KHOA HC - CNG NGH

Tp ch GTVT 7/2014

Xac inh biu dng chy cho tnh ton tch

ly nc trc cng trnh thot nc ng
t
TS. DNG TT SINH
Hc vin K thut Qun s

Tm tt: Xc nh biu dng chy l mt vn
c ngha v cn thit, c bit l trong tnh ton
thot nc ng t t cc lu vc nh, n l c s
la chn cn ma tnh ton cho trng hp thit
k cng trnh thot nc c xt n hin tng tch
ly nc trc cng trnh. Do tnh phc tp ca ma
v dng chy l nn trong bai vit nay, tc gi trnh
by phng php xc nh gn ng biu dng
chy phc v cho mc ch ni trn.
T kha: Xac inh biu dng chy; Biu
dong chay mt do ma
Abstract: Determination of flow chart is a
significant problem and needed, especially in
drainage calculations for highways from the small
basin, it is the basis for calculating rain choice
for case drainage structures designed taking into
consideration the accumulation of water before
culverts. Due to the complexity of rain and flood flows
so in this article, the authors present approximate
methods for determining flow chart to serve the said
purpose.
Keywords: Determination of flow chart.
1. M u
i vi lu vc c th ca mi cng trnh thot
nc, lu lng tnh ton Qtt c xc nh trn c
s ca phng php cng ma gii hn. Cn ma
tnh ton (ng vi tn sut thit k) l cn ma cho lu
lng ln nht v biu dng chy ca n c dng
gn vi hnh tam gic. Tuy nhin, cn ma tnh ton
ni trn khng c ngha l cn ma s cho tng lng
dng chy W ln nht. V th, khi thit k cng trnh
thot nc ngang ng t c xt n hin tng
tch ly nc trc cng trnh, ta cn phi xem xt cho
nhiu cc cn ma khc nhau la chn cn ma
cho tng th tch dng chy ln nht [1].
t c mc ch ni trn, ta phi xem xt v
so snh biu dng chy do tt c cc cn ma c
th gy ra ti v tr t cng trnh thot nc. Biu
dng chy cho bit thi im lu lng ca dng chy
t gi tr cc i, qu trnh duy tr dng chy v tng
lng dng chy trong sut thi gian ko di ca l.
Khi so snh biu dng chy do tt c cc cn ma
khc nhau gy ra, cn ma cho th tch dng chy ln
nht l cn ma c din tch ca biu dng chy ln
nht. T biu dng chy ca cn ma chn c,
ta xc nh cng thc tnh h tch ly v la chn khu
cng trnh thot nc.
Xy dng biu dng chy l mt cng vic
phc tp, n ph thuc vo iu kin a hnh t nhin
ca lu vc, thi gian hnh thnh dng chy t thi
im c ma, thi gian tp trung nc trn lu vc v

