Nh lnh o
Ngoi ra, theo hip hi Marketing Hoa K, mt thng hiu l ''mt ci tn, mt t ng,
mt du hiu, mt biu tng, mt hnh v hay tng hp tt c cc yu t k trn nhm
xc nh cc sn phm hay dch v ca mt (hay mt nhm) ngi bn v phn bit cc
sn phm (dch v) vi cc i th cnh tranh.
2. Nhn hiu (Trade mark):
Bn cnh thng hiu ca cng ty th nhn hiu l du hoc tn gi ca mt sn phm
c ng k vi lut php s dng trn th trng. Cn ghi nhn rng ranh gii gia hai
ch thng hiu (Brand) v nh nhiu (trade mark) ch mang tnh tng i. CHng ta c
th hiu n gin l mt nhn hiu ng k (Registered trade mark - ) ) s c coi
l mt thng hiu chnh thc c bo h t php lut.
3. Xc nh gi tr thng hiu:
Trch bi Gi tr ca thng hiu l g tc gi Kevin Keller (Thng hiu Vit- nxb
Tr v Saigon times Group)
Gi tr thng hiu c th c tnh bng:
- Gi tr tin bc: Tng thu nhp thm t sn phm c thng hiu cao hn thu nhp t
sn phm tng ng nhng khng c thng hiu.
- Gi tr v hnh: gi tr v hnh i vi sn phm khng th tnh bng tin hoc con s c
th. V d hng giy th thao Nike to ra nhiu gi tr v hnh cho sn phm ca h bng
cch gn chng vi nhng ngi sao th thao, tr em v ngi ln u mun sn phm
Nike c cm gic mnh cng ging nh ngi sao . Ngi tiu dng lun mun tr
gi cao hn cho nhng sn phm c tn tui so vi nhng sn phm khc tuy chng c
cht lng tt nh nhau.
- S nhn thc v cht lng: S nhn thc tng qut v cht lng v hnh nh i vi
sn phm. V d hng Mercedes v BMW u thnh lp cc nhn hiu ring ng ngha
vi cc t cht lng cao v t tin. Qua nhiu nm tip th, xy dng hnh nh, chm
sc nhn hiu v sn xut theo cht lng, nhng hng ny hng ngi tiu dng n
ch nhn thc rng tt c sn phm do h sn xut u c cht lng tuyt ho. Ngi
tiu dng u nhn thc rng Mercedes v BMW l nhng loi t c cht lng cao
nht so vi cc nhn hiu t khc, cho d s nhn thc ny khng c g l bo m.
Lm cch no xc nh gi tr thng hiu ?
Hu ht nhng nh gi v gi tr thng hiu u gm s c lng v tnh hu dng.
c bit, chng ta c nh gi gi tr (s hu dng) t nhng nt c trng ca sn phm
v mc gi, v so snh tng th gi tr ca sn phm khi chng c thng hiu. S khc
bit v gi tr tng th v gi tr ca sn phm (nhng nt c trng) chnh l gi tr ca
thng hiu.
Ngoi gi tr, nn o lng thm nhng nhn t khc nh: mc nhn thc gn y ca
tng loi nhn hiu, s nhn thc tng th ca tng nhn hiu. Thu thp thm s c
lng v chi ph tip th, qung co, khuyn mi ca nhng nhn hiu quan trng trn th
trng. Cng vi s nh gi v gi tr sn phm th nhng thng tin thm ny s cung
b. Phng php ca Young & Rubicam (Y&R model) chnh l 1 phng php nh gi
thng hiu da trn nhn nhn t pha khch hng.
V c bn Y& W model nh gi brand da trn hai phng din: sc mnh ca brand v
tm c ca brand. Sc mnh ca brand c xc nh da trn tnh phn bit v tnh
tng thch ca brand. Tm c ca brand c xc nh da trn s yu thch ( danh
ting, cht lng c cng nhn) v s hiu bit ca khch hng.
Y&Y model l 1 phng php hay d on/nh gi sc mnh, v th ca thng hiu
trn th trng. Tng tng 1 mtt phng to khng phi vi hai trc X-Y m vi hai
trc sc mnh-tm c ca brand. Khch hng s xc nh "to " 1 brand no mi
trc da vo 4 yu t ni trn ( v d o "to " trc "sc mnh" --> cn nhc v tnh
phn bit, tnh tng thch).
