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SPARKCHARTSTM
TRIGONOMETRY
SPARK
A FI
INTE
CHARTS
TM
TRIGO
MEASURING ANGLES
We measure angles to see how wide or narrow they are. There are
two standard ways of measuring angles:
Degree ( ): A unit of angular
y
measure in which a complete
revolution is 360 ; each degree
is subdivided into 60 minutes,
counterclockwise
and each minute is subdivided
into 60 seconds.
x
Radians (rad): A unit of angular
clockwise
measure in which a complete
revolution measures 2 radians. The radian measure of an
angle is the length of an arc of the
unit circle cut off by that angle.
and are both in
Converting between degrees
standard position.
and radians:
FUNCTIONS
For more about functions, see the SparkChart on Pre-calculus.
Function: A rule for generating values: for every value you
plug into the function, theres a unique value that comes out.
Often denoted as f (x): for every value x = a that you plug
in, f (a) is the result.
Domain: The set of possible incoming values, x, for a function f (x).
Range: The set of possible outcomes of f (x).
Graphing a function: The process of plotting all the points
x, f (x) in the coordinate plane.
Vertical line test: Checks if something is a function by looking at its graph: any vertical line in the coordinate plane
must intersect the graph no more than once. For every xvalue, there is at most one y -value.
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50495
ANGLES
I SBN 1-58663-625-1
TRIGONOMETRY DEFINED
y-axis
SPARKCHARTS
TM
Ray: Part of a line with one fixed endpoint extending without bound in one direction.
Two rays that share a common endpoint create an angle.
The common endpoint is called the vertex of the angle.
Often we think of an angle as being formed by rotating
a ray clockwise or counterclockwise . We then
terminal
distinguish between the
side
initial side (starting position of the ray) and the
terminal side (end position of the ray) of the
vertex initial
angle.
side
ref
=0
Func. Uni
circl
Zero angle
sin
cos
tan
y
x
csc
1
y
sec
1
x
cot
x
y
<2
Acute angle
y
1
2 revolution
1
360 revolution
rad =
1 = 180
COMP
TYPES OF ANGLES
=2
Right angle
y
Obtuse
angle:
greater
than
90 = rad
and
less
than
2 <
<
Obtuse angle
MNEMON
which of
cosine, a
Quadrant:
Cosine on
y
=
0
Straight angle
GRA
A sinusoid
cosine cur
Amplitude
vertical dis
point).
ref
ref
II
ref
III
IV
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The two ways of thinking about anglesas rotations from the
standard position, or as static shapes in a geometric figure
give two ways of thinking about trigonometric functions.
P = (x, y)
1
O
x = cos
1
1
=
sin
y
Cotangent: cot =
Cosecant: csc =
y = sin
(1, 0) x
Sine: sin = y,
the y -coordinate of P. For all , 1 sin 1.
Because and + 2k define the same point on the unit circle, all trigonometric functions are periodic with a period of 2
(sin, cos, sec, csc), or (tan, cot).
1 cos 1.
hypotenuse
c
Tangent: tan =
b
adjacent
side
sin A =
opposite side
a
=
hypotenuse
c
cos
1
x
=
=
sin
tan
y
y
, the slope of the line OP .
x
1
1
=
Secant: sec =
cos
x
Sine:
opposite
side
Cosine:
cos A =
adjacent side
b
=
hypotenuse
c
tan A =
Period: Th
smallest r
such that f
opposite side
a
=
adjacent side
b
csc A =
c
hypotenuse
1
=
=
a
opposite side
sin A
Secant:
sec A =
c
hypotenuse
1
=
=
b
adjacent side
cos A
b
adjacent side
1
=
=
Cotangent: cot A =
a
opposite side
tan A
SPARK
WESLEY RUGGLES
CHARTS
TM
Sign in quadrant
I II III IV
sin
opp
hyp
all real
numbers
[1, 1]
+ +
cos
adj
hyp
all real
numbers
[1, 1]
+ +
rad.
d a right
n the terI.
tan
Acute angle
all reals
except
opp
adj
y
x
k +
all real
numbers
csc
. The initial
he terminal
, the termi-
y -axis.
hyp
opp
1
x
hyp
adj
all reals
except k
(, 1]
[1, +)
(, 1]
[1, +)
+ +
=2
sec
Right angle
y
ter
than
ess
than
right angle
andard posiin Quadrant
1
y
cot
2 <
all reals
except
k +
adj
opp
x
y
all reals
except k
all real
numbers
+ +
+ +
Obtuse angle
Sine
135
3
4
150
5
6
1
2
1=
180
210
7
6
12
225
5
4
240
4
3
270
3
2
300
5
3
315
7
4
330
11
6
360 = 0
<
2
3
60
+ +
120
1
2
45
<2
0
90
2
2
23
csc
sec
cot
undened
3
2
2
2
3
3
2 3
3
undened
1
2
12
2
2
23
3
2
22
21
2 = 0
2
2
3
2
Tangent Cosine
y = 2sinx
y = sinx
y = 1 sinx
3
1
1
3
The basic shape of the function will stay the same. The sine
curve will start at (h, k) as though it were the origin and go up
if A is positive (down if A is negative). A cosine curve will start
te angles A.
