Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Andrei Barborica
andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Introducere
Subdomenii:
S bd
Subdomenii
ii:
Electronica (bio)medicala
(bio)medicala
Protezare
Protezare,, mecatronica medicala
Interfete creiercreier-masina (subset al protezarii si mecatronicii,
mecatronicii,
care include comunicatia electrica cu sistemele neuronale
neuronale))
Biomateriale
Bionica (aplicarea principiilor din biologie in tehnologie ex: ciulini -> velcro)
velcro)
Inginerie genetica,
genetica, celulara,
celulara, si a tesuturilor
Imagistica medicala
Bionanotehnologie
Electronica medicala
Orice
Electronica medicala
Biopotentialele
Inregistrarea biopotentialelor
Microscala
Microscala:: intracelular
intracelular,, extracelular
Mesoscala
Mesoscala:: extracelular,
extracelular, pe suprafata mai
mare (multi( lti-unit),
(multi
it) LFP
Macroscala
Macroscala:: pe suprafata (cortical, scalp,
piele))
piele
Originea
g
potentialelor bioelectrice
p
Interiorul celulei
Spaiul extracelular
[ Na + ]int
1
[N + ]ext 10
[Na
Na+
K+
[K + ]int 30
+
[K ]ext
1
[A + ]ext
RT
V=
logg +
zF
F
[A ]int
RT
61.6 mV
zF
F
10
+60 mV
1
1
VK = 61.6 log
90 mV
30
Curentii ionici
canalelor ionice
Na+
K+
Canale ionice
Na+ K+
Pomp ionic
Canalele
Ca a e e ionice
o ce de au o permeabilitate
pe eab a e ce depinde
dep de de
potentialul transmembranar aplicat pentru ionii de
Na+ si K+,(voltage gated channels) si este relativ
constanta pentru alti
l ioni,
ioni, cum ar fi
f Cl- (passive
channel).
Gradientul
G di t l de
d concentratie
t ti este
t mentinut
ti t prin
i
intermediul pompelor ionice
Curentii transmembranari
V VNa
I Na =
= g Na (V VNa )
RNa
V VK
IK =
= g K (V VK )
RK
Potentialul de repaus
La echilibru
echilibru,, curentii transmembranari prin canalele ionice sunt
egali cu cei prin pompele ionice
ionice.. Potentialul de membrana este
dat de ecuatia lui Goldman:
gK
gNa
Membrana
_
+
La repaus:
repaus
p
:
+
E Na
EK
Interiorul celulei
I K + I Na = 0
V VNa
= g Na (V VNa )
RNa
V VK
IK =
= g K (V VK )
RK
I Na =
Vm0 =
g NaVNa + g KVK
g Na + g K
gK
gNa
Membrana
_
+
+
E Na
EK
dV
= I K I Na
dt
Interiorul celulei
Potentialul de actiune
Vm (mV
V)
+20
0
-20
-40
-60
P t iiall de
Poten
d repaus
+20 mV
1 mS
0 mV
gK
Variatia conductantei la
aplicarea unui potential
transmembranar
constant
co
sta t p
prin metoda
etoda
patch clamp
-20 mV
-40 mV
t
+20 mV
0 mV
gNa
-20 mV
-40 mV
Potentialul de actiune
Evolutia libera a potentialului de actiune
la aplicarea unui stimul:
stimul:
Vm
Vm , gNa , gK
Vrepaus
1 mS
gNa
0
gK
Scala spatiala
p
a inregistrarilor
g
de
scalp, corticale si de adancime
EEG d
de scalp
l necesita
i ~7cm
7 2 de
d cortex cu activitate
i i
sincrona
i
ECoG and SEEG necesita ~10mm2 de cortex
Microconductori (microwires
microwires)),
microwires),
) o sfera cu raza R~150
R~150
R
150m
150
Electrozi extracelulari sau intracelulari un singur neuron / AP
Worrell et al, Progress in Neurobiology, 2012
Proprietatile Neuronului
(scurta recapitulare)
1
t
0
intrari/iesiri
i t i/i i i binare:
bi
neuronull genereaza potentiale
t ti l
de actiune a caror amplitudine exacta nu este
relevanta Conteaza doar depasirea unui anumit
relevanta.
prag de tensiune al pulsurilor generate.
Informatia este codificata in secventa temporala a
pulsurilor,, sau simplist vorbind, in frecventa
pulsurilor
acestora.
LORETA
Nivel sistem:
Neurostiinta sistemica
(Systems Neuroscience)
Studiaza the organizarea functionala a sistemului
nervos central
Creierull este considerat
d
ca fiind
f d constituit din
d diferite
df
arii functionale
functionale,, care sunt interconectate
Ariile functionale sunt interconectate intr
intr--o strucura
ierarhica,, in care prelucrarea se face secvential
ierarhica
Ariile functionale
functionale,, impreuna
p
cu interconexiunile intre
ele formeaza cai de procesare a informatiei (
(neural
neural
pathways)
pathways
)
Elementul
El
t l aflat
fl t la
l baza
b
acestor
t structuri
t t i este
t
neuronul considerat o cutie neagra cu anumite
proprietati
p
p
(functionale
functionale)) de semnalizare,
semnalizare, insa nimic
mai mult nu este cunoscut despre structura interna
interna..
Ce studiem ?
(sub)sisteme senzoriale: cum raspund
neuronii la p
prezentari ale diferitilor stimuli
(sub)sisteme motorii: cum raspund
neuronii in timpul pregatirii si executarii
miscarilor
Sistem simplu
simplu, sistem complex
Sisteme complexe:
Implica
p
luarea de decizii
asociatii complexe
Informatia senzoriala
memorie
gandire
gandire
comportament
Interfata creier
creier--masina (BMI
BMI))
Receptor
Creier
Efector
Output
Input brainbrain
brain
brainRobot
-Cyborg
machine
-machine
! interface
interface
Input/Output BMI
Input BMI
cortexul
t
l senzorial
i l primar
i
(V1 etc)
t )
Output
p BMI
preluarea comezilor:
cortexul motor
preluarea intentiilor:
cortexul pre
pre--motor
cortexul prepre-frontal
Comenzi:
16,000
hand
activity
15,000
14,000
3.5deg/1,000units
13,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
Preluarea intentiilor:
Trebuie sa ne conectam in cortexul prefrontal
(PFC)
Intrebari
Reprezinta cortexul prefrontal o alegere mai buna
decat cortexul motor ?
Poate furniza un semnal la fel de precis ca si
cortexul motor ?
Input/Output BMI
Intrebari:
Cum sunt reprezentarile mentale in PFC ale
obiectelor
bi t l imaginare
i
i
?
Mediul in care traim este unul in continua
schimbare:
hi b
care este
t dinamica
di
i
reprezentarilor mentale ?
II :
cue
occ
sacc
+
track
Late
L t Vi
Visible
ibl
Full Visible
sp/s
sec
144.9
Occlusion Trials
Time (ms)
2500
180
TRACK
SAC C
OC C
66.9 sp /sec
CU E
BK G
90
Late
L t Vi
Visible
ibl
Full Visible
sp//sec
144.9
Occlusion Trials
180o
0o
Time (ms)
2500
270
TRACK
SACC
OCC
BKG
120.0 sp/sec
CUE
90
10
00 ms
10
00 ms
10
00 ms
10
00 ms
10
00 ms
10
00 ms
10
00 ms
Tuning Dynamics
0.5 s
1000ms
900ms
800ms
500ms
400ms
300ms
200ms
100ms
MEM cue
OCC cue
tim
600ms
700ms
T
Target
tS
Speed
d
a
20
Cue
Early delay
Late delay
Presaccade
20
Esstimated spe
eed (/s)
Esstimated spe
eed (/s)
15
10
15
10
5
5
10
15
20
10
15
20
Response Intervals
Equal
Different
path
paths
slow
cue
occ
Different
Equal duration
durations
sacc
+
track
slow
cue
occ
fast
fast
Space
Time
sacc
+
track
Encoding
E
di off Target
T
tS
Speed
d
Equal cue duration
20
Cue
Early delay
Late delay
Presaccade
20
15
10
15
10
5
5
10
15
20
10
15
20
Probing
g Internal Representations
p
II
FEF Electrical Microstimulation
Evokes spatially accurate eye
movements
Evoked movements are modified by
visual cues, motor plan, and locus of
attention (Kustov and Robinson 1996)
Are EE saccades modified during
g
covert tracking ?
