Curs Eng Econ Tur 2016

Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova
Business and Administration Faculty

Chair inTrade,Tourism,Hotel Services
Tourism Economy
Course
SUBJECTS OF THE COURSE:
Subject Nr. 1. Tourism-an economic and social activity.

1.1. The concepts of tourism and tourist.
1.1.1. Historical highlights of tourism.
1.1.2. The concept and basic notions of t ourism
1.2. Tourism and economic and social development.
1.2.1. Macroeconomic connections of tourism.
1.2.2. Socio-economic significance of tourism.
Subject Nr.2. Dimensions of the tourism phenomenon.

2.1. Determinant factors of tourism development.
2.2. Domestic and international tourism of the Republic of Moldova.
2.2.1. Tourist flows to and from the Republic of Moldova.
2.2.2. Domestic tourist traffic of the Republic of Moldova.
Subject Nr.3. Tourist circulation.

3.1. Forms of tourism : structure, characteristics, interactions.
3.1.1. Travel typology.
3.1.2. Characteristics of the main forms of tourism.
3.2. Measurement of tourist traffic and the difficulties of knowledge of the tourism
phenomenon.
3.2.1. Recording methods of tourist traffic.
3.2.2. Indicators to measure the tourist traffic.
Subject Nr.4. Organization of tourism activity.

4.1. Coordinates of the tourism organization.
4.1.1. Organizational structures in tourism.
4.1.2. Forms of integration of tourism activity.
4.2. The state's role in tourism.
4.3. Tourism bodies and tourism cooperation.
4.4. Tourism organization in the Republic of Moldova.
4.4.1. History of tourism in the Republic of Moldova.
4.4.2. The current institutional structure of tourism in the Republic of Moldova.
4.4.3. Tourism development strategy in the Republic of Moldova.
Subject Nr. 5.Tourist market.

5.1. The content and features of the tourism market.
5.2. Demand and tourist consumption.
5.2.1. Peculiarities of tourism demand and consumption.
5.2.2. Seasonality of tourism activity.
5.3. Supply and tourism production.
5.4. Prices of tourism products.
5.5. Current trends in the tourism market.
Subject Nr.6. Material and technical base of tourism.

6.1. The content and role of material and technical base of tourism.
6.2. Structure, dynamics and spatial distribution of tourist equipment.
6.3. Investments in tourism.
Subject Nr.7. Human resources in tourism.

7.1. Labour features of tourism.
7.2. Evolution and structure of the staff employed in tourism.
7.3. Labour productivity of tourism workers.
7.4. Staff incentives.
Subject Nr.8. Tourism services.

8.1. The content and characteristics of tourism services.
8.2. Typology of tourism services.
8.3. Tourist transport and forms of transport in tourist traffic structure.
8.3.1. Air transport in tourism.
8.3.2. Road transport in tourism.
8.3.3. Railway transport in tourism.
8.3.4. Nautical transport in tourism.
8.4. Hotel accommodation services.
8.4.1. Importance and particularities of hotel industry.
8.4.2. Structure of hotel accommodation service.
8.5. Catering services (public catering).
8.5.1. Content, and the particular role of nutrition as part of tourist services.
8.5.2. Development and improvement of catering services.
8.6. Services of recreational tourism.
8.6.1. Content and functions of recreation the basic component of the tourism
product.
8.6.2. Typology of recreational services.
Subject Nr.9. Economic and social efficiency of tourism.

9.1. Content and peculiarities of efficiency in tourism.
9.2. Assessment criteria and indicators to measure the economic efficiency of
tourism.
9.3. Social efficiency of tourism and social tourism.
Bibliography.
Subject Nr. 1. Tourism-an economic and social activity.
1.1.The concepts of tourism and tourist.

Key words:
Tourism,tourist,tourist industry,visitors,excursionist,domestic tourism,inbound and outbound
tourism.
Learning objectives:
O1.To define tourism and meaning of tourist.

O2.To present several scientistss opinions concerning tourism definition.
O3.To make a classification of travelers concerning the tourism statistics.
O4.To highlight the reasons of traveling and notion of tourist industry.
O1.To define tourism and meaning of tourist.

The first attempts to define and characterize the tourism dates from the second half of
the 19-th century, as a specific phenomenon of the contemporary era. Tourism is considered
primarily to be "a form of recreation together with other activities and forms of leisure."
Tourism represents a complex phenomenon,a branch of Economics that covers all services
for serving potential tourists,including information and guidance services,transportation and their
nutrition,serving activities,recreational and curative locations.
Tourist is a traveler and a consumer of the tourism product and services for which he
offers a monetary reward.Tourist is a person travels to a place situated outside its usual residence
for a period no longer than 12 months and whose main reasons for travel are other than the
exercise of a remunerated activity in the place visited.
[Iacob Cocos,Geografia Turismului,ASEM 2012,[1]:pp.7-10 ].
[Gabriela Stancilescu,Cristina Micu,Economie si gestiune in turism,Bucuresti,2009,[1]:pp.3-8].
O2.To present several scientistss opinions concerning tourism definition.

The consecration of tourism as an activity and its prominence began once with the exploitation
of thermal waters in European countries when there was told about a new industry with a
rapidly evolving and growing economic importance.
In 1886 E.Guyer Fleuler in his studyContribution to the statistics of Tourism defines tourism
as a phenomenon of modern times, based on increased need to restore health, growing sense of
responsiveness to the beauty of nature ,a result of the development of trade, industry and
improving the transport.Ed.Picard ,a Belgian scholar defines the tourism as an ensemble of
bodies and their functions considered from the point of view of that which moves,and those who
profit from expenses incurred by it.From the Marcs point of view,today tourism si an exchange
of an economic value for a cultural,aesthetic and recreational value.
E.Hunzinker defines tourism as a set of relationships and phenomena resulting from the
movement and stay of the individuals,outside their home as long as the stay and movement are
not motivated by some permanent establishing or a lucrative activity.
Other definitions created later, say that tourism is one side of the tertiary sector, where
the performed work have to organize and conduct leisure trips, recreation or the movement of
people to various congresses and includes all activities necessary to satisfy consumer needs and
tourists services.
In WTOs vision,the tourism activity is a form of cultural, educational and recreational
events of modern society.So, the tourism phenomenon involves the movement of people from
place of residence to the attractions, places of recreation and leisure located outside their home
for a certain period of time.
There are several main forms of tourism:
domestic tourism- the residents of a given country traveling only within the country.
Inbound tourism- non-residents traveling in the given country.
Outbound tourism-the residents of the country but traveling in other countries.
[Iacob Cocos,Geografia Turismului,ASEM 2012,[1]:pp.7].

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[1]:pp.11-14].
O3.To make a classification of travelers concerning the tourism statistics.

The classification of the tourism concept also implies, and defining the subject of the trip or
respectively the tourists.An english lecturer,F.W.Ogilvie expressed that tourist is the person
who meets the following conditions:is away from home for less than one year and spends his
money in those places without earning them there.
In 1937, Council of the League of Nations recommended the definition of international
touristas a person who travels no less than 24 hours in another country ,where he is not a
resident. Corresponding to this definition,in this category of tourists are included: those who
travel for their pleasure, for health reasons, people who travel for business, those performing a
maritime cruise without regard to the length of stay,and are not considered to be tourists those
who arrives in a country for a money reward,those who want a permanently reside in another
country,students living temporarily abroad, travelers in transit even if the length of stay exceeds
24 hours.
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Later ,the United Nations have proposed a classification of travelers included in tourism
statistics and not included.Those included in tourism statistics are called visitors,which also
includes two categories:tourists and excursionists or same-day visitors.
Tourists are temporarily visitors staying in a country no less than 24 hours and their traveling
reasons are:pleasure,health,sports,religion,studies and business.
Excursionists are that are temporarily visitors for reason of pleasure and their stay is less than 24
hours in the visited country.But those not included in tourism statistics are:border workers,transit
passengers,nomads,refugees,armed forces,immigrants,diplomats.
Other authors have proposed also the notion of vacantier who makes a journey of at least 4 days
to make a distinction between weekend tourism and a vacation.
In order to distinguish the visitors from other travelers are created three essential conditions:
1. Geographical condition-the voyage should be performed in a place situated outside the
usual environment;
2. Time condition-the stay should be no longer than 12 months,otherwise the person
becomes statistically a resident;
3. Money condition-the main reason of the stay should be other than a remunerated activity.
O4.To highlight the reasons of traveling and notion of tourist industry.

For the reasons of traveling, there should be recognized the need to identify them in order to
assess the consumers behavior and visitors expenditures.The main reasons of traveling are:
Leisure and recreation-that includes: visiting cities, participation in cultural and sporting
events, shopping, beach(heliotherapy), cruises, leisure, wedding trips.
Visits to relatives and friends-visiting parents,attending at funerals.
Business and professional reasons- the installation of equipment, inspections, conferences
and congresses, studies, language training, government missions.
Medical treatments- spas, fitness, thalassotherapy ,cures and treatments.
Religion/pilgrimages-participation at different religious events,pilgrimages to holy
places.
Other reasons-transit.
During their trips ,the tourists consume a number of goods and services produced by other
sectors of the economy usually more or less related to tourism.On the fact ,there is no industry of
tourism but we have a definition for it.
The tourist industryis a branch of Economics,placed between two sectors of the economy,that
of industry and that of services;it is made out of a sum of activities whose common function is to
meet the needs of tourists.
Sectors in the tourist industry are:
Housing and nutrition- hotels, motels, restaurants, cafes, bars, farms, guest houses, cruise
ships.
Transport-the trade sector represented by airlines, naval races, railways, buses, car rental
companies, yachts.
Travel organizers- travel agencies and tour operators.
Leisure attractions- natural elements (gardens, landscape, parks, lakes), and built
elements (cathedrals, museums, castles, theaters, sports facilities, cultural and artistic
events).
Organizers / administrators of destinations-local,regional or national tourist offices.
Conclusion:The tourist industry has a strong economic contribution to other areas of the
economy, because it does not only offers its services but also consumer products that are taken
from other economic sectors.
1.2. Tourism and economic and social development.
Key words:
Tourism,tourist,tourist industry,TSA,WTO,an economic phenomenon.
O1.To explain the influence of tourism on economic and social development.

O2.To highlight and group the effects of tourism.
O3.To explain the economic impact of tourism.
O4.To present the link between tourism and employment.
O5.To explain the link between international tourism and global trade.
O6.To highlight the socio-cultural significance of tourism.
O1.To explain the influence of tourism on economic and social development.

Tourism ,understood as an ensemble of relationships and phenomena resulting from the
consumption needs of travelers ,meets the demands of a distinct field of activity, being for more
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countries, an important branch of Economics. Tourism is an interference branch and has links
with other parts of the economy.For example:for performing the tourist activity ,there are
required ,inputs from other branches: as agriculture, food industry, construction industry and
indirect construction materials, tourism also maintains direct links with transport,
telecommunications, culture and art. In turn, by the products offered, tourism contributes
directly to ensuring consumer consumption, sharing this burden with education and learning,
health, trade and others. All this illustrates the importance of tourism position in the structure of
the economic mechanism and its active role in the development and modernization of the
economy and society.
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[1]:pp.22].
O2.To highlight and group the effects of tourism.

Studies show that tourism has a significant impact on the economies, societies and cultures of
different reference countries. Its action occurs on many levels, from stimulating economic
growth to improving social structure, better utilization of natural and material resources, and
improving living conditions.
Although most experts believe that tourism and international bodies exert a positive influence
and should be encouraged, there are also experts who believe that international tourism produces
more harmful social and cultural effects as "space neocolonialism" the exploitation by rich
emitters countries of tourism resources in developing recipient countries. In the economy of a
country, the effects of tourism should be considered generally starting from their relationship
with the fundamental objectives of the entire economic system: it can be determined the
contribution of tourism to economic growth, pricing, the balance of prices,and full use of labour.
The studies done by the WTO in this direction, identify and group the effects of tourism in three
categories:
effects on the global strategy development of a country or global effects.

partial effects on the national economy, respectively on agents ,sectors, variables and
fundamental micro dimensions of the economy.
external effects in the socio-cultural field, physical and that of human resources,with
indirect economic results.
To identify the direct and indirect effects of tourism, WTO, WITC and Eurostat proposed the
development and use of "Tourism Satellite Account. TSA aims to determine the effects of
tourism on GDP, labor, balance of payments, taking into account that any tourist activity involves
consumption of resources and production of goods and services that train, in their development,
a number of other branches of economy such as agriculture, construction, transport, commerce.
O3.To explain the economic impact of tourism.

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In correlation with the national economy, tourism acts as a stimulating factor of the global
economic system.
The development of tourism is getting a significant production increase, domestic and
international tourism in 2002 was for almost 11% of the gross world product, totaling about
3,500 billion dollars. The contribution of tourism to GDP differs between regions and countries
of the world according to its level of development and the structure of the economies.
Thus, in Europe, the participation of tourism to GDP is 14%, America 11% and Asia Pacific 10%
and in Africa almost 9%. In the case of small areas,the participation rate is very high: 84% in
the Maldives, 50% in Malta, over 34% in Jamaica.
In the countries with a rich tourist activity and with a developed economy, the share of tourism in
achieving GDP is in Spain :of 11.4%; France 7.5%; Switzerland 7.7%;U.S. 5.5%; Canada 4 1%
and 4% for England.
In our country tourism contributes only 2-3% to GDP.
Tourism is an important contribution to the achieving of added value.
Tourism is also an important driving effect of stimulating production in other areas, due to the
occurrence as an interference branch. The activity of a branche is determined in large part by
tourism needs, for example in France, where tourism is more developed, the participation
proportions are higher and influence many sectors: 75% in hotels and restaurants, 39% for
sleeping wagons and 75% of air transport, 20% for taxi routes, 17% of road transport, 50% in
automobile construction, 33% of the seats in theaters, 50% of production cameras.
Tourism is manifested as a mean of diversification of its structure, eg requirements of tourists
favor the occurrence of specific industries: leisure industry, travel agencies, production or print
craft ;new dimensions of some of the existing sectors such as agriculture, food processing,
construction, transportation, etc.
Tourism is also a way of a better use of all types of resources and especially the natural ones.
Elements such as landscape beauty, healing qualities of thermal waters or minerals, climate
conditions, the monuments of art, find the best recovery.
Tourism is seen as a lever to mitigate inter-regional imbalances: a solution the prosperity of
disadvantaged areas and a remedy for de-industrialized towns.
Also tourism contributes to a balanced cash movement due to domestic and international
tourism.
O4.To present the link between tourism and employment.

Tourism plays an important role in the economy ,due to the fact that it generates jobs and thus
help to alleviate unemployment. According to WTTC in 2005 were employed directly in tourism
221 million people or 8.2% of the total workforce employed on a global scale and in 2015 is
expected an increase of 338 million people which will make the largest industry in world.
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Thus, in Europe the share of people employed in the tourism is 13.2% America 9.6% Asia and
Pacific 6.7%; 7.4% Africa and Middle East 6.1%.
In terms of professional training, some specialists believe that tourism requires a staff with a high
level of qualification and another segment of tourist experts say the activity does not require a
specialized training, so 40% of all tourism staff is unqualified; 42 % has general education , 8%
specialized studies and only 10% have graduated.
O5.To explain the link between international tourism and global trade.
International tourism is a sturcture part of the invisible trade/commerce,which is one of its main
components. Invisible trade is a form of international trade not as a commodity item, it includes
operations such as: services, international transport and communications, insurance, consulting,
public and private money transfers, global meetings, studies abroad.
Invisible trade plays the role of a factor of economic growth, enlargement and diversification of
international economic relations and the world values exchange.
Through membership in the invisible trade, international tourism has a significant contribution
to the growth and diversification of exports.
Tourism is an import or export, as the goods and services that the tourists consume during their
placement in the country can be treated as an export for the country visited, while the
expenditures that tourists make abroad are the country's imports.
Tourism also implies the balance of payments and trade balances.
Balance of payments reflects all claims and liabilities of relationship with foreign countries,
where tourism has a role to reduce or offset the balance of payments deficit.
O6.To highlight the socio-cultural significance of tourism.

Tourism has, besides the economic consequences ,also a deep socio- human significance.
Tourism plays a repairman, helping to restore the body's natural ability, both through general
forms of recreation, leisure and movement and by the medical spa treatment.
He also is an active mean of education, it raises the level of education, culture and civilization of
the people, tourism facilitates the exchange of ideas information and values.In consequence
tourism has a great importance in material and spiritual needs of people, influencing positive
dimensions and structure of consumption.
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Tourism is an important using mean of leisure time.It exerts influence on the environment
and its components, and on the socio-economic and political plan, tourism works towards the
diversification and strengthening relationships between nations.
Conclusion: Tourism is an interference branch, exerts a major influence on many economic

sectors, contributing to the creation of new tourism-specific fields. Many areas of the economy
are developed due to tourism, that moves not only the exploitation of tourism resources but also
human resources.
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Subject Nr.2. Dimensions of the tourism phenomenon.
2.1. Determinant factors of tourism development.

Key words:
Tourism development,factor,income,prices and tariffs ,urbanization,leisure,tourist supply.
O1.To make a classification of these factors after a certain criteria.

O2.To present
another classification of some

development of tourism.
representative factors that influence the
O1.To make a classification of these factors after a certain criteria.

