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Chapter Two

Types of Biometric Techniques


2.1 Physiological Techniques
Physiological are related to the shape of the body.
I.

Fingerprint

II.

face

III.

DNA

IV.

Hand: (Palm print) , (hand geometry)

V.

Iris recognition

VI.

Retina recognition

VII.

Odour/ Scent

Figure (2-1): Physiological characteristics

2.1.1 Finger Print


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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques


Finger Print is capturing multiple reference points of the fingerprint through
the biometric scanner, an algorithm is then used to convert this image into a
code which effectively becomes a digital form of you. This is stored on a database
for comparison which grants authentication into the secured area.

Figure (2-2): Finger print

2.1.2 Face
Face technique analyzes the characteristics of an individual's face images
captured through a digital video camera. It records the overall facial structure,
including distances between eyes, nose, mouth, and jaw edges. These
measurements are stored in a database and used as a comparison when a user
stands before the camera.

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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques


Figure (2-3): Face

2.1.3 DNA
DNA technique could be the most exact form of identifying any given
individual. Every human being has its own individual map for every cell made,
and this map, or blueprint as it more often is called, can be found in every body
cell. Because DNA is the structure that defines who we are physically and
intellectually, unless an individual is an identical twin, it is not likely that any
other person will have the same exact set of genes. DNA can be collected from
any number of sources: blood, hair, finger nails, mouth swabs, blood stains

Figure (2-4): DNA

2.1.4 Palm print


Palm print technique refers to an image acquired of the palm region of
the hand. It can be either an online image (i.e. taken by a scanner) or offline
image where the image is taken with ink and paper. The palm itself consists of
principal lines, wrinkles (secondary lines) and epidermal ridges.

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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques

Figure (2-5): palm print

2.1.5 Hand geometry


Hand geometry is a biometric that identifies users by the shape of their
hands. Hand geometry readers measure a user's hand along many dimensions
and compare those measurements to measurements stored in a file. Viable
hand geometry devices have been manufactured since the early 1980s, making
hand geometry the first biometric to find widespread computerized use. It
remains popular; common applications include access control and time-andattendance operations.

Figure (2-6): hand Geometry

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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques

2.1.6 Iris recognition


Iris recognition is a method of biometric authentication that uses pattern
recognition techniques based on high-resolution images of the irides of an
individual's eyes. Not to be confused with another less prevalent ocular-based
technology, retina scanning, iris recognition uses camera technology, and
subtle IR illumination to reduce specular reflection from the convex cornea to
create images of the detail-rich, intricate structures of the iris. These unique
structures

converted

into

digital

templates,

provide

mathematical

representations of the iris that yield unambiguous positive identification of an


individual.

Figure (2-7): iris recognition

2.1.7 Retina recognition


Retina

recognition

is

used

to

map

the

unique

patterns

of

persons retina. The blood vessels within the retina absorb light more readily
than the surrounding tissue and are easily identified with appropriate lighting.

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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques

Figure (2-8): Retina Recognition

2.1.8 Odour/scent
Human odor can be differentiated among individuals and can therefore
be seen as a biometric that can be used to identify this person. Technology has
made it possible to identify humans based on headspace analysis of objects
they have handled, opening the route to the use of odor as a biometric.
Headspace is the gaseous phase above a sample (liquid or solid).

Figure (2-9): Odour/ Scent

2.2 Behavioral Techniques


Behavioral techniques are related to the pattern of behavior of a person,
including but not limited to:

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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques


I.

key stroke

II.

gait/Body

III.

Signature

IV.

Voice

Figure (2-10): Behavioral characteristics

2.2.1 Key Stroke


The behavioral biometric of Keystroke Dynamics uses the manner and
rhythm in which an individual types characters on a keyboard or keypad. The
keystroke rhythms of a user are measured to develop a unique biometric
template

of

the

user's

typing

pattern

for

future

authentication. Raw

measurements available from almost every keyboard can be recorded to


determine Dwell time (the time a key pressed) and Flight time (the time
between "key up" and the next "key down"). The recorded keystroke timing
data is then processed through a unique neural algorithm, which determines a
primary pattern for future comparison. Similarly, vibration information may be

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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques


used to create a pattern for future use in both identification and authentication
tasks.

Figure (2-11): keyboard stroke

2.2.2 Gait/Body
Gait recognition is an emerging biometric technology which involves
people being identified purely through the analysis of the way they walk. While
research is still underway, it has attracted interest as a method of identification
because it is non-invasive and does not require the subjects cooperation. Gait
recognition could also be used from a distance, making it well-suited to
identifying perpetrators at a crime scene. But gait recognition technology is not
limited to security applications researchers also envision medical applications
for the technology.

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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques

Figure (2-12): body/gait

2.2.3 Signature
It can be operated in two different ways:
Static: In this mode, users write their signature on paper, digitize it through an
optical scanner or a camera, and the biometric system recognizes the signature
analyzing its shape. This group is also known as off-line.
Dynamic: In this mode, users write their signature in a digitizing tablet, which
acquires the signature in real time. Another possibility is the acquisition by
means of stylus-operated PDAs. Dynamic recognition is also known as on-line.

Dynamic information usually consists of the following information:


Spatial coordinate (x)

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Chapter Two: Types of Biometric Techniques


Spatial coordinate (y)
Pressure
Pen up/down

Figure (2-13): Signature

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