Experiment
p
Saccade Deviation
cue
sacc
Early Stimulation
Stimulation during fixation with no moving target: average amplitude 5.2 deg, direction 193 deg.
Late Stimulation
1
0
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Horizontal Eye Position (deg)
-20
-40
200
400
Delay (ms)
***
***
***
Delay=600 ms
Diff=47.7
20
***
0
180
40
***
Vertica
al Eye Positiion (deg)
600
0
180
All Monkeys
10
5
0
-5
-15
200
400
Delay (ms)
***
***
***
***
***
-10
***
Saccad
de Direction
n Differences
s (deg)
15
600
15
12 sites
10
5
0
-5
200
400
Delay (ms)
***
***
***
-20
***
-15
***
-10
***
No target motion
Cue and saccade have same
location
0
180
Monkey C
***
Sacca
ade Directio
on Differencces (deg)
20
600
Dynamic update
FEF Microstimulation:
Conclusions
Input/Output BMI
Real--Time Encoding/Decoding
Real
g/
g
of Neural Activity
System Architecture
A Multichannel System
IEC 6060160601-1 General requirements for basic safety and essential performance
6 * Classification of ME EQUIPMENT and ME SYSTEMS ...........................................................99
6.1 General .................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................99
99
6.2 * Protection against electric shock.........................................................................99
6.3 * Protection against harmful ingress of water or particulate matter ...................... 101
6.4 Method(s) of sterilization ..................................................................................... 101
6 5 Suitability
6.5
S it bilit for
f use in
i an OXYGEN RICH ENVIRONMENT .............................................. 101
6.6 * Mode of operation ............................................................................................. 101
7 ME EQUIPMENT identification, marking and documents ................................................... 101
7.1 General ............................................................................................................... 101
101
7.2
7 2 Marking on the outside of ME EQUIPMENT or ME EQUIPMENT parts .......................... 105
7.3 Marking on the inside of ME EQUIPMENT or ME EQUIPMENT parts ........................... 113
7.4 Marking of controls and instruments .................................................................... 117
7.5 Safety signs ........................................................................................................ 119
7.6 Symbols
y
.............................................................................................................. 121
121
7.7 Colours of the insulation of conductors ................................................................ 121
7.8 * Indicator lights and controls .............................................................................. 123
7.9 ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS.................................................................................. 123
8 * Protection against electrical HAZARDS from ME EQUIPMENT ........................................... 135
8.1 Fundamental rule of protection against electric shock.......................................... 135
8.2 Requirements related to power sources............................................................... 137
8.3 Classification of APPLIED PARTS ............................................................................ 137
8.4 Limitation of voltage, current or energy................................................................ 139
8.5
8 5 Separation
Sep tion of p
parts
t .............................................................................................. 145
8.6 * Protective earthing
earthing,, functional earthing and potential equalization of
ME EQUIPMENT...................................................................................................... 161
8.7 LEAKAGE CURRENTS and PATIENT AUXILIARY CURRENTS ........................................... 167
8 8 Insulation ............................................................................................................ 201
8.8
201
8.9 * CREEPAGE DISTANCES and AIR CLEARANCES......................................................... 213
8.10 Components and wiring ....................................................................................... 243
8.11 MAINS PARTS, components and layout .................................................................. 247
IEC 6060160601-1 General requirements for basic safety and essential performance
9 * Protection against MECHANICAL HAZARDS of ME EQUIPMENT and ME SYSTEMS ................ 259
9.1 MECHANICAL HAZARDS of ME EQUIPMENT
Q
................................................................ 259
9.2 * HAZARDS associated with moving parts.............................................................. 261
9.3 * HAZARD associated with surfaces, corners and edges........................................ 271
9.4 * Instability HAZARDS ............................................................................................ 271
9.5 * Expelled parts HAZARD ...................................................................................... 281
9.6 Acoustic energy (including infrainfra- and ultrasound) and vibration ........................... 281
9.7 * Pressure vessels and parts subject to pneumatic and hydraulic pressure.......... 285
9.8 * HAZARDS associated with support systems ........................................................ 291
10 * Protection against unwanted and excessive radiation HAZARDS .................................. 301
10.1
10 1 XX-Radiation
R di ti ......................................................................................................... 301
10.2 Alpha, beta, gamma, neutron and other particle radiation .................................... 303
10.3 Microwave radiation ............................................................................................ 303
10.4 * Lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs) ............................................................ 303
10.5
10 5 Other visible electromagnetic radiation
radiation................................................................ 303
10.6 Infrared radiation................................................................................................. 305
10.7 Ultraviolet radiation ............................................................................................. 305
11 * Protection against excessive temperatures and other HAZARDS................................... 305
11.1 * Excessive temperatures
p
in ME EQUIPMENT..........................................................
Q
305
11.2 * Fire prevention.................................................................................................. 313
11.3 * Constructional requirements for fire ENCLOSURES of ME EQUIPMENT .................... 323
11.4 * ME EQUIPMENT and ME SYSTEMS intended for use with flammable anaesthetics ........ 329
11.5 * ME EQUIPMENT and ME SYSTEMS intended for use in conjunction with flammable agents .......9
11.6 Overflow, spillage, leakage, ingress of water or particulate matter, cleaning,
disinfection, sterilization and compatibility with substances used with the ME EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT...............
............... 329
11.7 Biocompatibility of ME EQUIPMENT and ME SYSTEMS ............................................... 333
11.8 * Interruption of the power supply / SUPPLY MAINS to ME EQUIPMENT ...................... 333
IEC 6060160601-1 General requirements for basic safety and essential performance
12 * Accuracy of controls and instruments and protection against hazardous outputs ........ 333
12.1
12 1 Accuracy of controls and instruments .................................................................. 333
12.2 USABILITY............................................................................................................. 333
333
12.3 Alarm systems..................................................................................................... 333
12.4 Protection against hazardous output.................................................................... 333
13 * HAZARDOUS SITUATIONS and fault conditions................................................................ 337
13.1 Specific HAZARDOUS SITUATIONS ........................................................................... 337
13.2 SINGLE FAULT CONDITIONS ..................................................................................... 339
14 * PROGRAMMABLE ELECTRICAL MEDICAL SYSTEMS (PEMS) .................................................. 351
14.1 * General............................................................................................................. 351
351
14.2 * Documentation.................................................................................................. 351
14.3 * RISK MANAGEMENT plan ...................................................................................... 353
14.4 * PEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFELIFE-CYCLE .......................................................................... 353
14.5 * Problem resolution ............................................................................................ 353
14.6 RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS.................................................................................. 353
14.7 * Requirement specification ................................................................................. 355
14.8 * Architecture ...................................................................................................... 35
355
5
14.9 * Design and implementation ............................................................................... 357
14.10
14 10 * VERIFICATION .................................................................................................... 357
14.11 * PEMS VALIDATION .............................................................................................. 357
14.12 * Modification ..................................................................................................... 35
359
9
14.13 * Connection of PEMS by NETWORK/DATA COUPLING to other equipment ................ 359
15 Construction of ME EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................... 359
15.1 * Arrangements of controls and indicators of ME EQUIPMENT................................. 359
15.2 * Serviceability .................................................................................................... 35
359
9
15.3 Mechanical strength ............................................................................................ 361
15.4 ME EQUIPMENT components and general assembly............................................... 369
15.5 * MAINS SUPPLY TRANSFORMERS of ME EQUIPMENT and transformers providing
separation in accordance with 8.5 ....................................................................... 379
IEC 6060160601-1 General requirements for basic safety and essential performance
16 * ME SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................... 387
16 1 * General requirements for the ME SYSTEMS ......................................................... 387
16.1
16.2 * ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS of an ME SYSTEM ..................................................... 389
16.3 * Power supply .................................................................................................... 391
16.4 ENCLOSURES ........................................................................................................ 391
16.5 * SEPARATION DEVICES.......................................................................................... 391
16.6 * LEAKAGE CURRENTS............................................................................................ 393
16.7 * Protection against MECHANICAL HAZARDS ............................................................ 395
16.8 Interruption of the power supply to parts of an ME SYSTEM ................................... 395
16.9 ME SYSTEM connections and wiring ...................................................................... 395
17 * Electromagnetic compatibility of ME EQUIPMENT and ME SYSTEMS ................................ 399
Annexes
Annex A (informative) General guidance and rationale....................................................... 401
Annex B (informative)
f
Sequence off testing ........................................................................ 613
Annex C (informative) Guide to marking and labelling requirements for ME EQUIPMENT
and ME SYSTEMS..................................................................................................................