Connected to the social dynamics, tourism evolves as a subject of numerous factors, different in
nature and role, with a global or custom action on a certain form or component of the tourist
activity. These factors participate in determining the tourism phenomenon, in varying
proportions, depending on their specific content, and the time and place of impact.
These factors can be grouped according to the following criteria:
After socio-economic content:

Economic factors-population income and its changes,tourist supply,prices and
tariffs for tourism products.
Technical factors-the performance of the means of transport, technical equipment
of the hotel and eating units, or agencies.
Social factors-urbanization,leisure,fashion.
Demographic factors- quantitative / numerical evolution of population, changes in
life expectancy, age structure, socio-professional categories.
Psychological,educational and civilization factors- level of education,knowledge
desire, temperament, individual character.
Natural factors- geographical location, position relative to the main roads, relief,
climate.
Organizational and political factors- border formalities, visa, facilities or priorities
in organized tourism, social conflicts, ethnic and religious.
After the time duration of the factorss action:
Factors of permanent influence- leisure growth, income change, natural
movement and migration of the population.
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Conjectural factors- economic crises, political and social imbalances, armed

conflicts, natural disasters, unfavorable weather conditions.
After the importance and role in determining the tourism phenomenon:
Primary factors- tourist supply , income, prices, leisure and demographic
movement.
Secondary factors- international cooperation, visa facilities, variety of additional
services.
After nature of provenance and course of action:
Exogenous factors-demographic evolution,income growth.
Endogenous factors- launching of new products, diversification of services, the
fees and cost facilities.
After the market profile:
Tourist demand factors-incomes,leisure,urbanization.
Tourist supply factors- diversification and quality of services, natural conditions
and material base.
O2.To present another classification of some representative factors that influence the
development of tourism.
The representative factors that influence the tourism development are:

Populations income-that is the main condition for the manifestation of tourist
demand and therefore the material support and focus of the tourism development.
Populations income expresses
synthetically the economic and social
development of a country, and indirect ,the opportunities offered for practicing
tourism. Thus ,an increase in the individual earnings as a result of economic
growth and GDP,influences directly the consumption structure in the percentage
of tourism spending. An expressive indicator for the level of economic and social
development is the gross national product per capita(GNP). Among high-income
countries per capita, with ample opportunities of tourism are: Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, United
Briatnie U.S., countries with important positions in the international tourism
market. Income has primarily as a destination, the satisfaction of vital needs as
obligatory consumptions, then the free consumptions,that are goods and
services related to leisure. As the overall volume of income increases, the
possibility of free consumption also does , so free consumption has a direct
correlation with the evolution of income.
Prices and tariffs-are another major factor for stimulating the tourism
development. Their action is targeting the tourism product in its entirety or only
one of its components: transport, accommodation, leisure and behaves differently
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in relation to the domestic or international market, it produces quantitative and

qualitative mutations. In general, practicing of high tariffs limits the access to
tourist services and reflects the reduction in the number of tourists , length of
stays, travel distances, frequency of vacation departures;but at the same time,low
tariffs is stimulating a great demand.In fact,the relation between prices and
tourism development is more complex,because of adverse reaction,for ex: very
low tariffs can generate a tourist distrust in quality of the services offered and
thus reduce the intensity of trips. In these conditions, the tariffs should have a
solid grounding and the prices must reflect the quality.
Tourist supply-consists of attractions attractions,(natural and man
made)equipment and labor, which acts directly on tourism consumption and the
phenomenon as a whole. Wealth of natural assets (relief, climate, hydrography,
flora, fauna), historical, civilization and culture, that has a country or a region,
and the degree of their improvement ,exercises a great force of attraction on
tourist flows , determine the magnitude and orientation.
Technical progress- it has consequences on the mobility of the population,
favoring movement for travel interests, he also acts on other phenomena such as
urbanization, industrialization, and not at least, the technical progress influences
the performance of hotel endowments and service quality.
Demographic evolution,population dynamics and changing in age structure,
profession, area- It is generally considered that the increase in population number
and the pace of this growth, directly influences the number of potential tourists. In
terms of age structure, a segment of the population with special role in fostering
the tourist traffic are young people , due to higher availability of free time,
training needs, desires for fun.On the other side are older people with need of
health care. The distribution of population distribution by socio-professional
categories finds that segments of the population with a higher level of training and
employers show more inclination for tourist consumption (80% of the whole
category) as a result of certain perceptions and greater monetary means; and only
20% for agricultural workers and peasants with fewer financial resources, lower
levels of education and training.
Urbanization process- in turn cause a number of mutations in the population
structure of needs to escape from the noisy and polluted environment in vacations
and weekends that influences directly the tourism evolution.
Leisure- its evolution is a condition for the manifestation and affirmation of
travel demand as a result of decreasing the working day to 8 hours, reducing the
workweek, accepting part-time work schemes, increasing the paid annual leave.
Psycho-sociological factors- exercise significant influence: fashion, traditions,
desire for knowledge and training.
Governmental actions and facilities provided by the tourism organizers.

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Conclusion: Tourism development is influenced by factors that are directly related such as:
income and consumption, prices and services, and others as urbanization, technical progress that
participates to the increasing of tourist traffic and flows.These factors shoul be taken into
consideration when developing a strategy of tourism evolution.
2.2. Domestic and international tourism of the RM.
Key words:
Tourism,domestic and international tourism.
O1.To mention important details about domestic and international tourism of RM.
O2.To present data on tourist flows to and from RM.
O3.To report about domestic tourist traffic of RM.
O1.To mention important details about domestic and international tourism of RM.
Domestic tourism is tourism involving residents of one country traveling only within that
country. Domestic tourism: movement of residents of the Republic of Moldova within the
country for different tourist purposes.
International tourism comprises inbound and outbound tourism. International Tourism refers to
travelling from one country to another for recreational or business purposes. It's an essential
activity to the countries being visited as it provides social, cultural, educational and economic
benefits. International tourism has being on the rise in the recent years in most countries
worldwide.
In the Republic of Moldova 139,542 people made use of travel agency and tour operator services
in 2009, that is by 1.8% less compared to the figure of the previous year.
Compared to 2008, incoming tourism increased by 5.5% concerning the number of tourists in
2009. During the year given a total of 9,189 of foreign tourists and visitors came to Moldova.
70.3% of them came for the purpose of having rest and relaxing, 25.1% came on business, 4.3%
- to get medical treatment, 0.3% - for other purposes.International tourism(incoming+outcoming)
was 73,4% in 2009.
Fig.1. The structure of Moldova tourism organized by travel agencies and tour operators,
by visiting purposes.
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In 2009 the number of tourists who went abroad using the services of travel agencies and tour
operators increased by 9.6% and amounted to 93,294 people, with most of them (98.4%) going
with the purpose of rest, recreation and leisure activities. 1% of Moldova tourists went for the
purpose of medical treatment, 0.5% - went on business, 0.1% - for other purposes.
Fig.2. The structure of foreign tourists and visitors coming to Moldova.
Compared to the previous year, Moldova domestic tourism decreased by 23.3% in 2009. It was
registered that 37,159 Moldova residents travelled throughout the country during the year.
In 2009 the largest number of tourists and visitors (1,713 people) came to Moldova from the
Russian Federation. Then follow Turkey (1,002 people), Ukraine (979 people), Romania (765
people), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (744 people), and others.
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Fig.3. The structure of Moldova tourists and visitors going abroad.
In 2009 38.9% of Moldova tourists going abroad (36,260 people) went to Turkey. A considerable
number of tourists and visitors went to the following countries: Bulgaria (26,167 people),
Ukraine (12,192 people), Romania (9,301 people), the Czech Republic (1,181 people), and other
countries.
Source: IRUE "National center of marketing and price study".
http://export.by/en/?act=s_docs&mode=view&id=14017&doc=64
O2.To present data on tourist flows to and from RM.
NUMBER OF ARRIVALS OF FOREIGN VISITORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA, as of decembre 31.
Year
Total
2004
26045
2005
25073
2006
14239
2007
14722
2008
8710
2009
9189
2010
8956
2011
10788
2012
12797
From the table above [http://www.statistica.md/],the number of foreign visitors to the Republic
of Moldova has decreased noticeably from 26045 tourist in 2004 to 8710 in 2008,further is
shown a slight increase by 2012 with 12797 tourists.
http://www.statistica.md/
NUMBER OF DEPARTURES OF MOLDOVAN VISITORS ABROAD, as of decembre 31.
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Year
Total
2004
67846
2005
57231
2006
67826
2007
81790
2008
85085
2009
93294
2010
117204
2011
2012
136095 146791
From the table above [http://www.statistica.md/],the number of Moldovan visitors abroad has
increased dramatically from 67 846 tourists in 2004 to 146 791 tourists in 2012,because of the
socio-economic situation in RM and for other tourist purposes.
http://www.statistica.md/.
O3.To report about domestic tourist traffic of RM.

Today the tourism contribution to the national economy is relatively insignificant. Low quality
accommodation facilities and low revenues from tourism activity, place the Republic of Moldova
among the countries with underdeveloped tourism industries.
In the last 10 years, the evolution of tourism in the Republic of Moldova demonstrates a
tendency of relative decrease in the number of visitors, as a result of the negative impacts of the
countrys socio-economic environment.
It was registered a total number of 184647 tourists in 2011. Up by 14.2% against 2010. The
domestic tourism registered 37764 tourists, up by 6.1% against 2010. The incoming tourism
registered 10788 foreigners visiting Moldova in 2011, their number risen up by 20.5%
comparing to 2010. Most of foreign tourists were from: Romania (14,8%), Russia (13,0%),
Ukraine (11,0%), Germany (9,3%), USA (5,2%), Turkey (4,4%), Italy (4,1%), Poland (3,4%),
UK (3,3%), Sweden (3,1%), Bulgaria (2,7%), Japan (2,4%), France (2,3%) and the Netherlands
(2,0%). There are 15000 sights and 300 natural zones within Moldova, which represent a great
potential for domestic and international tourists.
http://www.tur.md/eng/section/258/.
Conclusion: According to the recent data, domestic tourism of the Republic of Moldova is in a
weak decrease because of the lack of accommodation facilities and low income of population,
but outbound tourism has a visible increase to the countries without visa regime, for certain
economic or tourist purposes.
20
Subject Nr.3. Tourist circulation.
3.1. Forms of tourism: structure, characteristics, interactions.

Key words:
Tourism,form of tourism, organized and unorganized tourism,travel typology.
O1.To define the notion of form of tourism.

O2.To give the unfolded classification of the main forms of tourism.
O3.To present the travel typology .
O4.To characterize briefly the main forms of tourism.
O1.To define the notion of form of tourism.

Tourism development, integration into the structure of modern economies, in the field of needs
and consumption of the population is reflected in the continuous enrichment of content and
diversification of forms. Also, participation in tourism movement of certain social categories
increasingly large associated with the variety of demand reasons,have favored the appearance of
some forms of tourism, to adapt them to the requirements of tourists and permanent trip
conditions. In general, the form of tourism can be defined by the association / combination of
services (transport, accommodation, food, entertainment) that make up the tourism product and
its marketing methods.
Forms of tourism reflects the environment structure that have generated them, so the structure of
human society, arrangements for meeting the technical and economic motivations and
possibilities of processing tourism phenomenon.
O2.To give the unfolded classification of the main forms of tourism.

There are different classifications of forms of tourism after several criteria:
After the socio economic characteristics of the demand:
21
Private tourism- practiced by people with high incomes on their own. It can be
performed in both treatment purposes as well as for rest and recreation. In general
they use the hotel services with a luxurious comfort that can offer personalized
services and is approved by senior officials or businessmen. Here we also can
include cruises and hunting.
Social tourism - is practiced mainly in low season (Coastal Program for all) and
is addressed in particular to social categories of low-income and very low, being
funded by unions or insurance programs. Are targeted specifically,pupils,
students, old people, veterans and people with disabilities.
Mass tourism - is addressed to average-wages population groups and below
average wages and is practiced in vacations, holidays or weekends throughout the
year in units with medium or low comfort.
After the motivation that generates the trip:

Medical treatment and spa tourism- specializes in preventive cures, active
cures, post traumatic and convalescence and even the maintenance.
Rest and recreation tourism- rest tourism is often practiced in annual
holidays, it represents a form of physical and mental relaxation. Recreational
tourism refers to short stays, particularly preferred by young people and
mostly practiced on weekends.
Leisure tourism- is a relatively similar form , to the precedence and include
visits to tourist attractions (museums, memorials, etc.), knowledge of people
and new places, customs and crafts (fairs) and not in the least participation in
cultural and artistic events (concerts, exhibitions , festivals etc.
Cultural tourism- include traveling and participation at art festivals.
Meeting tourism-it refers both to internal meetings and international
(seminars, conferences, scientific sessions, conferences), on the themes of
culture as well as those on scientific, political, defense or trade union activity.
Business Tourism- is in addition to the meetings, but whose main motivation,
is the meeting of supply and demand in fairs, of exhibitions, transactions or
negotiations and promotion of a company,or of some products.
Religious tourism-is practiced by masses and is continually modernizing,
developing a special request for accommodation, transport, nutrition,
marketing, and not only religious objects, telecommunications, printing and
specific clothing (incense, candles, charms, crosses, statues, icons. The main
tourist flows of this kind goes to: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Vatican, Mount
Athos.
22
O3.To present the travel typology .

In the field of tourism activities can be identified the following forms:
domestic tourism - residents of a country traveling in their own country.

inbound/international-receptor tourism- visiting a given country by non-residents.
outbound/outgoing tourism- residents of a given country visiting other countries.
These three basic forms can be combined, resulting in three other derivative forms of
tourism:
internal tourism - including domestic tourism and inbound tourism.

national tourism- including domestic tourism and outbound tourism.
international tourism-including inbound tourism and outbound tourism.
The tourism activity,due to the complexity and the multiple approaches that it supports, it
can be classified and according to the following criteria:
By the reason of the trip:

leisure tourism,
medical treatment and cure spa tourism,
leisure and recreation tourism,
sport tourism (active and passive),
technical and scientific tourism,
business and congress tourism,
cultural tourism,
religious tourism,
rural tourism.
By the degree of mobility of the tourist:
stay tourism (long / residential short and medium),
traffic tourism ,
transit tourism.
According to socio-economic characteristics of the demand:
private tourism (luxurious),
social tourism (for the masses),
young people tourism.
By the organizing of tourist services:
unorganized tourism,
organized tourism,
combined tourism.
By the type of transport:
hiking,
road tourism,
rail tourism,
23
marine/ship tourism,
air tourism.
By the frequency of manifestation:
continuous tourism,
seasonality tourism.
By seasonality:
summer tourism,
winter tourism ( hibernal tourism),
circumstance tourism ( occasionallytourism- hunting, fishing).
By the form of payment for the tourist product:
prepaid tourism,
paing during the trip tourism,
paid after travel tourism.
O4.To characterize briefly the main forms of tourism.
There are several forms of tourism that enjoys a special appreciation from the clients and
accordingly, the greatest attention from the organizers: cultural tourism, business tourism as
the main component of urban tourism, and rural tourism.
Business tourism is one of the most dynamic components of tourist activity. Is a form of tourism
with commercial, governmental or educational purposes, with the recreational purpose (leisure)
as a secondary motivation. Business tourism involves generally the movement to another
location at a distance greater than 50 km from the place of origin of the business tourist, where
the trip is strictly determined by a business, an event or an educational purpose. Tourism
business is conducted throughout the year, in special places, resulting in exposure of specific
services, trading, accommodation, security, aesthetic furnishings, telecommunications, video and
TV, copying, transfer, catering, media services, graphics.
Business tourism can be internal or external according to the direct beneficiary and the results.
They are focused on:
- company management seminars or meetings with employees (for knowledge, solving problems,
sharing experiences.)
- Training of staff and updating training
- travel reward (incentive).
24
Also, business tourism can be classified in the following forms:
General business tourism-relates primarily to the activities of individuals who work for a
short period of time out their place of residence (such as journalists).
Meeting tourism-is determined by attending at an event such as meetings, conferences,
seminars, symposia, conferences and is considered to be one of the most common forms
of business tourism
Fairs and exhibitions-which are defined as "the supply of goods and services for a
public guest, in order to determine a sale or to inform the visitor ." As a form of tourism
they stimulate the trip of two people categories: exhibitors and visitors.
Urban tourism. Development and modernization of cities on the one hand as well as the variety
of their offers on the other hand led in time to the creation of a specific form of tourism urban
tourism. Urban tourism has its roots in antiquity, known as affluent to travelers attending the
Mediterranean realms and Aegean islands. In a very large sense, urban tourism is represented by
spending your free time in the city, based on the motivations of the most diverse,from visits at
the theater, visiting cultural sights, to the carrying shopping or visits to relatives and friends
meetings.
Rural tourism. From the whole global economy of tourism, rural tourism is defined as tourism
valorification of :
the rustic spaces;

the natural resources;
the cultural heritage;
cultural properties;
the village traditions;
agricultural products;
through branded products (dedicated) illustrative of regional identity, covering consumer needs
in terms of accommodation, food, leisure, entertainment and various services to local
development, sustainable and adequate response to the needs of recreation of modern society, as
a new social vision city-village. Rural tourism is a concept that includes tourism activities
organized and led by the local population and is based on a close relationship with the natural
and human environment.
Cultural tourism- means any form of tourism in a different place that involves experiencing by
the visitor ,of all aspects of "culture" of the place, contemporary lifestyles, food, topography,
environment, towns and villages and historic sites and cultural performances.Cultural tourism
represents the action of visiting a community, group, region or institution by foreign persons
motivated in whole or in part by interest in historical heritage, artistic, scientific, for lifestyle
found in that places "(Silbergs).
25
Conclusion: There is a tremendous variety of forms of tourism, but the most practiced of
them ,today are those of business tourism, urban, rural, and cultural.
3.2. Measurement of tourist traffic and the difficulties of knowledge of the tourism
phenomenon.
Key words:
Tourist circulation measuring,recording methods of tourist circulation,measuring indicators.
O1.To speak about correct assessment of tourist activity.

O2.To highlight the main recording methods of tourist circulation .
O3.To present the main measuring indicators of tourist circulation.
O1.To speak about correct assessment of tourist activity.

The characterization of tourism in terms of size, structure evolution, contribution to economic
and social development, both domestically and internationally is determined by the availability
of the relevant information. The volume, variety of information, comparability of the
international tourism ,does not only provide an accurate and scientific assessment of the tourism
phenomenon, but permits the understanding of its operating mechanisms , and on this basis,
taking appropriate decisions, in its development strategies.
Correct evaluation, as complete and comparable across countries, of the tourist activity
involves:
consensus on the content of concepts,

unitary and simple methods of observation,
a coherent system of indicators.
These requirements are met in terms of concepts, most countries adopting statistical WTOs
recommendations in this regard.
O2.To highlight the main recording methods of tourist circulation .

