ANIRBAN BISWAS

JOB 1:-ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE WITH

DEAD LOAD, MEMBER LOAD
Here we 1st select space structure from options in STAADPRO, and then
we select add beam option. Then a building structure is formed, loads are
applied and analyzed and designed. The detailings of each steps are
narrated below.
FORMATION OF A PLAN OF THE STRUCTURE FROM GRID:Naturally a grid comes in the staad window. If it does not come then go to
geometry, then snap/grid node, then beam. Grid will be now visible on the
screen. Now join grids to form the plan of the structure. While joining grids
sometimes a dummy beam may have been formed. To avoid this while
going from one node to another the press control key and go to other node
and then continue the work.it prevents formation of dummy beam. Here we
generally select xz plane to form the grid. We can change number of grid
by editing it. Change of grid number, selection of plane is done by editing
the SNAP/GRID node option.
ELEVATION OF THE STRUCTURE:Now select the plan of the structure. Now click on translational repeat.
Select y axis. No of steps=No of floors required. Default step
spacing=elevation of each floor. After giving these values we have to select
on link steps, to obtain the upper floors. Now we have to make ground floor,
which contains only columns. For this we have to select nodes of lowest
floor in front view. Then we for translational repeat and in default step
spacing we have to provide negative value. Then ground floor will be
generated. If we select nodes in plain view, then nodes will be developed at
a certain distance below at each floor.
SUPPORTS:Now we have to 1st created support. Now at left hand side column 1 st select
general point, then select support option. Now here we have to create the
supports. Click support option, support window will appear on us. Click on
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create support. Here we have to select fixed or pinned or other type
ofsupports. Now go to the front view and select lowest nodes. Now assign
nodes to the support you want to provide. Thus supports are assigned.
PROPERTY:If we want to design the members, then just click the material and choose
the material, now select the structure and assign it to the whole structure.
Otherwise a member is to be selected and checked whether it is safe or
not? If steel member is selected, then click on section database, click on
Indian, and then select suitable sections. Now we have to assign this. Go to
select option, beams parallel to y axis, this will select all columns. Assign all
columns. Now go to front view, select beam with cursor, it will select all
beams, parallel to axes and nonparallel to axes. Assign properties to them.
LOADS:Click on load case details or add option below. Now name load case 1, u
can give any name to load case 1, and select corresponding load.1 ST we
have to assign self-weight. For this purpose select load case one, click on
add button, select self-weight. Now we have to assign this. Select whole
structure, now select the self-weight, and click on assign to selected
beams, now self-weight is assigned to the structure. Now again select load
case details, click on add, add load case 2, select three beams from front
view, and assign the load to them as before. Similarly for lower two floors is
to be done. Then go to load case, click add, select define combination.
Now we have to select load cases for which combination is to be done.
Select load cases and move it to surrounding window. Give factors, do
combination.
ANALYSIS:Click on analysis command, a window will be appeared. Just click on add
and this will generate perform analysis command in command window.
Click on analyzer. It will give the result. An output file will be opened. Click
on view output file, it will show detailed analysis result. Go on post
processing command to see reaction at each support, node displacements,
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beam bending moments, stress. Here we can generate animated
displacement pictures.
DESIGN:Here we have to select steel design and then IS code is selected. Now click
on define parameter. Choose parameters required. Now click on command
in design window. Select check code. Now we have to assign check code
for the whole structure. Now click on analyzer. Design output will be
obtained in output file.

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JOB 2:-ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE WITH
DL, MEMBER LOAD, FLOOR LOAD, and WIND LOAD
Here we 1st select space structure from options in STAADPRO, and then
we select add beam option. Then a building structure is formed, loads are
applied and analyzed and designed. The detailings of each steps are
narrated below.
FORMATION OF A PLAN OF THE STRUCTURE FROM GRID:Naturally a grid comes in the staad window. If it does not come then go to
geometry, then snap/grid node, then beam. Grid will be now visible on the
screen. Now join grids to form the plan of the structure. While joining grids
sometimes a dummy beam may have been formed. To avoid this while
going from one node to another the press control key and go to other node
and then continue the work.it prevents formation of dummy beam. Here we
generally select xz plane to form the grid. We can change number of grid
by editing it. Change of grid number, selection of plane is done by editing
the SNAP/GRID node option.
ELEVATION OF THE STRUCTURE:Now select the plan of the structure. Now click on translational repeat.
Select y axis. No of steps=No of floors required. Default step
spacing=elevation of each floor. After giving these values we have to select
on link steps, to obtain the upper floors. Now we have to make ground floor,
which contains only columns. For this we have to select nodes of lowest
floor in front view. Then we for translational repeat and in default step
spacing we have to provide negative value. Then ground floor will be
generated. If we select nodes in plan view, then nodes will be developed at
a certain distance below at each floor.
SUPPORTS:Now we have to 1st created support. Now at left hand side column 1 st select
general point, then select support option. Now here we have to create the
supports. Click support option, support window will appear on us. Click on
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create support. Here we have to select fixed or pinned or other type of
supports. Now go to the front view and select lowest nodes. Now assign
nodes to the support you want to provide. Thus supports are assigned.
PROPERTY:If we want to design the members, then just click the material and choose
the material, now select the structure and assign it to the whole structure.
Otherwise a member is to be selected and checked whether it is safe or
not? If concrete member is selected, then click on define section and then
give values of the section. It may be any shaped-circular, rectangular, etc.
Give suitable dimension to the concrete section. Now we have to assign
this. Go to select option, beams parallel to y axis, this will select all
columns. Assign all columns. Now go to front view, select beam with cursor,
it will select all beams, parallel to axes and nonparallel to axes. Assign
properties to them.
LOADS:Click on load case details or add option below. Now name load case 1, u
can give any name to load case 1, and select corresponding load.1 ST we
have to assign self-weight. For this purpose select load case one, click on
add button, select self-weight. Now we have to assign this. Select whole
structure, now select the self-weight, and click on assign to selected
beams, now self-weight is assigned to the structure.
Now again select load case details, click on add, add load case 2, select
three beams from front view, and assign the load to them as before.
Similarly for lower two floors is to be done.
Floor loadcan only be provided on a co planner structure. Floor load can
only be applied on a floor which is surrounded by beams. If we select
beams then automatically floor is selected.so 1st we have to select all
beams as specified before from front view. Now go to select, then go to
group selection, and then it will direct to form a new group. A window will
appear. Here we have to give group name and select the floor. It shows
that a group of floor will be formed; otherwise group of nodes or beams
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may be created. Nor create new load case. Give value of floor load in
negative, which shows downward load. Now select group from y range.
Now add. Floor load will be now automatically assigned.
Now come to wind load. For wind load we have to give wind definition 1 st.
Go to definition. Now click on add in the bottom of the window. It will add
type 1 wind1 type wind load. Now click on add. A window will appear now. It
has 2 options-Intensity, exposure. Now select intensity option. Here we can
manually provide wind speed with the height or we can calculate it from
American code. If we have to do so, then click on add button. Fill up values
as required-basic wind speed, building category, exposure category,
structure type etc. Now fill up basic building data and other. Now click on
add to add intensity in the definition. Now a window for exposure will come
in the window. If we assign value 1, then it means 100% wind load will be
applied on the wall. If we assign value 0, then it means 0% wind load is
applied on the wall. All wind passes through the openings. Now we can add
exposure to the definition. We even dont add exposure to definition. Now
click on wind definition, then add-type 2, wind 2. Here add intensity as
before. Now add exposure 1.click on add. Wind definition is ready. Now
generate new load case, wind type. Click on TYPE 1 to select 1 st definition.
If we select x (windward), it will show wind towards positive x axis and
subject on windward face. If we click -X then wind will go towards +x axis
but it will subject on leeward face. Here Factor value will be 1. If we give
factor value -1.and select x axis, it will show wind towards negative x axis
and subject on windward face and for x, on leeward face. Same things
happen for z axis. Now close this window. When we give exposure then we
have to assign this to nodes. So 1st nodes are selected from top view and
assign exposure to these nodes. Now again click on load case details. Take
another load case-wind type. Now select it and click on add. Select types
2.and add it. Now if we select any wind load case, it will show wind
direction with arrows.
Then go to load case, click add, select define combination. Now we have to
select load cases for which combination is to be done. Select load cases
and move it to surrounding window. Give factors, do combination.
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ANALYSIS:Click on analysis command, a window will be appeared. Just click on add
and this will generate perform analysis command in command window.
Click on analyzer. It will give the result. An output file will be opened. Click
on view output file, it will show detailed analysis result. Go on post
processing command to see reaction at each support, node displacements,
beam bending moments, stress. Here we can generate animated
displacement pictures.
DESIGN:Here we have to select concrete design and then IS code is selected. Now
click on define parameter. Choose parameters required. Now click on
command in design window. Select check code. Now we have to assign
check code for the whole structure. Now click on analyzer. Design output
will be obtained in output file.

