Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I: GENERAL DATA AND LOAD CALCULATION....................................................2
1) Introduction..........................................................................................................................2
2) Building Design parameters.................................................................................................3
2.1) Architectural and Functional Requirements..................................................................3
2.2) Concrete and Steel Grade..............................................................................................3
2.3) Soil Properties................................................................................................................4
2.4) Other Design Parameters...............................................................................................4
3) Loads on Structures..............................................................................................................4
3.1) Dead Load......................................................................................................................4
3.2) Live Loads or Imposed Loads.......................................................................................5
3.3) Seismic Load.................................................................................................................5
PART II: 3D MODELLING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.......................................................8
4) Modeling..............................................................................................................................8
5) Analysis................................................................................................................................8
5.1) Load Cases.....................................................................................................................8
5.2) Load Combinations........................................................................................................9
6) Design..................................................................................................................................9
7) Detailing of the Structural Elements....................................................................................9
PART III: SAMPLE ANALYSIS RESULTS AND SAMPLE DESIGN RESULTS..............10
8) Sample Analysis Results....................................................................................................10
9) Sample Designs..................................................................................................................13
9.1) Sample Design of Columns.........................................................................................13
9.2) Sample Design of Beams.............................................................................................14
9.3) Sample Design of Slab.................................................................................................21
9.4) Sample Design of Isolated Footing .............................................................................23
10) Design Summary..............................................................................................................29
10.1) Column Design Summary..........................................................................................29
10.2) Beam Design Summary..............................................................................................30
10.3) Slab Design Summary................................................................................................31
10.4) Footing Design Summary...........................................................................................31
PART IV: ANNEXES, CONCULSION AND REFERENCES..............................................32
11) Annexes...........................................................................................................................32
12) Conclusion.......................................................................................................................48
13) References.......................................................................................................................49

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

PART I: GENERAL DATA AND LOAD CALCULATION

1) Introduction
The basic aim of structural design calculation is to build a structure, which is safe fulfilling the
intended purpose during its estimated life span, economical in terms of initial and maintenance
cost, durable and maintaining a good aesthetic appearance. A building is considered to be
structurally sound if each and every individual elements of the building satisfy the criteria of
strength, stability, and serviceability besides the requirement of ductility and energy absorption
capability in seismic prone areas. To make a building structurally sound, it is very important
that the structural designer is consulted before its construction. The structural engineer, then
works out the structural schemes and also gives the sizes of the structural members like beam,
column, slab, etc. A building needs to be designed for all loads acting on it. Detailed structural
designs are carried out and working drawings are to be prepared. Safety is the prime concern of
the structural design. Serviceability and economy are other basic requirements that need to be
considered during structural designing. The building should be designed not only for vertical
loads but also for horizontal loads such as wind and earthquake loads. The structural designer
has to take care of the safety of the building against the loads mentioned above. He is
concerned in designing both superstructure and the substructure of the building. A building
must be strong enough to transfer all the loads acting on it safely to the ground. It should be
able to withstand all loads acting on it.
Nepal lies in seismically active region in the boundary of the two colliding tectonic plates
the India plates and the Tibetan plates, along which a relative shear strain of about 2 cm per
year has been estimated. The Indian plate is also sub-ducting at a rate of, thought to be, about 3
cm per year. Thus, Nepal experiences earthquakes frequently. The existence of the Himalayan
range with the worlds highest peaks is evidence of continued uplift. Past records of the
earthquake shows 19 major earthquakes have hit Nepal till now. The 1833 and 1934
earthquakes were the most destructive ones. Recently, we had faced the earthquake of
magnitude 7.9 and were also the destructive one which took the lives of many people and
destruction of various infrastructures as well. So, designing of building against earthquake
forces apart from other forces is a must in case of Nepal.
Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
proof against it. Although, we can design such robust structure, it would be too expensive to
build. It would be far cheaper to rebuild the building again instead of making it proof against
earthquake. Hence, the buildings are made seismic resistant rather than seismic proof.
According to this philosophy, no matter how much severe earthquake occurs, the building
wont collapse although it may be irreparably damaged. In, this background, it is ensured that
this building has been designed to withstand all the acting loads including the earthquake
making it seismic resistant.
Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
proof against it. Although, we can design such robust structure, it would be too expensive to
build. It would be far cheaper to rebuild the building again, instead of making it proof against
earthquake. Hence, the buildings are made seismic resistant rather than seismic proof. The
main philosophy of seismic design is, therefore, to obtain a "no collapse" structure rather than
"no damage" structure. According to this philosophy, no matter how much severe earthquake
occurs, the building wont collapse although it may be irreparably damaged. In, this
background, it is ensured that this building has been designed to withstand all the acting loads
including the earthquake making it seismic resistant.

