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EXPERIMENT 9:
OBJECTIVE:
PRELIMINARY WORK:
Explain the working principles of half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits. Also explain the
working principle of dc power supply. Prepare the work with your own handwriting using
maximum two A4-size papers.
INTRODUCTION:
Diodes:
Diodes are unilateral devices, that is, they conduct current in one direction but block it in the
opposite direction. They will have a voltage drop of 0.2 0.3 V or 0.6 0.7 V when they are
conducting depending on the materials they are made of, Germanium or Silicon, respectively.
The direction of the current is from anode to cathode. Cathodes are usually indicated with a
painted band.
Figure 1. A diode.
Transformers:
These are devices that are generally used to convert an AC voltage to another AC voltage at
the same frequency. Thus, the input to the transformer may be 220 Vrms at f = 50 Hz, and the
output may be 12 Vrms at f = 50 Hz. This is basically accomplished by two windings around an
iron core. The core is made up of laminated sheets of iron. The input winding has N1 turns,
the output winding has N2 turns. The turns ratio is defined as
as 1 : a.
Figure 3. A transformer.
The relationships between the input and output voltages and currents are as follows (Fig.3).
When the input signal is positive (between t1 and t2, t3 and t4, etc.), the diode is forward biased
and conducts current. When the input signal is negative (between t2 and t3, t4 and t5, etc.), the
diode is reverse biased and does not conduct current. Hence the output waveform Vout is
obtained. This is called half rectified sine wave.
During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the diode D1 is forward biased and the
diode D2 is reverse biased. Hence the current flows through D1 and R.
During the negative half cycle of the input signal, the diode D1 is reverse biased and the diode
D2 is forward biased. Hence the current flows through D2 and R. Thus, the voltage obtained
across R is full wave rectified as seen is Figure 6.
During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased,
and D3 and D4 are reverse biased. So, the current flows from A to B over diode D1, to C over
R, to D over diode D2, and back to A over the secondary windings of transformer.
During the negative half cycle, the diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased, and D1 and D2 are
reverse biased. So, the current flows from F to D and B over D4, to C over R, to A over D3,
and back to F over the secondary winding. Thus, the waveform shown in Figure 6 is again
obtained.
Since in each case, the current has to go through two diodes, there is a voltage drop in the
bridge equal to two diodes drops.
DC Power Supply:
If a capacitor is added to the output of the rectifier circuit, the half rectified or the full rectified
voltage will charge the capacitor. Hence, depending on the load resistor, a voltage which is
almost dc will be obtained.
From a to b, the capacitor is charged, from b to c, the capacitor is discharged, because the load
resistor R draws current.
PROCEDURE:
C. DC POWER SUPPLY:
1. Add a C = 220 F capacitor between the output terminals. Observe and draw the waveform
EXPERIMENT 9
DIODES AND DC POWER SUPPLY
REPORT
A.
2. Vp2 = .
, T = .
3. Vpout = .
, Tout = .
4.
Name: ..
No :......
Table No:.
Group :..
5.
Vpp, ripple = .
Compare the graphs in A3, A4 and A5. Explain what is happening in A4 (and A5).
B.
1. Vpout = .
2.
, Tout = .
C.
1.
2.
Vpp, ripple = .
3.
4.
Vpp, ripple = .
What is the major difference between the waveforms of C.2 and C.4?
Date:
Table No:
Name:
No:
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