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JOB 3:-ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE WITH
SEISMIC LOAD, DL, MEMBER LOAD, AND FLOOR LOAD
Here we 1st select space structure from options in STAADPRO, and then
we select add beam option. Then a building structure is formed, loads are
applied and analyzed and designed. The detailings of each steps are
narrated below.
FORMATION OF A PLAN OF THE STRUCTURE FROM GRID:Naturally a grid comes in the staad window. If it does not come then go to
geometry, then snap/grid node, then beam. Grid will be now visible on the
screen. Now join grids to form the plan of the structure. While joining grids
sometimes a dummy beam may have been formed. To avoid this while
going from one node to another the press control key and go to other node
and then continue the work.it prevents formation of dummy beam. Here we
generally select xz plane to form the grid. We can change number of grid
by editing it. Change of grid number, selection of plane is done by editing
the SNAP/GRID node option.
ELEVATION OF THE STRUCTURE:Now select the plan of the structure. Now click on translational repeat.
Select y axis. No of steps=No of floors required. Default step
spacing=elevation of each floor. After giving these values we have to select
on link steps, to obtain the upper floors. Now we have to make ground floor,
which contains only columns. For this we have to select nodes of lowest
floor in front view. Then we for translational repeat and in default step
spacing we have to provide negative value. Then ground floor will be
generated. If we select nodes in plan view, then nodes will be developed at
a certain distance below at each floor.
SUPPORTS:Now we have to 1st created support. Now at left hand side column 1 st select
general point, then select support option. Now here we have to create the
supports. Click support option, support window will appear on us. Click on
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create support. Here we have to select fixed or pinned or other type of
supports. Now go to the front view and select lowest nodes. Now assign
nodes to the support you want to provide. Thus supports are assigned.
PROPERTY:If we want to design the members, then just click the material and choose
the material, now select the structure and assign it to the whole structure.
Otherwise a member is to be selected and checked whether it is safe or
not? If steel member is selected, then click on section database and
choose Indian and select suitable size of member. Go to select option,
beams parallel to y axis, this will select all columns. Assign all columns.
Now go to front view, select beam with cursor, it will select all beams,
parallel to axes and nonparallel to axes. Assign properties to them.
LOADS:Click on load case details or add option below. Now name load case 1, u
can give any name to load case 1, and select corresponding load.
Always take seismic load take 1st load type, otherwise it will not work.1st go
to seismic definition. Select IS 1893-2005. Now click on generate. Here we
can select city, zone, importance of the building, soil type, damping ratio
etc. now click on generate and then add. Now click on self-weight. Choose
self-weight factor 1 for normal case. Here we can give factor more than 1
for other cases to incorporate factor of safety. Clicks on add and similarly
add other weights. Now add load cases. Here 1 st load cases should be
reserved for seismic load. Select load case, click add, Click on direction
and add, thus take 4 load cases for 4 direction for seismic load.
Now we have to assign self-weight. For this purpose select load case one,
click on add button, select self-weight. Now we have to assign this. Select
whole structure, now select the self-weight, and click on assign to selected
beams, now self-weight is assigned to the structure.

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Now again select load case details, click on add, add load case 2, select
three beams from front view, and assign the load to them as before.
Similarly for lower two floors is to be done.
Floor loadcan only be provided on a co planner structure. Floor load can
only be applied on a floor which is surrounded by beams. If we select
beams then automatically floor is selected.so 1st we have to select all
beams as specified before from front view. Now go to select, then go to
group selection, and then it will direct to form a new group. A window will
appear. Here we have to give group name and select the floor. It shows
that a group of floor will be formed; otherwise group of nodes or beams
may be created. Nor create new load case. Give value of floor load in
negative, which shows downward load. Now select group from y range.
Now add. Floor load will be now automatically assigned.
Then go to load case, click add, select define combination. Now we have to
select load cases for which combination is to be done. Select load cases
and move it to surrounding window. Give factors, do combination.
ANALYSIS:Click on analysis command, a window will be appeared. Just click on add
and this will generate perform analysis command in command window.
Click on analyzer. It will give the result. An output file will be opened. Click
on view output file, it will show detailed analysis result. Go on post
processing command to see reaction at each support, node displacements,
beam bending moments, stress. Here we can generate animated
displacement pictures.
DESIGN:Here we have to select concrete design and then IS code is selected. Now
click on define parameter. Choose parameters required. Now click on
command in design window. Select check code. Now we have to assign
check code for the whole structure. Now click on analyzer. Design output
will be obtained in output file.

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JOB 4:-COMPARISON OF DEFLECTION IN MESHING AND
MASTER SLAVE METHOD
We first form a frame structure. But frame structure is not a real scenario. It
contains slabs which provide it in plane rigidity. Now we can assign this in
our structure in two ways. We can provide plate by meshing. Or we can
provide master node. What is master node? If we select a node as master
node, then all nodes move in a same amount as master node moves.
MESHING:Here we provide physical plates. To do this 1st go to geometry, select
parametric model. Go to preview model. Now click on add in mesh window.
Now go to front view, select a beam, right click and go to new view option.
Now in new view option go to top view. Now after clicking on the add button
of parametric model, a separate plate cursor comes. Now select corners of
the top view to incorporate the total geometry. Now click on merge mesh
option. Meshing will be created. Now go to preview model and do the same
job for other floors as directed above.