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

The structures are generally designed for much lower seismic forces than what it may actually
experience during its life time. Since the structure is expected to undergo damage in the event
of a major earthquake, reliance is placed on the inelastic response of the structure beyond
yield. In order achieve the inelastic behavior; structures have to be ductile and capable of
dissipating energy through inelastic actions. Ductility can be achieved by avoiding brittle
modes of failures. Brittle modes of failures include shear and bond failure. Thus the structures
are designed based on the "Weak beam Strong Column" philosophy. This can be achieved by
detailing the members as specified in IS 13920:1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces.
The structural design alone is not enough to ensure the safety of the building, equally
important is its construction. The role of the contractor is of paramount importance as he is the
one to execute the construction work at the site. He is required to execute the work according
to the drawings supplied by the consultant to him and detailing has to be carefully followed. A
large percentage of failure of the building is attributed to poor quality of construction. Past
experiences from damages have shown that quality of material and workmanship plays an
important role in good seismic behavior of the buildings. Hence, quality assurance in
construction is expected to gain good seismic performance.
This report deals with the methodology of the Structural Analysis and Design of the
Residential Building as per IS Code.
The Analysis and design has been done using a renowned FEM Application SAP. The detailed
method of analysis and design has been described in subsequent chapters.
The design philosophy followed is the Limit State Design as per IS 456:2000. The detailing for
the seismic considerations has been done following the Indian Standard Code.

2) Building Design parameters

The parameters followed for the structural analysis and design is as follows. The parameters
regarding the main structural materials like concrete and the reinforcement are as follows.
2.1) Architectural and Functional Requirements
Types of building
Types of structural system
Number of stories
Design provision for future extension
Story Height
Height of parapet wall
Total height of the Building
External wall/ some internal wall
Few internal wall
Plaster thickness

Residential Building
Reinforced Concrete Frame
Three
No
2.845 m
1m
8.535 m
230 mm
115 mm
12 mm

2.2) Concrete and Steel Grade

Cement
Grade of concrete
Grade of steel
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity
Poissons Ratio

Ordinary Portland Cement

M20 for the entire member
Fe500 for both main and shear reinforcement
5000 fck
0.20 for concrete and 0.3 for rebar

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

2.3) Soil Properties

The detailed soil investigation report is not available. So, the bearing capacity of the soil has
been assumed to be 120 KN/m2 (for medium soil)
2.4) Other Design Parameters
The other design parameters as loadings, seismic parameters are described in subsequent
chapters. The overall system consists of moment resisting ductile RCC frames and RCC slabs
and RCC shear walls.
The details of the model are as follows.
i.
Floor Slabs represented by 125 mm thick Shell elements.
ii.

Columns are represented by frame elements of 305 mm x 305 m

iii.

Beams are represented by 230 mm x 355 mm

iv.

Secondary Beams are represented by 230 mm x 305 m

3) Loads on Structures
The following Loads were assumed to occur in Structural System.
Dead Load
Live Load
Seismic Load
3.1) Dead Load
Dead Load on the structure comprises the self-weight of the structural members (like beam,
columns, slab and staircase), weight of the floor finishes, weight of external and partition
walls, weight of parapet wall, weight of water tank and weight of others that significantly
effects the behavior of structural members.
SAP considers self-weight of assigned members so no need to calculate load from self-weight
of beam, slab and columns. But the self-weight of staircase calculated manually and will be
assigned on the corresponding members.
The weight of building materials is taken as per IS 875(Part 1)-1987.
From IS: 875 (Part 1) - 1987
Unit wt. of RCC
= 25 KN/m3
Unit wt. of Cement mortar
= 20.4 KN/m3
Unit wt. of Cement plaster
= 20.4 KN/m3
Unit wt. of Brick masonry
= 19 KN/m3
DL from half inch cement plaster = 0.0127* 20.4
DL from two-inch cement mortar = 0.05* 20.4
Total finishing load on floor
i)

= 0.26 KN/m2
= 1.02 KN/m2
= 1.3 KN/m2

Assuming Exterior Wall thickness of 230 mm (9") without opening.