c tnh ca cn ma tng a phng. V vy, trong

phn di y, tc gi trnh by cch xy dng gn
ng biu dng chy cho cc trng hp cn thit
lm c s phc v cho mc ch tnh ton cng
trnh thot nc ngang ng t c xt n hin
tng tch ly nc trc cng trnh.
2. Cc lp lun v gi thit trong tnh ton, xy
dng biu dng chy l
Cch xy dng biu dng chy c xut l
da trn c s tnh ton gn ng, n da trn cc lp
lun v gi thit di y:
- Vi mi cn ma, cng ma i c xem l
gi tr trung bnh trong sut thi gian ko di Tm ca
n.
- Theo l thuyt cng ma gii hn, i vi
mi lu vc c th, ch tn ti mt cn ma tnh ton
c thi gian cung cp dng chy t z bng thi gian tp
trung dng chy t trn lu vc ( t z = t ) v l cn ma
cho lu lng tnh ton ln nht Qtt . Biu dng
chy do cn ma tnh ton gy ra c dng gn vi hnh
tam gic (Hnh a). Ni khc i, i vi mi lu vc c
th ch c cn ma tnh ton l to ra biu dng
chy c dng gn vi hnh tam gic.
- Cc cn ma c thi gian cung cp dng chy
t z ln hn thi gian tp trung dng chy t trn lu
vc ( t z > t ), biu dng chy c dng gn vi hnh
thang (Hnh a).
- Cc cn ma c thi gian cung cp dng chy
t z nh hn thi gian tp trung dng chy t trn lu
vc ( t z < t ), biu dng chy cng c dng gn vi
hnh thang.
- xc nh lu lng tnh ton v khu
cng trnh thot nc khi khng xt n tch ly nc
trc cng trnh, ta ch cn xt cho trng hp t z = t
(trng hp cho lu lng ln nht trong c ba trng
hp ni trn). S d nh vy l do quan h lin quan
gia cng ma, thi gian ko di ca ma, din
tch v chiu di lu vc tham gia vo vic hnh thnh
lu lng ln nht [5].
- tnh ton tch ly nc trc cng trnh thot
nc v xc nh cn ma cho tng th tch nc
ln nht, ta cn xt cho c hai trng hp t z = t v
t z > t . Khng xt trng hp t z < t .
Trong phn trnh by di y, cho n gin,
tc gi ch trnh by nguyn tc tnh ton, th nguyn
ca cc i lng tnh ton ngi c c th t suy ra.
3. C s xy dng biu dng chy - phng
php cn bng th tch dng chy
xy dng biu dng chy, xc nh lu lng
ti mt thi im bt k chy qua mt ct tnh ton ca
mt lu vc c th v trong qu trnh ca mt cn ma
no , ta c th s dng phng php cn bng th

21

22

KHOA HC - CNG NGH

tch dng chy (phng php chnh xc [3;4]).

Theo phng php cn bng th tch dng chy,
mi thi im t bt ky trong qua trinh l, tng th tch
dng chy c th c W do ma cung cp bng tng
cc th tch nc ang nm trn sn dc
, trong
lng sui
v chy qua mt ct tnh ton WQ :
(1)
Cac thanh phn trong phng trinh (1) mi thi
im ma, c xc nh nh sau:
- Tng th tch dng chy tnh t khi c ma cho
n thi im t c tnh theo cng thc:
(2)
Trong : i - Cng trung bnh ca ma,
i = H m / Tm ; H m - Tng chiu dy lng ma ca cn
ma ko di Tm pht;
u - Cng thm; z - Chiu dy dng chy b
mt mt do lp y cc g gh v lm t cy c; F -

Din tch lu vc;

t B - Thi gian cung cp nc, c tnh t sau thi
im cng ma cn bng vi cng thm vo
t (hay sau khi i = u ):

(3)

- Khong thi gian hnh thnh dng chy ti

thiu [5], tnh t khi bt u ma n khi cng
ma cn bng vi cng thm vo t ( i = u ).
- Th tch nc nm trn sn dc
, c xc
nh bng cc cng thc khc nhau ty theo mi quan
h gia thi gian cung cp dng chy t z ti thi im
xt so vi thi gian tp trung dng chy t [2; 4].
Thi gian tp trung dng chy t c th c xc
nh bng cc cng thc khc nhau [2; 3; 5]. Thi gian
cung cp dng chy t z ti thi im t bt k, c
tnh t thi im c dng chy, n l hiu s thi gian
cung cp nc v thi gian thm t cy c:

t z = t B (h z ) / h

(4)

Trong : h - Chiu dy lp nc ma sau khi

tr i phn thm vo t, tnh n thi im t :
h = (i u.) t B
(5a)
Thi gian cung cp dng chy t z ti thi im t
bt k (H.1 v H.2) cng c th c xc nh theo cng
thc:
(5b)
t z = t t0
Trong : t 0 - Thi gian hnh thnh dng chy trn
mt t, t 0 = t dc + t c ; t cc - Thi gian lp y g gh
v lm t cy c, t cc = t B t z = t B .z / h (lu xem
cng thc (4).
- Thanh phn
va WQ phu thuc vao th tch
lng sui v chiu cao nc dng trong long sui. Th
tch nc WQ chy qua cng trnh thot nc trong
khong thi gian t z = t t 0 (tnh t thi im t 0 bt
u c dng chy n thi im xt t ):
(6)
Trong : Qt - Lu lng qua mt ct ang xt,
gi tr ca n thay i theo thi gian v theo chiu
cao nc dng: Qt = f 1 (t z ) hoc Qt = f 2 ( H ) vi
H = f (t z ) l chiu cao nc dng trong lng sui
theo thi gian.
khc phc s phc tp trong xc nh th