MASTER SLAVE:As we made before, 1st make new view option, and select a floor
and see that in new view option. Now go to property, select node
option. Here software will ask for node number, it is the number of
master node. Now click on rigidity, and then zx plane to select zx
plane. Now other nodes apart from master nodes are selected
and assigned.
COMPARISON:Comparison for a floor has shown in the excel sheet which shows that
resultant displacement in master slave method is more than meshing for a
particular floor.

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JOB 5:-TUTORIAL VIDEO ON WIND LOAD
Here we have used aTube catcher for screen capture. Here 1st we
select screen capture. Then we have to select area. Select area
from top left corner to bottom right corner without the status bar.
Now click on minimize on start, record cursor, use hot keys. Use f 7
for starting of screen capture, f8 for stooping, f9 for playing video.
WIND LOAD:For wind load we have to give wind definition 1st. Go to definition.
Now click on add in the bottom of the window. It will add type 1
wind1 type wind load. Now click on add. A window will appear
now. It has 2 options-Intensity, exposure. Now select intensity
option. Here we can manually provide wind speed with the height
or we can calculate it from American code. If we have to do so,
then click on add button. Fill up values as required-basic wind
speed, building category, exposure category, structure type etc.
Now fill up basic building data and other. Now click on add to add
intensity in the definition. Now a window for exposure will come in
the window. If we assign value 1, then it means 100% wind load
will be applied on the wall. If we assign value 0, then it means 0%
wind load is applied on the wall. All wind passes through the
openings. Now we can add exposure to the definition. We even
dont add exposure to definition. Now click on wind definition, then
add-type 2, wind 2. Here add intensity as before. Now add
exposure 1.click on add. Wind definition is ready. Now generate
new load case, wind type. Click on TYPE 1 to select 1st definition.
If we select x (windward), it will show wind towards positive x axis
and subject on windward face. If we click -X then wind will go
towards +x axis but it will subject on leeward face. Here Factor
value will be 1. If we give factor value -1.and select x axis, it will
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show wind towards negative x axis and subject on windward face
and for x, on leeward face. Same things happen for z axis. Now
close this window. When we give exposure then we have to
assign this to nodes. So 1st nodes are selected from top view and
assign exposure to these nodes. Now again click on load case
details. Take another load case-wind type. Now select it and click
on add. Select types 2.and add it. Now if we select any wind load
case, it will show wind direction with arrows.
JOB 6:-TUTORIAL VIDEO ON SEISMIC LOAD
Here we have used aTube catcher for screen capture. Here 1st we
select screen capture. Then we have to select area. Select area
from top left corner to bottom right corner without the status bar.
Now click on minimize on start, record cursor, use hot keys. Use f7
for starting of screen capture, f8 for stooping, f9 for playing video

Always take seismic load take 1st load type, otherwise it will not
work.1st go to seismic definition. Select IS 1893-2005. Now click
on generate. Here we can select city, zone, importance of the
building, soil type, damping ratio etc. now click on generate and
then add. Now click on self-weight. Choose self-weight factor 1 for
normal case. Here we can give factor more than 1 for other cases
to incorporate factor of safety. Clicks on add and similarly add
other weights. Now add load cases. Here 1st load cases should be
reserved for seismic load. Select load case, click add, Click on
direction and add, thus take 4 load cases for 4 direction for
seismic load.

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JOB10:-COMPARISON OF BASE PRESSURE AT FOUR
CORNERS OF FOOTING IN STAAD PRO ANALYSIS
AND HAND CALCULATION
Generally footings are always in biaxial bending. So stress comes due to
axial compression, as well as from moment about x axis and moment about
z axis. Now axial force(P) is the combination of 1.Reaction in the column,
(R) 2.Self weight of footing, (F) 3.Soil weight over the foundation up to
ground level, (SW) 4.Surcharge, (S) 5.Bouyancy force (B). Now this
load passes through the centroid of the footing, so no eccentricity is
generated. No extra moment due to axial force is generated.so, Axial
Force=R+F+SW+S-B.
Now consider the footing 1 in the file foundation 1.sfa.Base pressure at
these 4 corners have been provided in calculation sheet. But we have to
now make hand calculation to determine Base pressure. Then we will
compare these two values. Here we take load case 5 for support 2.

For Column 2,
Axial Reaction=R=196.362 KN,

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Self-Weight of Footing=Volume of footing*Unit Weight of Concrete
F = (length*breadth*height)*unit weight of concrete
3
3
F = (2.6*2.6*0.403) m *25 KN/ m =68.107 KN

Soil weight over the foundation up to ground level

SW= Volume of soil over footing*Unit Weight of Soil
SW= (Area of footing*Height of soil over Footing)*Unit Weight of Soil
3
3
SW= (2.6*2.6*2) m *22 KN/ m

SW=297.44 KN
Surcharge=S=0 KN
Buoyancy force= Volume of footing*Unit weight of water
3
3
= (2.6*2.6*(2+.403-1) m *9.8 KN/ m

B=92.946 KN
Now total axial compression= R+F+SW+S-B
=196.362 KN+68.107 KN+297.44 KN+ 0 KN- 92.946 KN
P=468.963 KN
Now Moment about X axis= MX= -144.241 KN
Moment about Z axis= MX =-0.880 KN
Now Section Modulus of the footing is same in both x and z axis as it is a
square footing. Length of each side is=2.6 m.
3
3
Now for rectangular footing section modulus=z= 2.6 /6=2.929 m

Now Base Pressure is equal to

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B=P/A MX/Z MZ/Z
2
2
Now P/A= 468.963 / 2.6 =69.373 KN/ m

Now moment will be modified due to presence of support reaction at x axis

and z axis.
Now modified moment for X axis= MX=-144.241+ (-77.557*0.403) =175.496 KN-M
Now modified moment for Z axis= MZ=-0.880+ (0.403*(1.006)) =-0.475 KNM
2
MX/Z=-175.496 /2.929 =-59.917 KN/ m
2
MZ/Z=-0.475 /2.929 =-0.162 KN/ m

B=P/A MX/Z MZ/Z

2
2
= 69.373 KN/ m2 59.917KN/ m 0.162 KN/ m

2
B2=Base pressure at corner 2=69.373 KN/ m2+ 59.917KN/ m +
2
0.162 KN/ m
2
=129.452 KN/ m

2
B1=Base pressure at corner 1= 69.373 KN/ m2+ 59.917KN/ m
2
0.162 KN/ m
2
=129.128 KN/ m

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2
B4=Base pressure at corner 4= 69.373 KN/ m2 59.917KN/ m
2
0.162 KN/ m
2
=9.294 KN/ m

2
B3=Base pressure at corner 3= 69.373 KN/ m2 59.917KN/ m +
2
0.162 KN/ m
2
=9.618 KN/ m

Now base pressure at four corners comes as follows:-

Comparison between two approaches is shown below:-

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CORNER

STAAD PRO
CALCULATION

HAND CALCULATION

2
137.5281 KN/ m

2
129.128 KN/ m

2
138.4061 KN/ m

2
129.452 KN/ m

2
18.584 KN/ m

2
9.618 KN/ m

2
17.706 KN/ m

2
9.294 KN/ m

JOB 15:-CAPACITY IN FLEXURE OF A DOUBLY SYMMETRIC

COMPACT I-SHAPED MEMBERS BENT ABOUT MAJOR AXIS
OBJECTIVE:We determine capacity of a doubly symmetric compact I shaped section in
bending about major axis as per SECTION F2 OF AISC360-10.Then we
determine the capacity of the same section in STAAD-PRO.A comparison
between two results will be made. Our main objective is to see the extent of
correctness of the result given by STAAD-PRO.
As per AISC360-10 following sections come under this category.