An important issue in measuring tourism phenomenon is collecting data-recording methods and
tools used for this purpose.
26
Baseline studies in the field show that the base tools for tourism phenomenon research ,are
complete and direct observations, such as censuses, inventories, partial observations of the
survey nature, performed on samples with the behavior identical to that of the whole.
They are applied to the key areas of tourist activity, namely at border crossing points, in the
means of hosting tourists and with the opportunity to achieve financial transactions.
With these tools we obtain qualitative and quantitative information that enable the composition
of domestic and international tourism statistics. Of these, the most common, structured by place
or observation units are:
Statistics of arrivals / departures at the border,

Statistics of means of accommodation ,
transport statistics,
statistics on other equipment and activities,such as national parks and amusement parks,
sporting and cultural facilities, museums,
surveys / polls on households and individuals,
economic census-type statistics,
other statistics: balance of payments, employment, system of National Accounts.
Registration at the border as tourist circulation measurement method is widely used in

international tourism statistics. As a way of unfolding, recording at the border can be
continuous, tallying all passes through these points, or partial, performed as specialized surveys.
This method provides quantitative information on the number of inputs and outputs, the origin
country of tourists, length of stay, purpose of visit, mean of transport used.
A more efficient and easier method to apply,is the registration of tourists in accommodation
spaces. Information obtained by the recording method in accommodation spaces are more
complete and more diverse: they refer both to the demand (tourist circulation) and to the
supply(material base and labor), to domestic and international tourism, the size of the tourism
phenomenon and its impact on the economy. Data collection by this method can be achieved by
a simple processing of the standard hotel documents (the sheet announcing the arrival and
departure of tourists, the daily / monthly occupancy situation of the rooms, each client account
form a) or by supplementing them with additional information obtained directly from clients
(feedback on the quality of services).
Another method, considered indirect, narrower in scope, is processing of information from
banking financial institutions (banks, insurance companies).Are possible determinations of
receipts and payments for tourist trips ,on the whole and the structure-accommodation, food,
transport, tourism both internally and internationally. Based on these,can be made qualitative
assessments on tourism, through indicators such as: receipt / average expenses per tourist,
assessments of the role of tourism in populations consumption, its contribution to GDP,
achievement of the state income.
Likes on quality aspects of tourism, socio-professional nature of the client, motivation, behavior,
satisfaction level of the tourist, holiday budget ,can be made only by the survey method.
Surveys are made by institutions or specialized compartments by a properly trained staff, on
fixed or variable samples ,designed on each inquest.
27
O3.To present the main measuring indicators of tourist circulation.

Tourism indicators capture and play a synthetic and mathematical expression, information on
various aspects of tourism activity, useful information to measure the phenomenon and its effects
to anticipate the evolution trends and for policys development substantiation in the field.
Thus there is a system of indicators of tourist circulation such as:
indicators of real demand (tourist circulation) and potential;

indicators of supply (of the material base , and labor);
supply-demand relationship indicators (market capacity, employment);
outcome indicators / economic and social effects, direct and indirect.
A special place in the structure of tourism indicators rests on the movement(circulation) of

tourists: they express the real demand in various aspects, but sometimes on the potential, or even
supply-demand relationship.
The number of tourists is widely recognized as one of the most representative and important
indicators of tourist circulation, he is a physical and quantitative indicator and may take the
following form:
arrivals / departures of tourists- for international tourism and is obtained from statistics
records at the border;
accommodated persons- used both for internal and international tourism deduced from
the statistics of accommodation places;
participants at tourist activities- tourists and excursionists, specific for domestic tourism
resulting from the business centralization of travel agents.
Another indicator is the number of overnight stays or tourist days. It is calculated as the sum of
the products between the number of tourists and tourist activity duration ,in days. It is obtained
by processing / aggregating information from the statistics of hotel units. The average length of
stay is the average number of days of stay of tourists in a particular area (country, state), it is the
result of the ratio between the number of tourists and overnight stays. It can be determined by
categories of tourists, geographical areas, types of tourism.
The density of tourist circulation is calculated both with the resident population of the areas
visited and the surface. The density of tourist circulation provides information on the load
degree of areas and indirectly on measures that should be taken to meett the needs of tourists,
without disrupting the lives and activities of residents and the ecological balance of the area.
Relative preference for tourism is another indicator that expresses the proportion to the total
tourist emission of a country or to the total resident population of those who opt for a particular
holiday destination. It can be calculated in order to obtain geographical distribution of the
28
departures / arrivals of tourists. These determinations can evaluate mutations in the tourist
movement structure.
There are in the tourist practice also other indicators more or less relevant: the average number
of tourists in a given period, the annual distribution of tourist arrivals, the degree of customer
loyalty, etc.
Conclusion: To analyze the tourist circulation, and actions to improvements and progress there
have been created a system of indicators that helps to collect, structure and analyze the
information reported to the area of interest.
29
Subject Nr.4. Organization of tourism activity.
4.1. Coordinates of the tourism organization.

Key words:
Horizontal organizations (professional organizations), vertical organizations.
O1.To present the unfolded organization of tourism activity.

O2.To report on the organizational structure of tourism.
O3.To report on forms of integration of tourism activity.
O1.To present the unfolded organization of tourism activity.

The organization is understood as a set of measures, forms, methods and techniques, with a
social-economic,technical-organizational aspect, designed to achieve a purpose. Most often, the
organization is seen as a function of the scientific management of the company and, respectively,
of its component processes: production, labour. Organizing is a process of arranging the
components of a field, as well as establishing relationships between these components so as to
ensure optimal functioning of the whole. The organization is synonymous with a set of measures
(legislative, organizational, administrative, etc..), Able to build a proper framework for the
course of trips. Tourism, like any other industry, needs to develop unitary, coherent, without
convulsions, effectively,due to an appropriate institutional framework, a set of links with well
defined responsibilities, a functional relationship between them, an adequate information system.
On the other hand, its peculiarities, expressed by a wide range of coverage, elogen content ,high
dynamism, dependence on other sectors of the economy, the large number of participants to
develope and sell vacation packages,prints specific features to the tourism organization.
Thus, this process should include issues related to:
organizational structures;
forms of integration;
role of the state;
tourism product supply chain.
O2.To report on the organizational structure of tourism.
30
Tourism is a complex sector of activity, an aggregate of services and activities with multiple
implications in all branches of national life. It is obvious, then, that tourism as a socio-economic
sector, can not be limited solely to the work of a single department or governmental body.
Therefore, tourism, more than in other sectors of activity, should be strengthen a close
coordination between the various government departments and organizations that deal with
tourism activity. Consequently, outside the central coordination of tourism in the national
economy, there must be coordination between the representatives of tourism governmental
organizations ,at regional level and,respectively, locally.
Coordination function of the whole set of measures to promote tourism is done by national
tourism organizations.
Diversity of component activities of the tourism industry is reflected in the variety of those
involved in organizing and running the proper trips. They can be of public or private sectors
,companies or professional associations, bodies of local activity , national or international, etc.
As a result, at the organization of tourism activity can be identified:
Sector organizations specialized on links of the supply chain of tourism product, such
as: hotel businesses, food, transportation, travel agencies, tour operators, and training
centers, promotion offices etc.
Organizations by destination,also,by tourist resorts, geographical areas or administrativeterritorial; they aim to encourage cooperation between the various tour companies and
coordination of the activity in a certain area, and common actions of tourism promotion.
Tourism organizations viewed as a whole, national or global, with responsibilities in the
study and forecast the tourism phenomenon ,in developing strategies and policies in the
field.
Between these bodies is conducted cooperative relations and subordination; their area of activity
intersects.There is a system of organization of tourism activity, structured in three stages:
1. central body, the coordinator;
2. the local body;
3. sector organizations.
Central bodies, called the national administration according to some authors, take one of the
forms:
ministry by itself or public department, manager or secretariat in some ministries with a

more complex structure (in countries like: England, Portugal, Italy, Turkey);
committee or commissary in Belgium, Lebanon;
government office in Greece, Morocco;
semi-governmental organization, with more limited powers (Austria, Switzerland,
Denmark, Finland, Norway).
Whatever the administrative form, these bodies represent the state and have the role of:
I.
II.
III.
coordinating travel activity, nationally;

elaboration of tourism development strategy;
guidance and control of specialized economic agents;
31
IV.
V.
VI.
promoting of domestic and international tourism;

training;
representation in international bodies etc.
Local authorities/collectivities, considered by some authors also as representatives of the

national administration, in many countries have an important role in the organization and
development of tourism. They have an independent structure,have functional autonomy , have
their own budgets and responsibilities in coordinating activities and the promotion of tourism in
those areas.
Sector organizations are the most numerous and takes the form of companies. From an
organizational perspective, they can operate independently or can be associated,their range of
activity can be local, national or international.
National tourism organizations are designed to coordinate the national tourism policy,
representing also the instrument of execution, direction and control of the national tourist
activity.
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), whose member is our country, has developed the
following typology of national tourism organizations:
independent ministries (eg :Ministry of Tourism);

mixed or combined ministries {ex., Ministry of Trade and Tourism, Ministry of Tourism
and Air Transport, Ministry of Tourism and Culture or Entertainment, Ministry of
Tourism and Sports, etc.);
state secretaries for Tourism, independent bodies or within mixed ministries;
departments within mixed ministries;
state committees or commissioners for tourism;
national tourism offices (or governmental);
national tourism authorities;
general directions for tourism, within mixed ministries or departments etc..
Tourism bodies that function as intermediaries between economic companies involved in the
tourism industry or performing their territorial coordination role in tourism activity developed
by these companies can be classified horizontally and vertically in the following way:
1. Horizontal organizations (professional organizations):

1.1. National organizations:
private organizations (transport, hostelling, travel agencies etc.)
public organizations.
2.Vertical organizations:
2.1. National organizations:
32
2.1.1. Private organizations:

with local character (development companies, initiative unions, associations of interest);
of regional nature (offices and regional associations);
with national character (associations and national offices).
2.1.2. Public organizations:
with national character (directions, national tourism offices, commissioners , ministries of
tourism);
of regional nature (regional offices and administration of tourism);
with local character (offices and tourist administrations).
2.2. International organizations:

private organizations (eg: FITEC, BITS);
public organizations (eg :WTO, OECD).
It should be noted the role of private advisory bodies working in areas, tourist resorts or localities
of tourist interest (development companies, interest associations,committees and centers of
initiative, initiative unions etc), created to support the collective actions, to promote activities of
travel agencies and private agencies,companies providing hotel services, leisure units, transport
companies etc. The most representative bodies of this type are unions of initiative, which is the
basic unit of all organizational activities and promotion of the tourism industry in most countries
with a developed tourist industry. Initiative unions are organizations of local interest, often
constituted in the form of associations or non-profit committees, with the object of promoting
local tourism, collective tourist propaganda and providing information for tourists, defending the
interests of service providers and ensuring the most favorable conditions for receptioning
tourists.
O3.To report on forms of integration of tourism activity.

In tourism the competition is very tight. On holiday packages productions market, activates a
multitude of small and medium tourism companies,the market being fragmented by these service
providers. Tourism market tendency is the integration of travel organizations to focus on
different areas and components of activity. Integration of tourism activity, namely of service
providers, presents a number of key advantages for survival under conditions of competition:
Lower costs of production;

Facilities for tourists;
Continuous improvement of labor;
Scale promotional campaigns;
Market research;
Organization of reservation/booking systems.
33
In the international tourism practice ,there are found a variety of forms of integration:
o
o
o
Groups with limited activity:

voluntary chain;
franchising system;
professional associations and / or unions.
Concentration / integration itself:

o horizontal (integrated chain);
o vertical;
o conglomerate.
Groups of limted activity are voluntary associations of companies or non-profit organizations,

with the aim of promoting their interests in a market, relationships with customers, partners,
government, legal and financial independence is preserved and they can leave at anytime this
agreement (eg: hospitality).
Voluntary chain is a union, association between independent hoteliers to provide a product or a
tourist service almost homogeneous, to inform clients and to market jointly the products. Unite
under one brand with mandatory quality standards for products and services; have an unitary
commercial policy; develops jointly, advertising campaigns; using reservation centers,
participate in fairs, exhibitions,etc.Example: France 25%, Switzerland 25%, Germania11%,
Belgium 8%, Spain and Italy 6%. Among the most important voluntary chains, expressive for
the size of their offer, can be mentioned:
BEST WESTERN Inc - USA, has 3800 units of 3 and 4 stars, with 280,000 rooms.Brand
quality is 'Elite', present in over 70 countries.
LOGIS DE FRANCE - France, with over 4000 units, about 75,000 rooms, appeared
nationwide as a promoter of family tourism in rural areas. Enlargement:
Logis of GREET BRITAIN;
Logis of IRELAND;
Logis of d 'Italia.
SUPRANATIONAL RESERVATION - Switzerland, 100000 room capacity.
Franchising a concession contract by which a producer or provider of travel services, called

franchisor gives in exchange for a fee,to another company called franchisee (beneficiary), the
right to use / exploit its brand name and marketing techniques.
Professional associations are non-profit groups, components made in various component fields
of tourist activity, aiming mainly to promote the specific interests of the group. The sphere of
34
reference is extremely wide, they are found in transport, hostelling, food, leisure, marketing of
holiday packages,etc. Among the most representative associations can be mentioned:
National Association of Travel Agencies;
National Association of Chefs and Confectioners of Tourism;
National Association for Rural, Ecological and Cultural Tourism,etc.
Horizontal mergers/concentrations occur between firms operating in the same stage of the
production process or in the same stage of the supply chain: trade, transport, hostelling etc.
Enterprises grouped in this formula is an integrated chain, controlled by a unique decision, they
offer a homogeneous product, marketed under the same brand, they have a common
development strategy. Horizontal merger is best represented in the hostelling field, where
integrated chains hold over 25% of the total accommodation capacity. Horizontal concentration
developed in steps, in the sense of setting up:
hotel groups comprising several chains;
independent chains, unique.
From the category of integrated hotel chains are to be mentioned the following : the Holiday InnUS ,Sheraton-US,US RamadaInns, ACCORD-France, Hilton-USA, etc.
Vertical concentration brings together businesses that act in various stages of tourist
production or on various stages of supply chain and which typically are in a complementary
relationship; it is done upstream, when a hotel chain creates its own network of travel agencies
or own transport company, downstream, when a transport company shall provide
accommodation services through the acquisition of a hotel chain in both directions.
Conglomerate is a form of custom concentration ,through the trend of diversification of the
activity of a firm,by entering into an area more effectively in the future. Conglomerate is
achieved through the merger of companies whose activity is not complementary or related.
Among the best known examples is situated ITT (International Telegraph & Telephone), which
took over the Sheraton hotel chain and the car locations company Avis.
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus].
Conclusion: The aggregation tendency of organizations / producers of holidays packages

manifests more pronounced, becoming a dominant feature of tourism industry.
35
4.2. The states role in tourism.

Key words:
Degradation,government bodies, coordinator role.
O1.To present the degradation of economic activity.

O2.To report on national importance.
O3.To to highlight the role of government bodies.
O1.To present the degradation of economic activity.

Since the last century, especially in the interwar period and until today, tourism development has
attracted attention of government circles form various countries with a tourism potential, which
began to draw significant benefits from this activity. However, the issue of tourism promotion
has been left entirely for a private initiative,without the central coordination of the efforts of
institutions and companies involved in the development of tourism (rail and maritime navigation
companies, hotel companies, propaganda associations,turing-clubs etc.). Degradation of
economic activity during the First World War led governments to adopt special measures to
redress their national economies, including tourism development line. In this period appeared the
first attempts to institutionalize tourism and first semiofficial and official organizations of
tourism.
The interests of governments to promote tourism and measures to create some official bodies, by
which the state may exercise its role of organizing and coordinating the tourism, have resulted in
various international cooperation agreements and conventions signed during the wars, and the
laws meant to contribute to the development of this activity.
O2.To report on national importance.

In the period of reconstruction after the Second World War a number of European governments
have continued the efforts to stimulate the further tourism development. For this purpose,
considerable funds have been allocated for the development of tourism infrastructure and
equipment/material base, funded from both state budgets, and the contribution of international
organizations, including a prominent place for the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP). Rapid progress has been sustained also by massive capital investment of private
entrepreneurs, that required guidance and coordination on the state line. Consequently,
governments have concluded that the only way to avoid the negative effects resulting from the
conflicts of interest of the state, semi-static,of group or private, consists of the coordination of
tourism development under the direct guidance of government bodies.
On the other hand, the growing national importance of the tourism industry in terms of its
economic, social, political and cultural aspect, and relationships that have settled between
36
countries on government line,have determined the gradually coordination of the policy of

organization and promotion of tourism, by the state authorities.
Besides coordinating role (eg: in case of governmental agreements of tourist cooperation , the
elaboration of bills, decrees, etc; linked to the uniform regulation of national tourism activities
etc),states also exercise an important function of tourism development tourism ,investment
policy and travel arrangements. It is the effortsscoordination of investors for making large scale
travel arrangements, such as the creation of new areas and tourist resorts , mountain or seaside,
where the development of tourism infrastructure (equipping railway network, highways, roads,
sewerage, airports, ensuring ecological balance etc.) exceeds the financial power of the
economic agents as investors.
O3.To to highlight the role of government bodies.

We notice a sharp increase of the coordinating role of government bodies in regarding the
complex and controlled exploitation of natural and man-made resources of the national territory,
,maintaining the ecological balance of these priority areas for tourism activities in the overall
development programs. The role magnitude of the government bodies in these tourist
development policies vary, of course, depending on the political, economic and social changes in
each country and even each tourist area.
In order to increase the productivity of the tourism industry, the state has an important role in the
training and professional development of the staff at all levels. Directly or indirectly, the state
has an important role in providing guidance to the tourist demand.
Conclusion: As demonstrated, the state still has a role to play in organizing and conducting
tourism activity ,to grow the experience of economic agents ,to increase their size, and thus, the
financial power ,as a result of the assertion of integrated forms of organization that have
manifested lately, the trend of disengagement of the state and diminishing its role.
4.3. Tourism bodies and tourism cooperation.
Key words:
Tourism bodies,tourism cooperation.
O1.To highlight the role of international traveling.

O2.To report on the existing tourism organizations.
O3.To present one of the broadest and most representative international tourism bodies.
37
O1.To highlight the role of international traveling.