SYSTEMS.................................................................................................................. 621
Annex D (informative) Symbols on marking........................................................................ 629
Annex E (informative) Examples of the connection of the measuring device (MD) for
measurement of the PATIENT LEAKAGE CURRENT and PATIENT AUXILIARY CURRENT .................. 647
Annex F (informative) Suitable measuring supply circuits................................................... 651
Annex G (normative) Protection against HAZARDS of ignition of flammable anaesthetic
mixtures.....................................................................................................................
mixtures........................................................................................................................
.........
...... 657
Annex H (informative) PEMS structure, PEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFELIFE-CYCLE and
documentation ...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
.....
.. 687
Annex I (informative) ME SYSTEMS aspects ......................................................................... 713
Annex J (informative) Survey of insulation paths ................................................................ 725
Annex K (informative) Simplified PATIENT LEAKAGE CURRENT diagrams ................................ 731
Annex L (normative) Insulated winding wires for use without interleaved insulation............ 737
IEC 6060160601-1 General requirements for basic safety and essential performance
16 * ME SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................... 387
16 1 * General requirements for the ME SYSTEMS ......................................................... 387
16.1
16.2 * ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS of an ME SYSTEM ..................................................... 389
16.3 * Power supply .................................................................................................... 391
16.4 ENCLOSURES ........................................................................................................ 391
16.5 * SEPARATION DEVICES.......................................................................................... 391
16.6 * LEAKAGE CURRENTS............................................................................................ 393
16.7 * Protection against MECHANICAL HAZARDS ............................................................ 395
16.8 Interruption of the power supply to parts of an ME SYSTEM ................................... 395
16.9 ME SYSTEM connections and wiring ...................................................................... 395
17 * Electromagnetic compatibility of ME EQUIPMENT and ME SYSTEMS ................................ 399
Annexes
Annex A (informative) General guidance and rationale....................................................... 401
Annex B (informative)
f
Sequence off testing ........................................................................ 613
Annex C (informative) Guide to marking and labelling requirements for ME EQUIPMENT
and ME SYSTEMS..................................................................................................................
SYSTEMS.................................................................................................................. 621
Annex D (informative) Symbols on marking........................................................................ 629
Annex E (informative) Examples of the connection of the measuring device (MD) for
measurement of the PATIENT LEAKAGE CURRENT and PATIENT AUXILIARY CURRENT .................. 647
Annex F (informative) Suitable measuring supply circuits................................................... 651
Annex G (normative) Protection against HAZARDS of ignition of flammable anaesthetic
mixtures.....................................................................................................................
mixtures........................................................................................................................
.........
...... 657
Annex H (informative) PEMS structure, PEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFELIFE-CYCLE and
documentation ...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
.....
.. 687
Annex I (informative) ME SYSTEMS aspects ......................................................................... 713
Annex J (informative) Survey of insulation paths ................................................................ 725
Annex K (informative) Simplified PATIENT LEAKAGE CURRENT diagrams ................................ 731
Annex L (normative) Insulated winding wires for use without interleaved insulation............ 737
Input/Output BMI
chronic recordings
Conclusions
Open Issues:
making reliable and stable physical connections between
electronic circuits and neurons
learning more about the codes for input BMI
References
Anatomical projections from parietal areas: Schall, J.D., Morel, A., King, D.J. &
Bullier, J. Topography of visual cortex connections with frontal eye field in
macaque: convergence and segregation of processing streams. J. Neurosci. 15,
4464--4487 (1995).
4464
Motion extrapolation by macaque monkeys: Filion C. M., Washburn D. A. &
Gulledge J. P. Can monkeys (Macaca mulatta) represent invisible displacement?
J Comp.
J.
Comp Psychol.
Psychol 110,
110 386386-395 (1996).
(1996)
Saccade errors introduced downstream from the SC: Stanford T.R., Sparks D.L.
Systematic errors for saccades to remembered targets: evidence for a
dissociation between saccade metrics and activity in the superior colliculus,
Vision Research 34
34,, 9393-106 (1994).
Reconstrcting target speed: Barborica A, Ferrera VP. Estimating invisible target
speed from neuronal activity in monkey frontal eye field. Nat Neurosci. 6(1):66
6(1):66-74 (2003).
Biasing of EE saccades (FEF) by moving dot cues: Gold J.I., Shadlen
MN.Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor
commands. Nature 404
404,, 390390-394 (2000).
Bi i off EE saccades
Biasing
d (SC) by
b stationary
t ti
spatial
ti l cues: Kustov
K t A
A.A.,
A Robinson
R bi
D.L. Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements. Nature
384,, 74384
74-77 (1996).
More Issues !
Abstract
Creating an output brain
brain--machine interface may require that a mental
representation has to be translated into a real object or action. In order
to perform this translation, we have to learn more about the neural
codes underlying mental representations. A likely candidate cortical
area for maintaining mental representations of objects and actions is
the frontal eye field (FEF). In a systems neuroscience approach, we
study neural responses in FEF of macaque monkeys during a motion
prediction task,
task where moving targets presented on a display are
rendered temporarily invisible. The monkeys are required to make eye
movements to the predicted target location (while invisible). By using
electrical microstimulation of frontal eye
y fields we show that the mental
representation is dynamic, being continuously updated. Our data shows
that FEF responses can be used to reconstruct not only targets static
properties, but also their dynamicsdynamics-related features, like speed. A DSPDSPbased system for online analysis of neural activity is proposed for
implementing a realreal-time brain
brain--machine interface for projecting mental
representations into the real world.
Contact:
andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Electrozi de p
pentru masurarea
biopotentialelor
Electrozi si microelectrozi interni
Sunt n general realizai din fire
foarte subiri (50
(50-100mm)
100mm) dintr-un
dintr un
metal rezistent: oel, platin sau
wolfram. Poriunea activ a
electrodului p
poate fi acoperit
p
cu
un strat metalic bun conductor (Pt
poroasa, Au, Ag etc), iar cea
inactiv cu un strat izolator (de
exemplu un polimer sau o pelicul
subire de sticl). Vrfurile acestor
electrozi au totui dimensiuni mari
n comparaie cu dimensiunile
celulare, de aceea se folosesc
pentru nregistrri extracelulare.
Tub metalic
(de tip hipodermic)
Tub izolator
(polimer)
Fir de platin
Strat de sticl
Vrf
Arii de microelectrozi
Suport de siliciu
izolat cu SiN
Contact aurit
Electrod
El
t dd
de siliciu
ili i
izolat cu SiN
Traseu metalic
Suport de siliciu
Zone active
Vrf acoperit cu Pt
Microelectrozi interni
Microelectrozi solizi
Depunere metalic
Vrf expus
Microelectrozi lichizi
0.5 mm
Fibr de carbon
Fir conductor
Suport de sticl
Suspensie de past
de carbon n rin
Izolaie de rin
Capilar
p
de sticl
Fir de cupru
Electrolit
20 mm
Micropipet
p p de sticl
Electrozi de suprafata
p
Electrozi de suprafata
p
(continuare)
Electrozi reversibili
M + + e
H2
H + + e
Electrozi reversibili
A. Electrod metalic
Caracteristici:
rezistena de contact:
n gama 1-10 M.
capacitatea de contact:
n jur de 10 F/cm2.