adjacent side
hypotenuse
ute angles A.
period
y = A sin B(x h) + k
y = cos 2x
y = cos x
y = cos x
y
1
1
hypotenuse
=
sin A
opposite side
1
adjacent side
=
tan A
opposite side
(h, k)
opposite side
adjacent side
1
hypotenuse
=
cos A
adjacent side
amplitude
2
B
CONVERTING EQUATIONS
Cosine and sine functions differ only by a phase shift.
cos = sin +
2
sin = cos
2
undened
( 21 , 23 )
( 22 , 22 )
( 23 , 21 )
30
y
(0, 1)
90
0
21
( 23 , 21)
( 22 , 22)
( 21 , 23 )
opposite side
hypotenuse
undened
1 , 3
2 2
2, 2
2 2
3, 1
15
2 2
0
(1, 0) 180
2; so
2 3
3
Common angles and the points they dene on the unit circle
GRAPHING y = A sinB(x h) + k
AND y = A cosB(x h) + k
2
B
(0, 0)
3
2
270
0 0 (1, 0)
x
360 2
33
0
3 , 1
2
2
2 , 2
2
2
1, 3
2
2
11
15
6 7 3 300
4
3
3
3
3
undened
33
Straight angle
233
233
(
x
233
undened
3
3
233
undened
undened
=
0
0
12 5
13
l side lie on
d position,
he negative
undened
rad. The
2 3
3
All
3
3
3
3
3
2
22
1
2
33
12
2 3
3
undened
22
5
7
0 5 6
4
30
tan
60
45
Period
cos
5
6 43
Range
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
0=
24
Domain
sin
4
3
Right
triangle
(rad)
Func. Unit
circle
( )
=0
0
Zero angle
The right-triangle definitions give the same trig values as the unit-circle definitions for acute angles. For angles greater than 90 , apply the right-triangle
definition to a reference angle and attach the appropriate sign.
The initial
coincide.
terminal
is.
(0, 1)
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
An inverse function f 1 undoes what the original functions
did: if y = f (x), then x = f 1 (y). The domain of f 1 (x) is
the range of f (x) and vice versa. Ex: The inverse function of
f (x) = 2x + 3 is f 1 (x) = x3
2 .
If the original function does not pass the horizontal line
testi.e., if it takes on the same value more than once
we restrict the domain of the original function before we
take the inverse. Ex: f (x) = x2 on the whole real line has
no inverse, but the function f (x) = x2 on only the posi
tive reals has the inverse f 1 (x) = x.
All the trig functions take on the same value many times. To construct inverse functions, we restrict the domains as follows:
Function
Domain
sin1 x = arcsin x
[1, 1]
cos1 x = arccos x
[1, 1]
csc
x = arccscx
cot
= arccotx
2 , 2
2 , 2
[0, ]
(, 1] [1, +) 0, 2 , 3
2
Range
3
0, 2 , 2
(0, )
*There is no uniform agreement about which branch of cosecant and secant the inverse functions should follow for x < 0.
Those given here work well with slope formulas from calculus.
TR
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
These identities are true for all angles.
PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
RECIPROCAL AND
QUOTIENT IDENTITIES
sin =
1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
cot2 A + 1 = csc2 A
sin
tan
1
=
sec
csc
cot
1
=
cos =
sec
csc
1
sin
=
cot
cos
tan =
1
cot
csc =
=
sin
cos
tan(A + B) =
COFUNCTION IDENTITIES
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
sec =
ANGLE DIFFERENCE
IDENTITIES
cot =
1
tan
=
cos
sin
1
cos
=
tan
sin
Odd functions
Unchanged if rotated 180 . Equivalently, ipping
over x-axis is the same as ipping over y -axis.
sin() = sin
tan() = tan
= cot
cot
= tan
cos
sec
= csc
csc
= sec
tan
A
=
2
1 cos A
2
1 + cos A
2
A
=
2
cot() = cot SU
A, B,
A
1 cos A
=
2
1 + cos A
sin A
1 cos A
=
=
1 + cos A
sin A
SUM
In any
SQUARE-TO-LINEAR IDENTITIES
1 cos 2A
2
sin2 A =
SO
cos2 A =
1 + cos 2A
2
Solving a
of the thre
tan2 A =
1 cos 2A
1 + cos 2A
BASIC
30 6
slope m1
SO
slope m2
slope m
TECH
Suppos
One sid
angles
Two si
angle b
(say, a
Two si
not bet
(say, a
y = csc1 x
All thre
y = sin x
2
y = csc x
y = sin1 x
1
0
An o
An o
obtu
SINE
ARCSINE
COSECANT
ARCCOSECANT
y = cos1 x
y = sec x
y = sec1 x
y = cos x
1
0
COSINE
ARCCOSINE
SECANT
AR
ARCSECANT
It is po
y = tan x
Suppo
y = cot x
y = cot1 x
y = tan1 x
SPEC
m2 m1
.