80%
78%
77%
62%
60%
57%
56%
55%
52%
52%
44%
44%
42%
40%
38%
24%
ngha nguyn thy ca thng hiu v lm gim lng tin ni khch hng"- ng o
nh Hong, Gim c iu hnh Masso Consulting cho bit.
Theo ng Hong th Vit Nam ang ng trc thm hi nhp WTO, vn thng hiu
mnh cnh tranh gi vng th trng ni a, ng thi c th thm nhp th trng
th gii, ang c t ra nh mt th thch hng u cho cc doanh nghip mun tn ti
v pht trin.
Lm th no xy dng thng hiu mt cch hiu qu? Nhiu chuyn gia t vn ca
Ernst & Yong v Andersen Consulting a ra li khuyn: Trc ht, phi thc hin
theo ng phng php, ch khng hn ch u t cng sc v tin ca. Doanh nghip
cn bn b cung cp nhng mong i, nht qun v n lc khng ngng cho cam kt ca
khch hng t thng hiu; ng thi phi c mt chin lc tip th t ph, mt cng
ngh vt tri nhanh chng thu ht ngi tiu dng v duy tr lng trung thnh ca h.
V thng hiu khng ch n thun l to ra sn phm m cn cho bit cu chuyn v
mt con ngi mt tng v t nc m n i din.
Thng hiu l chin lc ca kinh doanh, do mun xy dng c mt thng hiu
mnh, cc doanh nghip phi xc nh mc tiu, tm hiu thng tin th trng v tm l
ngi tiu dng, k c knh phn phi. ng thi thc hin v kim tra kt qu th
trng trc khi xy dng chin lc v k hoch c th.
Thc t cho thy nhiu doanh nghip thnh cng khi s dng chin lc ny xy
dng nhn hiu cho sn phm nh: Apple l thng hiu ang tng trng nhanh nht th
gii (trong nm ngoi t 6,8 t USD, tng 42%). Apple thnh cng qua vic chuyn
i t mt cng ty chuyn v my tnh sang cng ty v in t dn dng v mang n
cc sn phm in t c thit k hon ho p ng nhu cu th trng. Coca-Cola c
nh gi 67 t USD l thng hiu gi tr nht th gii.
T hnh thnh mi quan h gia kinh nghim tiu dng ca khch hng vi thng
hiu.
T thng hiu n mt thng hiu mnh.
Nhng Nike, Coca-Cola, Disney, IBM, BMW, Levi's, Marlboro, McDonald's, Mercedes,
Sony, Xerox u c chung c im m cc hng khc khng c - mt thng hiu cng
vi mt c tnh v s hin hu. To ra mt c tnh. Rt nhiu thng hiu c mt mi
quan h thun ty k thut vi khch hng nh: sn phm c tin tng cao, thc hin
tt v ng tin cy mt tc v no . Tuy nhin, mt thng hiu mnh s to ra nhng
tnh cm th hin ra ngoi nhng c tnh bao gm tnh hnh tng cao v tp hp nhng
cm xc. Mt thng hiu mnh lun to ra c nhng mi quan h vi khch hng m
o lng c, nhng th khng th c nhng thng hiu bnh thng. Tnh hin
hu: mt thng hiu mnh lun c mt ti mi ng, mi lc, cng c s c bit ca
mnh.
Nhng cng ty khc nhau i mt vi nhng thch thc thng hiu khc nhau.
Vi nhng cng ty ln gy dng tin hng chc, hng trm nm th thng hiu
ca h c im g c tha k. Cn nhng cng ty khc, c bit l cc cng ty va
v nh th trc ht phi c c mt ci tn, ri i t ci tn n mt thng hiu, v t
mt thng hiu n mt thng hiu mnh. Chng ta s xem xt hai trng hp ph
bin sau:
Doanh nghip cung cp sn phm cng nghip.