tch nc trn sn dc, ngi ta bin i phng

trnh (1) li nh sau:
(7)
V tri ca phng trnh (3) c xc nh gn
ng bng mi quan h [3]:
(8)
Trong : k - H s ph thuc vo t s t z / t v
c xc nh gn ng theo cng thc:

Phng trnh (7) c vit li l

WLS + WQ = k .W

(9)
(10)

Trc khi gii phng trnh (10), phi cn c vo

a hnh c th ca lng sui, xy dng th quan
h W LS H . Th tch lng sui
c th c xc
nh theo cc cng thc bit [2; 3]. Sau , tm quan
h Qt H v suy ra quan h Qt W LS .
mi thi im t ca ma, xc nh t B , t z v xc
nh W . Sau , t trn th th hin mi quan h
Qt WLS , ta la chn cc cp gi tr (Qt ;WLS ) v tnh
WQ = Qt .t z cho n khi gi tr WLS v WQ = Qt .t z
tha mn s cn bng ca phng trnh (10) th dng
li [3]. Gi tr Qt cui cng p ng cn bng ca
phng trnh (10) l gi tr lu lng cn tm ti thi
im ma t xem xt.
Trn nguyn tc xc nh lu lng dng chy ti
mi thi im bt k t ca ma, ta c th xy dng
c biu dng chy l cho mi lu vc v i vi
tng cn ma c th. Gi tr tung ln nht trn biu
l gi tr lu lng ln nht ng vi cn ma ang
xt.
4. Vn c bit lu v xut sa i trong
cch gii phng trnh cn bng th tch dng chy
4.1. Trng hp xc nh lu lng tnh ton khi
khng xet n tich luy nc trc cng trinh - sa i
th nht
Trng hp khng xt n tch ly nc trc
cng trnh thot nc, ta c th p dng l lun ca
phng php cng ma gii hn xc nh lu
lng tnh ton bng phng php cn bng th tch
dng chy mt cch nhanh gn hn rt nhiu. Thay v
tm gi tr lu lng cc i (tinh toan) t cc gi tr lu
lng ln nht Qtt ca tt c cc cn ma [2], tc gi
xut ch cn la chn trong tt c cc cn ma, xem
cn ma no c thi gian cung cp dng chy bng
hoc xp x bng thi gian tp trung dng chy trn
lu vc ( t z t ), xc nh lu lng tnh ton cho
thit k cng trnh thot nc l c.
Cch lm trn s gim thi gian v mc cng
knh ca cng vic tnh ton theo phng php cn
bng th tch dng chy rt nhiu (tc gi tin hnh
tnh th nhiu ln v cho kt qu ng). Mun vy, ta
la chon t cac cn ma trong s s d liu ma, tnh
ton v so snh gia thi gian cung cp dng chy v
thi gian tp trung dng chy trn lu vc ca cng
trnh c th. T , tm ra cn ma tnh ton ( t z t )
cn thit (xem trong phn xc nh biu dng chy
tip theo di y).
4.2. Trng hp xc nh s bin thin cua lu
lng theo thi gian va ve biu dong chay - sa
i th hai

Tp ch GTVT 7/2014

KHOA HC - CNG NGH

mi thi im, gi tr lu lng chy qua mt ct
tnh ton ca ng t thy hay sui, ph thuc vo
chiu cao nc dng trong lng sui (hay ph thuc
vo th tch nc cha trong lng sui). Cho nn, lu
lng l mt i lng bin thin theo thi gian. Nh
vy, nu ly tng cp gi tr (Qt ;W LS ) trn th quan
h Qt W LS v tnh WQ = Qt .t z cho n khi t gi
tr cn bng ca phng trnh (10) l khng ph hp.
V Qt khng phi l gi tr trung bnh ca c khong
thi gian c dng chy t z m l gi tr lu lng ng
vi mc nc ln nht ti thi im xt s cn bng.
gii phng trnh cn bng th tch dng chy
ng vi mi thi im ty theo lu vc v cn ma c
th, ta xem xt biu dng chy l cho hai trng
hp quan trng nh c cp trong phn trn
( t z = t v t z > t ).