Electrod
Electrolit
Electrod
de Ag
AgCl
Cl
Cl
Ag
Ag
Ag
Cl
Electrolit
Cl
Potentiale de electrod
El t i lichizi
Electrozi
li hi i
1
4
3
Electrod cu jonciune lichid: 1 - soluie de electrolit (coninnd KCl); 2 electrod (Ag/AgCl); 3 - piele; 4 - band adeziv sau ventuz de
cauciuc; 5 - conductor;
Circuitul echivalent
Rpiele
Econtact
t t
Ccontact
Rcontact
R esut
Piele
Electrod
Cpiele
=
Rpiele
Econtact
Ccontact
Rcontact
Fara contact
Camer TV
Lentil
Diafragm
Lamp halogen
Splitter
Filtru interferenial
Lentil
Montur din oel inoxidabil
implantat n craniu
Fereastr
Tuburi prin care se injecteaz colorantul
Craniu
Cortex
Prelucrarea semnalelor
Analogica
Semnal analogic: continuu in timp si in domeniul valorilor
In
I aparatura
t
analogica,
l i
semnalele
l l bioelectrice
bi l t i
sau obinute
bi t
prin intermediul unor traductori, sunt prelucrate analogic
cu ajutorul unor etaje tipice ca: amplificatoare, filtre,
comparatoare, detectoare de amplitudine, faz sau frecven,
.a.m.d.
Digitala
Semnal digital:
g
discret in timp
p si/sau
/
domeniul valorilor
Semnalele in forma digitala (numerica) sunt prelucrate cu
ajutorul microprocesoarelor sau procesoarelor dedicate
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
In aparatura numeric, necesitatea folosirii blocurilor
analogice nu a fost nlturat complet. Semnalele nu sunt
convertite direct n valori numerice, ci mai nti sunt
amplificate,
lifi t
filt t
filtrate,
eventual
t l aplicate
li t ii alte
lt prelucrri
l
i
analogice, iar numai dup aceea sunt convertite n valori
numerice.
Electrozi si traductorii:
Traductori pasivi furnizeaza la iesire o tensiune sau un
curent
Traductori activi necesita o sursa externa de semnal sau de
alimentare pentru a putea functiona: rezisten, inductan
sau capacitate variabil etc.
etc
Conectarea traductorilor activi:
OUT
AMP
~
Direct, unipolar
Trad izolati electric
+
AMP
Diferential (bipolar)
Masurarea
M
potentialelor
i l l bioelectrice
bi l
i
OUT
Conectarea Traductorilor
AMP
OUT
- n
punte:
t
a. de semnal continuu:
TR
R
AMP
TR'
OUT
Conectarea Traductorilor
n punte
de semnal alternativ cu detectie in amplitudine sau faza:
TR
AMP
TR'
Detectia in amplitudine
D t ie
Detec
i
Filt
Filtrare
OUT
Conectarea Traductorilor
Detectia in faza
REF
COMPARATOR
C
DE
FAZ
IEIRE
Amplificator inversor
VOUT
R2
VIN
R1
R2
R1
VIN
VO UT
Z IN R1
Amplificator neinversor
R
VOUT 1 + 2 VIN
R1
OPAMP
Z IN = Z IN
VIN
VO UT
R2
R1
Caz particular:
R1 = , R2 = 0 - repetor de tensiune : Av=1
VIN
Z IN = Z
OPAMP
IN
VO UT=VIN
Preamplificatoare
p
i
amplificatoare
p
de semnal
VOUT
R
2 VIN+ VIN
R1
R2
R1
VOUT
R1
OPAMP
Z IN = Z IN
R2
VIN+
VOUT =
Ad VIN+
VIN
)+ A
(V
+
IN
+ VIN
2
CMRR =
Ac
Amplificatoarele de curent
R
VOUT = RI IN
IIN
VO UT
Vout
Rf
Sumarea
Rf
Rf
Rf
V2 + L +
= V1 +
Vn
R2
Rn
R1
R1
VIN1
R2
VIN2
Rn
VINn
Scderea se p
poate face:
inversnd polaritatea semnalului care se scade i apoi
sumndu-l cu cel din care se face scderea
folosind un amplificator diferenial care furnizeaz la ieire
un semnal proporional cu diferena tensiunilor pe cele dou
intrri.
VOUT
Operatii
p
matematice
(continuare)
Integrarea
Amplificator inversor cu condensator in bucla de reactie
C
t
Vout
IN
OUT
Q
1
= = I in ( ) d
C
C0
t
1
Vout (t ) =
Vin ( )d
RC 0
Derivarea
Amplificator inversor cu condensator in serie cu intrarea
R
Vin =
C
IN
Q
C
dVin 1 dQ 1
=
= I in
dt
C dt C
OUT
Vout = RI in = RC
dVin
dt
Filtrarea semnalelor
Orice semnal care are o frecven ce nu se situeaz n banda de
frecven a semnalului fiziologic - semnal parazit care poate fi
suprimat prin filtrare in frecventa.
Zgomot
Semnal util
0
-3
S (dB)
-20
-40
10
100
(Hz)
1000
10000
Filtrarea semnalelor
Filtru trece-sus de ordin I
+Vcc R
+Vcc
IN
IN
R
OUT
OUT
-Vcc
-Vcc
20
db
/de
ca
da
1
10
-20
100
(Hz)
0 1000
10000
-40
10
da
ca
/de
db
-20
-20
-40
H (dB)
0
-3
H (dB)
0
-3
100
1000
(Hz)
10000
100000
Filtrarea semnalelor
C2
R2
+Vcc
IN
R1
-Vcc
Filtru opreste-band
Suprima o semnalele dintr-o anumita banda de frecventa
Exemplu
E
l d
de utilizare
tili
Zgomot
0
-3
-3
Semnal util
Semnal util
S (dB)
-20
-40
Caracteristica filtrului
S (dB)
OUT
C1
-20
10
100
1000
10000
-40
40
(Hz)
10
100
(Hz)
semnal filtrat
1000
10000
Filtrarea semnalelor
IN
+V
+Vcc
C
2k24
+Vcc
C
19k3
-Vcc
V
+Vcc
OUT
R
48k9
-Vcc
R
-Vcc
R
+Vcc
+Vcc
+Vcc
IN
R
680
C
-Vcc
R
5k9
C
-Vcc
OUT
R
C
14k8
-Vcc
Conversia Analog-Digitala
Aproximari:
1. Esantionarea in timp:
Aproximarea semnalului analogic prin valori constante pe
intervalele de timp intre doua esantioane ale semnalului
2. Cuantificarea:
Aproximarea valorilor continue ale semnalului printr-un set finit
de valori
Conversia Analog-Digitala
g g
Esantioarea in timp
aproximarea semnalului analogic prin valori constante pe intervalul
d esantionare
de
ti
semnalul fiind continuu, valorile sunt arbitrare este nevoie de o
reprezentare cu un numar infinit de biti -> esantionarea nu rezolva
problema reprezentarii semnalului printr-un volum finit de date
x
x(3T )
0
x(4T )
0
x(5T )
0
x(2T )
x(6T )
x(T )
x(7T )
0
T0
2T0
3T0
4T0
5T0
6T0
7T0
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
i+6
i+5
i+4
i+3
i+2
i+1
x
x
x
i-1
i-2
x
x
x
x
x
i+6
i+5
i+4
i+3
x
x
i+2
i+1
x
x
x
i-1
i-2
T0
2T0
3T0
4T0
5T0
6T0
7T0
8T0
< f (t ),
) g (t ) >=
f (t ) g * (t )dt
ui 2 i = j
< ui , u j >=
0
i j
unde am notat cu ui norma vectorului ui.
atat functiile, cat si baza, trebuie sa fie integrabile in modul patrat
(de clasa L2 ):
2
f (t ) dt <
< f , ui >
f =
ciui
ci =
2
u
i =
i
unde coeficienii ci se numesc coeficieni Fourier.
