GBIO 106 Final Exam Review

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Be able to identify all the variables within an experiment. Be able to write specific hypotheses and design
an experiment that will test them. Understand the scientific method.
Identify general characteristics of life (e.g. respiration, secretion, excretion)
What is a population? What is a species?
A group of the same species living in the same place. Organisms that can procreate and produce viable offspring
What are some properties of water? Ex. How can some insects walk on water?
Water is polar. Surface tension is why bugs can walk on water with hydrogen bonds.
What is matter? What are some examples of matter?
Anything that has mass.
Be familiar with the major classes of organic molecules and know examples of each.
Polymers, monomers
What are monomers and polymers? Know examples of each.
Polymers are chains of monomers, monomers is just a molecule of something (glucose. Amino acids is a
polymer)
Understand how macromolecules are made and broken down (Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis).
What are a couple of places in your body where these reactions occur? (Ex. Liver stores extra glucose as
glycogen)
Macromolecule (polymers) are made from numerous repeating sub units, hydrolysis, condensation. Most places
in the body.
How is the primary structure of a protein determined? Tie this in with DNA and central dogma.
By its amino acids, which make its shape. The primary structure is determined by DNA and they all abide by
the rule of central dogma.
How does a cell secrete a protein? How is this related to central dogma?
The protein is made on a bound ribpsmoe in the rpough ER. Shipped in a vesicle to the golgi bodies. The golgi
ships it in a vesicle to the membrane, and it secreted. (long diagram) The central dogma just explains how it
comes together.
Major functions of DNA and RNA.
DNA contains the blueprints for all the proteins. RNA guides everything to be made.
What is ATP? What is it used for? What does it take to make ATP?
Adenasine Triphosphate. The energy that makes our proteins do their jobs. It has three phosphates, making it
uneven and wanting to break, it looks for an excuse to break and release energy.
Active transport vs. Passive transport
Active needs ATP and usually needs a transport protein or receptor. Passive just kind of happens (osmosis)
Whats in a nucleus? The function of mitochondria? Organelles associated with secretion of a protein.
A butt load of organelles. The mitochondria produces ATP and is needed for aerobic respiration. The nucleus,
the rough ER, the Golgi bodies.
Be able to determine from an example if osmosis is occurring or diffusion.
Osmosis only happens with water, simple diffusion happens with anything else (thats generally small)
What is required for diffusion to occur? What are some factors that affect osmosis and diffusion? Apply
each!
Concentration gradient. Brownian motion, heat.
How is Surface area to volume ratio important to a cell?
More surface area and less volume is the best because it makes things happen quickly.
Understand how to read an energy flow diagram (ecosystem model or food chain).
How do the laws of thermodynamics explain a food chain? Understand the 10% rule.
Because energy cant be lost, only transferred. Only 10% of the energy consumed is taken from food we eat, the
rest is dispelled as heat.
Be able to identify primary producers, consumers, decomposers etc
A primary producer is a plant (anything with photosynthesis). A consumer is anything that eats to get energy. A
decomposer is bacteria and fungi.
Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of food. How is this related to potential energy?
Potential energy is stored in chemical bonds of food, then when we eat the bonds are broken and we get energy.
Factors that affect enzyme activity.
Heat, PH balance, concentration of other things in the same thing.
How do enzymes work? In reality how do they help organisms?
Enzymes catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions. They help reactions to move faster and help things move
efficiently.
How is (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy) related to respiration and exhaling?
It is the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down and gives us energy to breathe. Its the result of
respiration.
What else could you use for energy other than glucose?