Hnh 1: Biu dng chy l ca cc trng hp tnh

ton

- Trng hp 1: Nu l ln v xung c dng gn

vi hnh tam gic (Hnh 1a), tc l ti thi im nc
chy t im xa nht trn lu vc n mt ct tnh ton
cng l lc ma kt thc. Gi tr WQ chy qua lng sui
thi im t bt k ca ma trong qu trnh l ln, l:
(11)
WQ = Qt .t z / 2 = Qt .( t t 0 ) / 2
Sau thi im (t 0 + t ) , tc l sau khi lu lng
t gi tr cc i, gi tr WQ chy qua lng sui ti

mi thi im bt k trong qu trnh l xung, phi l:

(12)
hay
- Trng hp 2: Nu l ln v xung c dng gn
vi hnh thang (Hnh 1b), tc l ti thi im nc chy
t im xa nht trn lu vc n mt ct tnh ton th
ma vn tip tc ko di. Gi tr WQ chy qua lng
sui ti mi thi im bt k trong qu trnh l ln,
c xc nh tng t nh trng hp biu dng
chy c dng gn vi tam gic.
Sau thi im (t 0 + t ) , tc l sau khi lu lng
t cc i, gi tr ca n khng thay i v mc nc
trong lng sui khng tng ln. Gi tr WQ chy qua
mt ct tnh ton ca lng sui ti mi thi im bt k
khi dng chy n nh c xc nh nh sau:
(13)

Sau khi kt thc ma, dng chy gim dn, gi

tr WQ chy qua lng sui ti mi thi im bt k
trong qu trnh l xung l:
(14)

Nh vy, khi gii phng trnh cn bng th tch

dng chy (10) cho cc cn ma khc nhau, ta cn
lu hnh dng ca biu dng chy. Ty theo hnh
dng ca biu dng chy v mi thi im t ca
ma, gi tr WQ c th c xc nh bng mt trong
cc cng thc t (11) (14). nhn bit trc hnh
dng biu dng chy, i vi mi cn ma ta cn
tnh trc v so snh t z ca c cn ma vi t hoc so
snh tng (t 0 + t ) vi thi gian ko di ca cn ma