Great extent of international traveling and increasing the role of tourism in the world economy
have favored the creation of specialized international organizations and / or the inclusion of
tourism issues in the activity and concerns of the already existing international bodies.
Also, the strong connection between domestic and international tourism, the trend of
globalization of tourism phenomenon has imposed the need of macroeconomic(national and
regional) tourism organization in many countries ,to be put in correspondence with international
organizations and their structures.
O2.To report on the existing tourism organizations.

According to WTO assessments in the world ,there are over 80 international organizations in
which competencies are found tourism issues. They have a very diverse structure regarding to
the content of activity, the character and mode of the organization, the territorial scope of
action.
Thus, from the point of view of the character or the level of representation, the international
bodies may be:
government whose representation is at the administrative level, have major

responsibilities in tourism and their actions are mandatory for member countries;
NGOs.
Depending on the territorial scope of activity, international bodies are grouped into:
global bodies with a planetary reach;

regional bodies.
After the content of the activity and topics discussed,there are distinguished:
general bodies (with the universal vocation), which deals with the entire range of tourism
issues;
specialized bodies focused on a problem or component of tourism services (transport,
hostelling etc.).
From the point of view of the organization and functioning of international organizations ,it can
be opened or closed, and according to their status: public or private, etc.
A non-governmental organization (abbreviated NGO) is an institution that is independent from
government work, although some NGOs are partially or fully funded by it. Helmut K.Anheier
has estimated the number of non-governmental organizations over 40,000. International nongovernmental organizations are represented by professional associations, social and scientific
formed between similar bodies in different countries, bodies directly involved in production or
providing specific services or in defending of tourism professions. These organizations aim to
38
promote specific interests by encouraging the exchange of information, meetings of the agents in
the field, the development of studies, organizing seminars and sessions.
Among the most important NGOs are:
Universal Federation of Travel Agencies Association (UFTAA) - as the name suggests

specializes in trading holidays. UFTAA was formed by the merger of the International
Federation of Travel Agencies and Universal Organization of the Association of Travel
Agencies.
International Federation of Journalists and Travel Writers (IFJTW) encourages
publications in tourism.
International Federation of Climatology;
World Federation of Chefs and Confectioners;
International Association of Hotels (IAH)- comprises about 4500 members from around
147 countries, 82 national hotel associations, and hotel chains 945. The present name is
the International Association of hotels and restaurants.
International Organization of Cable Transport etc.
In the category of international tourism bodies ,may be included and other governmental or
non-governmental organizations, for which tourism is not only one of the sectors where it meet
its duties.Among these,can be mentioned:
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - the government body acting as

arranging travels / air transport.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD);
International Air Transport Association (IATA);
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD).
O3.To present one of the broadest and most representative international tourism bodies.
One of the largest and most representative international tourism bodies is the World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO / WTO) - based in Madrid, Spain. It is an agency of the United Nations
and deals with problems related to tourism. World Tourism Organization is a significant global
body, responsible for collecting statistical information on international tourism. World Tourism
Organization plays an important role in promoting the development of fund ,responsible,
sustainable and universally accessible, of tourism, paying particular attention to developing
countries.The organization encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism, with a view to ensure, that member countries will maximize the positive economic,
social and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while minimizing the negative
impact of social issues on environment.
Conclusion: Cooperation in tourism has made possible the creation of international

organizations, aimed to solve the present problems and develop the tourism.
39
4.4. Tourism organization in the R. Moldova.
Key words:
Tourism bodies,tourism cooperation.
O1.To report on the history of tourism in the RM.

O2.To outline the current institutional structure of tourism in the R. Moldova.
O3.To highlight the tourism development strategy in the Republic of Moldova.
O1.To report on the history of tourism in the RM.

Despite its small area, the R.Moldova has considerable tourism potential represented first of all
by the geomorphologic aspect of its territory - an unusual diversity of landscape reservations or
natural landscapes and unique geological monuments of European and world value. Priority
forms of tourism practiced in the last decade in the R. Moldova are rural, wine, cultural, health
and beauty. Tourism focuses on the country's natural landscapes and its history.
Wine tours are offered to tourists across the country. Vineyards/cellars
include Cricova, Purcari, Ciumai,Romanesti, Cojuna, Milestii Mici.
O2.To outline the current institutional structure of tourism in the R. Moldova.
Currently the tourism in the R.Moldova is regulated by the superior body : Tourism Agency of
the Republic of Moldova. Tourism Agency of the Republic of Moldova has several subdivisions
of coordination, including:
Tourism Development Department;

International Relations and European Integration;
Direction of Marketing and Finance;
Service Analysis, Monitoring and Policy Evaluation;
Legal Service;
Human Resources;
Internal Audit;
Information Service and Media Communication;
E-Transformation Service;
Office of the General Director (Status service).
40
O3.To highlight the tourism development strategy in the Republic of Moldova.

Strategies for tourism development:
Involving the media in promoting the natural and man-made tourism potential of the
republic,announcement of contests and advertisements.
Develop a national program of awareness of the tourism importance, which will include
various activities for the whole society.
The introduction into curricula, in high schools, vocational schools, colleges and
institutions of higher education ,courses related to awareness of tourism attractions,
including study tours.
Involving civil society in non-governmental sector and in tourism awareness programs.
The development of material and technical base of tourism and creation of tourism
infrastructure. The current tourism infrastructure in the Republic of Moldova doesnt benefit
from the investments, which has a negative impact on tourism. Therefore capital investments are
needed to improve this situation. A major area that should be developed as a priority is the
accommodation sector. Refurbishment of the existing accommodation and construction in new
areas, of modern accommodation structures that requires an analysis to assess the future
demand ,by type, category and territorial location of these structures. Are recommended pilot
projects in the field of rural tourism and craft activities to encourage the creation of small and
medium enterprises in rural areas.
The regulatory setting- Tourism Law no. 798-XIV of 11 February 2000 and other applicable
laws constitute the legal framework for the present strategy implementation,but the development
of certain forms of tourism (rural, ecological, wine, cultural, spa, social, etc.)is required
development and implementation of additional legislation. National tourism legislation should be
harmonized with other legislation in related areas, and its adjustment to international standards.
Human resource development. Tourism is an industry that involves intensive use of active
labor with different levels of training, by age and gender. For training highly qualified personnel
is recommended to organize a proper education and training. Curricula need to be updated and
expanded,but the teachers have to be enrolled in training courses.
Promoting the national tourist product on the domestic and foreign markets. Policy
promotion of tourist product and marketing in the relevant field should contribute to creating a
real and attractive images of Moldova, designed to generate the domestic tourism demand,
regional and internationala.The Republica Moldova as a tourist destination, is little known
abroad. It requires considerable assistance from the state, to the development and promotion of
informational packages that would make our country image attractive. Lack of financial
resources is not conducive to an extensive marketing campaign of Moldova as a tourist
destination. It is recommended to provide for the Department of Tourism Development financial
resources for the implementation of integrated marketing programs on target tourist markets.
Conclusion: The Republica Moldova as a tourist destination, is little known abroad. It requires
considerable assistance from the state, to the development and promotion of informational
41
packages that would make our country image attractive. Individual service providers havent
enough knowledges and financial means to undertake effective marketing actions and promotion
of the tourism product. The state budget would increase considerably if investments in tourism
would be higher.
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Subject Nr. 5.Tourist market.
5.1. The content and features of the tourism market.

Key words:
National market, international market,tourist demand.
O1.To give the definition of tourist market.

O2.To present the dimensions of tourist market.
O3. To outline the types of tourist markets.
O4.To present the peculiarities of the market and tourist demand.
O1.To give the definition of tourism market.
In its widest sense, the travel and tourism market consists of all individuals who have the desire
and the need to travel and have the necessary resources to satisfy this desire. For economists, the
market consists of all sellers and buyers when dealing with a product or service for marketers
market consists only of demand carriers (potential customers). Sellers in our case, providers and
tour operators - make up what is called industry or field of activity. The tourism market has some
important features resulting from the specific supply and demand in this area:
The contact with the tourist offer takes places only at the lieu of consumption.
Secondly, the tourist market is the subject of numerous fluctuations because of the supply
that is rigid (due to entanglement) while demand is unstable and elastic/flexible.
Thirdly, to meet the demand with supply is required ,customers movement in space,
often over considerable distances.
Fourthly, the tourism market is a highly segmented market and it may go right up to the
individualization.
Fifthly, the tourism market is a multidimensional market, meaning that ,one person
rarely intervenes in the purchase of a tourism product.
Sixthly, the tourism market is one with a pronounced risk. The risk is perceived both by
tourists (who purchase a product without being able to test it first,where the concumption
takes places later than the time of purchasing) as well as bidders/offerers: customer
expectations are difficult to predict, and very unsatisfied customers can hardly be
determined to return.
O2.To present the dimensions of tourism market.

Dimensions of the tourism market. The main elements with which to measure the size of the
tourism market are:the number of customers, market capacity, and market potential. In their
43
calculation must be always specified the geographic location of the market (eg: Bucharest or
Romanian market or) and the envisaged time (usually one year).
In terms of number of customers, we can speak of these market components:
The total market is represented by the total population of that geographical region. In
this population there are still a number of people that is assumed that they will never be
clients of travel companies, for various reasons (can not move, have a limited life or
below the limit).This group of people is formed by so called absolute non-consumers.
They should be excluded from the calculations when assessing the market dimensions.
Theoretical tourism market, which is obtained after we remove the absolute nonconsumers from the total population. And in this market there is a category of nonconsumers, called this time relative non-consumers. These people, for one reason or
another, do not travel or make it very rarely (do not like to travel, not enough income, are
too busy, etc.).
Real or actual/effective travel market is represented by people who have actually been
clients of travel companies in the period considered.
Products market or tourist destination is always a part of the real tourism market (eg:
market of the Neptun resort or market of the stays in the mountains).
Market capacity express its size by the total number of products or services which may be sold
in physical units.
O3. To outline the types of tourist markets.

Tourism market is a sphere of interference of the materialized as tourist production and tourist
demand as a materialized consumption.
Tourism market cand be:
National market- when meeting demand and supply is achieved within the national boundaries
of a country.
International market- this superposition occurs outside the national borders.
Tourist market can be seen as an active market for the countries receiving tourists and a passive
market for tourists emitting countries. Tourist market can be influenced by a number of objective
and subjective factors, permanent and incidental, accelerators and negative factors. Factors
which influence the tourist market: volume, structure and quality of tourism resources expressing
the tourism potential of an area:
Level of tourist arrangements;

Level of infrastructure development;
Income levels and prices;
Length of holidays and leisure time;
Contextual factor.
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Measurement or quantitative assessment of the tourism market can be achieved using the
following indicators:
The capacity of tourist market to express the amount of needs for a specific tourism
product which is manifested in the market at a time, without taking into account the
income of consumers or the prices and tariffs.
The potential of tourism market that expresses the demand of all consumers for a
particular tourism product according to their income and the price charged for that
product.
The market volume of the tourism product which refers to the amount of commercial
transactions concluded for a particular product in a specific period of time. If the volume
is equal to the potential of the tourist market it is to say that the market is saturated.
The market place of a tourism product that relates to that part of volume of the
tourism market covered by sales for a tourist determined product.
O4.To present the peculiarities of the market and tourist demand.
Peculiarities of tourism market:

1. tourism products can not be defined quantitatively and qualitatively than indirectly and
partially because tourism product is invisible;
2. is a fragmented market , made up of a multitude of tourist submarkets that occur as a
result of the confrontation of a diversity of tourist supply with in each of its ways of its
perceiving by the categories of consumers;
3. on tourist market ,the supply is perceived as an image that is formed as a result of tourist
information received from various sources;
4. tourism offer is theoretical, it is known only through tourism informing of consumers
and the tourism advertising.
Features of the tourist demand:
1. tourist demand is manifested in an infinite number of nuanced variations from one client
to another depending on the socio-professional tipology form of tourism, the technical
characteristics of the voyage, the financial resources available and the motivations of
tourist consumption.
2. tourist demand is not characterized by the consumption of the same tourism product
offered at the same destination.
3. tourist demand has a greater degree of spontaneity than demand for goods.
4. tourist demand s dynamic,diverse and heterogeneous, with a pronounced seasonality,
which prints to the market ,the character of an opaque market.
Peculiarities of the tourist offer:
1. tourist offer includes a set of services whose materialization is based on the reception
capacity.
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2. tourist offer is characterized by limits of temporal order, set according to the minimum
conditions that have to meet the natural resources ,in order to be accepted at a time of the
year.
3. Tourist offer is complex and heterogeneous,including attractive elements, but also
functional elements that make it possible to develop the production.
Conclusion: Tourism market is a component of economic and social environment, an important

element of consumer services market.
5.2.Demand and tourist consumption.
Key words:
Tourism demand, tourist consumption, seasonality.
O1.To outline the particularities of tourism demand and consumption.

O2.To report on the seasonality of tourism activity.
O1.To outline the particularities of tourism demand and consumption.

Peculiarities of tourism demand.
Tourism demand consists of all persons who express their desire to move periodically and
temporarily outside their residence, for reasons other than the provision of paid work at the site.
Tourist consumption is an expression of the solvent demand of the population for tourism
services, which finds its equivalent in the tourist offer ,in time and space. Tourist consumption
consists of expenditures incurred by the carriers of tourism demand for the purchase of services
and goods related to tourist motivation.
Potential criteria of differentiation of the tourism demand (demand manifestation):
customer motivations and preferences of tourists for attractions offered;

socio-professional tipology, family, form of tourism, financial sources and amounts
available for travel expenses, voyage technical characteristics (duration of stay, forms of
transport for accommodation).
Determinant factors of tourist demand:

By the nature and purpose of intervention:
46
exogenous factors;
endogenous factors.
By the time of their action:
constant influential factors;
conjectural factors.
Depending on the importance of tourism demand determinants:
primary factors;
secondary factors.
O2.To report on the seasonality of tourism activity.

Periodicity of tourism demand is a function of disposable income, leisure and seasonality of
tourist activities that generate different forms of tourism based on annual ,periodical supply (eg:
tourism in winter sports resorts, summer tourism on seaside etc). In this context it is worth
recalling that the essential factor of the formation of periodical (seasonal) tourism demand and
consequently unequal distribution of the demand, in time and space, is represented by the limits
of available free time available to travel within a calendar year. We consider, first, furloughs and
annual holidays, which are longer and uninterrupted periods of leisure and influencing the
formation of tourism demand by:
the length of holidays and vacations, as these are longer-lasting, allows their
fragmentation to a greater extent and as such ,attenuates the seasonality of demand.
characteristic limits imposed on them, knowing that for certain categories of active
population, leaves can be used for travel only at certain times of year (eg: agriculture).
Weekly leisure ,has instead has a more pronounced influence on tourism demand periodicity,
due to a constant frequency of use of weekends during a year.
Seasonal fluctuations of tourism activity are mainly determined by the conditions for
achieving supply-demand balance and is focused by a high concentration of tourist flows at
certain periods of the calendar year, the other being noticed as a significant reduction or even
stopping tourists arrivals.
Conclusion:Tourism demand forms at the place of residence of the tourists and has a greater
degree of spontaneity than demand for goods.
5.3. Supply and tourism production.

Key words:
Tourism supply, tourism production,materialand technical base.
47
O1.To define and describe the tourism supply.

O2.To define and describe the tourism production.
O1.To define and describe the tourism supply.

The tourism supply is characterized by a set of goods and services, whose materialization is a
function of receiving capabilities. The attractive elements of the offer include natural elements
and man-made elements. Between the natural elements are:landscape,flora,fauna. Man-made
elements: historical and art monuments, religion, economic objectives. Depending on the
dominant motivation of consumers, tourist supply can be classified into the following forms:
Holiday tourism supply- which includes health tourism, family, sports and recreation.
Cultural tourism supply-it relates to study and religious tourism.
Business tourism supply-including itinerary tourism, congresses , meetings and incentive
tourism.
Health care tourism supply-including treatment tourism and prophylactic tourism.
The tourism supply is supported by the following determinants: the territory, the tertiary sector
and technical-material base. The territory is the main determinant of supply because it is the
support of it. In terms of tourism, the territory can be assessed quantitatively by receiving
optimal capacity of the territory and qualitatively by its attractiveness. Reception capacity
means the maximum number of tourists that can be received at a certain time without affecting
the geographic and social environment. A feature of tourism territory is its accessibility, which
means the land position in relation to demand basin,expressed by distance. Tertiary sector
represents a key item of supply because it groups the activities of providing services, which
constitute the factors for increasing the supply. The technical and material base ,includes the
tourism equipment or production capacity of the supply, which along with labor creates the c
necessary conditions for carrying the tourist activity. The technical and material base includes:
The material-technical base of the accommodation;

The the material-technical base of the food;
The material-technical base of leisure;
The material-technical base of transport.
Material and technical base of the accommodation is assessed by the number of seats or the
number of rooms used for overnighting. Accommodation structures include hotel structures,
extra hotel structures and non-permanent structures. Hostelling is the traditional form of
accommodation and receiving tourists ,and the main categories of tourist accommodation units
according to the WTO, are:
By the fundamental characteristics there exists:
48
hotel units and assimilated to them;

complementary and extrahotel units.
By the services provided there are:
luxury category 4, 5 stars;
average category;
modest category.
By the operating regim:
permanently open units;
seasonal units.
By the form of exploitation:
individual operating units;
hotels associated with modular hotel chains;
companies and hotel groups such as integrated hotel chains.
By the form of property:
personal property hotels;
private co-ownership hotels;
state property hotels;
mixed property hotels.
Extrahotel accommodation comprises: secondary residences, furnished apartments and

accommodation social units. Secondary residences are receiving units, operated in full property,
multiproperty or shared ownership. They have accommodation services at prices more favorable
than those found in a classic hotel. The best known are condominiums, popular in the
American continent and in France. Furnished apartments consists in receiving offers for peak
periods, representing additional offers (widespread in European countries).Social units of
accommodation ,put together :holiday villages, youth centers, youth inns.
Non-permanent accommodation structures: campings and recreational areas.
Integration of tourism supply:
centralization of supply;
concentration of supply.
Centralization of supply is the phenomenon of occurrence of large companies with existing
small firms. Ways of centralization of supply are voluntary hotel chains, tourist franchise and
professional association.
Cconcentration of the supply is achieved by the following ways:
horizontal concentration;
vertical concentration;
49
conglomerate.
Horizontal concentration is between companies that participate in the same stage of the
production process (eg: hotel chains that control the units that wear their name).
Vertical concentration means grouping by fusion, acquisition or cooperation agreement of
companies that practice the same kind of activity, in order to increase profits through scale
economies.
O2.To define and describe the tourism production.