Load = 0.23*(2.845-0.356) * 19
= 10.89 KN/m
Considering half inch plaster on internal side of wall
= 20.4*2.489*0.0125
= 0.63 KN/m
Total Wall Load
= 11.52 KN/m ~ 12 KN/m

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

While deducting 30% for openings

Load = 12 * 0.7

= 8.4 KN/m ~ 8.5 KN/m

ii)

Partition wall of thickness of 115 mm (4") without opening.

Load = 6 KN/m
iii)

Parapet wall of height 1m,

DL = 0.12*1*19
Plaster load on parapet wall = 20.4*1*0.025
Total wall Load
iv)

Water tank load = 20 KN / 15 m2

= 2.28 KN/m ~ 2.5 KN/m

= 0.5 KN/m
= 3 KN/m
= 1.33 KN/ m2 ~1.5 KN/ m2

3.2) Live Loads or Imposed Loads

From IS: 875 (Part 2) - 1987
All Rooms
Stairs and balcony
Roof (accessible)

2 KN/m2
3 KN/m2
1.5 KN/m2

3.3) Seismic Load

Based on IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002
Calculation of earthquake loads using Seismic coefficient method:
The design horizontal seismic coefficient,
Ah = Z*I*(Sa/g) / (2R) (Cl. 6.4.2, IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002)
Where,
Z
= Zone factor
I
= Importance factor
R
= Response reduction factor
Sa/g = average response acceleration coefficient
Fundamental Natural Period
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T a) in seconds, of moment-resisting
frame buildings with brick infill panels, may be estimated by the empirical expression:
Ta = 0.09*h/d (Cl. 7.6.2)
Where,
h=
Height of Building in meter. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement
walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns.
But it includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected.
d=
Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction
of the lateral force
Here, for the building
Height of the building, h = 8.535 m
Base dimension of building along X-dirn, dx = 11.659 m
Base dimension of building along Y-dirn, dy = 8.756 m

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

So,
Time period of the building, Tx = 0.09h/dx = 0.09 x 8.535 /11.659 = 0.225 sec
Time period of the building, Ty = 0.09h/dy = 0.09 x 8.535 /11.659 = 0.259 sec
Design Seismic Base Shear
The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (V B) along any principal direction is
determined by the following expression
VB = Ah*W (Cl. 7.5.3)
Where,
Ah = The design horizontal seismic coefficient as above
W = Seismic weight of the building that includes total Dead load plus
appropriate amount of live load. [7.4, IS: 1893 (part1)-2002].
Percentage of live load to be taken for calculating seismic weight = 25% for live load
intensity up to and including 3.0 KN/m 2 and 50% for live load intensity above 3.0 KN/m 2.
[Table 8, IS: 1893 (part1)-2002].
The live load on roof need not be considered for calculating the seismic weight of the
building. [7.3.2 IS: 1893 (part1)-2002].

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

Storey

Lateral Load Distribution with Height by Static Method

Storey
mass,
KNs2/m

Storey wt,
KN, Wi

Storey
level, hi
(m)

Wi*hi2

149.60

1467.576

2.845

11878.597

127.52

1250.971

5.690

59.96

588.208

8.535

Total

3306.755

Storey force,
Coefficients

Lateral force, KN
X

0.1247

37.123

37.123

40501.569

0.4253

126.575

126.575

42848.703

0.4500

133.910

133.910

95228.869

1.000

297.608

297.608

Determining Design Seismic Base Shear based on IS 1893

IS 1893(Part 1): 2002
Design horizontal seismic coefficient, Ah
Seismic Zone factor, Z (for Zone V)
Importance factor, I (for residential building)
Response reduction factor, R (for SMRF)
Height of the building, h

=
=
=
=
=

Base dimension of building along X-dirn, dx

ZISa/(2Rg) ( Cl: 6.4.2)

0.36 ( Table 2)
1 ( Table 6)
5 (Table 7)
8.535
11.659

Base dimension of building along Y-dir , dy

Time period of the building,Tx= 0.09h/dx
Time period of the building,Ty = 0.09h/dy
Soil Type

Average Response acceleration coefficient, Sa/g along x-dirn

2.5

Average Response acceleration coefficient, Sa/g along y-dirn

2.5

0.09

Design horizontal seismic coefficient, Ah along y-dirn

Seismic Wt. of building, W
Design Seismic Base shear along x-direction, Vbx
Design Seismic Base shear along y-direction, V by

Design horizontal seismic coefficient, Ah along x-dir

=
=
=

=
=
=

8.756
0.22497 (Cl: 7.6.1)
0.25959
II (For Medium Soil)