1 + m1 m2
tan =
sin A sin B =
A+B
AB
2 cos
sin
2
2
cos A + cos B =
A+B
AB
2 cos
cos
2
2
Adjac
Oppo
Hypo
cos A cosB =
A+B
AB
2 sin
sin
2
2
csc() = csc
3 tan A tan3 A
tan 3A =
1 3 tan2 A
sin
Triangl
HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES
tan
sin A + sin B =
A+B
AB
2 sin
cos
2
2
tan = tan( + k)
cos() = cos
TRIPLE-ANGLE IDENTITIES
= sin
SUM-TO-PRODUCT
IDENTITIES
sec() = sec
2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 tan2 A
Even functions
Unchanged if ipped over the x-axis.
cos
sin A sin B =
1
(cos(A B) cos(A + B))
2
cos A cos B =
1
(cos(A B) + cos(A + B))
2
DOUBLE-ANGLE IDENTITIES
= cos
sin A cos B =
1
(sin(A B) + sin(A + B))
2
Periodicity
tan A tan B
tan(A B) =
1 + tan A tan B
PRODUCT-TO-SUM
IDENTITIES
SYMMETRIES
One s
Two si
(say, a
Two si
them (
All thr
TANGENT
ARCTANGENT
COTANGENT
ARCCOTANGENT
TRIANGLE FORMULAS
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
The Law of Cosines reduces to the Pythagorean theorem when
the angle cosined is a right angle. If C = 90 , then
sin C
sin B
sin A
=
=
c
b
a
a2 + b2 = c2 .
a
C
1
(a + b + c)(a + b c)(a b + c)(a + b + c)
4
= s(s a)(s b)(s c),
b 2 + c2 a2
.
2bc
Also, cos A =
a+b+c
.
2
60
a 3
30 60 90 right triangle
45 45 90 right triangle
c = cosb A
a = b tan A
B = 90 A
45
a
30
45
B
c
b=
B = 90 A
a 2
Type
No solution if
ASA
SAA
A + B 180
SAS
= csc1 x
SSS
A
1. Use Law of Sines to find B : sin B = b sin
a . Potential ambiguity (see ASS: Ambiguous case, below).
2. Use A + B + C = 180 to find C.
3. Use Law of Sines to find c.
a+bc
a+cb
b+ca
a
.
1. Use Law of Cosines to find one angle: A = arccos b +c
2bc
A
. Choose angle so largest angle is opposite
2. Less work: Use the Law of Sines to find a second angle: B = arcsin b sin
a
longest side.
Less thinking: Alternatively, use Law of Cosines one more time.
3. Use A + B + C = 18 to compute the third angle.
Cases:
a < b sin A
A < 90
none
a = b sin A
1 right triangle
B = 90 and
C = 90 A.
none
b<a
1 triangle:
1 triangle:
A 90
b=a
2 triangles:
C < 90 ,
C > 90 .
none
B'
none
none
1 triangle:
cos C =
b
a.
= sec1 x
ASS: Ambiguous case: When two sides and an angle opposite one of them are known (say, a, b, A) and that angle is acute,
A < 90 , the triangle is not always uniquely determined; there may be no solutions or there may be two solutions.
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2a
a
tan A
om a line of
defined by
em
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
BASICS
LINES
A =
b = a + c 2ac cos B
n angle of
.
Herons Formula:
$4.95
NTITIES
LAW OF COSINES
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
2
A + B + C = 180
1
1
1
ab sin C = bc sin A = ac sin B.
2
2
2
20593 36251
quadrant in
Area =
A
SUM OF ANGLES
AREA FORMULAS
SPARKCHARTS
Report errors at
www.sparknotes.com/errors
TIES
LAW OF SINES
TM
AREA OF A TRIANGLE
It is possible to calculate the area of a triangle knowing three of the six measurements (three sides, three angles), provided that one of them is a side.
= cot1 x
Type
ASA
SAA
SAS
Area =
ASS
SSS
Area =
B
c
1
2 ab sin C
b sin A
a
1
4