Tourism production represents all goods and services created in the tourism domain by the
labor action, in the moment of demand formation.
Tourism product consists of a variety of elements which is a package that is not integral to each
other and meet the needs of tourists from leaving his residence to the place of destination and
back again to the place of origin.
Based on both this sense, it can be concluded that there are 3 (three) elements that form a
Tourism Product, namely:
1. Destination Attractiveness;
2. Facilities of Destinations;
3. Ease of Destinations.
Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus].
Conclusion:The tourist offer is characterized by a set of goods and services, whose

materialization is a function of receiver capabilities. As the reception capacity limits the tourism
supply in space, it is characterized by the relative rigidity compared to the elasticity of tourism
demand.
5.4. Prices of tourism products.
Key words:
Tourism price,costs.
50
O1.To define the notion of price.

O2.To present the distinctive features of tourism prices.
O1.To define the notion of price.

The price represents the market value of a product or service in a monetary expression and its
level reflects a number of market constraints.
O2.To present the distinctive features of tourism prices.

If tourism products, pricing is the result of a multitude of factors ,of economic, political,
motivational and geographic
disposition etc.,but also of compliance with numerous
requirements arising from the specific of supply and demand ,of their complexity and
heterogeneousness. From the economic point of view ,the price must reflect faithfully the
marketing and production's expenses,to cover charges, taxes and other financial obligations of
economic agents and ensure their profits; from the customer point of view ,the price is assessed
according to the utility of the product, the important need that it satisfies, disposable income,
prices of competitors, the result of the comparison with other goods and services. Also, the price
must respond to legalities of the market economy in the first place, to the law of supply and
demand. Price fulfills a number of functions, such as the measurement instrument of activity
and efficiency, the mediator of exchange, a tool for achieving supply-demand balance. Besides
these qualities price remains an important lever to achieve the goals of economic policy in the
field of tourism, including: stimulating demand, development and diversification of supply, some
market entrance, access and thus, the right to vacation of a larger number of people, limiting
demand for certain destinations in order to protect them etc. Prices of tourism products has
several distinctive features, of which the most important are:
Differentiation,
Inflationary character,
Relatively independent formation of supply-demand ratio,
Limited regulatory influence on the market.
The complexity of tourism products and price formation mechanism of holiday packages, by
accumulating costs of individual provided services, determine the effect of inflation sensitive
amplified. Cost-push inflation is due to increasing energy prices, changes in the level of wages
as determined by seasonal work and highly qualified labor scarcity, in season, land speculation in
tourist areas, state action through taxation etc. Inflation by request consists of an artificial
increase in the price of holidays due to seasonality, an inelastic supply and, accordingly, an
inadequacy of supply-demand and of an imported inflation.
Another feature of the tourism product prices refers to the fact that their formation is relatively
independent of supply-demand report, the market laws. According to economic theory, in
51
economic conditions of the market,the prices are determined by the law of supply and demand,
being a proper method of the situation of perfect competition, also can form as a result of the
decision of a dominant producer that dominates the market of a product, which is the monopoly
price would be mentioned the situation ,in which the state intervenes directly or indirectly in
pricing. In terms of a pricing modality specific to tourism products, as a general rule, should be
taken into account the:
material costs,
wage costs,
operating costs,
management costs,
value-added-tax(VAT),
profit-mark of the manufacturer and / or dealer.
This technique records, in practice, a number of adaptations to the specifics of tourist services transport, hostelling, food. Of particular methodology benefits such tourist programs like:(IT
arrangements), due to their complex content of holiday packages and services. In setting the
price of such a product are taken into account in the form of direct expenses, prices of standard
individual provided services : transportation, accommodation, food and recreation,treatment, as
appropriate. Additionally, there are administrative and organization of business expenses,
agency or tour operator's fee and VAT. In such a structure can be included gratuities, tourist
insurance costs, promotional expenses, etc.
Conclusion: Although we can not say that on tourist market has disappeared any competition,
most prices are independent of the action of the law of supply and demand.
5.5. Current trends in the tourism market.
Key words:
Tourism market,gowth of tourism market,tendency.
O1.To report on current trends in the tourism market.
O1.To report on current trends in the tourism market.

Tourism market is in a continuous transformation. As a general trend, it is growing in higher
rates than the dynamics of the global economy. This trend was maintained in terms of some
events, which demonstrates some tourism detachment from social and economic problems. The
particularly dynamic tourism growth ,has resulted in the current impressive size of this area,
52
about 3.550 billion USD, making tourism one of the most important industries in the world
economy and world trade components.
The growth of tourism market has a quantitative side, expressed through the increased number
of travels and related consumption ,and the qualitative side ,as the result of attracting in the
tourist circuit ,of new regions and countries, of some larger segments of population of great
diversity,from
economic, socio-cultural and affective point of view. Tourism creates
opportunities for regional and local economic growth and help create new jobs through natural
and cultural heritage, specifically each of the eight regions, including marginal areas,
disadvantaged economically and socially. Also, an important part of new jobs created is a
regional opportunity for female employment.Valorification of tourist attractions in various parts
of the country can contribute to the economic growth of urban centers in decline or peripheral
rural areas ,by favoring the emergence and development of local firms, making areas with low
economic competitiveness in areas that are attractive to investors. Tourism market activity
creates the demand for a wide range of goods and services purchased by tourists and subsequent
travel companies, including goods and services produced by other sectors (trade, construction,
transport, food, clothing and footwear industry, small industry and handicrafts).
Developing of tourism market will take into account the principles of sustainable development
in terms of conservation and protection of natural and cultural heritage, and the reduction of
human pressure on the environment, inherent in the practice of tourism on a large scale.
Increasing the number of tourists will overburden the environment, disrupting the balance of the
ecosystem. Environmental pressure will be controlled, in areas with special natural heritage ,to
allow its exploitation in a sustainable manner and through an uniform spatial distribution of
tourism activities. Restoration and sustainable valorification of cultural heritage and the
creation,modernization of related infrastructure. Creation, development, modernization of
infrastructure for the sustainable valorification of natural resources and increase the quality of
tourism services. Promoting the tourism potential and creating the necessary infrastructure to
increase the attractiveness of the Republic of Moldova as a tourist destination. These areas of
intervention aimed at supporting the valorification of important tourist resources: cultural and
natural resources. Significant changes in tourism consumption respectively,on the market, are
generated by the trends of some determinants. Of these, a greater role lies to the phenomenon of
population aging, especially in developed countries, increasing the duration of free time,the
ascension of socio-cultural factors and emotional over material, objective in forming the
demand. Associated with positive economic developments, the actions of these factors is
reflected in the trends of fragmentation of holidays and making several short trips, lengthening
periods of development of movements and thus, mitigating the seasonality, in diversifying
destinations.
The sustainable exploitation of tourist protected areas can be achieved by practicing a
controlled tourism,by a balanced distribution of tourists at all times of year (thus reducing the
seasonality effect). Therefore, considering the global tourism market developments, it is
absolutely necessary to increase the quality standards of the accommodation by type of hotels,
motels and campgrounds, lodges and youth hostels, accommodation units on boats / pontoons.
Conclusion: Meeting the tourists needs is to be the major goal of any travel organizer.This
approach must start with identifying the needs of potential customers, continued by the
53
designing of holiday packages that meet those needs and completed by the evaluation of : the
level of satisfaction of tourists, the personnel involved in the act of tourism and tourism product
as a whole.
54
Subject Nr.6. Material and technical base of tourism.
6.1. The content and role of material and technical base of tourism.
Key words:
The technical and material base, fixed capital, working capital.
O1.To present the material and technical base of tourism.

O2.To outline the division of material resources.
O1.To present the material and technical base of tourism.

Under the name material and technical base can be implied the following means: these are
resources, appropriate means capable of providing satisfaction to tourists during their voyages.
Tourism is an economic and social phenomenon specific to modern civilization rooted in the life
of society, and as such, influenced by its evolution. Through its mass and completeness, tourism
train a vast human and material potential, with important implications on the evolution of the
economy and society;on international relations, material and technical base of tourism is
represented according to the general acceptation of the concept of overall technical means of
production used in this area in order to curry specific goods and services for tourist consumption.
O2.To outline the division of material resources.

In correlation with the wide coverage scope of tourism with its complex role and the synthesis
branch, its material and technical base includes both common means to other branches as well as
specific equipment.Per se,the economic content, features, established classification of methods
are found where material and technical base of tourism. Thus, in relation to the particular way in
which they are consumed and replaced, material resources are separated into fixed capital and
working capital.
Fixed capital a component of national wealth that consists of: long-term assets that serve as
instruments of labor in several stages of production, are gradually consumed and replaced after
several years of use. They are characterized by the fact that retains its original shape throughout
the operation, while their value reduces according to the results; also they are largely specialized
in performing certain operations which limits their destinations receiving them stiffness and
exploitation.The general structure of them include: construction and equipment (machinery,
equipment, mechanisms and devices for measurement, control and regulation, means of
transportation, etc.),on their turn subdivided into groups and types.
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Working capital- part of the proceeds of production is characterized by the fact that is fully
consumed in a single cycle of production and as such should be replaced in every economic
circuit. This capital includes: raw materials, energy, fuel, etc.. these components are less
specialized ,being likely to more destinations.
According to this classification in conformity with the tourist activity, technical capital is
presented in overwhelming proportions, building constructions, for receiving and serving tourists
and shelter for machinery and equipment necessary for production: it adds transport means and
various installations.In their turn ,these aquipments are defined in subgroups according to
participation in various stages of tourist activity. Thus, among the most important groups are:
buildings for accommodation and eating establishments, the production and administrative units,
fleet vehicles, leisure facilities and treatment installations, inventory, furniture and equipment of
accommodations and food, repair shops, household annexes education units.
A highly attractive tourist area can not be on offer before receiving the necessary equipment to
receive and retain travelers. The magnitude of tourist flows is determined by demand and its
factors, and the level of technical equipment of the territories. Also according as growing
tourists requirements to quality of service and level of comfort, there are mutations in the criteria
for selection of vacation destinations, there is an increase in the importance of technical and
material basis.
Conclusion: Tourist activity implies the existence and development of mass travel. Results is
due to the high tourist potential links between the material and technical base and demand,
harmonization and directions pace of evolution of tourism sphere is due specifically to the given
chain.
6.2. Structure, dynamics and spatial distribution of tourist equipment.

Key words:
Accommodations, infrastructure, recreation.
O1.To set out the structure and evolution of the material and technical base of tourism.
O2.To represent the territorial distribution of material and technical base of tourism.
O1.To set out the structure and evolution of the material and technical base of tourism.
In correspondence with myriad tourist destinations or product components, material and

technical base has a complex structure, its constituent elements associating and adapting to all
types of tourism needs.
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In theory and practice of specialty there are several ways to structure the technical and material
components of tourism. The most important and commonly used classification uses as a criterion
the main destination and delineates two categories:
specific material and technical base of tourism;

general material and technical base.
The first group includes material resources which owes its existence to tourist activity - are
designed exclusively for tourists - and in the second, are included facilities with an independent
status,from tourism, but also are used for tourist needs, in other words, these devices are
intended for residents and tourists alike. Specific tourist facilities are represented by the
accommodation network, a part of the nutrition network, tourism structure means of transport mainly roads and cable, recreation installation and equipment for treatment and medical spas,
tourist villages and holiday villages as a complex and particular means. Infrastructure includes:
the means of communication and means of transport, urban and suburban, communication
networks, commercial units, sanitary units, services,municipal technical equipment.
The most important component of the material and technical base is: the accommodation
network- it responds to one of the fundamental needs of tourism, namely: rest and overnighting.
Without the existence of such an equipment can not be achieved the tourism consumption.
Moreover, the dimension, structure and spatial distribution of means of accommodation
determine the characteristics of all other components of the material and technical base of
tourism and consequently the magnitude and orientation of tourist flows.
Accommodation network is composed of units of various types classified by content, function
performed, the category of comfort, lifetime, ownership.
One of the most commonly used classification,groups the accommodation units in:
proper hotel units and their equivalents (motels, hostels, inns,apartment

hotels,bungalows etc..)
complementary units or extra hotel accommodation represented by campsites and
caravanning, hostels, homes, holiday villages, youth inns, lodges and mountain shelters,
rooms, houses and flats to rent, nursing and health establishments, camps and clones
vacations.
In terms of structure, means of accommodation can be approached from several angles, using
different criteria for segmentation as:
-the type of the unit
-the comfort category
-ownership
- operating period
- space location
-importance.
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Another important component of the material and technical base of tourism is the eating
establishments. From the structural point of view, also eating establishments can be grouped by
type, category of comfort, ownership, operation time etc.. to meet food and recreation needs of
tourists;the specific eating establishment network is dominated.
Tourist specific material and technical base scores between its components , means of
transport;it is those that are exclusive for tourists and / or is owned / administrations of
companies belonging to the sphere of tourism.
Recreational means is another well-defined component of the material and technical base of
tourism:these equipments aim to create conditions for amusement and recreation, to spend the
time nice. According to the variety of holiday destinations, with the diversity of tastes and
preferences of tourists, leisure means are represented, in terms of content, in a wide range such
as:
Sports,
Game rooms,
Multi-games (shows, exhibitions, competitions),
-Fun Parks,
-Riding centres,
-Beaches and water sports equipment,
Ski-slopes,
Clubs,
-Casinos,
-Disco.
Regarding to our country,the supply of recreational facilities is poor and entertainment is

unfortunately not a priority for the organizers of holidays.
The material and technical base of tourism includes in its reference also the general
infrastructure. It consists of transport and communications, trade and services, public utilities
(water, gas, electricity) sanitary system, financial and banking institutions; it is meant to ensure
the normal functioning of all sectors of the economy and tourism therefore.
Within the components of general infrastructure, the most important role for tourism is played by
the transport in its many forms, they provide access to holiday destinations and attract various
areas in the tourism circuit.
Regarding to the development of transport, our country has a modest place in the European
mainland. Thus, in the road field ,the network of roads and highways is insufficient and of poor
quality.
O2.To represent the territorial distribution of material and technical base of tourism.
The material and technical base of tourism, globaly or by component analyzed, shows important
differences - in terms of size, structure, classification, level and pace of development - from one
58
area to another. This distribution is the result of several interrelated causes; first, is about
territorys geography, namely the concentration of tourist attractions in certain perimeters; their
value and the ease with which they can be exploited; secondly,should be mentioned the trends
recorded, over time, the evolution of the demand which led some investment guidance in the
field; also territorial inequalities, especially on general infrastructure,it reflects different levels of
socio-economic development of the areas, the place of tourism in the regional economic
structure. Inadequate distribution of the material base in the territorial profile in turn has negative
effects on tourism development and the satisfaction of consumers, among which, resorts
agglomeration and reducing the quality of services, accelerating deterioration and decrease the
attractiveness of the natural environment, increasing pollution.
Conclusion: The most important tourisms infrastructure components are:accommodation units,

food establishments and means of transport ,having a contributing role in the creation and
evolution of tourism,are insufficient developed in our country.
6.3. Investments in tourism.

Key words:
Financing, investment, leasing, credit, states contribution.
O1.To speak about tourism investment.
O1.To speak about tourism investment.

Investments can be:
-development (expansion),
-modernization and replacement, indicating that in
between them ,especially in case of the last two.
practice is a net difficult demarcation
In terms of content, investments in tourism are focused in specific objectives- accommodations,

food, leisure; and infrastructure works (driveways, landscaping, parking,water feeding etc..) to
ensure normal operation of the first. Decisions on hiring investment works is based on the
development of feasibility studies, which must argue the necessity and appropriateness of the
investment and operating efficiency of the new objective. The main problems to be solved in
order to achieve an investment project and that is the criteria for decision-making refers to:
1. determining the value of the investment,
2. identifying sources of capital and financing methods,
3. evaluation of operating costs and calculation of the efficiency.
59
In terms of investment value, this includes the cost of the asset itself and a number of expenses
incurred in the process, regarding the preparation and enforcement of the lens.
Regarding to sources /methods of financing, the literature highlights several ways/sources:
own contribution,
loan, leasing,
ownership and joint ownership,
the state contribution,
and for large-scale works of international interest, the contribution of international
financial bodies.
Conclusion: Investments in tourism aim to improve this area, with no negative effects.
Investments may also be provided by international organizations such as WTO,that will accept
project funding if it leads to economic development, improving living conditions, alleviating
unemployment and environmental protection.
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Subject Nr.7. Human resources in tourism.
7.1. Labour features of tourism.

Key words:
Human resources,labour,human capital.
O1.To emphasize the performance of tourism activity.

O2.To outline the relationship between tourism and human capital.
O3.To speak about the contact between worker and client/tourist.
O1.To emphasize the performance of tourism activity.

Performing the tourism activity requires presence, near tourist potential (natural and humanmade) and equipment (technical and material base), of human resources, a factor that ensures the
operation of the other components of the supply. It can be said that the human factor transforms
natural and material resources from pontential into effective. The volume and quality of tourism
activity depends on staffing, respectively, the number of workers and their skill level. In this
context, the evolution of tourism is directly related to the dynamics and structure of the staff,
which argues the importance of human capital.
Tourism development is characterized as an intensive labour sector that has a number of
consequences for the use of human resources in terms of creating new jobs, determining a
relatively high level of education and a certain professional and function structure. Also, the
specific of tourism activity, complexity, given by the multiplicity and variety of components,
leaves a mark on staffing and structure, the requirements for the preparation and selection of the
efficiency of labour use.
O2.To outline the relationship between tourism and human capital.

