Fluid Mechanics

Engr. Kristian Azul

Mechanics Study of Forces

Deformable

ES 13

Solid
Rigid

Mechanics

Statics

Dynamics

ES 11

ES 12

Fluid

ES 15

ES 10 Course Outline
Topic
Statics of Rigid
Bodies
Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies
Dynamics of Rigid
Bodies
Fluid Mechanics

Description
Forces, Moments, Equilibrium
Stresses, Strains,
Material Properties
Kinetics and Kinematics
Pressure, Buoyancy, Stability,
Fluid Energy,
Drag and Lift

FLUID MECHANICS
Fluids. Pressure. Buoyancy. Stability.
The largest oil tanker,
Mont (aka Knock
Nevis, Jahre
Viking, Happy
Giant and Seawise
Giant)measures
460 m long by 70 m
wide.
Its DWT (Dead Weight
Tonnage) is ~560,000
tons
*DWT is weight carried
not including weight of
ship itself.

Ship Markings

Fluid Mechanics
What is the difference between Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics?

Hydraulics Gk:hydor water

water only
Fluid Mech L:fluidus to flow
any liquid or gas

FLUID STATICS

Topics
Lecture Notes:

Fluid Properties:
What are the basic mechanical properties
of a fluid?

Hydrostatic Pressure:
How does fluid exert pressure?

Stability:
What causes an object to float and be
stable in water?

Fluids

substance that has an ability to flow

or conform to the shape of its
container.
Properties of Fluid:
Intermolecular forces of
attraction

Intermolecular spacing

Liquid
High

Gas
Low

Low

High

High
Low

Low
High

(Illustration)

Density (relative)
Compressibility

Fluids and Stress

A fluid is defined as a substance

that continually deforms (flows)
under an applied shear stress.
Shear causes flow.

Fluids can be compressed but it

cannot be stretched (eg.
Oxygen tanks).

Pressure

Intensity of Force over an Area (similar to

stress)

Typical Units
Psi pounds per square inch
Pa Pascals; Newton per square meter
Atm atmosphere; the pressure
relative to the atmospheric pressure

mm of Hg height of mercury in a
mercury barometer

Absolute VS Gage
Absolute Pressure - Total pressure exerted on the
system

Gage Pressure Pressure measured by a gauge.

Pabs = Pgage + 1 atm

1 atm = 101.3 kPa
1 atm = 14.7 psi
Standard for tires:
30 35 psi (Pgage)

Pascals Law
"In a body of equally dense fluid at rest, the
pressure is the same for all points in the fluid so
long as those points are at the same depth below
the fluid's surface."

Formula for Pressure in a Liquid

The pressure (P) at a point in a liquid is
directly proportional to the depth of the
point(h) and unit weight of the liquid().

P = h
Note: = g
where:

= unit weight (N/m3)

=density (kg/m3)

g = gravitational pull (10 m/s2)

Formula for Pressure in a Liquid

Formula for Pressure in a Liquid

Formula for Pressure in a Liquid

Formula for Pressure in a Liquid

Free Surface
1m

1 = 10 kg/m3

2m

2 = 20 kg/m3

2m

3 = 30 kg/m3

Pressure:
1m below:
P1 = (10)(10)(1)
= 100 Pa
2m below
P2 = (10)(10)(1)
+(20)(10)(1)
= 300 Pa
5m below
P5 = (10)(10)(1)
+(20)(10)(2)
+(30)(10)(2)
= 1100 Pa

Divers Watch
Divers watches are different since it can resist the
pressure underwater and it will not break. Aside
from other standards like readability and
markings.

Sinking Car
How do you
escape from a
sinking car?

How to escape from a sinking car

1. Brace yourself for impact.

2. Open the window as soon as you can.

3. Remain calm
4. Keep your seat belt on
5. While you can see it, place your outside hand

(the hand closest to the door) on the door latch.

6. Escape through the window or door.

7. Swim to the surface as quickly as possible
8. Get medical attention

Relative Density and Specific

Gravity
Relative density = ratio of the density
of a substance to the density of a
given reference material.
Specific gravity = ratio of the density
of a substance to the density of
water. Relative density with respect
to water.