Nhng doanh nghip cung cp sn phm cng nghip nh thp, giy, nng lng, vin
thng ngy cng nghi nhiu v chin lc xy dng thng hiu. iu m h thiu l
nhng li ch khc bit ginh cho khch hng. Cng vi vic cc ngnh ny tin ti xa
b c quyn v cnh tranh cng mnh, xy dng thng hiu gn lin vi hai yu t: to
ra nhng li ch khc bit v thi im tung ra th trng. Trong , vic kh khn nht
l to ra nhng li ch khc bit v thc hin nh th no. Mt gii php l cc dch v
trn gi i km vi gim gi trn gi. Thi im cung l quan trng. Nhiu cng ty vi
vng nghi n vic xy dng "c tnh"khi cho mi mt thng hiu mnh m cha xem
xt kh nng thc hin thay v iu ng n nn lm l xy dng mt thng hiu c
bn bng cch thc hin nhng g m chng ta tuyn b vi khch hng.
Cc i l: hy chun ha v ri qung co.
Rt nhiu i l bn l, cc nh mi gii t ai, ca hng video rt quan tm n lng
trung thnh ca khch hng nhng h li khng c mt thng hiu. Thng thng,
duy tr lng trung thnh ca khch hng bng cc quan h c nhn hn l thng qua hnh
nh sn phm. Thch thc ca nhng doanh nghip kiu ny l mt kh nng chun ha
v sn phm v dch v trong ca hng mi a im. Nu nh siu th 5 tng ph
Hu cho mi nhng nhng sn phm tt nht vi dch v chu o th h trc ht hy
c gng mi lc, mi ni lun lun duy tr hnh nh sn phm vi y nhn mc,
ngun gc xut x , gi c ng n v s phc v t vn v vn chuyn tt.
Chng ta ang ni v vic xy dng mt thng hiu mnh m vn cha nhc n vn
quan trng l kh nng Marketing. Trong mi trng hp, kh nng ny th hin nhng
in hnh ca qu trnh ny l vic xy dng nhn hiu Bino do cc chuyn gia Vit Nam
thc hin. C khng t cc nh doanh nghip t mnh suy lun hay phn on suy ngh
ca cng chng v t mnh ra quyt nh mang tnh ch quan v quan im, tnh cm ca
ngi tiu dng. y l mt vic lm mang tnh ri ro rt cao v n ch quan v khp
khing, n gin v p t ci mnh mun vo ci ngi ta cn.
Trong khi ngy cng c nhiu cng ty mnh dn chi tin thu cng ty nghin cu th
trng chuyn nghip thc hin cc chng trnh nghin cu, v d nh kho st s
dng v hnh vi (usage and attitude), kho st mi trng bn (retail census), kho st
hnh nh nhn hiu (brand image monitoring) v nhiu phng php khc trc khi a
ra kt lun.
Mc ch ca tt c cc cng c ni trn l t trong mi ngc ngch tm l nhng iu
nhy cm c th tc ng to ra hnh vi. Nhng ngc ngch ny cha c khi thc hin
bi cc i th cnh tranh. y chnh l tin ca phng php phn khc - nh v
theo tm l hc.
Sng to hnh nh nhn hiu
Qu trnh sng to hnh nh nhn hiu l cng vic ca cc cng ty qung co chuyn
nghip. C hai cch thc hin, mt l thu gim c sng to, hai l t chc nhm sng
to. Va qua, Cng ty XAO t chc nhm sng to bng cch mi Ban gim c ICC
cng tham gia nhng chuyn sinh hot d ngoi cch ly vi mi trng cng thng hng
ngy. Kt qu l s ra i cc nhn hiu Bay, Veo cng chin lc tung sn phm thng
qua hnh nh Cng ty ICC c cng chng n nhn.
Cc tp on qung co a quc gia c li th hn trong vic thu cc gim c sng to
gii vi mc lng hng chc ngn USD mi thng. Cc gim c sng to ny c th
lm vic cng lc cho cc cng ty cc nc khc nhau (cng tp on), v ch tham gia
khi no c nhng cng vic pht sinh mi nc. Tuy nhin, ri ro l trng thi tm l,
sc khe v no trng ca mi gim c sng to khng phi lc no cng phn khch v
ph hp vi yu cu.
Hy vng ngy cng c nhiu cng ty Vit Nam thy c tm quan trng ca vic xy
dng hnh nh nhn hiu v xy dng n bng mt quy trnh mang tnh chuyn nghip;
ngy cng c nhiu gim c sng to am hiu nhu cu khch hng v c th xy dng
nhng hnh nh nhn hiu Vit Nam thnh cng.
nh. Bn cng mun c thm thi gian nng cp bn thn, mun m rng kinh
doanh song vn phi duy tr cc hot ng ang c...