Daca vrem sa facem o transformare din spatiul timp in spatiul
frecventelor, putem alege ca baza o functie periodica complexa,
caracterizata de frecventa :
2
( u (t ) = 1 )
u (t ) = e t +
+
c =< f (t ), u (t ) >= f (t )u* (t )dt = f (t )e - jt dt
F{ f (t )}() = f (t )e
- j t
dt
F{ f g} =
+ +
= f ( ) g (t ) d e jt dt =
teorema convolutiei
F{ f (t ) g (t )}() = F{ f (t )}() F{g (t )}()
F{ f (t ) g (t )}() = 1 F{ f (t )}() F{g (t )}()
2
+ +
f ( ) e
g (t )e j( t ) ddt =
j
g (t )e j( t ) dt d
f
(
)
e
1
44424443
t - t ' ,
F{ g }
= F{ f } F{ g}
F{ f (t )}( + ) = F{e
0
schimbarea de scala
conjugarea complexa
teorema derivarii
teorema integrarii:
g
j 0 t
f (t )}()
F{e
j 0 t
F{ f (at )}() = 1 F{ f (t )}
a
F{ f (t )}() = F{ f (t )}()
F df (t ) () = jF{ f (t )}()
dt
F{ f (t )dt}() =
1
F{ f (t )}()
j
f (t )}() = F{ f (t )}( 0 )
F()
f ( t ) = f (t ) Re( F() ) = 0
functia Dirac:
F{(t )}() = 1
constanta:
semnal periodic
F{e
F{1}() = ()
j 0 t
}() = ( 0 )
F{ (t kT0 )}() = 1
T
k =
( k ),
k =
0 =
2
T0
original:
- j t
eantionat:
1
2
k =
k =
2 1
=
{
}
F
x
(
t
)
(
)
k
T0 T0
k =
F + 2T
3
T0
jkT0
2
T0
0
T0
2
2
T0 k =
T0
{
}
F
x
(
t
)
k
T0
k =
F 4T
F 2T
k =
F{(t kT )} = e
F{xe (t )} = 1
T0
dt
T0
2
T0
3
T0
4
T0
5
T0
Esantionarea semnalelor
Teorema esantionarii
Explica posibilitatea suprapunerii spectrelor (aliasing)
Frecventele peste jumatate din frecventa de esantionare apar
in spectrul semnalului de frecvente mai mici
F + 2T
3
T0
2
T0
0
T0
T0
F 4T
2
T0
2
T0
3
T0
4
T0
5
T0
x (t )
-T
fp(t)
-T
xp(t)
-T
Functia ponderata:
xp = x f p
f *g =
f ( ) g (t ) d
1
F{x p } = F{x f p } = F{x} F{f p }
2
spectrul de Fourier al semnalului ponderat se obine din spectrul
semnalului iniial prin convoluie cu spectrul Fourier al funciei
fereastr.
sin(T )
S () = 2T
T
S()
2T
|S()|
2T
/T
2/T
/T
2/T
Exemplu:
semnal (co)sinusoidal de
frecven 0, (i perioad
T0=2/0)
spectrul Fourier al
semnalului infinit in timp
- o pereche de funcii
Dirac centrate pe 0
se alege o poriune
pori ne coninnd
patru sinusoide (funcia
fereast se extinde de la -2T0
la +2T0),
)
spectrul Fourier al poriunii
respective va fi egal suma a
doua spectre ale funciei
fereastr, centrate pe
frecvenele 0
-2T0
-T0
T0
2T0
-1
F(cos(t))()
0
0
S()
0
F()
Exemplu (continuare)
Un spectru al semnalului mai apropiat de cel original se poate
obine
lrgind
g
fereastra dreptunghiular.
p
g
Acest lucru are ca efect ngustarea lobilor laterali ai spectrului
fereastr.
p
semnalului obinut
p
prin utilizarea unei ferestre de 4 ori
Spectrul
mai largi dect cea utilizat n exemplul precedent:
F()
0
Concluzie:
spectrul
t l semnalului
l l i este
t cu att
tt maii apropiat
i t de
d
cel iniial cu ct funcia fereastr are lobii
laterali mai nguti i descrete mai repede spre
zero
Fereastra dreptunghiular
1 t [ T ,+T ]
f (t ) =
n rest
0
S () = 2T
t [ T ,0]
t [0,+T ]
sin(T / 2)
S () = T
T / 2
Fereastra cosinus
S () =
sin(T )
T
n rest
T T
cos(2t / T ) t ,+
f (t ) =
4 4
0
n rest
|S(
T t
f (t ) =
T
0
S()
2T
0 = 2 / T
4 (0 )T / 4
(0 + )T / 4
/T
2/T
0
n rest
Fereastra Hanning
1 + cos(t / T )
f (t ) =
2
1
2
S () =
sin
1 + 2
2 0 + 2 20
t [ T ,+T ]
n rest
T
(
)
T
(0 + )T
0
F
Fereastra
t Hamming
H
i
0.54 + 0.46 cos(t / T ) t [ T ,+T ]
f (t ) =
0
n rest
+
+ 0.92 *
S () = T 1.08 *
T
T
T
(
)
(
)
0
0
Fereastra Gauss
f (t ) = e
12
(
T
/
2
)
T T
t ,+
2 2
Fereastra Bartlett-Hann
F
Fereastra
t Blackman
Bl k
1
2
sin
S () =
1 + 2
2
2 0 +
20
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Serii Fourier
x ( t ) = C0 + Cn cos( nt ) + Sn sin( nt )
n =1
1
C0 =
T
t 0 +T
x(t )dt
t0
n =1
2
Cn =
T
t 0 +T
t0
2
T
2
Sn =
T
t 0 +T
t0
T T
t ,
2 2
C0 = 0
T /2
T /2
sin(nt ) T / 2 T / 2 sin(nt )
2
cos(
n
t
)
Cn =
t cos(nt )dt = t
dt = 0 +
=0
2
T T/ 2
n
(
)
T / 2
T / 2
T / 2
T /2
T /2
T /2
T /2
2
2 cos(nt )
cos(nt ) (1) n sin(nt )
(1) n +1
Sn =
t sin(nt )dt =
t
+
dt = 2
+
=2
2
n
T T/ 2
T
n T / 2 T/ 2 n
(
n
)
n
T / 2
Serii Fourier
4t
+
1
T
x(t ) =
3 4t
x ( t ) = C0 + Cn cos( nt ) + Sn sin( nt )
n =1
1
C 0 = x(t )dt
T 0
n =1
2
C n = x(t ) cos(nt )dt
T 0
T
t 0,
2
T
t ,T
2
2
=
T
1
T
0
-1
T/2
2
S n = x(t ) sin(nt )dt
T 0
C0 = 0
2
Cn =
T
T /2
4t
2
4t
-8/2
T /2
T /2
T
T
T /2
T
2 sin( nt )
4 sin( nt )
sin( nt ) sin( nt )
4 sin( nt )
sin( nt )
t
t
=
+
dt + 3
dt =
T
n 0
T
n 0
n
n
T
n
n
/
2
/
2
T
T
0
T
/
2
T /2
T
2
4
cos((nt )
4
cos((nt ) 8
=
= 0 +
0+
+0
0+
( n ) 2 0
T T
T
n T / 2 T 2
2
Sn =
T
T /2
2
2
32
8
(n) 2 (n) 2 = (2n) 2 = (n) 2
4t
2
4t
T /2
T /2
T
T
T /2
T
2 cos(nt )
4 cos(nt )
cos(nt ) cos(nt )
4 sin( nt )
sin( nt )
dt 3
dt = 0
t
+
=
+
t
+
n
n
T n 0
T
n 0
n
n
T
/
2
/
2
T
T
0
/
2
T
Transformarea Fourier
Di
Discreta
t
x = ( x0 , x1 , x2 , K, xn 1 )
F{x}() = x(t )e
t kT0
j t
dt
n 1
1
F{x}() = X () = 1
x(kT0 )e jkT0
n k =0 23
2
,
in general se alege m = m0 / n = m
nT
T0
xk
si deci
1 n 1
X m = xk e j 2 m k / n
n k =0
1 n 1
X () = xk e jkT0
n k =0
0 = 2 / T0
m=0,1,2,,n-1
X = ( X 0 , X 1 , X 2 , K, X n 1 )
0.5
- 0 . 8
- 1
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0.4
0 . 1 6
0 . 1 4
0.3
0 . 1 2
0 . 1
0 . 0 8
0.2