The relationship between tourism and human capital is thus complex, of interrelation, each of the
two elements having a contrary way of cause and effect. Therefore any human resource policy
must be based on knowledge of the distinctive features of tourism labor, evaluating the intensity
and particularly mode of action of labor on the tourism production and results of the activity.
Benefiting from a nature of its own, consisting of a multitude and variety of activities, tourism
prints to the work done in this sector an amount of features which mainly reflects the need for
labor and the effects of its use. The most important features are: high consumption of manpower,
superior material and moral responsibility ,relatively high and complex level of training, direct
worker-client relationship, pronounced seasonality, use of part-time work model.
61
The manpower consumption is the primary, compared to the other branches size and / or
earlier production. From this point of view, tourism meet fundamental features of tertiary
components, furthermore labor requirements per unit of product is one of the highest, which
means a larger number of workers and lead to a lower labor productivity. This situation is the
result of that ,that mechanization and automation have a relatively limited scope, and can be
achieved for a small number of operations. On the other hand, the introduction of technical
progress is not recommended in all cases. For example, human replacement with a machine is
not the most inspired solution for services such as those of accommodation and reception, foodserving, management groups guide,the tourists wanting even during the holidays to escape the
world of vending machines ;to be served.
High moral and material liability ,arises from direct involvement of an important part of
tourism workers in serving of consumers and has a special significance in the selection and
training of personnel. Material liability is determined by the material values, that are managed
and manipulated by the workers (furniture, equipment, machinery and equipment, raw
materials). For more categories of personnel, to these values are added: responsibility for
touristss goods in hotels and similar accommodation units. In the assessment of moral
responsibility ,we should start from the premise that between a tourism worker and a consumer,
may occur relationships with a particular content, different from other branches.Thus, the
workerss work involves by the side of achieving quantitative elements / volume of services
provided, goods sold, number of travelers / clients served; and fulfillment of the qualitative
requirements, such as those related to the extent of serving and meeting the needs of consumers.
The relatively high and complex level of training. In tourism, there are a number of functions
that do not require special skills as so-called "bad jobs" (maid, lifter, concierge, commissionaire,
scullion) besides these, work in tourism advertises on beside technical knowledge specific to
each sector: hostelling, alimentation, transportation, travel agency, and a general level of
education and a high level of culture. The worker must know one international language, to be
able to present tourism values of the area where they operate, can provide useful information of
large utility , detailed and correct.
O3.To speak about the contact between worker and client/tourist.

This feature determines primarily a worker's ongoing effort to adapt to the requirements and
personality of each client, as well as an adequate system of communication between the two
partners. Participation of the tourists to the realization of the prestation has a number of
implications over the organization of production and consumption, the necessary staff and the
results of human resourcess results. It is the need for a better knowledge of the market, demand,
in view of employees specialization for these activities, another consequence is the practice of
direct sales as the main form of trading holidays, also there can be mentioned an increased
heterogeneity of the offer, lower labor productivity, less controlled by the provider, conditioned
by the receptivity of the tourist, and cultural level, the ability to make himself understood.
Another feature of the labor employment in tourism is seasonal / temporary staff and high
fluctuation compared to other sectors, this feature is the result of seasonal concentration of
tourist traffic and temporary operation of a large part of the material and technical base. High
62
turnover of staff, reduces workers' job satisfaction as a result of lower incomes and job
insecurity.
Specifying of tourist activity generates practicing part-time work, flexible models of staff
employment. It's about weekend engagements during certain events or celebrations or for certain
activities (guides, instructors athletes). These formulas encountered on larger scale, not only
answer the nature of tourism, but also needs some segments of the population ( pensioners,
students). However, it creates difficulties in recruiting labor, especially labor situation in
contretemps (when most workers free ,have a rest). To the characteristics analyzed can be
added and others ,more or less obvious like: the feminization of labor, high mobility due to
causes other than seasonality, engaging the entire time work of a day.
Conclusion: In whole, the peculiarities of tourism directly affects the number and dynamics of
workers, labor productivity levels, selection and recruitment policies, organizing of professional
trainings.
7.2. Evolution and structure of the staff employed in tourism.

Key words:
Tourism development,staff/personnel,staff structure.
O1.To report about the dynamics of tourism development.

O2.To outline the structure of staff employed in tourism.
O1.To report about the dynamics of tourism development.

Tourism development has been accompanied by a sustained dynamic staff working in the
industry. More pronounced than in other sections of the economy, increasing the number of
workers reflects the trends and developments of the tourism phenomenon and characteristics of
labor in this sector.Thus, almost explosive growth of tourist traffic, changes in structure, rising
demands of tourists, are some of the major causes of volume and dynamics of employment. Staff
development may be correlated with peculiarities such as high consumption of manpower and
slower permeation and relatively limited technical progress ,direct contact worker-client,
complexity and seasonality etc. Corresponding to these influences, the number of people directly
employed in the tourism industry reached 260 million in 2011 and 1 in 12 jobs are in the tourism
industry. To this global trend, the situation varies considerably from country to country.
63
Thus ,the top countries on tourist traffic such as France, Spain, USA, is characterized by good
staffing.In the second sample are situated countries recently launched in tourist traffic: Turkey,
Mexico, Canada and also emitters like the United Kingdom,with almost 2 million workers in
tourism and Germany with over a million; these countries have a particular dynamics of staffing
in the area. A distinct group is formed by countries with tradition in tourism and where the share
of workers in tourism, relatively high, is constant (eg, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Belgium,
Luxembourg). Countries with a modest number of workers in tourism, accounting for 1-2% of
their total population, this also includes our country.
In terms of the time evolution, after an upward trend recorded until 1991, there has been and
continues to show a downward trend,it being the result of a combined action of several factors
such as the dramatic reduction in domestic and international tourist traffic and international
decommissioning of some accommodation units and a less demand of personnel.
O2.To outline the structure of staff employed in tourism.

At the characterization of labor ,besides quantitative developments, structural changes are of
particular significance. One of the most frequent ways to group workers is by the function
performed, it can be associated with a department of activity, importance and level of training.
Thus, from the point of view of the sector in which they work, we can talk about employed
personnel in:
Hostelling, 40-50% of the global total;

Food, 30-40%;
Travel agencies (and tour operators), about 5%;
Government (local and national) of tourism, 1-2%;
Other sectors of the tourism industry (entertainment, transport, sporting and cultural
activities etc..) with 3-4%.
In terms of the role or importance of the function, tourism workers are performing direct
functions (proper to the field) in hotels, catering, travel agencies, transport, which causes about
90% of all employees and indirect functions (secondary to the content itself) in cultural and
sport sectors , leisure and entertainment, with almost 10% of staff. Analyzes on tourism labor
content shows a relatively low level of technicality and structure, in terms of training, dominated
by little or no skilled labor.
In correlation with the function related to the level of training, distribution staff is:
Executives with higher education , deputy director, about 10% of all employees;
Technicians with specialized secondary and higher education-about 8%;
Basic staff with specialized average and underaverage skills -42%;
Basic unskilled personnel-40%.
Modest level of training required by tourism, ensures an easier attraction of staff and occupancy
of functions and a decrease in unemployment among those with no qualifications, but does not
allow the provision of quality services.
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Table nr.1.: Structure of tourism workers by level of training:

Level of training
Hostelling
University
Other forms of high education
Lyceum
No secondary education
No qualifications
2
4
30
32
32
Other components
activity
3
5
45
40
7
of
tourism
An interesting aspect is the gender structure of the labor force in tourism. From this point of
view, it highlights the tendency of feminization of staff, common orientation of most branches of
tertiary. Higher percentage of women among workers in tourism and those in hotels and
restaurants, reflects the work specification in this field that requires skills closest to women
(patience, understanding, tact, good mood, etc.).
Table nr.2.Gender structure of the staff employed in hotels and restaurants in several
countries:
Country
UK
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Finland
Germany
Sweden
Romania
Percentage of women
39,8
46,8
40,5
46,7
41,7
26,7
41,6
43,8
40,4
Percentage of men
60,2
53,2
59,5
53,3
58,3
73,3
58,4
56,2
59,6
Conclusion: Based on the tendencies in the dynamics and structure of tourism, there can be
predicted an increase in the number and proportion of workers in tourism, along with the
diversification of professions as a result of adaptation to increasing demand.
7.3.Labour productivity of tourism workers.

Key words:
Labour productivity,indicators,prices and tariffs.
65
O1.To emphasize the heterogeneity of tourism activities.

O2. To define the indicators of labor productivity.
O3. To report on labor productivity in tourism.
O1.To emphasize the heterogeneity of tourism activities.

Generically defined by the amount of goods and services produced in a unit of time, labor
productivity is and for tourism , one of the main indicators of quality of activity, namely the
effectiveness of human resource utilization.
Heterogeneity of tourism activities, the major differences between the components of the same
product or holiday package ,that also have an independent existence (accommodation, food,
transportation, recreation) make it difficult, if not impossible, finding physical indicators,
common to all jobs of worker categories.
In these conditions, the expression of values (income, GDP, value added per worker and / or time
unit) is the best way to characterize labor productivity.
This way of expression has inconveniences ,resulted by the fact that,there is not higlighted the
work consumption, but only the effects that are influenced by other extra-human factors: unit
location, the availability of equipment, the tariff level and structure of tourists.
O2. To define the indicators of labor productivity.

Labor productivity indicators are calculated both at the macroeconomic level, for all tourist
activities and on various components (hostelling, food, etc..) or structures according to the
pursued objectives. To get a complete picture of how labor is used and its effectiveness is
required the combined use of physical and value indicators.
O3. To report on labor productivity in tourism.

Labour productivity in the tourism field has values lower than in other sectors of the economy
due to high consumption of manpower and reduced possibilities of introducing the technical
progress. Labour productivity in tourism is influenced by a complex of factors, sensitive similar
to those encountered in other branches of activity. In terms of importance and influence on the
results of the work expended, there are direct and indirect factors. The first category includes
the training, organization of work and the availability of equipment, and in the second, the level
of prices and tariffs, the tourist structure,the comfort category of the units units, seasonality of
the activity.
The level of training of workers is one of the most important factors of productivity. It is
assumed that a higher level of training allows to exercise the functions in better conditions and
66
achieve higher performance ; any discrepancy between functions requirements and training of
employees reflects negatively on work results and therefore on productivity but also on worker
and job satisfaction thereof. In consequence, achieving an adequate level of labor productivity,
advertises, selection of well-trained workers.
Another major determinant of productivity is the organization of work, the special role of this
factor stems from the high consumption of manpower and complexity of business processes
,proper to tourism. This raises the need for the scientific organization of labor in order to reduce
the work consumption and streamlining business.
Prices and tariffs and their time modification , determines the value volume of business and
hence, the results of work expended. Consequently, the rise in prices and tariffs, reflected in
increasing the volume of revenue leads to an increase in labor productivity, in reality, increasing
prices and tariffs is the effect of a combining action of several causes, among them is numbered
the improvement of service quality, but a role not to be negligible returns to inflation.
Changes in prices and tariffs is on the, other hand, the result of typological structure and
categories of comfort of units. In this situation, the upper class units with complex profile will
record higher levels of productivity. Seasonality of tourism activity puts his mark on
productivity. Dependent on natural factors favoring effective manifestation of supply, seasonality
is expressed by the concentration of demand in certain periods and staying off the tourist interest
of the rest of time, affecting the volume of activity, work consumption and its results. For areas
affected by seasonality (seaside, mountains) productivity will be, on the whole, lower than in
other areas and record the larger oscillations from one season to another. Also, the absence of
unpredictable , natural favourable conditions (sun, snow, appropriate temperatures) may cause
changes in the volume of activity, with an effect on labour results.
Conclusion: Labour productivity in the tourism field has values lower than in other sectors of
the economy due to high consumption of manpower and reduced possibilities of introducing the
technical progress.
7.4. Staff incentives.

Key words:
Incentives,remuneration,prestation.
O1.To report on incentives and remuneration of staff in tourism.
O1.To report on incentives and remuneration of staff in tourism.

67
Achieving business development and quality improvement of services provided in connection

with saving social labour and increasing productivity, involves creating an appropriate system of
incentives to workers ,of their remuneration. Such a system refers to a set of moral and material
rewards, able to stimulate employees to achieve superior performances.
Remuneration is considered a transaction, an exchange between individuals and socioeconomic entities, having mainly an economic content expressed by the price paid by an
organization for the use of a factor of production, also, it dresses and psychological aspects,
social, ethical and even political, deriving from its different meanings for each of the two
partners and the context in which the transaction takes place. Thus,for the employee,
remuneration means a source of income that ensures existence, but that gives safety and
independence, a certain social status. For the organization, employer or industry, remuneration is
a cost, an expenditure that will affect the financial results, and then is seen as a lever for
development, social balance to attract and retain workers. Remuneration system should provide
an economic and material reward for the work done by each worker, a reward for individual
performance and collective also have to take into account the achieving of overall objectives of
the organization, industry or sector. Remuneration takes the form of salary, plus various awards
and bonuses based on individual or group results, and other advantages and features. In
determining the forms of remuneration and levels of rewards is necessary to respect certain
principles, focused on two main directions: fairness and performance.
Wage levels in hotels and restaurants in our country is among the lowest, which does not
respond to the importance of tourism in the Economy, and does not encourage its development.
By the remuneration level ,are met the requirements of competitiveness and stimulating activity.
Conclusion: An efficient staff incentive can be achieved by an adequate remuneration to the

performances of the worker, representing tourism as an important industry to the economy, that
can attract workers and labor productivity may be equitable to that of other sectors of the
economy.
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Subject Nr.8. Tourism services.
8.1. The content and characteristics of tourism services.
Key words:
Tourism product, tourism services, intangibility.
O1.To define the notion of tourism services.

O2.To highlight the main characteristics of tourism services.
O3. To expose the sequence of tourism services provided.
O1.To define the notion of tourism services.

The tourism product is the organic unity of the effects of resources, goods and services. Content
of tourism activity includes a set of benefits that relates to travel arrangements, transport, leisure
and entertainment. Tourism services are a set of activities aimed to meet the needs of the tourist
during his travel, and in connection with this trip.
O2.To highlight the main characteristics of tourism services.

The main features of tourism services are:
Intangible nature of the prestation - tourism services exist as potential form and is
materialized only by meeting the demand and supply;
Unstocked nature-tourism product is consumed as it is produced, has an intangible
character, unable to be stored for capitalization;
The coincidence in time and space of production and consumption - tourist consumption
requires physical presence at the place of production and providing services;
Complex nature of tourism services - tourism act, that has a complex and varied content
of services as a result of the contribution of a large number of providers from various
fields;
Dependence and inseparability of tourism services from the individual provider effective exploitation of tourism services require direct contact between the tourism
service provider and travel consumer;
Individualization of tourism services, for a group or individual the variety of tourist
motivations, causes an offer of tourism products customized to each individual, which
does not preclude a standard part of a tourism product;
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Seasonality of tourism services - arising from the season of tourism demand;.

Heterogeneous nature of tourism services due to the large number of service providers
involved in the production of a tourism product;
Running of services in a rigorous order a feature that is applied only to organized
tourism. This succession includes: promotion of the tourism product, contracting,
transportation to the destination, accommodation, catering, entertainment, transportation
to the place of residence;
Intangibility, which entails inability of tourism services to be seen, tasted, before buying,
the main aspects referring only to price, name and information about the structure.
Tourism services can not be highlighted (can not be exhibited, seen, felt, etc..) through a proper
material medium, which is why service providers are trying to add some intangible characteristic
,by which they can suggest their quality (environment, personnel, equipment, etc..) and also to be
able to minimize the risk and uncertainty of the act of acquisition ,by the buyer.
Among the main factors that allow visualization of tourism services,are included:
Environment/atmosphere/surroundings;
Communications;
Price.
O3. To expose the sequence of tourism services provided.

The main activities included in providing tourism services are: accommodation and meals,
transportation, services aimed at producing and selling goods to tourists, entertainment services
and services of organization of the tourism.
So, we can classify the tourism services as follows:
1. The action of tourist information;
2. Contracting the arrangement and establishing the ongoing program of action,
3. Transportation to the destination,
4. Accommodation and additional services offered by the hotel units,
5. Nutrition/catering,
6. Recreation in the variety of its forms,
7. Tourist transportation to their place of residence,
8.
Public relations activity that aims to provide a favorable climate when meeting the
tourist consumption.
Conclusion: Representing a particular field of economic activities, tourism services has a

number of features which, although characterizes the tertiary sector, generally; represents
specific features, mainly determined by the supply and tourism demand content, by forms of
materialization of tourist supply and demand. On the other hand, tourism activity involves the
provision of various tourist services in a rigorous sequence that make up a complex and
heterogeneous system.
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8.2. Typology of tourism services.
Key words:
Basic and complementary services, paid and free services.
O1.To classify the tourism services , according to certain criteria.
O1.To classify the tourism services , according to certain criteria.

The heterogeneity of activities, that give contentto the tourist product,generates many problems
when approaching the unitar supply, when assessing the importance of each component in the
development of structure and quality standards. This raises the need for grouping the services in
homogeneous categories, easily identified, located and compared.
Services can be structured after numerous criteria, of which we mention:
I.
II.
By the content and category of needs:

services related to organizing the voyage,design of the program, advertising,
booking a place, organization of transport;
services related to the stay of tourists: accommodations, food.
By the importance:
basic services: transport, accommodation, treatment;
complementary services: information, organization, sports entertainment.
According to this grouping, also one of the most used, accommodation and meals hold the
largest share, followed by transport and recreation and then, additional ones.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
By the payment method:

paid services, for which the amount of money is paid before, during or after
consumption of tourism product;
free services , tolerated by travel firms,from their general expenses.
By the character of services:
specific services, offered specifically to tourists;
nonspecific services offered to resident population, but also to tourists.
By the form of presentation:
services offered as an overall package;
services offered independently.
By the time of their request:
firm tourism services,generated by the requests formulated in the place of
residence of the tourist, and included in the purchased travel arrangement.
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spontaneous tourism services, generated by the requests made during the trip or
stay ,at the time of the direct contact of the tourist with the definite offer.
Conclusion: In conclusion we can say that, the necessity and timeliness of service classification
processes, is supported by the fact that they have found out a trend of diversification as a result
of adaptability to the needs of consumer and modernization.
8.3.Tourist transport and forms of transport in tourist traffic structure.