MATERIAL PROPERTY:Material =Steel

ModulusofElasticity(E) =29000 ksi.
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Yield Stress (FY) =36 ksi.
SECTION PROPERTY:Section:-W18x50.
WidthofFlange (BF) =7.5 inch.
Thicknessof Flange (TF) = 0.57 inch.
OverallDepth(D) =18 inch.
Thicknessofweb(TW) =0.355 inch.
3
PlasticSectionModulus (ZX) = 101 inch .

RadiusofGyrationabout YAxis (ry) =36 inch.

4
MomentofInertiaaboutYAxis (IY)=40.1 inch .
4
TorsionalConstant (J) =1.24 inch .
6
WarpingConstant (CW)=3040 inch .
3
ElasticSectionModulusaboutPrincipalAxis(sx) =88.9 inch .

The Nominal Flexural Strength,MNshall be the lower value obtained

according to the limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and lateral
torsional buckling.
1. Yielding:- As per section F2.1 of AISC360-05

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MN=MP=FYZX
3
=36 ksi.* 101 inch .

MP=MN=3636 Kip-Inch=303 Kip-Feet.

2.LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING:Strength of the beam in lateral torsional buckling depends on braced length
of the beam. There are 3 conditions on the basis of its braced length. So 1 st
we have shown the length of the beam which has analyzed and designed
in the staad window. From following figure it is clear that, length of the
beam is 9 feet i.e.108 inch.

Braced Length (LB) =108 inch.

Limiting laterally unbraced length for limit state of yielding,
(LP)=1.76 rySQRT (E/FY)
=1.76*36 inch*SQRT (29000/36)
LP=82.42223 inch
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Now, rts=Effective radius of gyration. As per AISC equation F2-7

rts=

40.13040
=1.981772 inch.
88.9

ho=Distance Between The Flange Centroids

=18-0.57=17.43 inch.
Now, Lr=Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic
lateral-torsional buckling in inch.

Lr=1.95*1.981772*(29000/ (0.7*36))*

1+ 1+6.76(

1.241
88.917.43 *

0.73617.4388.9
)
290001.241

Lr=251.4567 inch.
Now, As per AISC360-10, Section F2.2

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In our case case b has happened, as 82.42223<108<251.4567.

Here we assume that Cb=1.
FCR=1*

29000

1081.981772
/(
*
2

1+

0.00781.241 82.42223 2
(
)
88.917.43
1.981772

=104.9265534 Ksi.
Mn= FCR*sx
=104.9265534*88.9=3424.804 Kip-Inch=285.400333 Kip-Feet<303KipFeet(OK)
From 1 and 2,
MN shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of
yielding (plastic moment) and lateral torsional buckling=285.400333
Kip-Feet.
As per AISC360-05,

The Design Flexural Strength=0.90*285.400333=256.8603 Kip-Feet.

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
CAPACITY OF THE SECTION IN FLEXURE FROM AISC360-10 IS
OBTAINED AS=256.8603 Kip-Feet.
From STTAD-PRO,
Capacity of the section in flexure=257 Kip-Feet
So, variation = (257-256.8603)/257*100
=0.054391, which is negligible.
So, We can conclude that STAADPRO gives correct result for doubly
symmetric compact I shaped section in bending about major axis.
STAADPRO output is provided in the following page.

STAAD OUTPUT FILE

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 23

ANIRBAN BISWAS

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
JOB 16:-CAPACITY IN BENDING FOR I SHAPED MEMBERS
WITH COMPACT WEB AND NON COMPACT OR SLENDER
FLANGES BENT ABOUT THEIR MAJOR AXIS
We determine capacity of a doubly symmetric I shaped section having
compact web and non-compact or slender flanges, in bending about major
axis as per SECTION F3 OF AISC360-10.Then we determine the capacity
of the same section in STAAD-PRO.A comparison between two results will
be made. Our main objective is to see the extent of correctness of the
result given by STAAD-PRO.
As per AISC360-10 following sections come under this category

MATERIAL PROPERTY:Material =Steel

ModulusofElasticity(E) =29000 ksi.
Yield Stress (FY) =50 ksi.
SECTION PROPERTY:Section:-W14x90.
WidthofFlange (BF) =14.5 inch.
Thicknessof Flange (TF) = 0.71 inch.
OverallDepth(D) =14 inch.
Thicknessofweb(TW) =0.44 inch.
3
PlasticSectionModulus (ZX) = 157 inch

RadiusofGyrationabout YAxis (ry) =3.7 inch.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
4
MomentofInertiaaboutYAxis (IY) =362 inch .
4
TorsionalConstant (J) =4.06 inch .
6
WarpingConstant (CW) =16000 inch .
3
ElasticSectionModulusaboutPrincipalAxis(sx) =143 inch .

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SECTION:1.CLASSIFICATION OF WEB:DESCRIPTI

ON OF
ELEMENT

WIDTH
THICKNE
SS RATIO

FLEXURE
h/tw
IN WEBS
OF DOUBLY
SYMMETRI
C I-SHAPED
SECTIONS

LIMITING
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR
COMPACT
SECTION
3.76
E/ FY

LIMITING EXAMPLE
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR NONCOMPACT
SECTION
5.70
E/ FY

h=(Overall Depth (D)-2*Width of flange-2*Root radius)

=(14-2*0.71-2*0.4)=11.78 inch.
h/tw=11.78/0.44=26.772
3.76 E/ FY =3.76

29000
=90.55279
50

26.772<90.55279
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
h/tw<3.76 E/ FY ,So, Web of the section is compact in nature.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF FLANGE:DESCRIPTI
ON OF
ELEMENT

WIDTH
THICKNE
SS RATIO

FLEXURE IN b/t
FLANGES
OF DOUBLY
SYMMETRI
C I-SHAPED
SECTIONS

LIMITING
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR
COMPACT
SECTION
0.38
E/ FY

LIMITING EXAMPLE
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR NONCOMPACT
SECTION
1 E/ FY

b=WidthofFlange (BF)/2
=14.5/2 inch
b=7.25 inch
b/t=7.25/0.71=10.211267
0.38 E/ FY
1 E/ FY

=0.38 29000/50 =9.151612

= 29000/50 =24.08318

9.151612<10.211267<24.08318
0.38 E/ FY <b/t< E/ FY
So, Flange of the section is non compact in nature.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
As web of the section is compact and flange is non-compact,
Capacity of this beam section will be determined as per section F3 of
AISC360-10.