0 . 0 6
0 . 0 4
0.1
0 . 0 2
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2
x
1 0
100
80
0
-0.1
60
40
-0.2
20
-0.3
0
-2 0
-0 4
-0.4
-4 0
-6 0
-0.5
-8 0
-1 0 0
0.2
0 .4
0.6
0 .8
1 .2
1.4
1 .6
1.8
2
x 10
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1
u =
Mx
e j = cos( ) + j sin( )
1 n 1
X m = xk [cos(2 m k / n) j sin(2 m k / n)]
n k =0
X = R + jI
R = ( R0 , R1 , R2 , K, Rn 1 ) I = ( I 0 , I1 , I 2 , K, I n 1 )
X = X e j
X = [ R 2 + I 2 ]1/ 2
I
= tan
R
1
1 n 1
Rm = xk cos(2 m k / n)
n k =0
1 n 1
I m = xk sin(2 m k / n)
n k =0
P = X = R2 + I 2
Transformarea Wavelet
f (t ) = ck k (t )
k =0
k (t ) = e
ik0t
ck = f (t ), k (t ) =
f (t )
*
k
(t )dt =
f (t )e
ik0t
f (t ) = c j ,k j ,k (t )
dt
k =0
j ,k (t ) =
j
k
1
2
j/2
(2 j t k )
= wavelet-ul mama
= indice
i di d
de scala
l
= indice de translatie
Sisteme Liniare
(preambul la filtrarea numerica)
x(t )
y (t )
H
H
x(t )
y (t )
Liniaritate
H
x1 (t ) + x2 (t )
y1 (t ) + y2 (t )
H
a x(t )
a y (t )
I
Invarianta
i t in
i timp
ti
H
x(t T )
y (t T )
x(t ) = x t =
x()(t )d
H
x(t ) = (t )
h(t )
+
raspuns la impuls
H
x
(
(
t
)
d
x()h(t )d = x * h
y = x*h
Filtrarea numerica
Filtrarea numerica
x = ( x1 , x2 , K, xn )
( f g ) n = f k g nk
k
yn = xk hn k
k =1
k nk
n 1
yn = xn k hk
k =0
yn = h0 xn + h1 xn 1 + h2 xn 2 + L + hn 1 x1
Detectia AP
Vpeak
Neuron 1
Vap
FWHM
~1 mS
Neuron 1+2
Neuron 2
Vvalley
Discriminarea AP
Electrocardiografie
g
((ECG/EKG))
2. Ventricular
depolarization
1. Atrial
depolarization
3. Ventricular repolarization
ECG
ECG
Caracteristicile
semnalului ECG
Amplitudine:
Banda de frecventa:
1-5
1
5 mV
0.05-100 Hz
Applicatii:
Diagnosticare ischemiei
cardiace
Aritmii
A i ii
Defecte de conductie
Electroencephalografie (EEG)
Masoara activitatea electrica a
creierului reflectata la nivelul scalpului
Semnalul EEG este rezultatul activitatii
mediate a miliarde de neuroni
Amplitudine:
A lit di
0 001 0 01 mV
0.001-0.01
V
Banda de frecventa: 0.5-40 Hz
E
Erori:i
Zgomotul preamplificatorului
Interferenta cu liniile de
alimentare
li
t
de
d 50/60 H
Hz
Interferenta cu surse RF
Artefacte de miscare, in principal
a ochilor
hil
Aplicatii:
Studierea somnului
Detectarea crizelor epileptice
Masurarea EEG
El t
Electromiografia
i
fi - EMG
Definitii:
Electromiografie
Istoric:
1838 Matteucci descrie pentru prima oara detectarea de impulsuri
electrice provenite de la muschi.
pentru inregistrare
g
1929 este introdus electrodul coaxial p
intramusculara
Caracteristicile semnalului EMG
Relaxarea fibrei musculare nu este insotita generarea de semnale
electrice. Doar contactia genereaza semnale EMG.
Magnitudinea semnalului EMG creste o data cu tensiune musculara
Factori care influenteaza semnalul EMG
Viteza de contractie/relaxare
Ob
l
Oboseala
Activitatea reflexa
.
Viteza de contractie
Vmax
Forta musculara
F0
Impulsul
p
muscular
Cum raspunde fibra musculara la un impuls electric ?
La aplicarea unui impuls electric scurt,
scurt raspunsul mecanic F(t) este:
unde:
T este o constanta numita timpul de contractie, ce corespunde timpului dupa care
forta/tensiunea atinge valoarea maxima
maxima.
F0 este o constanta de magnitudine, ce depinde de caracteristicile fibrei motoare
T este mai mare pentru fibre cu raspuns lent, F0 creste cu marime fibrei
Ex: muschii membrelor superioare au in general T mai mic decat cel
al mambrelor inferioare:
Turn-on
Turn
on time
(~ 200 ms)
Modelul visco-elastic:
Relatii de echivalenta,
echivalenta similare cu
cele ale circuitelor electrice
Depolarization
p
p
process
quite rapid process
The leading edge of the wavefront is quite sharp
The magnitude of the m.a.p quite big.
Repolarization process
quite comparatively slow process
The leading edge of the wavefront is not sharp
The magnitude
g
of the m.a.p
p qquite small.
diff
difference
iin potentials
t ti l
between the two electrodes.
Intramusculari - invazivi.
De suprafata neinvazivi
( )
(a)
( )
(a)
(b)
( )
(a)
(b)
(c)
( )
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
( )
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Concentric
electrode
Monopolar electrode
Wire electrodes
Fine electrodes with about the diameter of human hairs.
Hypodermic needle is used to insert the wire electrode.
Microelectrodes
Capillary glass microelectrode
IInsulated
l d metall
microelectrode
Solid-state
multisite recording
microelectrode
Electrozi de suprafata
Constau in discuri metalice, aplicate pe
epiderma in zona adiacenta muschiului
investigat
Ag/AgCl (silver chloride); ~1cm
diametru.
Inregistreaza
I
i
media
di activitatatii
i i
ii unuii numar
mare de fibre aflate in vecinatatea
electrodului
Sunt deseori folositi ca electrozi de
referinta pentru inregistrarile cu electrozi
hipodermici
p
Kinesiologia
g EMG
Studiul si prezicerea contractiei musculare pe
baza detectiei si analizei semnalelor EMG.
Urmareste
U
t corelatiile
l tiil intre
i t semnalele
l l EMG
si tensiunea/contractia segmentelor analizate
Presupune
p
inregistrarea
g
simultana a
semnalelor EMG si parametrii miscarii.