0.09
3306.75 KN
297.61 KN
297.61 KN

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

PART II: 3D MODELLING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4) Modeling
The massive data inputs, design analysis, calculations and outputs of the result are computer
aided by the Structural analysis and design software called SAP, which is a special purpose
computer program developed specifically for building structures. It provides the Structural
Engineer with all the tools necessary to create, modify, analyze, design, and optimize the
structural elements in a building model.
A three dimensional linear elastic analysis has been carried out. Since this is Special Moment
Resisting Frame structure, main components to be modeled are: Beams, Columns & Slabs.
Center to center dimension of the structure has been considered in the modeling. The Structure
is assumed to be fixed at the Plinth level. The in-plane stiffness of floor slab has been
considered in the modeling of the structure while the stiffness contribution of partition walls
has been ignored.

5) Analysis
The loads calculated are applied in the modeled building. Besides from the dead and live loads,
the probable seismic loads are also taken care of as Nepal is categorized amongst seismically
active zone. Moreover, the residential building itself carries high importance and the seismic
force consideration is of upmost priority.
Seismic Coefficient method has been adopted for the lateral load analysis. The joint masses of
each floor are exported from the program and base shear is calculated manually. The base shear
is distributed to each floor as per relevant Indian Standard and applied to the model at the
center of mass. The program automatically calculates the center of stiffness of the structure.
Torsion is therefore accounted by the program itself. The rigid end effect has also been
considered in the analysis.
5.1) Load Cases
The following independent load cases have been considered
i. Dead Load (DL)
ii. Live load (LL)
iii. Earthquake load in + ve X-direction (EQPX)
iv. Earthquake load in ve X-direction (EQNX)
v. Earthquake load in + ve Y-direction (EQPY)
vi. Earthquake load in ve Y-direction (EQNY)

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

5.2) Load Combinations

Following load combinations have been adopted as per IS 1893:2002 for the analysis of the
structural components of the building.
Load Combination
1. Dead Load + Live Load
2. Dead Load + Live Load + E/Q Load + X direction
3. Dead Load + Live Load + E/Q Load - X direction
4. Dead Load + Live Load + E/Q Load + Y direction
5. Dead Load + Live Load + E/Q Load - Y direction
6. Dead Load + E/Q Load+ X direction
7. Dead Load + E/Q Load - X direction
8. Dead Load + E/Q Load + Y direction
9. Dead Load + E/Q Load - Y direction
10. 0.9DL + 1.5 EQX
11. 0.9DL - 1.5 EQX
12. 0.9DL + 1.5 EQY
13. 0.9DL +-1.5 EQY

Load Factor
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

6) Design
The design of the members has been done as per philosophy of limit state method as per IS:
456 -2000. The designs of structural members (i.e. beams and columns) were carried out by the
program itself and the design results were checked manually. Here, longitudinal reinforcement
in columns has been calculated based on critical load combination among the above mentioned
load combinations. A symmetric arrangement of the reinforcement has been adopted from
seismic point of view that reversal stress may occur. Longitudinal reinforcement in beams is
also based on critical load combination and it is calculated from the envelope of bending
moment diagram. Spacing of the shear reinforcement has been calculated as per the ductility
criteria as defined in IS 13920 -1993.
The design of slab, staircase and foundation has been carried out manually in spreadsheet.
Footings have been checked for vertical loads and moments developed at the base due to dead
load and live load only. Square footings have been adopted from seismic point of view that
reversal stress may occur. And footing beams are provided for column at foundation for more
rigidity of building and also need for the column located at boundary. The slab has been
designed as two-way slab and is based on the coefficient given in IS 456-2000. The deflection
of slab has been checked and limited to the allowable deflection as prescribed in the IS 4562000.

7) Detailing of the Structural Elements

The Reinforcement detailing of most of the important structural components have been shown
in drawing. They confirm with the relevant sections of the IS Codes IS 456:2000, IS
1893:1984, SP-16 and SP-34.

