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1. INTRODUCTION
RF engineers and scientists often think of radio signals as a wave propagating inexorably away
from a transmit antenna. An electromagnetic wave is not a single wave, however. Rather, an
electromagnetic wave is a superposition of an electric wave and a magnetic wave. In the far field,
many wavelengths away from a transmit antenna, this distinction is not terribly important, because
the electric and magnetic waves move in lock step with perfectly synchronized phase. In the near
field, within about a half wavelength or so from an electrically small antenna, the electric and
magnetic field phases radically diverge. Close to an electrically small antenna, these fields are in
phase quadrature, i.e. 90 degrees out of phase.
A simple thought experiment involving electromagnetic energy flow establishes why the
fields are in quadrature close to an electrically small antenna and in phase far away. The Poynting
vector (S = ExH) is the measure of the energy flux around the hypothetical small antenna. If the
electric and magnetic fields are phase synchronous, then when one is positive, the other is positive
and when one is negative the other is negative. In either case, the Poynting flux is always positive
and there is always an outflow of energy. This is the radiation (or "real power") case. If the
electric and magnetic fields are in phase quadrature, then half the time the fields have the same
sign and half the time the fields have opposite signs. Thus, half the time the Poynting vector is
positive and represents outward energy flow and half the time the Poynting vector is negative and
represents inward energy flow. This is the reactive (or "imaginary power") case. Thus, fields in
phase are associated with far field radiation and fields in quadrature are associated with near field
quadrature. As this paper will describe in detail, there is a gradual transition from near field phase
quadrature to far field phase synchronicity.
This paper will present a theoretical analysis of near field phase and compare the results to
open field data. Then, this paper will discuss how near field phase phenomena enable a novel RF
tracking technology. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the anomalies of near field phase
behavior can be put to practical use.
p=pOT(t)i
(1)
where the magnitude of the dipole moment is po = Q d and the time dependence is given by the
function T(t). Note also that It = p = d (Qd). Thus, a Hertzian dipole is a good model for an
electrically small dipole antenna, one much smaller than the wavelengths involved.
The electric fields of a Hertzian dipole are given by:
E=
47L5o
r2
rc)
134
c 2r
(2)
H1
(iT i sin OO
P
+
4nr , r
c )
AJA
(3)
rThie
elsewhere [I].
To evaluate the phase response of E,and H, set
the fields to zero and evaluate the behavior of the
zero-crossing. E6, -0 yields:
r(t)= -C..(-
T2
-4TT1)
Il
(a)
(4)
and H -+yields:
r(t) = -c T
(5)
1-t = -{
[cotC{) +
(b)X
(6)
and Ho -* 0 yields:
op
r, =-{c +
r,1I tt1r,
PU) )
_Ph_.R
FI.M
I. .- t--
-lOt
O~H
-.
OE
-~
-90
_15
.1
ro)
]}
(7)
180(or ( cotQr
W
z LC
(8)
and
PbwRu
so-
(a)
[cot
rco
(9)
135
Figure 3 (a) The results of the Ansoft IFSS model are consistent with the theoretical results of Figure 2(b).
(b) Experimental results acquired using prototype near field ranging hardware [Q-Track, 020041
3. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
An Ansoft HFSS simulation further validates the results shown in Figure 2(b). The Ansoft HFSS
model of a small dipole comprises two 10 mm long by I mm diameter cylindrical elements
defined to be perfect electric conductors. These elements are spaced with a 0.2 mm gap and
excited using a 50 ohm lumped port across the gap. The model is embedded in a 1.000 m radius
vacuum sphere and analyzed at 299.79 MHIz so that the sphere is one wavelength in radius. Thus
the dipole has elements of length 0.01X and may be consider a good approximation to a point
dipole source. A radiation boundary condition is imposed at the surface of the sphere. Figure 3(a)
shows the result of the Ansoft HFSS simulation. The results of Figure 3(a) agree with the
theoretical result of Figure 2(b) except for numerical anomalies that crop up at the boundaries.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Repeated trials of a prototype transmitter and receiver in open field testing yielded results in close
6. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a theoretical and computational analysis of near field phase and presents
experimental measurements that closely match predictions. The near field phase behavior
described in this paper forms the basis of a novel means for RF tracking.
Near field electromagnetic ranging technology is:
136
Ei
~0.1
0.05k
0.01
0.50
0.001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Range (m)
(b)
Figure 4(a) System for near field ranging (After Ref 4). (b) Typical accuracy results [Q-Track, 02004].
(a)
(aY)
')-_
Figure 5(a) Transmitter with 60 cm whip antenna. (b) Q-Track's receiver with box loop and dipole antennas
(c) GUI for Q-Track's 2-D real time tracking system showing a 40 ft by 50 ft rectangular path on a
200 ft x 200 ft grid (10 ft/div) [Q-Track, 02004].
o Extremely simple: exploits basic electromagnetic physics without requiring precise timing or
oK
synchronization.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is grateful to the Q-Track Corporation for support, assistance, and permission to
disclose Q-Track proprietary performance information and results.
8. REFERENCES
[1] Hans Gregory Schantz, "Electromagnetic Energy Around Hertzian Dipoles," IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Magazine, Vol. 43, No. 2, April 2001, pp. 50-62.
[2] Heinrich Hertz, Elctric Waves, London: Macmillan & Co., 1893, p. 152
[3] The distinction between retarded and advanced phase is analogous to the distinction between Eulerian and
Lagrangian coordinates in fluid dynamics.
[4] Hans Schantz and Robert DePierre, "System and Method for Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging," U.S.
Patent Publication 2004/0032363 Al, February 19, 2004.
137