Semnalul EMG
Caracteristicile semnalului EMG
Amplitudine:
1-10 mV
Banda de frecvente:
20-2000 Hz
Zgomot
zgomot biologic (de exemplu semnal EKG/ECG cules de electrozi EMG
in zona muschilor toracici)
interferente datorate liniilor cu alimentare cu tensiune (50/60 Hz)
interferente cauzate de alte aparate (ex telefon mobil)
artefacte de semnal (de exemplu datorita aplicarii de pulsuri electrice de
stimulare asupra pacientului)
Amplificarea
p
si gama
g
dinamica
Impedanta de intrare
Raspunsul in frecventa
Rejectia modului comun
Filtrarea in frecventa:
Trece-jos (low-pass)
Trece-sus (high-pass)
Trece-banda (band-pass)
Filtru de rejectie (notch)
Efectul
f
filtrarii
f
trece-jos
j asupra
p anvelopei
p semnalulului
1
IEMG(t ) =
T
t+
+T
T
EMG() d
t
1
RMS (t ) =
T
t +T
2
EMG
()d
P
Putere
Pu
utere cum
mulativa
Frecventa (Hz)
Electrooculografie (EOG)
Electro
lectroCo
Cortico
rticoG
Grafie
ECoG
Curs Bioinginerie
Andrei Barborica: andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Electro
lectroCo
Cortico
rticoG
Grafie - ECoG
S l spatiala
Scala
ti l a inregistrarii
i
i t ii ECoG
EC G mm2
Scale spatiale
Microscala
Microscala:: intracelular
intracelular,, extracelular
Mesoscala:
Mesoscala: extracelular
extracelular,, pe suprafata mai mare (multi(multi-unit),
unit) LFP
Macroscala
Macroscala:: pe suprafata (cortical, scalp, piele)
piele)
Scala spatiala
p
a inregistrarilor
g
de
scalp, corticale si de adancime
EEG d
de scalp
l necesita
i ~7cm
7 2 de
d cortex cu activitate
i i
sincrona
i
ECoG and SEEG necesita ~10mm2 de cortex
Microconductori (microwires
microwires)),
microwires),
) o sfera cu raza R~150
R~150
R
150m
150
Electrozi extracelulari sau intracelulari un singur neuron / AP
Worrell et al, Progress in Neurobiology, 2012
Spectrul
p
de frecvente
ECoG,
ECoG, SEEG - inregistrari invazive pe suprafete de
ordinul 1-10 mm2 spectru f < 1 kHz
58
59
60
Time (s)
61
62
ECoG
Inregistrari pre
pre-- sau intra
intra--operatorii folosind gridgrid-uri bidimensionale sau
stripuri unidimensionale de electrozi pentru
ECoG inregistreaza:
inregistreaza:
Activitatea inter-ictala
inter ictala spontana.
spontana
Markeri patologici: varfuri
rapide (spikes), eventual
descarcari
desca
ca repetitive
epe
e
Intraoperator,
p
, necesita decizii
rapide timp limitat de
inregistrare
Electroencefalograf
g
ECoG
Varfuri inter
inter--ictale spikes
Varf inter-ictal (spike)
22
20
18
Conta
act
16
14
12
10
8
6
646
647
648
Time (s)
649
650
*Aceasta pozitionare a gridului este cu titlu exemplificativ, nu ete cea care sa corespunda
inregistrarii din stanga
ECoG
Varfuri inter
inter--ictale harta activitatii
ECoG
Varfuri inter
inter--ictale harta activitatii cu
pseudocolorare
ECoG
Varfuri inter
inter--ictale filmul activitatii
ECoG
ECoG
Propagarea spike
spike--urilor - animatie
Contact:
andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Filtrarea EEG
Curs Bioinginerie
Andrei Barborica: andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Mar;121(3):301--10. doi:
Mar;121(3):301
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.019. Epub 2009 Dec 1.
Surse de tranzienti:
tranzienti:
Fiziologici
Spikepike-uri inter
inter--ictale (varf/spike
varf/spike < 70ms, unda
unda/wave
/wave > 70 ms)
ms)
Ne
Ne--fiziologici
Interferente
Trunchierea//segmentarea semnalului
Trunchierea
Bnar CG, Chauvire L, Bartolomei F, Wendling F. Pitfalls of highhigh-pass filtering for detecting epileptic oscillations: a technical
note on "false" ripples. Clin Neurophysiol.
Neurophysiol. 2010 Mar;121(3):301
Mar;121(3):301--10. doi:
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.019. Epub 2009 Dec 1
Bnar CG, Chauvire L, Bartolomei F, Wendling F. Pitfalls of highhigh-pass filtering for detecting epileptic oscillations: a technical
note on "false" ripples. Clin Neurophysiol.
Neurophysiol. 2010 Mar;121(3):301
Mar;121(3):301--10. doi:
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.019. Epub 2009 Dec 1
Explicatia
p
p
proprietatiele
p
transformatei Fourier
+
F{ f (t )}( ) = f (t )e
- jt
dt
F
Functie
ti Gaussiana
G
i
normata
t
1
g ( x) =
e
2
x2
2 2
g ( x)dx = 1
G ( ) = e
2 2
2
Trransformata
a Fourrier a u
unei G
Gaussiiene
Impulsul Dirac
(t )
F{ (t )}( ) = 1
(definitia nu e unica)
unica)
x2
( x) = lim
0
T
Transformata
f
t Fourier
F i
1 2 2
e
2
li G ( ) = lim
lim
li e
2 2
2
= e0 = 1
Tranzienti::
Tranzienti
Effectul Gibbs oscilatii (ringing)
rezultate
lt t din
di reconstructia
t ti semnalului
l l i
folosind un numar limitat de termeni
Fourier
Descoperit de
d Henry Wilbraham
lb h
(1848
1848)) si redescoperit de J. Willard
Gibbs (1899
1899))
Ex semnal dreptunghiular de
pulsatie :
1
1
f (t ) = sin(t ) + sin(3t ) + sin(5t ) + ...
3
5
Reconstructia Fourier
Semnal Dreptunghiular
Semnal Triunghiular
Concluzii
Contact:
andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Stereoelectroencephalography
in Presurgical Evaluation of Focal Epilepsy
Andrei Barborica
andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Epileptogenic Zone:
Zone:
the minimum amount of cortex that must be resected
(inactivated or completely disconnected) to produce seizure freedom
Luders et al., 2006
S
Symptomatogenic
t
t
i zone
F
Functional
ti
l deficit
d fi it
Seizure Propagation
Eloquent Cortex
Seizure
Onset
S i
O
t Zone
Z
area of cortex that initiates clinical seizures
Epileptogenic
p p g
lesion (if
( present)
p
)
Irritative zone
area of cortex which generates interictal spikes
Why Stereoencephalography?
Stereoencephalography?
Stereotaxy
Uses a 3D
3 coordinate
di
system to locate
l
brain structures
Requires a stereotactic positioning device
MultiMulti
u t -modal
oda imaging
ag g (CT,
(C , MRI,,
Angiography etc)
etc) that allows visualization
patient anatomyy and coco-registration
g
of p
with the stereotactic frame
Delineating
g the border of the epileptogenic
p p g
zone as
precisely as possible, to perform the minimum cortical
resection.
Implantation patterns
O
Q
A
I
R
W
C
B
E
Stereotactic planning
Preoperative MRI with contrast
Patient anatomy, vasculature
Stereotactic planning
A i
Angiography
h
Virtual angiography from contrastcontrast-enhanced MRI through3D Frangi
vesselness filtering
g
0.8
Entry S
T arget S
0.9
Safety index:0.83
Traj 6: S
Frangi scales =[0.85 1.35]
3D smoothing =2.00
0.6
SI
Norm
malized MRA level
07
0.7
0.5
04
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
Distance from target (mm)
50
60
70
80
0.8
Target S
1
0.9
Traj 5: S
Frangi scales =[0.85 1.35]
3D smoothing =2.00
0.7
Normalized
d MRA level
Safety index:0.90
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Distance from target (mm)
60
70
80
Stereotactic devices
StarFix techology
techology,, FHC Inc
No adjustable components
Stereotactic devices
Advantages:
g
Simplicity - no adjustable parts, thus minimizing
risk of human error
Reduces OR time with a factor of two
Two
Two--step procedure (anchor
(anchor implant
implant,, actual
surgery) spaced one to two weeks
Surgical planning can be performed in the
generous interval between the two steps. It does
not have to be performed the day of the surgery
Frame coordinates match anatomical coordinates
(centered on MCP and aligned with mid
mid--plane),
plane)
making targeting more consistent across patients.