Specific Gravity
Aluminum min.
Aluminum max.
Brass. cast rolled
Brick
Clay min.
Clay max.
Diamond
Steel
Wood min

2.55
2.8
8.4 - 8.7
8.65
1.8
2.6
3.51
7.8
0.35

Wood max

0.99

Wool

1.32

Specific Gravity
Product
Acetic acid 5% vinegar
Beer
Diesel Fuel Oil
2D/3D/4D/5D
Ink printers
Jet fuel
Lard
Mercury
Milk
Water. fresh
Water. sea 36 oF

Temperature
(Celsius)

Specific
Gravity

15

1.006

15.6

1.01

15.6

0.81 - 0.96

15.6
15.6
15.6
15.6
15.6

1.0-1.4
0.82
0.96
13.6
1.02-1.05
1
1.02

Design of Dams
Dams are designed to withstand the forces
brought about by the pressure from the water it
tries to contain.

Some Types of
Dams

Gravity Dam
Relies on the weight of the dam to resist
overturning.

Usually made of concrete

Grand Coulee Dam

(Columbia River)

Earth Dam
Made up of soil (layers are made then
compacted one after another) with an
impervious core to stop the water flow from
upstream to downstream

New Cornelia Dam

(Tailings Dam in Arizona)

Arch Dam
A curved dam that transfers the load
from the water to the walls
(abutments) on either side of the
dam.

Hoover Dam
(USA)

Buoyancy

Buoyancy

The resultant of the net hydrostatic

pressure acting on the body pushes the

body up.

Buoyant Force

Bouyancy

Principle of Buoyancy
(Archimedes)
A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical
buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it
displaces.

Buoyant Force

Buoyant Force
Buoyant Force
Buoyant Force

Positive buoyancy
If the weight of the body is lighter than the
weight of the displaced fluid, the body will
float towards the surface.
Positive= stays afloat

Buoyant Force

Negative buoyancy
If the weight of the body is heavier than
the weight of the displaced fluid, the body
will sink.
Negative=sinks

Neutral buoyancy
If the weight of the body is the same as the
weight of the displaced fluid, the body can
settle anywhere below the surface.
Neutral=sinks, but not all the way to the
bottom (in the middle)

Buoyant Force

Principle of Buoyancy
(Archimedes)
A floating body displaces its own weight in the
fluid in which it floats.

W* = FB ; FB = Buoyant Force

W
FB

W
FB

How does a ship float when its so

heavy when a needle sinks in water?

5,000,000,000 N

5,000,000,000 N
Buoyant Force

Steel Ships

Titanic vs. Iceberg

Icebergs sank R. M. S. Titanic in 1912 and the S.S.
Hans Hedtoft in 1959. The two tragedies cost
more than 1,600 lives.

Titanic vs. Iceberg

Where would you

weigh more?
On land or
Underwater?

On land VS Underwater measure

weight
Weight

Normal Force by Scale

Weight

Normal Force by Scale

+
Buoyant Force

STABILITY

Stability
Floating object is acted upon by gravity and
buoyant force.

3 types of stability
Stable returns to original position when tilted
Neutral Will stay in new position when tilted
and remain at rest

Unstable Does not return to its original

position when tilted

Stability
A floating body may not approve of its current
position in which it floats. It will overturn at the
first opportunity and is therefore said to be
unstable.

Stability of Floating Structures

How would you know if it will overturn or

not?

Stability of Objects
RIGHTING MOMENT tends to keep the object
from toppling or overturning

Righting
moment

Stability of Objects
OVERTURNING MOMENT Tends to make an
object topple over.

Overturning
moment

Stability
STABLE

UNSTABLE

NEUTRAL

Stability of Floating Objects

Equivalent forces:

Stability of Floating Objects

G Center of Gravity
B Center of Buoyancy; Center of Gravity of
DISPLACED LIQUID

Effect of Shape
Righting
moment

G
B

Pontoon Bridge
Uses floats or boats to support a bridge. Usually a
temporary bridge.
Righting
moment

Pontoon Bridge

Wide Floating Objects

Wide Floating Objects

Wide Floating Objects

Effect of Shape

Overturning
moment

Conditions of stability
Overturning
moment

Righting
moment

Galleons
Old ships have big masts and sails to catch a lot
of wind. How come they dont overturn?