Key words:
Tourist transport,air,rail,road and sea transport.
O1. To highlight the importance of transport in tourism.

O2.To describe the air transport in tourism.
O3.To describe the road transport in tourism.
O4.To describe the rail transport in tourism.
O5.To describe the nautical transport in turism.
O1. To highlight the importance of transport in tourism.
Transports are those that are designed to ensure the access of tourists to the tourist destination
and is the first form of tourism consumption, a prestation otherwise indispensable, for an
activity of interest. Improvement and diversification, over time,of means of transport led to
stimulation of tourism. Choosing a form of transport depends on several factors: the distance to
be traveled, size of the group of tourists and their available money. To these, are added other
factors that influence the selection of the mean of transport: availability, frequency and flexibility
of each mean of transport,the travel time required, level of comfort, speed, safety ,the features of
itineraries, the situation of communication means , ground services and terminal facilities.
Speed / time and schedule, departure / arrival could be the most important variables for the
business traveler, while the cost / price would be the first criterion for the pleasure tourist. In my
opinion ,all travelers choose the transportation method based on the weight of the five
psychological factors: the functional one, aesthetic / emotional, social / organizational,
situational and utilities of different alternatives.Bus tours or cruises have been classified as
proper for people in retirement age. Since the holiday total time of a tourist can be considered
from a particular point of view,that it is composed of two elements, namely,time for transport
and for stay, results the need to ensure a fast transport to reduce the time travel, both between
key points of the tourist itineraries, and at the level of a station or locality.
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Characterization of tourist transport forms, analysis of advantages and their limitations starts,
most commonly, from their grouping after the type of mean used. From this point of view we
can speak of air, rail, sea and road transport. Trends in their evolution, the role of each of them
in the structure of tourist traffic ,are dependent on, equally the dynamics of tourism and general
development of passenger transport,aligning to the mutations ,that are manifested in their
dynamics and structure. As a result, there are significant differences between international and
domestic traffic, as well as between countries and continents.
Deepening the analysis, by country, reveals a mosaic ,in tourist options for a particular mean of
transport. In the Far East countries, beneficiaries of tourist flows ,in Europe and America, the air
transport is used for more than 90%. In countries like the UK, Belgium, Holland, Denmark,
location and transport development are found in proportion to their importance in the structure of
tourist traffic, other European countries, including France, Italy, Spain; are part of the general
trend specific to the dominance area of road transport. The place that holds every form of
transport in the tourist traffic structure is the result of a complex evolutionary process that
encompasses both transport sphere, as well as that of tourism.
O2.To describe the air transport in tourism.

Air transport is an important component of the world economy and play an important role in
tourism activity, with their spectacular progress through the advantages they offer in terms of
speed and comfort, it stimulates the trips, while helping to open new markets usually away from
tourists generating countries and inaccessible by other means of transport.
Air transport has the following advantages:
The rapidity;
Services, are not limited only to those during the flight, but they also include those from
the ground, responding to the customer requirements of the airline company.
Opportunity;
Savings;
Regularity;
Comfort.
But besides advantages it has some disadvantages:
Airline dependence on natural conditions;
Large investments generated by the construction and exploitation of modern
airports;
Embarking and disembarking of tourists is outside of any localities,that is
requiring a transfer to the accommodation base , with other means of
transport;economic and political crises.
Types of airplane flights of passengers:
Regular flights are flights that an airline company, operate them in accordance with its
public schedule, on the same days and the same time ,during a whole season, depending
on their strategic objectives which are primarily of commercial nature.Travel
arrangements ,proposed on regular flights are:
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Inclusive Tour is travel organized by a travel agency with an airline company, a

journey there and back (round-trip) or in circuit, wholly or partly by air, at an
appropriate price, covering: transport costs, the price of accommodation, meals,
excursions and other expenses of the agency.
Part charter represents a partial unmarketing of the regular flight , considering a
portion of the aircraft space , charter flight and its sale in a charter system. Both
travel arrangements are practiced especially in the intra-european tourism
transport. It is considered as a simpler and more advantageous variant, consisting
of purchase for a full season of a number of seats on an airline, spread over more
flights, but the dates and times are of low traffic.
Charter flights (on request) are an alternative to regular flights,when tour operators can
rent from providing companies , one or more aircrafts for the entire season. Charter
arrangements are basically of four types:
Group charter:
With affinity:
a. maximum group of 50,000 people;
b. in some cases, 20000 persons;
c. such flights can not be performed
exclusively air transport.
by an organization that aims
Without affinity:
a. renting the entire capacity of the aircraft;
b. minimum number of places rented - 40
c. purchasing at least,with 60 days before.
Charter Inclusive Tour:
a. round-trip (with a stay at the destination) or circuit (with a minimum of
stops);
b. minimum length of the journey (4 days to destinations like North America
and 7 days for other destinations like OSTC - One Stop Inclusive Tour);
c. including in the price:the transport, accommodation and transfers;
d. organizers must submit to the authority of aviation,the passenger list at
least 15 days before departure (U.S. destinations) and 30 days for other
destinations. No changes to these lists ,are allowed.
Charter own-use (single entity):
a. a person or an entity rents an airplane for own use, to transport persons or
objects;
b. the renter is unable to sell.
Specialized charter:
a. flights for students or groups of students (Study Group Charter);
b. flights for special events (Special Event Charter).
Air-taxi services are provided by private charter flights, with 4-18 seats capacity and
flight independence of 500-600 km, are practiced primarily, at business tours, they offer
advantages of flexibility and comfort.
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The price of travel depends on the operating costs of the airline company and a number of
elements proper to the , organization namely: the size and type of the aircraft, traffic density
and level of competition, the regularity of the demand flow and its extension in both
directions, type of request/demand, the minimum estimate level of the degree of filling of
the aircraft.
O3.To describe the road transport in tourism.

Road transport plays an important role on the market of travel tours , both domestic and
international. In many countries, they are the dominant form of movement in domestic
travel, comprising 60-70% of options and often for those made outside the country.
Road transport is a form of land transport and also a subsystem of the national transport
system that ensures the movement of goods and people into space using vehicles and tracked
means (trailers).
A number of factors influence the development of automobile tourism:
Production of the automobile industry;

evolution of energy prices;
development of businesses who rent cars and practiced tariffs;
road network and highways;
customs and border facilities.
The advantages of road transport:

autonomy in choosing the routes that tourists will travel on their circuits, or to holiday
destinations of their choice;
a greater availability of this mean of transport, during a stay in a certain tourist
destination;
a greater possibility for the motorist tourist to control the chosen route, departure and
arrival time, and any stop made during the tour;
personal cost reduction when two or more people are traveling by the same car.
Road transport is achieved by the following means: buses and minibuses for group transport,
cars in personal property for individual and family transport,rented cars in the system "rent-acar", with or without drivers, cars leased or ordered in a taxi system , transportation.
Bus or minibus transport:
can be considered the correspondent of the automobile transport, adapted to group
tourism;
price is reasonable and affordable;
an important contribution to the development of tourism;
capacity utilization coefficient of buses exceeds 75%, being superior to those of rail
and air transport.
the rate is calculated based on the capacity of the bus or minibus, the actual distance
traveled, the actual number of hours or days , parking taxes, vehicle maintenance;
the tourism clientele by bus consists, in particular, of young people or members of
associations, enterprises.
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Services provided by the transportation specialists are divided into:
Express routes - domestic and international;

Rental of buses or routes on demand (charter);
Organizing tours and excursions;
Transfer operations.
O4.To describe the rail transport in tourism.

Rail transport is one of the oldest forms of travel and played an important role in tourism
development in the first half of this century.
Rail transport provides movement in space and time, of goods and people using locomotives
and wagons, running after a schedule, on fixed routes (railways).
It has the following characteristics:
Transport is usually at lower prices than those charged in road transport and aviation,
especially on medium and long distances;
The transport process is conducted continuously, day and night and throughout the week,
in terms of regularity and according to some preset graphics.
A high degree of safety as a result of strict adherence of safety standards for railway
traffic.
Advantages:
regularity and certainty of movement, due to the relative independence of rail means
to the weather;
a relatively low cost of the travel to air means of travel ,associated with high speed of
movement, the convenience offered by a sleeper and restaurant car;
much broader possibilities of viewing the landscape;
the organization of tourist transport, by rail means,are used both regular flights ans
special ones (charter);
embarking and disembarking is done generally within communities,and to arrive at
the hotel ,is no longer necessary a transfer;
travel agencies obtain through the International Union of Railways, from the network
of member countries, a commission of about 10% to promote ,rail travel
arrangements;
international tariffs are determined, in principle, as a sum of national tariffs. Each
country sets its own tariff discounts (on time periods, types of trains, group tariffs).
Rail arrangements:
Rail Inclusive Tour (RIT) involves marketing by travel agents of tour packages, for groups
at global prices, using the train as a mean of transport. The arrangement RIT Class I or II,
can take the following trips: round-trip on a certain route, special circuits in one direction,
combined routes with the use of bus on certain trails.
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The price is determined in the contract between the travel agent and railway company and
can be applied in many tariff variants , depending on the type of RIT arrangements.
O5.To describe the nautical transport in turism.

Nautical transport as a way to travel to tourist destinations, although it has a longer history, is
less used, due to its characteristics. First, there is to mention the reduced travel speed and high
prices, and secondly, the use of these vehicles is conditioned by the existence of ports and
adequate fleets, whose development requires large investment efforts, thirdly, it should be
mentioned that only a small part of tourist destinations is located in the vicinity of mooring
places and hence, the need to continue the travel by other means. Naval transport matters only
2-3% of international tourist traffic and 1-2% of tourist traffic in our country, its share being
maintained relatively constant. Maritime transport is currently done more like a cruising form,
becoming in fact from a mean of movement into one of leisure.
Tourism products offered by maritime companies:
Sea crossings with preferential prices;

Voyages, set in advance, which includes roundtrip transportation and stay services
(accommodation, meals) at each stop;
Quasi-cruises, which provides transport, accommodation (sometimes) and entertainment
on the board of the ship;
Cruises, tourism products that offer , sea and river tours ,with departing and arriving at
the same port (circuit).
Cruise is actually a tourist product (a holiday package) consisting of spending the stay on board
of a specially equipped ship, offering to travelers not only a normal sea voyage but also some
treatments and outstanding recreational conditions and visiting ports and towns outside the
country, in accordance with the route set in advance.
The main destinations of the cruise lines are:
Caribbean Sea, the islands of Bermuda, the Bahamas and east coasts of Central and South
America, is regarded as the most important destination, concentrating half of the trips;
West Coast of North America, with routes near Mexico, USA, Canada,the destination
located on the second place among the most popular and preferred by tourists;
Mediterranean Sea , with routes linking the countries of western and eastern part of the
basin;
Far East - lines between the islands of the Pacific;
Baltic Sea and connections between the capitals of nordic countries;
West Africa , Canary and Madeira islands;
Circuits around the world.
Future development of cruise tourism is significantly influenced by the developments of
transport capacity, customer characteristics, the emergence of new destinations and
diversification of services supply.
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Conclusion: The more common form of tourist transport remain to be the road and air ones,due
to several advantages, including modernization , according to preferences of the tourists.
8.4. Hotel accommodation services.

Key words:
Hotel industry,hospitality,hotel accommodation.
O1.To describe the importance and particularities of the hotel industry.

O2.To outline the structure of hotel accommodation service.
O1.To describe the importance and particularities of the hotel industry.
Hospitality is a business that is growing rapidly in many countries, especially in those areas
where tourism has developed recently. In addition, there is a dramatic increase in business travel.
The rapid growth of this industry can be attributed to the following factors:
The extension of business internationalization, which led to the increase of trips;
Icreasing the economic prosperity, means an additional revenue and therefore the
possibility to spend more on your trip;
Improving transport services, particularly the air transport;
Development and modernization of information media, etc.
Today, more than half, 59% of the hotels are located on the American continent. Europe is on
the 2nd place with 21.66%, and Asia on the 3rd place, with 16%. Lower shares, hold the
continents of Africa and Australia.
The criteria for classification of hotels:
By the fundamental characteristics:
Hospitality and assimilated: hotel, motel, villa, cottage, guesthouse;
Extrahotel and complementary: holiday village, camping, tourist camp,
rooms for rent.
By the level of comfort :
Luxury = 4-5 stars;
The average level = 2 -3 star;
Modest category = 1 star.
By the period of operation:
permanently open;
seasonal.
By the location on the territory:
seaside ,mountain and spas resorts;
in cities (center, periphery);
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along of the roads.

By the capacity:
small capacity - up to 50 rooms;
medium capacity - between 50 and 150 rooms;
large capacity - from 150 to 300 rooms.
Each of the countries in the world,due to national cultural traditions, it use a particular
classification system that hinder the application of a single classification system worldwide.
O2.To outline the structure of hotel accommodation service.

Due to the tendency of diversification and increase of the complexity of consumer needs, there
is remarkable an enrichment process, of the prestation content with new types of activities,
whose classification can be done according to several criteria.
Developing of tourism services involves, in most cases, activities grouped in the following types
of services:
accommodation services;
food service;
recreational,entertainment services;
transport services;
additional services (complementary).
Accommodation is during the tourist prestation, the next step from transport and meets the
characteristics of a component with the independent existence.By its content, accommodation
aims to create conditions for rest and comfort of the traveler; it can be defined as the result
(product or service) of the hotel industry (hospitality) a sector, which includes all activities in
temporary living quarters.
The hospitality industry, recognized as a separate component of the economy, expressed with
sufficient rigor by the service group "hotels and restaurants", has as its reference all the processes
performed within the accommodation units, generated by receiving, stay and departure of the
traveler.
Regarding to the variety of needs of tourists, and starting from the assumption that the main
points related to their presence in hotels are receiving, stay and departure, accommodation
consists of a sum of independent provided services:
a) accommodation itself and its complementary services;
b) nutrition and specific services associated with it;
c) cultural,artistic and recreational activities;
d) information and intermediation services;
e) commercial activities;
f) services with a special character.
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Hosting (accommodation itself) is the main function of hotel units, regardless of size, type,
category of comfort, its equipping, it implies the existence of suitable spaces and facilities
necessary to ensure rest and hygiene of the tourist.
Food service, although satisfying a basic function,is not necessarily present in all units
This service is a complex activity , designed to satisfy for all guests at any time, so the need for
food, as well as that of recreation. Organizing of the proper catering service has two types of
problems: the location and operation, meaning that it should not affect the rest of tourists, and the
proper action of other activities.
Cultural, artistic and recreational activities are found, especially in units for medium and
long-stay tourism, rest and of the higher category. In order to achieve such activities are
necessary adequate facilities for leisure and entertainment: sports fields, swimming pools,
saunas, gyms, electronic games, etc., and a staff with specialized skills, that would ensure the
training and supervision of tourists.
Information services facilitates the tourist knowledge and respectively the access to the
specific supply and additional available services provided by his hotel unit, inside and outside.
These services are performed by the section "front-office" and are given orally, at the request of
tourists or through written media (ads, brochures, posters) placed within reach of tourists or
passing places.
Intermediation services, as well as other additional services aim to meet the full requirements
of tourists;eg: car rental intercession from specialized units.
Conclusion: To meet the demands and preferences of tourists, hotels have developed a system of
services that also meet economic and financial objectives of the organizers.
8.5. Catering services (public catering).

Key words:
Catering services,public catering,nutrition.
O1.To report on the content and the particular role of nutrition as part of tourist services.
O2.To provide information about the development and improvement of catering services.
O1.To report on the content and the particular role of nutrition as part of tourist services.
Public catering is one of the most important aspects of tourist serving,that fits in the category
of basic services. Food service (catering) is a component of the tourism product, its capitalization
can be made both as an individual product and in combination with accommodation services:
full board or half board. Food service has to satisfy the needs of food of tourists, but also some
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needs of recreation, entertainment and, if necessary, of business. This consists, of a production

process, one of trade, and one of serving.
Parallel to the development of tourism, with the diversification of its forms and increasing the
specific customer demands, one can speak of a rich content of the nutrition activity and an
increase of its role by multiplying the functions they can perform, with an emphasis on fun and
recreational component. Catering is a basic service;this feature is offered by the functions it has,
the significant share in the structure of holiday expenditures, not at least ,by the fact that tourists
allocate, on average, about one quarter of their time budget , to this activity.
From this point of view, the basic component of tourist services, nutrition influences the quality
of tourism products and therefore the content and attractiveness of the supply, with direct effects
on the size and structure of tourist traffic.
As part of the tourist services, nutrition exhibit a number of features that reflect the originality
of this field and should be considered when designing and organizing a new activity , namely:
to be present in all the important moments of tourist consumption;

to provide structural diversity of products and services;
nutrition services need to correlate with the particular form of tourism;
nearness of food services alike, to the requirements of local and foreign tourists;
to be an element of choice the holiday destinations, or even the primary motivation of
travel.
O2.To provide information about the development and improvement of catering services.
Having the purpose to meet, both the needs of the resident population and tourists, catering
sector recorded an upward trend. This development, the result of the action of several factors,
attest the increasing role that public nutrition , plays in economic and social life, multiplying its
functions. Public nutrition will see important qualitative and quantitative changes in the future.
Regarding to the quantitative evolution ,we can speak of a significant increase of the activity
volume, due to the increase of resident demand ,that would anticipate the intensification of
tourist traffic, coupled by the repositioning of different groups of goods. Qualitatively,
modifications, aiming the adaptation to the needs and tendencies of the demand, is carried in the
direction of modernization and improvement of production, improvement and diversification of
forms of marketing and serving.
In the production field,is manifested a pronounced concern for concentration and
industrialization the preparation process of dishes. One of the modern forms of industrialization
of food production is the "catering system." This system proposes the separation of provision
and processing from that of marketing and serving the preparations.
Improving catering activity aims also the commercial component.This direction, registers the
modernization of trade system, in terms of structure and distribution in the territory, as well as
diversification of services. We notice, the trend of performing some units with complex
functions, that would respond to various requirements. Also, appear new types of units: cafeteria,
snack - bar, bistro, drugstore, restoroute, better adapted to the peculiarities of the various
customer segments.
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Conclusion: Realization of these goals will ensure an increased participation of public catering
to the satisfaction of consumer needs, increasing its economic and social role.
8.6.Services of recreational tourism.