The Nominal Flexural Strength,MNshall be the lower value obtained

according to the Limit States of Lateral Torsional Buckling and
Compression Flange Local Buckling.
1.LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING:Strength of the sectionunder category F3,in lateral torsional buckling is
determined by sectionF2.2 of AISC360-10.
Strength of the beam in lateral torsional buckling depends on braced length
of the beam. There are 3 conditions on the basis of its braced length. So
1stwe have shown the length of the beam which has analyzed and designed
in the staad window. From following figure it is clear that, length of thebeam
is 9 feet i.e.108 inch.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
Braced Length (LB) =108 inch.
Limiting laterally unbraced length for limit state of yielding,
(LP) =1.76 ry SQRT (E/FY)
=1.76*3.7 inch*SQRT (29000/50)
LP =156.8297 inch
Now, rts=Effective radius of gyration. As per AISC equation F2-7

rts=

36216000
143

=4.102411 inch.

ho=Distance Between The Flange Centroids

=14-0.71=13.29inch.
Now, Lr=Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic
lateral-torsional buckling in inch.

Lr=1.95*4.102411*(29000/ (0.7*36))*

4.061
14313.29 *

0.75013.29143
1+ 1+6.76(
)
290004.061

Lr=510.5282 inch.
Now, As per AISC360-10, Section F2.2

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS

In our case case a has happened, as 108<156.8297

Mn= FY*zx
=50*157=7850 Kip-Inch=654.17 Kip-Feet.
2.COMPRESSION FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING:As per section F3.2 of AISC 360-10,

In our case Flange isNON COMPACT in nature. So we will follow case a

of section F3.2 to determine capacity in compression flange local
buckling.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
Mn=(MP-( MP-0.7*FY*SX)*((-pf)/( rf- pf)))
=(7850-(7850-0.7*50*143)*((10.211267-9.151612)/(24.0831-9.151612)))
MN=7648.098 Kip-inch.
From 1 and 2,
MN shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of
lateral torsional buckling and compression flange local
buckling=7648.098 Kip-inch.
As per AISC360-05,

The Design Flexural Strength=0.90*7648.098/12=573.607 Kip-Feet.

CAPACITY OF THE SECTION IN FLEXURE FROM AISC360-10 IS
OBTAINED AS=573.607 Kip-Feet.
From STTAD-PRO,
Capacity of the section in flexure=573 Kip-Feet
So, variation = (573.607-573)/573.607*100 =0.105878, which is negligible.
So, we can conclude that STAADPRO gives correct result for doubly
symmetric I shaped section with compact web and non-compact or
slender flanges bent about major axis.

STAAD OUTPUT

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 31

ANIRBAN BISWAS

JOB 17:-CAPACITY IN BENDING FOR I SHAPED MEMBERS

WITH NONCOMPACT WEBS AND NON COMPACT OR
SLENDER FLANGES BENT ABOUT THEIR MAJOR AXIS
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 32

ANIRBAN BISWAS
We determine capacity of a doubly symmetric I shaped section having noncompact web and non-compact or slender flanges, in bending about major
axis as per SECTION F4 OF AISC360-10.Then we determine the capacity
of the same section in STAAD-PRO.A comparison between two results will
be made. Our main objective is to see the extent of correctness of the
result given by STAAD-PRO.

MATERIAL PROPERTY:Material =Steel

ModulusofElasticity(E) =14583.33333 ksi.
Yield Stress (FY) =65 ksi.
SECTION PROPERTY:Section:-M12x11.8.
WidthofFlange (BF) =3.065 inch.
Thicknessof Flange (TF) = 0.225 inch.
OverallDepth(D) =12 inch.
Thicknessofweb(TW) =0.177 inch.
3
PlasticSectionModulus (ZX) = 14.3 inch .
4
MomentofInertiaaboutYAxis (IY) =1.09 inch .
4
TorsionalConstant (J) =0.05 inch .
6
WarpingConstant (CW) =37.7 inch .

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
Elastic Section Modulus about Principal Axis Referred to Tension
3
Flanges (sxt) =11.98 inch

Elastic Section Modulus about Principal Axis Referred to

3
compression Flanges (sxc) =11.98 inch

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SECTION:1. CLASSIFICATION OF WEB:DESCRIPTI

ON OF
ELEMENT

WIDTH
THICKNE
SS RATIO

FLEXURE
h/tw
IN WEBS
OF DOUBLY
SYMMETRI
C I-SHAPED
SECTIONS

LIMITING
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR
COMPACT
SECTION
3.76
E/ FY

LIMITING EXAMPLE
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR NONCOMPACT
SECTION
5.70
E/ FY

h=(Overall Depth (D)-2*Width of flange) (conservative calculation)

= (12-2*0.225)=11.55 inch.
h/tw=11.55/0.177=65.2542
3.76 E/ FY =3.76

14583.33333
=56.31963
65

5.70 E/ FY =5.70

14583.33333
=85.378118
65

56.31963<65.2542<85.378118
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
3.76 E/ FY <h/tw<5.70 E/ FY ,So, Web of the section is non-compact
in nature.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF FLANGE:DESCRIPTIO WIDTH
LIMITING
N OF
THICKNES WIDTHELEMENT
S RATIO
THICKNES
S RATIO
FOR
COMPACT
SECTION
FLEXURE IN b/t
0.38
FLANGES
E/ FY
OF DOUBLY
SYMMETRIC
I-SHAPED
SECTIONS

LIMITING
EXAMPLE
WIDTHTHICKNES
S RATIO
FOR NONCOMPACT
SECTION
1 E/ FY

b=WidthofFlange (BF)/2
=3.065/2 inch
b=1.5325 inch
b/t=1.5325/0.225=6.8111111
0.38 E/ FY
1 E/ FY

=0.38 14583.33333/65 =5.6918

= 14583.33333/ 65 =14.9786

5.6918<6.81111<14.9786
0.38 E/ FY <b/t< E/ FY .So, Flange of the section is non-compact in
nature.
As web of the section is non-compact and flange is non-compact, We
follow section F4 of AISC360-10.
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
The Nominal Flexural Strength,MNshall be the lower value obtained
according to the Compression Flange Yielding, Compression Flange
Local Buckling, Limit States of Lateral Torsional Buckling, Tension
Flange Yielding.
1.COMPRESSION FLANGE YIELDING: - As per section F4.1, strength of
the section due to compression flange yielding is as follows;

To determine the strength first we have to find out R PC, The Web
Plastification Factor.
Now, hc/tw=65.2542,pw=56.31963
hc/tw> pw, RPC will be determined as per equation F4-9B.
RPC= (MP/MYC-(MP/MYC-1) ((- pw)/ (RW- pw))) <= MP/MYC
ZXFY=14.3*65 Kip-inch=929.5 Kip-inch.
1.6SXCFY=1.6*11.98*65=1245.92Kip-inch.
ZXFY<1.6SXCFY,
SO, MP= ZXFY=929.5 Kip-inch.
MYC=SXC*FY=11.98*65=778.7 Kip-inch.
MP/MYC=929.5/778.7=1.193656
RPC=(1.193656-(1.193656-1)*((65.254237-56.3196)/(85.378118-56.3196)))
RPC= 1.134113<1.193656 (OK)
Mn=SXCFYRPC=1.134113*11.98*65 =883.1335 Kip-inch.