Ngay lp tc, chng ta thy nhng bc bi i hi nh qun l phi chng minh bn lnh
thc s ca mnh. Hay ni cch khc, h cn thit phi c k nng ca mt nh qun
l chuyn nghip. Thc t nghit ng v tnh khc lit trong cnh tranh trn th trng
khin nh qun l khng ch n thun hnh x theo cch thy nhng ngi khc lm
mnh cng lm. Hay ni cch khc, khi chng ta khng hiu c cch thc qun l th
tt c nhng n lc ca chng ta s ch em li mt h thng khng xng sng sn sng
sp bt k lc no.
U thc cng vic hiu qu c kh nng gip nh qun l gii quyt mt phn nhng vn
tng t nh m t pha trn. Tuy nhin, cho d bit c nhng li ch ca u
thc cng vic, nh qun l vn lun trn tr vi ni lo, kiu nh: Ti rt mun u thc
cng vic ti tng lm nhng s rng nhn vin m ti tin tng u thc sau ny c
th tch ra thnh lp cng ty ring cnh tranh trc tip vi ti. Hoc mt s khc b sang
lm cho cng ty i th cnh tranh em theo ton b khch hng; mt s li dng vic
c u thc mu li ch c nhn".
Kinh nghim xu trong qu kh khin nh qun l ngy cng cng lng xung di sc
nng ca khi lng cng vic. Lm sao c th thot khi gnh nng ? Mt trong
nhng gii php l cn thit phi nm r v thun thc trong k nng u thc cng vic
ch khng n thun coi vic u thc ging nh mt k nng t b cng vic. lm
c iu ny, nh qun l phi hiu v thnh tho trong s dng qui trnh u thc cng
vic, phi bt cng vic, nhim v no cn u thc, u thc cho ai, khi no s u thc v
lc s phi lm nhng g, sau khi u thc th phi lm nhng g, lm nh th no...
bt u, nh qun l cn phi thun thc qui trnh u thc gm 7 bc chia lm 3
phn nh sau:
Phn 1: Chun b cho vic u thc hiu qu
Bc 1: Xc nh cng vic, nhim v cn u thc, l do ti sao cn u thc. U thc
gim ti cho nh qun l, cng c nim tin pht trin nhn vin cp di hay ci thin cc
mi quan h trong t chc.
Bc 2: Xc nh phm vi quyn hn trch nhim u thc, mc quyn hn v trch
nhim s c giao s nh th no.
Bc 3: La chn ngi c th u thc. Cc tiu ch cn c cn nhc khi chn ngi
u thc l g? u tin nng lc, nh hng pht trin, kinh nghim hay thi gian...?
Phn 2: Thc hin cng vic u thc
Bc 4: Thc hin vic y thc cng vic cho ngi c la chn (nu tht bi quay tr
li bc 3). Trong bc ny nh qun l cn ch cho nhn vin thy c tm quan trng
nhng bui phng vn nhm (focus groups) cng nhc nh hnh tng lai ca thng
hiu
bit chc nguyn ca khch hng, trong nhiu trng hp, hnh vi ca
h b nh hng nh th no bi s tip nhn v cht lng nu trn
xc nh xem khch hng tip nhn mt cch thin ch hay khng thin
ch i vi nhng tnh nng c th
Trong mt doanh nghip in hnh, vic bn hng v cung cp dch v theo phng thc
truyn thng thng c kt hp, trong , dch v ng vai tr h tr cho vic bn
hng, v b phn ny thng c coi nh mt trung tm tiu tn chi ph. Trong lnh vc
cng ngh cao, hot ng cung cp dch v c tch ra khi v tr h tr v c coi
nh mt ngnh kinh doanh c qun l c lp. Vic tp trung vo lnh vc qun l
khch hng s i hi phi tch hp li h thng, trc ht l c s h tng ca cc h
thng bn hng v dch v, trong dch v hu mi l mt hot ng tng ng vi
bn hng ch khng phi ng vai tr l thuc nh cc hot ng trc khi bn hng v
h tr.