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

PART III: SAMPLE ANALYSIS RESULTS AND SAMPLE DESIGN RESULTS

8) Sample Analysis Results
The following chapters present the sample results of the analysis and the sample design
calculations.
TABLE: Joint
Displacements
Outpu
Joint
t Case

Case
Type

U1

U2

U3

R1

R2

R3

Text

mm

mm

mm

Radians

Radians

Radians

Text

Text

95

EQX

LinStatic 10.458 -0.443

-0.020

0.000027

0.000421

-0.000145

58

EQX

LinStatic

7.752

-0.638

-0.065

0.000055

0.000563

-0.000107

32

EQX

LinStatic

3.645

-0.307

-0.046

0.000088

0.000929

-0.000052

15

EQX

LinStatic

0.000

0.000

0.000

95

EQY

LinStatic

0.611

11.287 -0.082

-0.000567

-0.000025

-0.000146

58

EQY

LinStatic

0.709

7.463

-0.053

-0.000617

0.000043

-0.00017

32

EQY

LinStatic

0.305

3.405

-0.038

-0.000986

0.000079

-0.000073

15

EQY

LinStatic

0.000

0.000

0.000

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

Joint

Output
Case

Case
Type

U1

U2

U3

Storey
Drift

Text

Text

Text

mm

mm

mm

mm

95

EQX

LinStatic

10.458

-0.443

-0.020

58

EQX

LinStatic

7.752

-0.638

-0.065

2.706

32

EQX

LinStatic

3.645

-0.307

-0.046

4.107

15

EQX

LinStatic

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.645

95

EQY

LinStatic

0.611

11.287

-0.082

58

EQY

LinStatic

0.709

7.463

-0.053

3.823

32

EQY

LinStatic

0.305

3.405

-0.038

4.058

15

EQY

LinStatic

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.405

2845

mm

Storey Height, h =

From IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002, Cl 7.11.1

Storey Drift Limitation, (0.004 * h) =
11.38
mm
Here, the storey drift in any storey due to minimum specified lateral force,
with partial load factor of 1.0 shall not exceed 0.004 times storey height.
Hence OK

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

TABLE: Joint Reactions

Joint

Output
Case

Case Type

F1

F2

F3

M1

M2

M3

Text

Text

Text

KN

KN

KN

KN-m

KN-m

KN-m

COMBO

Combination

2.35

1.82

266.22

15.70

-6.58

0.05

COMBO

Combination

-0.65

2.14

303.62

8.76

6.14

0.05

COMBO

Combination

1.08

3.77

268.54

7.15

-5.37

0.05

COMBO

Combination

0.27

2.94

322.64

0.48

0.65

0.05

COMBO

Combination

-2.20

2.27

184.93

14.73

6.88

0.05

COMBO

Combination

4.10

2.10

424.31

22.10

-7.99

-1.65

COMBO

Combination

-3.17

1.59

424.65

18.48

9.24

1.73

COMBO

Combination

0.22

-0.77

319.56

-6.51

-0.94

0.05

COMBO

Combination

0.19

-0.89

359.78

0.76

-4.93

0.05

10

COMBO

Combination

-1.14

-0.05

275.19

-2.39

5.53

0.05

11

COMBO

Combination

1.90

-5.18

271.96

-37.88

-10.11

1.02

12

COMBO

Combination

-1.62

-3.09

305.42

-21.13

8.20

-0.99

13

COMBO

Combination

0.28

-0.29

259.96

-1.59

-6.52

0.05

14

COMBO

Combination

-0.88

-1.93

260.86

-0.22

-0.82

0.05

15

COMBO

Combination

-0.75

-4.43

175.74

-9.62

7.84

0.05

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

9) Sample Designs
Outputs for sample of critical column and beam after SAP analysis are presented below:
9.1) Sample Design of Columns
The design results for the column using SAP2000 are as follows:

The reinforcement required for heavily loaded column is 1644 mm 2, which has been configured as
C1: 4-20 + 4-16 rebar (2060 mm2)
Similarly,
C2: 8-16 rebar (1608 mm2)
C3: 4-16 + 4-12 rebar (1256 mm2)

Structural Analysis and Design Report of Residential Building

Mrs. Sushila Gautam

9.2) Sample Design of Beams

The design results for the beams using SAP2000 are as follows;

For beams along X Axis, the maximum reinforcement required at top near support is 398 mm 2 and it
has been provided as 2-16mm (through) and 1-12mm (extra) (515 mm2). Similarly, the
maximum reinforcement required at bottom near support is 327 mm 2 and it has been provided as
2-16mm (through) and 1-12mm (extra) (515 mm2).
Similarly, along Y-Axis, the maximum reinforcement required at top near support is 789 mm 2 and it has
been provided as 2-16mm (through) and 2-16mm (extra) (804 mm2). Similarly, the maximum
reinforcement required at bottom near support is 592 mm 2 and it has been provided as 2-16mm
(through) and 2-12mm (extra) (628 mm2).