JOB 18: FLEXURE CAPACITY OF RECTANGULAR HSS

SECTION
We determine capacity of a rectangular HSS section bending about major
axis as per SECTION F7 OF AISC360-10.Then we determine the capacity
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
of the same section in STAAD-PRO.Our main objective is to see the extent
of correctness of the result given by STAAD-PRO.
MATERIAL PROPERTY:Material =Steel
ModulusofElasticity(E) =29000 ksi.
Yield Stress (FY) =36 ksi.
SECTION PROPERTY:Section:-HSS 20x8x5/16.
WidthofFlange (BF) =8 inch.
WidthofWEB (DF) =20 inch.
Thicknessof Flange (TF) = 0.291 inch.
Thicknessofweb(TW) =0.291 inch.
3
PlasticSectionModulus (ZX) = 52 inch .
4
MomentofInertiaaboutXAxis (IX) =786 inch .
3
ElasticSectionModulusaboutXAxis(sx) =78.6 inch .
3
ElasticSectionModulusaboutYAxis(sY) =47.4 inch .

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SECTION:1. CLASSIFICATION OF WEB:h= (20-3*0.291) =19.127

h/t= 19.217/0.291=65.72852

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
DESCRIPTI
ON OF
ELEMENT

WIDTH
THICKNE
SS RATIO

FLEXURE IN h/t
WEBS OF
DOUBLY
SYMMETRIC
I-SHAPED
SECTIONS

LIMITING
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR
COMPACT
SECTION
2.42
E/ FY

LIMITING EXAMPLE
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR NONCOMPACT
SECTION
5.70
E/ FY

2.42 E/ FY =2.42* 29000/36 =68.68519

h/t<2.42 E/ FY , so web of the section is compact in nature.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF FLANGE:DESCRIPTIO
N OF
ELEMENT

WIDTH
THICKNES
S RATIO

FLEXURE IN
FLANGES
OF DOUBLY
SYMMETRIC
I-SHAPED
SECTIONS

b/t

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

LIMITING
WIDTHTHICKNES
S RATIO
FOR
COMPACT
SECTION
1.12
E/ FY

Page 38

LIMITING
WIDTHTHICKNES
S RATIO
FOR NONCOMPACT
SECTION
1.40
E/ FY

EXAMPLE

ANIRBAN BISWAS
b/t= (8-0.291*3)/0.291=24.491
1.12 E/ FY =1.12 29000/36 =31.78819
1.40 E/ FY =1.40 29000/36 =39.73523
1.12 E/ FY >b/t
Flange is compact in nature.
The Nominal Flexural Strength,MNshall be the lower value obtained
according to the Yielding, Web Local Buckling, Flange Local Buckling.
1. YIELDING:Strength of the HSS section in yielding is governed by the equation
F7-1.

MNX=MPX=FYZX
3
=36 ksi.* 98.6 inch .

MPX=MNX=3549.6 Kip-Inch=295.8 Kip-Feet

MNY=MPY=FYZY
3
=36 ksi.* 52 inch .

MP=MN=1872 Kip-Inch=156 Kip-Feet

2. WEB LOCAL BUCKLING:Strength of the section in web local buckling is governed by section F7.3
In our case section is compact, So, we local buckling will not affect in the
strength of the section as per section F7.3.1 of AISC-360-10.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS

2. FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING:Strength of the section in flange local buckling is governed by section F7.2

As flange in our case is compact in nature, So flange local buckling will not
affect in the strength of the section.
From 1, 2 and 3,
MN shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of
yielding (plastic moment), flange local buckling, web local buckling
=295.8 Kip-Feet.
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 40

ANIRBAN BISWAS
As per AISC360-05,

The Design Flexural Strength=0.90*295.8=266.22 Kip-Feet.

CAPACITY OF THE SECTION IN FLEXURE FROM AISC360-10 IS
OBTAINED AS=266.22 Kip-Feet.
From STTAD-PRO,
Capacity of the section in flexure=266 Kip-Feet
So, variation = (266.22-266)/266.22*100
=0.082638, which is negligible.
Capacity in torsion=0.9*156=140.4 Kip-feet.
CAPACITY OF THE SECTION IN TORSION FROM AISC360-10 IS
OBTAINED AS=140.4 Kip-Feet.
From STTAD-PRO, Capacity of the section in torsion=143 Kip-Feet
So, variation = (143-140.4)/143
=1.818, which is negligible.
So, we can conclude that STAADPRO gives correct result Rectangular
HSS Section section in bending.

STAAD OUTPUT FILE

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 41

ANIRBAN BISWAS

JOB 19: FLEXURE CAPACITY OF ROUND HSS SECTION

We determine capacity of a Round HSS Section, in bending about major
axis as per SECTION F8 OF AISC360-10.Then we determine the capacity
of the same section in STAAD-PRO.A comparison between two results will
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 42

ANIRBAN BISWAS
be made. Our main objective is to see the extent of correctness of the
result given by STAAD-PRO.
MATERIAL PROPERTY:Material =Steel
ModulusofElasticity(E) =29000 ksi.
Yield Stress (FY) =36 ksi.
SECTION PROPERTY:Section:-HSS 16x0.25
DIAMETER (D) =16 inch
Thickness (T)= 0.233 inch.
3
PlasticSectionModulus (Z) = 57.9 inch .
3
ElasticSectionModulus(s) =44.8 inch .

F8 SECTION APPLIES TO ROUND HSS SECTION HAVING D/T RATIOS

OF LESS THAN 0.45E/FY.
The NOMINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH,MN, Shall be the the lower value
obtained according to the limit states of YIELDING and Local
Buckling.
0.45E/FY=0.45*29000/36=362.5.
D/T=16/0.233=68.66953.
D/T<0.45E/FY
So this section is solvable by section F8.
YIELDING:MN=MP=FYZX
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
3
=36 ksi.* 57.9 inch .

MP=MN=2084.4Kip-Inch=173.7 Kip-Feet.
LOCAL BUCKLING:To determine strength of the section in local buckling we have to first
classify the section.
DESCRIPTI
ON OF
ELEMENT

WIDTH
LIMITING
THICKNE WIDTHSS RATIO THICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR
COMPAC
T
SECTION

CIRCULAR
HOLLOW
SECTIONS
IN
FLEXURE

D/t

0.07
E/ FY

LIMITING EXAMPLE
WIDTHTHICKNE
SS RATIO
FOR
NONCOMPAC
T
SECTION
0.31
E/ FY

0.07 E/ FY =0.07 29000/36 =56.38889

0.31 E/ FY =0.31 29000/36 =249.72222
0.07 E/ FY <D/T<0.31 E/ FY , Section is NON-COMPACT in nature.
It will follow F8-2 of AISC360-05.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 44

ANIRBAN BISWAS

MN= ((0.021E/ (D/T))+FY) S

= (0.021*29000/ (68.66953) +36)*44.8
MN= 2010.112 Kip-inch=167.509 Kip-Feet.
From 1, 2 and 3,
MN shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of
yielding (plastic moment), local buckling =295.8 Kip-Feet.
As per AISC360-05,

The Design Flexural Strength=0.90*167.509=150.7581 Kip-Feet.

CAPACITY OF THE SECTION IN FLEXURE FROM AISC360-10 IS
OBTAINED AS=150.7581 Kip-Feet.
From STTAD-PRO, Capacity of the section in flexure=151 Kip-Feet
So, variation = (151-150.7581)/151*100=1600198, which is negligible.
We can conclude that STAADPRO gives correct result for HSS
ROUND section in bending about major axis.