CRM i hi s tch hp y tt c cc khu t cc dch v trc khi bn hng cho
n dch v sau khi bn hng, vn hnh t mt c s d liu chung, s dng tt c cc
hnh thc thu thp d liu t d liu li ni qua cc cuc in thoi, d liu s v cc
knh truyn thng khc nh: in thoi di ng, Internet Nhng d liu ny cn c
thit k to ra mt giao din cht ch vi khch hng, tp trung vo nhng nhu cu v
yu cu v dch v ca khch hng hin thi cng nh ca nhng khch hng tim nng,
ng thi d hiu i vi c ngi mua v ngi bn. t c iu ny, cn n s
h tr ca cng ngh i vi vic xy dng c s h tng thng tin cng nh nhng cng
ngh t ng h tr cho vic bn hng nh vic khai thc d liu, lu gi d liu, lp k
hoch bn hng v ln k hoch thi gian.
Vy th, vn quan trng trong vic sng to, thc hin v chuyn i sang mt h
thng qun l quan h khch hng CRM l g? Xt din rng, vn chnh l nhu cu
t ra i vi mt dch v v mi s tng tc c lin kt y , theo nh hng
khch hng, khc phc c nhng ro cn v chnh tr, hnh vi ca khch hng, nhng
ro cn v t chc cng nh s khc bit gia vic bn hng v cung cp dch v.
y cng chnh l s khc bit c bn trong hot ng qun l gia cc doanh nghip sn
xut v doanh nghip trong ngnh dch v. Trong lnh vc sn xut, do cc sn phm l
c th, hu hnh nn c th lu kho c nhng trong dch v th khng nh vy. Chnh
v vy, vic p dng CRM p dng trong ngnh dch v c th s phi u t nhiu hn
so vi vic p dng CRM trong ngnh sn xut. Nhng ngi bn hng trong ngnh dch
v thng bn nhng mt hng tru tng, ni cch khc l "bn nhng sn phm trong
mt kho hng trng rng", v v vy nhng nhn vin ny cn phi c s hiu bit y
v cc yu cu ca khch hng cng nh thi gian thc gia tng gi tr cho khch
hng.
Do , ngi bn hng cng hiu r nhu cu v yu cu thc s ca khch hng v dch
v (yu cu v thi gian, gi tr dch v cung cp cho khch hng, v kh nng chi tr),
th t chc s cng thu c nhiu li nhun trong giao dch bn hng. Tuy nhin, phn
ln cc nhn vin bn hng thng c xu hng xem dch v nh l mt lnh vc tiu tn
chi ph ca t chc. H thng gp kh khn khi xem y l mt ngnh c gi tr thc, v
thng thng trong cc t chc sn xut, cc nh qun l thng c xu hng b qua
khu dch v khi bn sn phm. Vic p dng CRM s bt buc nhng nhn vin bn
hng phi hiu y nhng dch v ch thc cn thit cho nhng khch hng hin thi
cng nh nhng khch hng tim nng. Tuy nhin, nu chng trnh CRM thiu mt
chin lc v k hoch y , th t chc s d i n tnh trng qu ch trng vo hot
ng bn hng v marketing m thiu s ch n cc dch v hu mi cng nh nhng
nhu cu h tr.
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, cc t chc c th xy dng cho mnh mt m
hnh CRM, mt c s h tng i vi cc h thng v giao din ton din qun l cc
thng tin v khch hng. Tuy nhin mt vn quan trng cn phi cn nhc chnh l
vic khc phc nhng ro cn v mt chnh tr, hnh chnh v t chc ti thit k mt
m hnh chin lc, trong tch hp cc khu bn hng, dch v, h tr, thng qua mt
c s h tng hon thin v mt h thng h tr hon ho. Xt din rng, v c bn, cc
khi nim CRM bao gm nhng h thng tch hp qun l dch v, v ch yu ch
trng n kha cnh dch v trong th cn bng vi lnh vc bn hng. Trong khi ,
nhng h thng t ng h tr lc lng bn hng thng li ch tp trung vo kha cnh
bn hng, m qun i hay gim thiu s h tr i vi cc hot ng hu mi. Hin gi,
ch c mt s t h thng p ng c 2 lnh vc bn hng v dch v mt cch hon
ho. Chnh v vy, iu quan trng i vi cc nh qun l l nn trnh vic vi v i ti
quyt nh v gii php v cng ngh khng ton din, ch ch trng vo vai tr ny m
li coi nh vai tr khc. Do , trc khi bt u mt d n CRM, bc u tin t chc
cn lm l xy dng mt k hoch tch hp y , ton din v tit kim trong qu trnh
thc hin.