Galleons

Stability

G Center of Gravity
B Center of Buoyancy; Center of
Gravity of DISPLACED LIQUID

M Meta center; Point where the

vertical through the buoyant force

meets the original vertical through
the center of gravity

Unstable

CG

CG

M
CB
CB

Stable

CG

M
CG

CB
CB

Stable

M
CB
CG

CG

CB

Stability

If G is below M: STABLE
If G is the same as M:
NEUTRAL

If G is above M: UNSTABLE

Stability
Floating object is acted upon by gravity and

buoyant force.
3 types of stability
Stable returns to original position when
tilted

G is below M

Neutral Will stay in new position when

tilted and remain at rest

M coincides with G

Unstable Does not return to its original

position when tilted

G is above M

References

http://www.largestships.com/seawise-giant/
http://maritime-connector.com/images/jahreviking-16-wiki-18620.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_(PIC00110).jpg
http://maritime-connector.com/worlds-largest-ships/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage

https://www.breakerlink.com/blog/maintenance/tyres-maintaining-tyres/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal
http://www.thefullwiki.org/Spouting_can
http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org/05/1/6/2/83947613950366755.png
http://www.winkelhage.com/sample-page/grade-8-science/fluids/

http://www.winkelhage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/pressure-bottle.jpg
http://www.wallappeals.com/images/objects/58.jpg
http://www.wallappeals.com/objects.html
http://pngimg.com/img/fruits/pineapple
http://pngimg.com/upload/pineapple_PNG2759.png

https://www.pinterest.com/peterzunneberg/moai/
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/22/54/47/2254476243d70321134dc184dca714ca.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLfa_FjpLOA
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/uLfa_FjpLOA/hqdefault.jpg
https://www.buzzfeed.com/floperry/no-thank-you-horrible-deep-sea?utm_term=.bkv7rovzD#.su3odPn8R

References

https://img.buzzfeed.com/buzzfeed-static/static/2014-12/12/12/enhanced/webdr09/grid-cell-21780-141840388919.jpg

https://img.buzzfeed.com/buzzfeed-static/static/2014-12/12/12/enhanced/webdr09/grid-cell-21780-141840389022.jpg

http://graciouswatch.com/divers-watch/

http://geotip.igt.ethz.ch/mediaHandler.php?gfile=0000001255_002_w.gif&gtype=picture

http://graciouswatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Watch-101-What-is-Divers-Watch.jpg
http://www.farm.net/~mason/materials/specific-gravity.html
http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-23562-strabag-wins-dam-road-works-worth-159m-in-oman/
http://www.constructionweekonline.com/pictures/Aldar/earthen-dam.jpg
http://britishdams.org/about_dams/gravity.htm
http://britishdams.org/images/gravitydam.jpg
http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/images/dam/gravityforces.gif

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/dam/gravity_forces.html
http://blog.oregonlive.com/terryrichard/2008/04/grand_coulee_dam.html
http://blog.oregonlive.com/terryrichard/2008/01/large_GrandCoulee.jpg
http://geotip.igt.ethz.ch/index.php?&gfield=knowledge&gmenuleft=pictures&gopennodes=5_59&gelementid=1255&
PHPSESSID=01n86ctd7qnbo419v4k9i2dsk3

http://clui.org/ludb/site/cornelia-tailings
http://clui.org/sites/default/files/ludb/az/6187/5663385022_25172abcb5_o.jpg
http://www.civileblog.com/types-of-dams/
https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Hoover-Dam-Building-the-Dam
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hoover_dam_from_air.jpg/1280pxHoover_dam_from_air.jpg

References

http://lms.seos-project.eu/learning_modules/marinepollution/marinepollution-c04-p05.html
http://lms.seos-project.eu/learning_modules/marinepollution/images/ballast_water_tanks.png
http://www.titanicuniverse.com/titanic-iceberg-information-about-the-iceberg-that-sank-the-titanic/3620
http://www.titanicuniverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/iceberg.jpg
https://49.media.tumblr.com/b8436d0c1ff901e8ed67b67ad545bc5c/tumblr_ml2kl1qSZa1rke1amo1_500.gif
http://www.clipartlord.com/page/357/
http://www.clipartlord.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/weighing-scale3.png
http://s4.firstpost.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ship.gif
http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/survivor-found-in-overturned-italy-cruise-ship-182669.html
http://en.people.cn/90786/7673371.html
http://en.people.cn/mediafile/201112/12/F201112121252003557302973.jpg

http://altairenlighten.com/2012/08/composite-materials-keeps-adastra-super-yacht-lightweight-fuel-efficient/
http://altairenlighten.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Adastra-2.gif
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger_canoe
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Outrigger_Camiguin_Philippines.jpg
http://www.wowinflatables.ph/category/floating-dock-bridge-platform

http://www.wowinflatables.ph/wp-content/uploads/2011/products/%20FDBP/floating_bridge.jpg
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/524528687826287540/
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/0c/59/53/0c5953d386f09848a22639572dec54a8.jpg
http://www.stephenbiesty.co.uk/galleries_cross_sections_galleon.html
http://www.stephenbiesty.co.uk/jpegs/bigGalleon.jpg
9gag.com