STAAD OUTPUT FILE

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 45

ANIRBAN BISWAS

JOB 20:-CAPACITY OF EQUAL LEG SINGLE ANGLE

MEMBER BENDING ABOUT GEOMETRIC X-X AXIS
We determine capacity of a Single Angle Section, in bending about
Geometric x-x axis as per SECTION F10 OF AISC360-10.Then we
BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 46

ANIRBAN BISWAS
determine the capacity of the same section in STAAD-PRO.A comparison
between two results will be made. Our main objective is to see the extent of
correctness of the result given by STAAD-PRO.
MATERIAL PROPERTY:Material =Steel
ModulusofElasticity(E) =29000 ksi.
Yield Stress (FY) =36 ksi.
SECTION PROPERTY:Section:-L4x4x0.25.
LengthofEach Leg (BF) =4 inch.
Thicknessof Each Leg (TF) =0.25 inch.
3
PlasticSectionModulus (ZX) = 52 inch .
3
ElasticSectionModulusaboutXAxis(sx) =1.03 inch .

The NOMINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH,MN, Shall be the lower value

obtained according to the limit states of YIELDING, Lateral Torsional
Buckling and Leg Local Buckling.
CLASSIFICATION OF Section:b/t=4/0.25=16
0.54 29000/36 =15.32645
0.91 E /FY =0.91

29000/36 =25.8279

15.32645<16<25.8279

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
DESCRIPTIO WIDTH
LIMITING
N OF
THICKNES WIDTHELEMENT
S RATIO
THICKNES
S RATIO
FOR
COMPACT
SECTION
FLEXURE IN b/t
0.54
LEGS OF A
E/ FY
SINGLE
ANGLE

LIMITING
EXAMPLE
WIDTHTHICKNES
S RATIO
FOR NONCOMPACT
SECTION
0.91
E/ FY

B/t<0.54 29000/36 < 0.91 E /FY

So,The section is non-compact in nature.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
JOB 21:-DETERMINATION OF THE PROPERTY OF AN ANGLE
SECTION
Angle section is one of the common section used for factory shed, railway platform etc.
So determination of the property of the angle section is very important for industry. Here
we show the calculation steps for determination of the property of an angle section.

SECTION PROPERTY:Section=L 9x4x1

Length of Longer Leg (d) = 9mm
Length of Shorter Leg (b) =4mm
Thickness of the section (t) =1 mm

MOMENT OF INERTIA:a = b-t = (4-1) mm =3 mm

c=d-t = (9-1) mm =8 mm
2
Area=t*(a+d) =1*(3+9) = 12 mm

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

Page 49

ANIRBAN BISWAS
2
Cx1=d*t=9*1=9 mm

Cx2= d/2, center of d*t relative to X axis=9/2=4.5 mm

2
Cx3= a*t =3*1=3 mm

Cx4= t/2, center of a*t relative to X axis=1/2=0.5 mm

Y, centroid X-X distance from X axis
= ((cx1*cx2) + (cx3*cx4))/ (cx1+cx3) = ((9*4.5) + (3*0.5))/ (9+3)
=3.5 mm
X-X axis distance to most extreme fiber = d-y
= (9-4.5) mm=4.5 mm
2
Cy1= b*t=4*1=4 mm

Cy2= b/2, center of b*t relative to X axis=4/2=2 mm

2
Cy3= c*t=8*1=8 mm

Cy4= t/2, center of c*t relative to X axis=1/2=0.5 mm

Xcentroid Y-Y distance from Y axis
= ((cy1*cy2) + (cy3*cy4))/ (cy1+cy3) = ((4*2) + (8*0.5))/ (4+8)
=1mm
Y-Y axis distance to most extreme fiber = b-x
= (4-1) =3 mm
Ix = (1/3)*(t*(d-y) ^3 +b*y^3-a*(y-t) ^3)
4
= (1/3)*(1*(9-3.5) ^3+4*3.5^3-3*(3.5-1) ^3) =97 mm

Iy = (1/3)*(t*(b-x) ^3 +d*x^3-c*(x-t) ^3)

BENTLEY SYSTEMS

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ANIRBAN BISWAS
4
=(1/3)*(1*(4-1) ^3+9*1^3-8*(4.5-1) ^3) =12 mm

Theta = rotation of the principal axes from the X Y axes

Ixy, product of inertia = - (a*b*c*d*t)/ (4*(b+c))
4
=-(3*4*8*9*1)/ (4*(4+8)) =-18 mm

Tan 2theta = (2*Ixy)/ (Iy-Ix) =2*(-18)/ (12-97) =0.423529

Theta (radians) = (1/2)*arc tan (tan 2 theta) =0.200312
Theta (degrees) =0.20032*180/ =11.47704
Iz = Ix*sin (theta) ^2+Iy*cos (theta) ^2+Ixy*sin (2*theta)
=97*Sin (11.47704) ^2+12*Cos (11.47704) ^2-18*Sin (2*11.47704)
4
=8.345 mm

IW = Ix*cos (theta) ^2+Iy*sin (theta) ^2- Ixy *sin (2*theta)

=97*Cos (11.47704) ^2+12*Sin (11.47704) ^2-18*Sin (2*11.47704)
4
=100.6546314 mm

RADIUS OF GYRATION:Rx = SQRT (Ix/A) =2.843120352 mm

Ry = SQRT (Iy/A) =1mm
Rz = SQRT (Iz/A) =0.833934879mm
Rw = SQRT (IW/A) =2.896184723mm
ELASTIC SECTION MODULUS:3
Sx=Ix / (d-y) =97/4.5 =17.63636364 mm

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3
Sy= Iy / (b-x) =12/3 =4 mm

Staad model for analysis of bridge girder

1st we have to make the model for analysis of girder. Prior to model formation we
are required to know position of support, length of girder, position of stiffeners. Now
let keep a space for expansion joint (such that thermal stress cant be generated in
it).now on the basis of the stiffener position make the single girder.
After plotting the points representing the position of points, now we have to join
them to get a beam or girder. Now use add beam option to add the points to obtain
the girder.

It is shown in the figure. Now for making a complete girder system we have to go for
translational repeat. After selecting the girder, in translational repeat, go in z
direction, then give number of spacing, provide the spacing in between two girders

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respectively. Now add all in property, link steps as shown below.

Here spacing between girders are respectively 1.7 m, 2.5 m, 2.5 m, 1.7 m. As a
result of translational repeat the single girder looks like the following shape.
Complete framework of girders is ready now.

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Now we have to provide a fixed and independent abutment on both sides. This is
done by providing nodes of abutment having a small gap between the bridge and
abutment wall.

Now we have design the supports.

Here in support for internal girder at left side, we release M x, My, Mz. So rotations are
only free here. But in support for internal girder at right side, we release M x, My, Mz,
fx, fz. So it can slightly move in x and z direction. In left side we restrain it to move in
x and z direction and in right side we allow it to move in x and z direction. As a
result of this no thermal stress will be generated in it.
Now come in case of outer girders. Here we release fz, Mx My Mz in left and fx Mx My
Mz in right. So in left it can slightly move in x direction and in right it can move in z
direction. So no thermal stress is developed in it. Now supports of all abutments are
made fixed.