Key words:
Recreational tourism,recreation services,tourism product.
O1.To highlight the content and functions of recreation the basic component of the tourism
product.
O2.To report on the typology of recreational services.

O1.To highlight the contents and functions of recreation the basic component of the
tourism product.
Recreation is a field that can be defined by all means and forms capable of providing to an
individual or a social group a good mood, pleasure, giving the feeling of satisfaction, a
fulfillment, to leave a lasting impression and a pleasant memory.
Increasing the role of recreation at the satisfaction of tourist needs,has led to its transformation
into a tourist motivation itself and, accordingly,to the emergence of new types of holidays:
skiing, climbing, horseback riding, hunting and fishing, yachting, cultural tourism.
As a component of the tourism product, recreation fulfills a number of functions, these differ in
relation to the tourist and its physical and mental needs ,and holidays organizers (economic
agents and resorts) and their problems. In respect of the tourist, leisure (animation) considers,
first,the satisfaction of physical needs , rest, relaxation, movement and even improvement of his
capacities. The second side, follows the psychological comfort of the tourist by relaxation, fun,
creating an atmosphere of communication, of good mood, and even by enriching the
knowledges.
From the perspective of the tourism organizers, recreation manifests primarily as a factor of
competitiveness of resorts or establishments/units, to increase their attractiveness by
differentiating of supply.It also acts as a mean of individualization of products and
customization of destinations, with stimulating effects on tourist traffic.
The presence of entertainment and variety of its forms, arise the interest of tourists to an area
and ensure,the most times,his return. On the other hand, recreation is an important source of
revenue, increasing the economic efficiency of the business.
Talking about recreation significance,we should not overlook its contribution to the extension
of the tourist season, respectively, the alleviation of the activitys seasonality.The existence of
various forms of recreation, reduces the dependence of supply on the nature.
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Entertainment has on average about 10-15% of total holiday expenditures, but with significant
differences by the forms of tourism such as: skiing, hunting, yachting, extreme sports ,these
activities involve allocation of amounts above the average level.
O2.To report on the typology of recreational services.

The activities that compose the entertainment are characterized by a great diversity due to the
need to respond ,better to individual and group requirements, to the specific of stations,and the
reasons that have caused the trip. Accordingly, in the practice of their organization ,there is a set
of criteria ,to structure them.
One of the most expressive and comprehensive ways of classifying recreational services,means
its content, namely:
animation of pure relaxation, a break in relation to daily activities, are included
in this category activities such as: sunbathing and sea, walking-hiking, visiting
various objectives, meetings with relatives and friends.
recreational animation, consisting mainly of leisure parks: general (with
entertainment facilities and / or populated with characters from fairy tales ) theme
(nautical, planetarium, zoo), reservations and casinos.
commercial animation ,generated by the fact that carrying out common or
specific shopping (gifts, memories) holds a significant share (about 6%) in the
structure of trip reasons and represent a pleasant way of spending the free time.
animation oriented to achieve a fully physical form ,it refers to the typology
of cures - from spa as a medical product, to that of slimming, beauty, fitness and different sports as a way of maintaining health;
cultural animation, aiming at knowledge, training and tourists education
,through visits to museums and memorials, participation in cultural events.
show animation, as well as the cultural aims attending theater events (festivals),
cinema, music, art, folklore and sports competitions.
gastronomical animation, expressed through attendance at exhibitions or
cooking competitions and specific themed circuits (knowledge of traditional
cuisine of regions, wine tasting);
professional animation that addresses usually to a specialized public, among its
best known forms are fairs and exhibitions, congresses.
Another way of structuring recreation services, also frequently encountered ,with a great
practical significance, has as criterion ,the form of tourism or holiday destination. From this
point of view, we can speak of a specific recreation to the seaside, mountain, spa ,weekend,and
rural tourism etc.
With great practical value, here is represented the classification of leisure activities by the level
of organization. From this point of view there are three steps:
services organized by units of accommodation and / or food, this method is specific to
top-class hotels and restaurants; this category may include: practice (learning) of sports
like swimming, skiing, skating, horseback riding, golf, tennis, music and dance bands,
disco, video, snack bar, night bar,and hosting events like:exhibitions, festivals;
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Services held at the resort, made by cooperation between tourism companies (hotel
companies, tour operators, enterprises specializing in leisure) and / or between them and
local governments; eg: equestrian centers, multifunctional sports centers, polygons,
holiday clubs, recreational ports etc.
services organized by others, usually highly complex forms, that requires the
involvement of specialized bodies, other than tourist ones, eg.: amusement parks, touring
theatrical ensembles, dance and music tours, recreational vehicles (sport aviation , boats,
trains).
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus 2004].
Conclusion: Development of recreational activities ,influences directly the orientation of
tourist flow and thus conduct to an efficient activity.
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Subject Nr.9. Economic and social efficiency of tourism.
9.1. Content and peculiarities of efficiency in tourism.

Key words:
Overall efficiency,efficiency.
O1.To report on the content and features of efficiency in tourism.

O1.To report on the content and features of efficiency in tourism.
Tourism,like any other component of the global socio-economic system, to function and
accomplish its mission, is a consumer of products and producer of effects ,results. Its
effectiveness, shows the defining features common to all branches and activities in the economy.
At the same time, specificity of this field, reflected in the variety and type of resources
consumed, the complexity and multiplicity of processes deployed, diversity of forms that
exteriorize the results, print to the efficiency its own measurements and features.
Efficiency depends on the efforts and effects but not at least ,on their way of assessment,on
the fact ,that the value expression, achieved by prices, incorporates the inflation and other
influences, distorting actual outcome of the work done.
Efficiency has, in this context, a general content, referring to the use of all types of resources:
natural, man-made, material and financial, to all components of the activity: production,
marketing, serving, their quantitative aspects and qualitative, economic and social, direct and
indirect.
Overall efficiency of tourist activity is determined by: efficient use of factors of production,
defined by the results obtained with the lowest opportunity cost, and efficient resource
allocation, expressed by the optimum combination of factors of production ,for obtaining goods
and services produced , are distributed in correlation with the wishes and intentions of consumers
to spend their disposable income. The efficiency of tourism means primarily,a rational
management of raw materials, fuel and energy, labor and natural attractions as well as full use of
the capabilities of accommodation, transport, catering/food or financial funds.
Conclusion: Efficiency in tourism, shows thus, a multitude of facets and expresses by a wide
range of indicators ,trying to capture the complexity of the activity, the results recorded at the
level of each component or process, transport, accommodation, food, leisure, domestic tourism,
international tourism, and the field as a whole, the economic and social side, direct and indirect
effects.
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9.2. Assessment criteria and indicators to measure the economic efficiency of tourism.
Key words:
Profit, profit rate, rate of return.
O1.To present the criteria for evaluating the economic efficiency in tourism.
O2.To report on the system of indicators of economic efficiency.
O1.To present the criteria for evaluating the economic efficiency in tourism.
In assessing and measuring the economic efficiency in tourism as in any other sector of activity,
is used a range of criteria and indicators as a result of complexity, the content of processes, the
diversity of resources consumed and variety of forms, to realize the effects. Tourism efficiency
is in these conditions, expressed by the increase of net income, achieved through savings of
living and materialized labor; obtained in this activity through the use of each of the factors of
production consumed: nature, labor and capital may be appropriate as evaluation criteria of
efficiency.savings achieved by living and materialized labor; obtained in this activity through the
use of each of the factors of production used: nature, labor and the properly capital ,may be an
assessment criteria of the efficiency:
Size of net income and its associated return.
The level of costs.
Utilization extent of labor and technical and financial capital.
To these can be added ,the efficiency of investments ,as an expression of yield development
effort.
O2.To report on the system of indicators of economic efficiency.

Also, the complexity and broad scope of coverage of tourism, many effects it may have ,reflects
the need for a system of indicators,for measuring the effectiveness,that would capture ,both the
overall results of the field and those obtained either by exploiting a single resource or a
component of the activity as: hotels, transportation, international tourism, etc., also through these
indicators should be provided the quantification the direct and indirect effects.
The development of economic efficiency indicators system of tourism is based on the:
1. general principles of economic calculation;
2. structure of the used resources;
3. concretization form of the results.
Starting from the general formula for determining the efficiency by comparing the results with
the resources, for its expression, relationships are built as following:
effect/effect;
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effort/effort;
effect/effort;
effort/effect.
which reveals the myriad angles of approach to the link between the two basic elements, as
performance evaluation, thus ,besides classic ratio of effect and effort in assessing the tourism
efficiency, is suggestive and the proportion between the differences between the components of
the result or between the differences of the category of resources involved in obtaining a
certain effect.
In terms of resources consumed, they are diverse as a structure and their value expression ,
differs depending on their exact nature. The main categories of consumed resources in tourism
and their indicators are:
There are three types of resources: Natural (natural and man-made potential);
Human (labor);
Material and financial (fixed and circular capital).
To the first type ,are characteristic these forms of specification of the resources involved:
-Arranged tourist areas (beaches, lakes, springs, trails, ski areas); the value of the resources
consumed is reflected as design expenses/arranging expenses.
-Cultural-historical monuments (castles, monuments, churches, memorials, museums, palaces);
the value of the resources consumed is reflected as maintenance and protection expenses.
To the second type ,are characteristic these forms of specification of the resources involved:
- Number of workers (overall and on different structures); the value of the resources consumed is
reflected in salary fund , expenses for social insurance and health.
- The total working time, the value of the resources consumed is reflected as instruction
expenses, material expenses for staff.
To the third type ,are characteristic these forms of specification of the resources involved:
- Production capacity (number of units or places in hotel units, catering, leisure, means of
transport); the value of the resources consumed is reflected in depreciation expenses, rent,
taxes, transport expenses, expenses for repairs and maintenance.
- The value (total, average) of fixed funds;
- Goods, various raw materials,materials;the value of the resources consumed is reflected in
provision and storage expenses.
- Fuel and energy; the value of the resources consumed is reflected in fuel and energy costs.
- Inventory; the value of the resources consumed is reflected in depreciation of inventory items.
- Money capital, the value of the resources consumed is reflected in interest rates.
87
The typology of the economic effects of tourism:

Cashing from: hotel benefits, retail sales in the catering, other basic or additional
benefits (transport, recreation, treatment) ;industrial production ( confectionery
laboratories, annex household ,repair workshops); international travel (in lei or foreign
currency).
Income from: travel agencies commission,supplement of trade and public catering;
contribution rates; profit.
Taking into account the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness, general principles for its
determining ,the structure and effects, you can build the system of indicators. The first category
is the synthetic indicators, which reflect the outcome of the entire activity, among which stands
out: profit, profit rate, return rate, the volume and level of expenditures.
These indicators usually met at the microeconomic level and express the ability of the firm to
assume certain risks and use the production possibilities frontier.
Conclusion: A certain chain of criteria and indicators is very important in tourism. Study and
satisfaction of needs , depends heavily on the size of the net income and costs. Tourism is
considered an economic branch that faces different risk conditions ,despite of this fact ,it is in
continuous development.
9.3. Social efficiency of tourism and social tourism.

Key words:
Social effect,social tourism.
O1.To report on the social effect/impact of tourism.

O2.To outline the manifestation forms of social tourism.
O1.To report on the social effect/impact of tourism.
The development of tourist activity, using resources available to them ,generates not only
economic but also social effects; the latter reflects, the manner of how are met the spiritual and
material needs of those who travel. In correspondence with the functions they fulfill, the social
effects of tourism refers to issues such as: spending the time nice ,recreation and comfort,
restoring the physical capacity of the body, widening the horizon of knowledge and even raising
the level of education, satisfaction of some mental needs of knowledge, satisfaction of
psychological needs of friendship, association, dignity, respect from others, promoting a climate
of peace and concord.
88
It should be added that when using quantitative indicators for assessing the social efficiency, they
reflect only partial results.
As in the case of economic efficiency, assessing the social impacts of tourism involves:
Definition of some evaluation criteria;

Establishing of a measurement system.
If in terms of the criteria, the situation is simpler in the sense of the possibility of converting
social functions of tourism, in efficiency evaluation elements, namely:
Satisfaction level/contentment of the tourist;

Improvement of the health and recovery of workforce;
Level of education,culture;
Protection of the environment.
In the literature are mentioned models, quantitative indicators that quantify, often indirectly and
partially, the social effects, of which the most famous are about the level of serving and
improving health.
The characterization of serving level can be achieved using indicators such as:
number of types of tourism products (holidays) or specific services provided in general,
within a tourist area or unit;
comfort category structure of means of accommodation and food;
number of units / accommodation places;
number of units / places per a territorial unit of surface;
number of tourists per one worker;
waiting time and / or serving time.
Social tourism, meets the characteristics of tourism in general or any form of travel, particular
by:
consumer category that addresses to;
how vacations are funded.
O2.To outline the manifestation forms of social tourism.

Tourism as a whole,causes social effects, some of its forms of manifestation: treatment tourism
and medical spa cure tourism, cultural tourism, rural tourism, youth tourism, have a higher social
charge.
If tourism is generally considered an act of culture some of its forms have a greater contribution
to enlarging the fund of knowledge ,to the improvement of education, civilization and education.
Participation in cultural events - performances, festivals, meetings, visiting museums, memorials
or places related to the history and traditions of a people, holidays for learning a foreign
language as manifestation forms of cultural tourism ,allows the accumulation of knowledge in
89
different fields, ensuring the satisfaction of spiritual needs of travelers. In the same area is
included, youth or cultural tourism.
Recipients of this kind of tourism are categories of the population with limited financial means,
represented by the minimum level of income or social status that attests this: retired people,
unemployed, students, workers in agriculture. Regarding the possibilities of traveling, they are
ensured, partially or entirely by grants awarded by the society ,through social protection bodies
and various other organizations: edifice of social insurance ,edifices of mutual aid for
pensioners, trade unions, youth organizations, foundations, and through the payment facilities
offered by tourisms economic agents (discount rates, lower levels of commission).
These features of social tourism led to, a significant increase in demand for holidays, which has
generated quite often,a confusion with mass tourism.
Conclusion: Social tourism creates conditions for cultural enrichment, physical and mental
rehabilitation, also constitutes a form of tourism accessible for all categories of population.
90
Bibliography:
1. Minciu R., Economia turismului, Ed. Uranus, Bucureti, 2004.
2. Snak O., Baron P., Neacu N., Economia turismului, Ed. Expert, Bucureti,
2003.
3. Turcov E., Coordonarea turismului, Ed. ASEM. Chiinu, 2006.
4. https://www.google.ro/.
5. http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/.
6. http://dexonline.ro/,
7. http://ru.scribd.com/doc/96866453/Economia-Turismului.
8. Iacob Cocos,Geografia Turismului,ASEM 2012.
9. Gabriela
Stancilescu,Cristina
Micu,Economie
si
gestiune
in
turism,Bucuresti.
10.http://www.wisegeek.com.
11.http://wiki.answers.com.
12.http://www.tur.md/eng/.
13.http://www.moldova.md.
14.Stvil T., Ciobanu C. I., Diaconescu T., Patrimoniul cultural al Republicii
Moldova, Ed. Arc/Museum, Chiinu, 1999.
15.http://www.nationalgeographic.com.
91

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Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova

Business and Administration Faculty

SUBJECTS OF THE COURSE:

Subject Nr. 1. Tourism-an economic and social activity.

Subject Nr.2. Dimensions of the tourism phenomenon.

Subject Nr.3. Tourist circulation.

Subject Nr.4. Organization of tourism activity.

Subject Nr. 5.Tourist market.

Subject Nr.6. Material and technical base of tourism.

Subject Nr.7. Human resources in tourism.

Subject Nr.8. Tourism services.

Subject Nr.9. Economic and social efficiency of tourism.

Subject Nr. 1. Tourism-an economic and social activity.

1.1.The concepts of tourism and tourist.

O1.To define tourism and meaning of tourist.

O1.To define tourism and meaning of tourist.

O2.To present several scientistss opinions concerning tourism definition.

[Iacob Cocos,Geografia Turismului,ASEM 2012,[1]:pp.7].

O3.To make a classification of travelers concerning the tourism statistics.

O4.To highlight the reasons of traveling and notion of tourist industry.

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[1]:pp.14-19].

1.2. Tourism and economic and social development.

O1.To explain the influence of tourism on economic and social development.

O1.To explain the influence of tourism on economic and social development.

O2.To highlight and group the effects of tourism.

effects on the global strategy development of a country or global effects.

O3.To explain the economic impact of tourism.

O4.To present the link between tourism and employment.

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[1]:pp.30-34].

O6.To highlight the socio-cultural significance of tourism.

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[1]:pp.35-38].

Conclusion: Tourism is an interference branch, exerts a major influence on many economic

Subject Nr.2. Dimensions of the tourism phenomenon.

2.1. Determinant factors of tourism development.

O1.To make a classification of these factors after a certain criteria.

another classification of some

representative factors that influence the

O1.To make a classification of these factors after a certain criteria.

After socio-economic content:

Conjectural factors- economic crises, political and social imbalances, armed

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[2]:pp.39-41].

The representative factors that influence the tourism development are:

in relation to the domestic or international market, it produces quantitative and

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[2]:pp.41-48].

2.2. Domestic and international tourism of the RM.

Fig.3. The structure of Moldova tourists and visitors going abroad.

O2.To present data on tourist flows to and from RM.

NUMBER OF ARRIVALS OF FOREIGN VISITORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA, as of decembre 31.

NUMBER OF DEPARTURES OF MOLDOVAN VISITORS ABROAD, as of decembre 31.

O3.To report about domestic tourist traffic of RM.

Subject Nr.3. Tourist circulation.

3.1. Forms of tourism: structure, characteristics, interactions.

O1.To define the notion of form of tourism.

O1.To define the notion of form of tourism.

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[3]:pp.73-80].

O2.To give the unfolded classification of the main forms of tourism.

After the motivation that generates the trip:

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[3]:pp.80-88].

O3.To present the travel typology .

domestic tourism - residents of a country traveling in their own country.

internal tourism - including domestic tourism and inbound tourism.

By the reason of the trip:

[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[3]:pp.89-91].

O4.To characterize briefly the main forms of tourism.