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Protein and fat, protein burns longer and is used as a last resort, and fat needs to be burnt aerobically to be burnt
at all.
Understand how Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain work together.
Glycolysis take takes a glucose and breaks it into two G3P, which results in two pyruvate, the transition
reactions happen which breaks it down into 2 C Acetyl group, so we get coenzyme A to help, which takes it into
the Krebs cycle. Acetyl COA is donated and Coenzyme A goes back to the beginning, acetyl COA is given to
the 4 carbon to become a 6 Carbon Citric Acid. Some H electrons get donated and NADH and FADH2 get made
and sent to the ETC. In the end, this makes NADH, FADH, CO2 and ATP. ETC happens in the inner membrane,
NADH and FADH dump their electrons into this chain and thats it, free energy is released into redox reactions,
with is used to pump the H protons to the outer compartment of the mitochondria and to a protein that generates
energy as protons flow through it. This entire thing results in up to 36 ATP.
What are the two ways cells trap energy?
In chemical bonds and maybe solar energy in thylakoids
If fermentation occurs, how does it affect your cells, tissue, and body?
It makes your muscles burn from lactic acid build up.
Be able to distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic doesnt need oxygen, aerobic does
What are 3 major things that organisms use energy for? In addition, give at least 3 specific examples.
Growth, maintenance, reproduction
Which colors (wavelengths) of light would yield the highest photosynthetic rate in green plants? Why?
Red and blue
What is responsible for trapping light energy in plants?
thylakoid
What do plants use CO2 for? How does it enter the plant?
Respiration and light independent reactions
What are 2 big reasons a plant needs water?
Photolysis and turgor pressure
What is carbon fixation and when / where does it occur? Know your C3s, C4s, and Cam plants
The conversion of CO2 into glucose, and it occurs in light independent reactions in the stroma. C3s are basic
tree like and use rubisco, C4s are grass and use PEPCO, and Cam plants are like cacti and they store CO2 at
night and keep it through the day.
Using your knowledge of C3 and C4 photosynthesis, how would hot/dry conditions effect potato
production?
Whenever conditions are hot and dry, potato plants close their stomata to preserve water, but this makes oxygen
build up, which makes carbon fixation happen, which makes the potato plant growth slow it down or stop
entirely because sugar production also slows or stops.
How would these potatoes be different from those that are grown under better conditions?
Theyd be smaller and be less sweet
What do plants use the sugar for? Why is that so important to us?
To finish cell respiration for energy, just like how we need it for energy
Do plants aerobically respire like us? Why?
Yes, because they need it for energy
What are two main things a cell must do before making an exact copy of itself?
Interphase and mitosis
How can the hierarchy of life be explained through cell division? (From zygote to organism)
Cells multiple so much that they form necessary aprts and then an organism forms
Do all of the cells in your body contain the same DNA? Why?
Yes, because they all follow the same plan
Mitosis vs. Meiosis (products and purpose)
Mitosis is for maintenance, it makes identical cells. Meiosis reproduction and genetic diversity
Cross over, Metaphase I, and Random fertilization are sources of genetic variation. Understand why?
Cross over takes chromosomes and they can get mixed up, metaphase I is when they line up and shuffle, and
random fertilization is random.
Define common terms in genetics (alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, locus etc).
Locus is the location of a gene on a chromosome, homozygous is when theyre the same allele, and
heterozygous is when theyre different.
What are homologous chromosomes? How are they related to gene pairs?
Pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for the same trait.
Complete monohybrid crosses and provide expected ratios. Know how to create the sex cells for dihybrid
cross.
Identify genotypes and phenotypes
Genotype is the blueprint for a gene, and phenotype is the physical expression of that trait.

49. Understand significant events in meiosis and how they relate to Mendels Laws
Metaphase I and/or crossover embody both laws.
50. Understand Mendels Laws and how they are associated with crosses.
Basically 49
51. Understand the logic behind the crosses (what do they tell us?).
They tell us about the genotypes and phenotypes of possible offspring
52. What is a gene? Where can genes be found?
Specific sequences of DNA located on chromosomes
53. What are chromosomes? What is their function? How and when are they replicated?
A sequence of DNA. To store genes. Mitosis.
54. What causes chromosome abnormalities (nondisjunction)?
Something things get mixed up and they get an extra or lose a chromosome.
55. Central Dogma Again. DNA is our genetic code.
56. DNA Replication. When does it occur in cells? What is the outcome?
Mitosis. More DNA.
57. Identify a Mendelian trait vs. a trait that shows non-Mendelian inheritance.
Mendelian traits follow his laws, non-Mendelian laws
58. Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, polygenic inheritance and epistasis; what are examples of each?
Maybe X-linked recessive traits, pleiotropy, and pedigrees too

Section 1- 11 points
Section 2- 15 points
Section 3- 19 points
New- 30
75 Questions
100 points