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Now we have to provide properties to the members. In staad-pro easier way of

providing property in large number of same members are grouping technique.1 st we
make group of beams consisting of outer beams (2 external girders).
To do grouping 1st go to tools-create new group-select create in new opened box.noe
in box of define group name -provide group name-click ok. Now select the beams to
be grouped for a particular group. In create group box do associate to view. Click ok
to make the group.

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In figure process of grouping and 2 outer girders are shown. Similarly grouping has
to be done for internal girder.

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Now we have to group two external cross beams in both sides.1 st in box go to
associate to selected geometry-then select the beams-then click associate to
grouping.

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Now select inner cross beams which are shown below.

Now group ds1, ds2 and dummy are as follows. Dummy group consist of those
which are not present in practical, used only for making framework.

ds1

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ds2

After grouping we have to provide member property in the member.

1st we have to define material. Here for main girder and cross beam we will use
steel and for deck slab we have to provide concrete. So we have to define steel and
concrete. After defining material we have to generate member property.
Now we select 3 main girders and cross girders. It should be made up of steel. So
we have assigned these members with steel. So go to general-material-select steelthen select beams. Now click select the associated beams. Click ok.

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Now we select other members. It should be made up of concrete. So we have

assigned these members with concrete. So go to general-material-select concretethen select beams. Now click select the associated beams. Click ok.

1st we have to make a member property for outer girder. Go to general-propertydefine.now provide area of combined section in a x .calculated Ix is provided in Iz
because x in normal convention is z in staad convention.
Provide calculated Iy for combined section in place of Iy. As ix in staad is in normal
convention is Iz which is very negligible. So provide very less value. This will be
saved as prismatic general member.

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Now we have to assign this property to the beams. Here we select the beam by
group name. Go to select-select by groups-then select ex named previously defined
group for external girders. Now in properties box select 1 st prismatic general section,
then select assigned to selected beams, then click ok.

Similarly we have to generate same member property for inner girder.

We have to generate same member property for end cross girder.

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We have to generate same member property for inner cross girder.

We have to generate same member property for dummy member.

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Now we have to provide concrete property for outer portion and then in inner
portion.

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Now we have to provide the loading. To provide loading 1 st we have to do load

combination. For 2 lanes load combination should be such that it contain 2 lanes
class a load or 70 R (w) loads. So 1st we have added this load in staad.
Go to load and definition-vehicle definition-add. Now in this provide loads and
distance between them. Do it for class a load in type 1 and 70r load in type 2.in load
portion give the value of loads and in distance portion provide the distance between
them from IRC 6-2014.

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Now in load case details go to add-load generation. Now in 1 st type of load

generation we have place the position of loads.
For maximum support moment we have to provide the load at most eccentric
condition for support. Now the position of loads is shown in the following figure.

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Here in picture 1st position of wheel of class a load, distance between two wheels
and 2nd position of wheel of class a load is explained.
Now from ILD it is clear that if load is placed at most eccentric condition then
support moment at a will be maximum. But due to crash barrier, minimum
clearance distance we have to place it at 0.85 m from left which is explained in the
figure.
Now we have put this input in staad. In load generation we have to provide initial
position of X, Y, Z of load position. Y is obvious always 0.now coordinate of z as per
figure is o.85 m, 2.65 m, 4.35 m, and 6.15 m. As per IRC 6 c/c distance between 2
wheels are 1.8 m.
But what should be x coordinate? If we provide z=-1 then it means that, last wheel
of vehicle is at -1 m, so 1st wheel should be on the bridge. So proper analysis cant
be done.
Proper analysis is possible iff we place a load such that 1 st wheel comes outside the
bridge and enter into the bridge and not that the 1 st wheel is on the bridge.
So for class a load total length required= (1.1+3.2+1.2+4.3+3+3+3) + 1= 19.8 m
IF last load must be on -19.8 m, then only 1 st load is on the bridge. Now if we
provide x=-22.then it will be ok. But if we provide x=-22 then some load cases in
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loads cant be seen, as loads will be seen only when 1 st wheel cones on bridge. If we
take x=-22m, and x increment=0.15 m. then ((22-19.8)/0.15)=14.67=15 increment
will not be visible, then from 16th increment we can see the load on the bridge.
Now number of load generation is required= ((length of bridge+22)/0.15) = 358, so
we take load generation number=400.so after 358 loads no load will be visible on
bridge for first 400 generated load.

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Here we show that up to 1st 15 loads, load will not be seen, then again after 358
increment loads will not be seen. In between loads can be seen.

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Now for maximum support we can also apply the extreme load on the support. For
this load and ILD is shown below.

As load in placed on the c girder, Then from 1.8 m distance from c another load is
placed.1.7 m is obtained from g and 0.5 m. As per IRC 6 g is 1.2 m. And dist b/w
edge of wheel and centre of one wheel =0.25 m. So centre to centre distance
between loads = (1.2+0.5*2) = 1.7m.again another class a load of width of 1.8 m is
placed.
So distance between 1st and last load= (1.8+1.7+1.8) m=5.3 m. So position 1 st load
= (1.7+2.5+2.5-5.3) = 1.4 m. so 1st loads is placed at 1.4 m left from free end. So z
coordinates will be 1.4m, 3.2 m, 4.9m, 6.7 m.

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Now we have to determine maximum span moment for class a load.ild of load is
shown in the following figure.

From ILD it is seen that to get maximum span moment we have to place the load on
the middle supports. Now z coordinates for class a load 4.2m, 6 m.

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Now we will place 70r load on the girder. To get maximum support moment we have
to provide the load at maximum eccentric condition.
So maximum eccentric condition is = (crash barrier width+ minimum clearance+
dist between side of wheel to centre of wheel) = (0.45+1.2+0.84/2)=2.08m.now c/c
distance between two wheels is 1.93 m. So z coordinate will be 2.05 m, 3.98 m.

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But what should be x coordinate? If we provide z=-1 then it means that, last wheel
of vehicle is at -1 m, so 1st wheel should in the bridge. So proper analysis cant be
done.
Proper analysis is possible iff we place a load such that 1 st wheel comes outside the
bridge and enter into the bridge and not that the 1 st wheel is on the bridge.
So for class a load total length required= (3.96+1.52+2.13+1.37+3.05+1.37) + 1=
14.4 m
So last load must be on -14.4 m, and then only 1 st load is on the bridge. Now if we
provide x=-17.then it will be ok. But if we provide x=-17 then some load cases in
loads cant be seen,
As loads will be seen only when 1st wheel comes on bridge. If we take x=-17m, and
x increment=0.15 m. then ((17-14.4)/0.15)=17.33=18 increment will not be visible,
then from 19th increment we can see the load on the bridge.
Now number of load generation is required= ((length of bridge+17)/0.15) = 317.53,
so we take load generation number=400.so after 318 loads no load will be visible on
bridge for first 400 generated load.

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Now for maximum span moment now 70r load is to be placed on mid girder. Loads
and lid is shown below. Coordinates are shown in below figures.

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After providing loads, now we have to select perform analysis. This is all about
analysis of girder.

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