Tm

Lu : Quan h Qt W LS ch s dng trong khong

thi gian l ln v xung; tng th tch dng chy do ma
cung cp trn lu vc khng tng ti thi im kt thc
ma ( t = Tm ).
5. Xy dng biu dng chy lu bng phng
php cn bng th tch dng chy
xy dng gn ng biu dng chy l
da trn phng trnh cn bng th tch dng chy,
tc gi xut cch thc hin cho hai trng hp cn
thit nh di y.
5.1. Xy dng biu dng chy dng tam gic
(cho cn ma c t z = t )
Trn c s d liu ma, ta th dn v la chn cn
ma c thi gian ma Tm bng hoc xp x bng tng
thi gian t 0 v t , Tm (t 0 + t ) hay thi gian cung
cp dng chy t z xp x hoc bng thi gian tp trung
dng chy t , t z t (Hnh a). Trong qu trnh la
chn, i vi mi lu vc v cho mi cn ma:
- Xc nh thi im bt u c dng chy t 0 v
thi gian tp trung dng chy t .
- Xc nh t z cho c cn ma (vi t = Tm ) theo
cng thc (4) hoc (5b).
- So snh thi gian ma Tm vi (t 0 + t ) hoc t z
vi t , chng xp x nhau l c.
- Sau khi tm ra cn ma nh vy, da trn phng
trnh (10), cng thc (11) v kt hp vi th quan h
Qt WLS , tm lu lng tnh ton Qtt (nh ca biu
dng chy).
- Da trn phng trnh (10), cng thc (12) kt
hp vi th quan h Qt W LS , tm thi im kt
thc dng chy.
5.2. Xy dng biu dng chy dng hnh
thang (cho cc cn ma c t z > t )
Sau khi xc nh c cn ma cho biu
dng chy dng tam gic ( t z = t ), ta loi tr tt c cc
cn ma c thi gian ko di ca ma ngn hn n
pha trc bng s liu ma [2]. Tip theo, ta ch xy
dng biu dng chy dng hnh thang cho cc cn
ma c thi gian t z > t (Hnh 1b). i vi mi lu vc
v cho mi cn ma:
- Xc nh thi im bt u c dng chy t 0 v
thi gian tp trung dng chy t .
- Xc nh khong thi gian l t nh tnh t khi
c ma t = (t 0 + t ) . iu kin kim tra li l t z t .
- Da trn phng trnh (10), cng thc (11) kt
hp vi th th hin mi quan h Qt W LS , tm lu
lng tnh ton Qtt (chiu cao ca biu dng chy
hnh thang).
- Trong khong thi gian t t = (t 0 + t ) n ht
thi gian ko di Tm ca ma, gi tr lu lng va
tm c trn l khng i (v xem ma c cng
khng i).
- Da trn phng trnh (10), cng thc (14) v kt
hp vi th quan h Qt W LS , tm thi im kt
thc dng chy.
Ngoi ra, cng c th tin hnh xc nh tng gi
tr tung ca biu dng chy theo th t tng dn
cc khong thi gian tnh ton vi cc lu sau:
- mi thi im t ca ma, s cn bng ca
phng trnh (10) ch c th c c vi vic s dng
cng thc (11) trong khong thi gian l ln. Ti thi
im c c s cn bng cui cng ca phng trnh
(10), phi p ng iu kin ( t z t ).

23

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KHOA HC - CNG NGH

- Nu l l c biu dng hnh thang, trong cc thi

im t tip theo ca ma sau khi t = t 0 + t z = t 0 + t
hay sau khi t z = t , ch c mt cp gi tr ( Qt ;W LS )
trn th quan h Qt W LS l p ng s cn bng
(10) vi vic s dng cng thc (13). S cn bng
c tha mn cho n khi kt thc ma. Sau , s
cn bng ca phng trnh (10) trong khong thi
gian l xung ch c th c c vi vic s dng cng
thc (14) kt hp vi th quan h Qt W LS .
6. Vn la chn cn ma cho tnh ton tch
ly nc trc cng trnh
Nh t vn cho trng hp c xt n tch
ly nc trc cng trnh thot nc ngang ng
t i vi lu vc va v nh, tm c cn ma tnh
ton cho mi lu vc c th, ta cn phi so snh cc
biu dng chy ca cc cn ma vi nhau.
Cn ma u tin c chn lm mc so snh,
l cn ma cho lu lng tnh ton cc i hay cn
ma cho din tch biu dng chy dng tam gic.
Cc cn ma sau n c lu lng nh hn v cho biu
dng chy dng hnh thang. Ta ch cn so snh cn
ma tip theo vi cn ma tnh trc , nu din tch
biu dng chy tnh c ca n nh hn biu
dng chy ca cn ma trc , ta dng li v ly cn
ma trc nghin cu v xem xt s cn thit
phi tnh ton tch ly nc trc cng trnh.
7. Kt lun
- Xy dng biu dng chy, ngoi vn
bit c qu trnh l th n l c s quan trng
tm ra cn ma cho tnh ton tch ly nc trc cng
trnh. c bit trong iu kin chiu di lu vc ngn,
thi gian ma ln ko di [1].
- Biu dng chy ch c xy dng cho mi
lu vc v cho tng cn ma c th. Sau khi tm c
cn ma cho tnh ton cng trnh thot nc c xt
n hin tng tch ly nc trc cng trnh, cn phi
da trn iu kin a hnh c th quyt nh vic
c tch ly nc trc nn ng hay khng
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Dng Tt Sinh, Tch ly v iu tit nc trc
cng trnh thot nc ngang ng t trong iu kin
Vit Nam, Tp ch GTVT, s 5/2014.
[2]. Nguyn Xun Truc, Thit k ng t - Cng
trinh vt sng, Tp3, NXB. Giao duc, 2000.
[3]. .. , .. ,
a , .,
, 1966.
[4]. .. , .. , .. ,
a , .,
, 1987.
[5]. ,
. . . .
, ., , 1981.
Ngy nhn bi: 10/6/2014
Ngy chp nhn ng: 01/7/2014
Ngi phn bin: GS. TS. V nh Phng

NGHIN CU XC NH...