Electrode Implantation
Percutaneous Hole Drilling
Dura Electrocoagulation
g
Anchor placement
Stylet insertion
Electrode Insertion
Postoperative CT
Verification of electrode p
position,, hemorrhages
g
B01-B03 Hippocampus
B01pp
p
B04--B05
B04
Parahippocampal gyrus
B06--B08 WM
B06
B11--B12 Middle
B11
Temporal Gyrus (T2)
SEEG Recordings
and Stimulation
P10--P1 - Parietal
P10
O1--O2 Supra
O1
Supra--Calcarine
Time--frequency map
Time
Seizure propagation
Electrical Stimulation
Stimulationprotocols:
l
l
1Hz,3ms biphasicpulses,15mA,40s
50Hz,1ms
50 Hz 1 ms biphasicpulses,13mA,5s
biphasic pulses 1 3 mA 5 s
Amigdala seizure reproduction
Electrical Stimulation
10.Tailoredresections
Temporallobe
poleresection
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
SEEG Team:
Ioana Mindruta,, Jean Ciurea,, Alin Rasina,
Rasina, Bogdan
g
Balanescu
Funding::
Funding
UEFISCDI PNPN-II
II--ID
ID--PCEPCE-2011
2011--3-0240
Institutions
Bucharest
B h
tU
University,
i
it Physics
Ph i Dept,
D t, Biomedical
Dept
Bi
di l Engineering
E i
i
University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest
Bagdasar
Bagdasar--Arseni Emergency Hospital
Intracranial
Direct Electrical Stimulation
in
StereoElectroEncephaloGraphy
(SEEG)
Andrei Barborica
andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Identifying
y g the
epileptogenic network
Epileptogenic Zone:
the minimum amount of cortex that must be resected
(inactivated or completely disconnected) to produce seizure freedom
S
Symptomatogenic
t
t
i zone
F
Functional
ti
l deficit
d fi it
Seizure Propagation
Eloquent Cortex
Seizure
Onset
S i
O
t Zone
Z
area of cortex that initiates clinical seizures
Epileptogenic
p p g
lesion (if
( present)
p
)
Irritative zone
area of cortex which generates interictal spikes
StereoElectroEncephaloGraphy
SEEG
Provides direct access to electrophysiological
recordings in the seizure onset zone
zone, when located in
deep brain structures
Allows delineation of the epileptogenic area in 3D
volume
Provides excellent time & space resolution
Stim
SEEG + DES
Each zone has specific EEG markers
- during spontaneous activity - ictal or inter-ictal
- as a response to stimulation
Analysis of the electrophysiological responses to DES:
Its major advantage is that it covers the full spectrum of events (spikes,
ripples and fast ripples) that can be used to delineate the epileptogenic
cortex without depending on their spontaneous occurrence and the
occurrence of seizures.
- van t Klooster et al, 2011
Symptomatogenic zone
Auras
Functional deficit
Low responses
Eloquent
El
t Cortex
C t
Clinical Symptoms,
Functional Deficit (or enh.!)
E il t
Epileptogenic
i lesion
l i (if present)
t)
Irritative zone
Afterdischarges, Delayed
SPES Responses, HFOs
No responses (hypoexcitability)
SOZ-Like responses (hyperexcitability)
U W
B C
I A
DES Protocols
Repetive
p
low- ((1Hz)) and highg
frequency (50 Hz) stimulation
Single Pulse Electric Stimulation
(SPES)
Similar
Si il results
lt (2009,
(2009 Flanagan
Fl
ett al.)
l)
DES Protocols
SPES
Methodology
gy
SEEG electrodes
Data recorded using
64 channels
Sampling rate 4096 Hz
- allows visualization of
High-Frequency
Oscillations (HFO) with
f>100 Hz
U W
B C
I A
Methods
Stimulation protocols:
1 Hz: biphasic
biphasic, 3 ms pulse width,
width
40 s stimulation length, 0.5 - 3 mA
current range
Methods
5
4
3
SPES
biphasic, 3 ms pulse width,
biphasic
width 15
s inter-pulse interval,
variable amplitude in the 05mA range (0.25mA step)
pseudo-random sequence for a
total of 5 min to factor out time
Am
mplitude (mA)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
300
peri-stimulus
i ti
l
response: early,
l
delayed, HFOs
stimulus response-curves
350
400
450
1 Hz Stimulation
Common practice
Used for mapping brain connectivity
(electric responses) (2012, Enatsu
et all.)
50 Hz Stimulation
Common practice
Used for functional mapping (clinical responses)
Can produce auras and seizures
Oth clinical
Other
li i l response: muscle
l contractions,
t
ti
auditory / visual / olfactive hallucinations, verbal
arrest,etc
SPES
A4 Amygdala
C2 Posterior Hippocampus
E1-E2 Entorhinal
SPES
E1-E2 Entorhinal Cortex
C2 Posterior Hippocampus
C2 Posterior Hippocampus
all.)
C2 Posterior Hippocampus
Functional
F
nctional
deficit
Low responses
Eloquent Cortex
Clinical Symptoms,
Functional Deficit (or
enh.!)
Irritative zone
Afterdischarges,
Delayed
D l
d SPES
Responses, HFOs
No responses (hypoexcitability)
SOZ-Like responses
(hyperexcitability)
Functional Deficit:
I Temporal Pole;
F - Fusiform gyrus;
Eloquent Cortex:
R Rolandic Operculum;
W Wernicke;
No responses:
O - Orbitofrontal;
U Superior Temporal Gyrus;
SPES Monophasic
Monophasic pulse
Biphasic pulse
Our data showed that brain responses are similar for both
monophasic and biphasic SPES (results are shown on a future slide)
VPDES
B1 B2 Hippocampus
VPDES 1.5mA
A4 Amygdala
C2 Posterior Hippocampus
A7 Amygdala
C2 Posterior Hippocampus
B5 Hippocampus
B6 Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Conclusions
Intracranial Direct Electric Stimulation (iDES )
helps in delineating the epileptogenic network
Evaluation of stimulus-response curves as well
as oscillations in various frequency bands
triggered by iDES provide valuable
complementary information to recording
spontaneous activity.
Th
The mostt relevant
l
t parameter
t iin SPES iis th
the
injected current (charge per phase)
Analiza activitatii
neuronilor individuali
Introducere
Curs Bioinginerie
Andrei Barborica: andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro
Raza volumului inregistrat 50 - 100 m (Gerstein and Clark, 1964; Buzsaki, 2004)
Discriminarea AP
Vapp
FWHM
~1 mS
Neuron 1+2
Neuron 2
Vvalley
Discriminarea AP
(Action Potentials)
Achizitie biosemnal
AP provenind de la
doi sau mai multi neuroni diferiti (r~100m)
Detectie AP (ii)
prag (threshold) de amplitudine
tipuri de erori:
erori:
Sortarea
Extragere de caracteristici ale AP ce
diferentiaza neuronii (iii)
Gruparea in functie de caracteristici
caracteristici,,
clustering
clustering,
, (iv)
Filtrarea AP
A l i
Analogica
Filtre cauzale
cauzale
Numerica
Filtre cauzale
Non--cauzale valorile
Non
Sortarea AP
Discriminator cu 1 fereastra
slope--height windows discriminator
discriminator
slope
Sortarea AP
Discriminator cu ferestre
rectangulare
t
l
boxes
b
boxes
Sortarea AP
Sortarea AP
Vpeak
FWHM
Vap
Feature vs Feature
reprezentare in spatiul
caracteristicilor (sau fazelor)
~1 mS
S
t
Vvalley
Sortarea AP
Sortarea AP
Clustering:
Sortarea AP
Sortarea AP
Probleme::
Probleme
Suprapunerea spike
spike--urilor
template matching =
potrivirea cu sablon ?????
Opriti masacrarea
terminologiei de specialitate
din limba engleza!
De acum inainte vom folosi
numai limba engleza.
Contact:
andrei.barborica@fizica.unibuc.ro