(Tip theo trang 33)

Hnh 4: th
ng ng mc xc
nh vng chy do
v vng n nh ca
khi nn gia c bng
tr n
Bi ton vi
ptx.ptz=18x19, kch
thc li sai phn
xc=xs=0,4m, z=0,67m. Gn cc gi tr bn c l
ca nn t v tr th trc tip xc nh sc chu ti
Pgh=277,76kPa, vng bin dng do v vng n nh
(Hnh 4). Kt qu sc chu ti ca bi ton nh hn so
vi kt qu th nghim nn tnh sai s -7, 49%.
Quan st Hnh 4, tr b ph hoi ti su
3z=2,01m, t yu xung quanh tr b trt v c
chiu hng pht trin ph hoi xung su hn, tuy
nhin di su ny tr bn hn hn so vi t xung
quanh.
5. Kt lun
- Khng s dng l thuyt v ng sut gii hn
xc nh sc chu ti nn t gia c bng tr, quan
im tnh hin nay cha xt c s phn b ng sut
khi ph hoi, v vy thng gi nh mt trt xc
nh sc chu ti.
- Xem tr mm hoc na cng, ch chu nn, chu
un km, nn t sau gia c l nn khng ng nht
theo chiu ngang, tc gi xy dng v gii bi ton xc
nh sc chu ti nn t gia c bng tr t xi mng;
- So snh kt qu xc nh sc chu ti ca bi ton
vi kt qu ca Prandtl hay th nghim nn tnh ti C
Mau, cho thy sai s nh, ngoi ra bi ton trc tip
xc nh c vng trng thi ng sut n do ca
h nn tr m cc kt qu trn cha xc nh c
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Phm Vn Hunh (2013), Xc nh trng thi
ng sut ca h nn t c cc xi mng t gia cng
nn t yu cho cc cng trnh xy dng, Tp ch Cu
ng Vit Nam, thng 5 & 6/2013, H Ni.
[2]. D.T. Bergado, J.C. Chai, M.C. Alfaro, A.S.
Balasubramaniam (1998), Nhng bin php k thut
mi ci to t yu trong xy dng, NXB. Gio dc H
Ni. (Ngi dch: Nguyn Uyn, Trnh Vn Cng).
[3]. Phng a k thut - Vin Khoa hc CNXD
(2004), Th nghim nn tnh cc n t xi mng.
[4]. Hi a k thut Thy in (1997), Ct vi v
vi xi mng, Bo co SGF 4:95 E.
[5]. Trng i hc ng T (1994), Quy phm k
thut x l nn mng, Tiu chun Thnh ph Thng
Hi Ngi dch: Nguyn Th Cc, hiu nh: Trnh Trng
Din.
[6]. Arnold Verruijt (2001,2010), Soil mechanics,
Delft University of Technology.
[7]. Tiu chun quc gia TCVN9403 (2012), Gia c
nn t yu Phng php tr t xi mng, B Khoa hc
v Cng ngh.
[8]. Tiu chun quc gia (2012), Cc Phng php
th nghim hin trng bng ti trng tnh p dc trc:
TCVN 9393 2012.
[9]. Phan Trng Phit, Phan Trng Giang (2011),
Tnh ton phn tch trt l t gii php phng v
gim nh tc hi, NXB. Xy dng.
[10]. Phm Th Ngc Yn, Ng Hu Tnh,... (2009),
C s Matlab v UD, NXB. KHKT.
Ngy nhn bi: 26/5/2014
Ngy chp nhn ng: 15/6/2014
Ngi phn bin: TS. Ng Th Thanh Hng
TS. Trn Ngc Hng