CALCULUS 1

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

November 2016

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
1. THE NATURAL LOGARITHM FUNCTION
2. INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
3. THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
4. GENERAL EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS
5. THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND

THEIR DERIVATIVES
6.THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES

THE NATURAL LOGARITHM

FUNCTION

INTRODUCTIONS
x2
Dx
2

x 2
1
1
0
1
2
x , Dx x x , Dx ?? x , Dx x , Dx
x

1
Is there a function whose derivative is
x
1
Is there an antiderivatives dx ?
x

Introductions
The Natural Logarithm function

Derivative of the Natural Logarithm

Function
From the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have:
x

1
1
Dx dt Dx ln x
; x0
t
x
1

This can combined with the chain rule. If u=f(x) and if f is

differentiable, then :
1
Dx ln u Dx u
u

Derivative of the Natural Logarithm

Function
EXEMPLE
1. Find Dx ln x
1
1 1 1/2
1
1/2
Dx ln x 1/2 Dx x 1/2 x

2x
x
x 2

2. Find Dx ln x 2 x 2
Dx ln x 2 x 2

1
2x 1
2
D
x

x
2
x x2
x2 x 2

Derivative of the Natural Logarithm

Function
1
u du ln u c ; u 0
EXEMPLE
5
Find

2 x 7 dx

Derivative of the Natural Logarithm

Function
EXEMPLE
3

x
dx
Find
2
1 10 x

Derivative of the Natural Logarithm

Function
EXEMPLE

x x
x 1 dx
2

Find

Properties of the Natural Logarithm

EXEMPLE
2
Find dy/dx if y ln 3 x 1 / x , x 1 ?

Properties of the Natural Logarithm

y ln 3 x 1 / x 2

Logarithmic Differentiation
Differentiate y

1 x2

x 1

2/3

The Graph of the Natural Logarithm

Trigonometric Integrals
EXEMPLE
1. Evaluate tan x dx

2. Evaluate sec x csc x dx

EXERCISE 1
1. Find the derivative

Dx ln x 2 3x

Dx ln 3x 2

2. Find the integrals

1
a.
dx
2x 1

x
b. 2
dx
2x 8

3.Find dy/dx by logarithmic diffrentiation y

x2
c.
dx
x 1
x 11
x3 4

INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR

DERIVATIVES

Introductions

EXISTENCE OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS (See. Before

Calculus)

Existence of Inverse Functions

EXEMPLE
Show that f (x)= x5 + 2x + 1 has an inverse
SOLUTION
f (x) = 5x4+2 >0 for all x. Thus, f is increasing on the whole real
line and so it has an inverse.

Existence of Inverse Functions

1. We do not claim that we can always give a formula for f -1
2. For the function that do not have inverses on their natural
domain, we simply restrict the domain to a set on which the
graph is either increasing or decreasing.

Existence of Inverse Functions

If f has and inverse f -1 , the f -1 also has an inverse, namely, f.

The Graph of y = f -1(x)

Derivatives of Inverse Functions

Derivatives of Inverse Functions

EXERCISE 2
1. Show that f has an inverse

a. f ( x) x5 x3

b. f ( x) x 2 x 6 ; x 2

2. Find the formula for f -1(x)

x 1
a. f ( x) x 1
b. f ( x)
x 1
3. Find (f -1)(-2) by using theorem B.
3

f ( x) 3x 5 x 2

QUIZ
1
1. Find the integrals a.
dx
1 2x

x4
b.
dx
x4

x3 x 2
c.
dx
x2

2. Find dy/dx by logarithmic diffrentiation y x 2 3x x 2 x 2 1

/3

3. Evaluate

tan x dx
0

4. Show that f has an inverse f ( ) cos ; 0

3
x
2
-1
f
(
x
)

5. Find the formula for f (x) :

x3 1

6. Find (f -1)(2) by using theorem B.

f ( x) x 5 5 x 4

THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

Introduction
DEFINITION
The inverse of ln is called natural exponential function and is denoted
by exp. Thus,

x exp y y ln x

1. exp ln x x

x0

2. ln exp y y

for all y

Properties of the Exponential Function

DEFINITION
The letter e denotes the unique positive real number such that ln e = 1

e 2.718281828459045

If r is rational number : er exp ln er exp r ln e exp r

e x exp x
1. exp ln x x

x0

2. ln exp y y

for all y

1. eln x x

x0

2. ln e y y

for all y

THEOREM
Let a and b be any real numbers. Then eaeb=ea+b and ea/eb=ea-b

The Derivative of ex
The Derivative of ex :

Dx e x e x

If u=f(x) is differentiable, then the Chain Rule yields :

Dx eu eu Dx u
EXEMPLE
Find Dx e x
1

Dx e

e x Dx

e
x 1
x e . x 2
2
2 x

The Derivative of ex
EXEMPLE
x ln x
D
e
Find x
2

The Derivative of ex
The derivative formula Dxex = ex automatically yields the integral formula:
u
u
e
du

e
C

EXEMPLE
Evaluate e4 x dx

Evaluate

x e

2 x3

dx

The Derivative of ex
EXEMPLE
3

Evaluate

xe
1

3 x 2

dx

The Derivative of ex
EXEMPLE
1
x

Evaluate

6e
x 2 dx

EXERCISE 3
1. Find Dxy

a. y e

2 x2 x

c. y e

x3 ln x

d . e x y 4 x y

b. y x3 e x
2. Find each integral

a. e

3 x 1

dx

b. e

x e x

dx

3. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region

bounded by y=ex, y=0, x=0 and x=ln 3 about the x-axis

GENERAL EXPONENTIAL AND

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Introduction

Properties of ax

Proof

Properties of ax
EXEMPLE
1. Find Dx 3 x

2. Find dy/dx if y x 2
4

x4 2

Properties of ax
3. Find

2
2
x
dx
x3

The Function loga

If 0 < a <1 then f(x) = ax is a decresing function ; If a >1, it is an

increasing function. In either case, f has an inverse .

We call this inverse the logarithmic function to the base a

The Function loga

EXEMPLE

If y log10 x 4 13 find

dy
dx

The Function ax, xa , and xx

Dx(xa) ???
a rational
a irrational ??

The Function ax, xa , and xx

EXEMPLE
if y = xx , x >0, find Dxy by two different methods

The Function ax, xa , and xx

EXEMPLE
2
1. If y x 1

2. If y x 1
2

sin x

sin x

dy
; find
dx

dy
; find
dx

The Function ax, xa , and xx

51/ x
3. Evaluate 2 dx
1/2 x
1

EXERCISE 4
1. Find the indicated derivative or integral

2 x 2 3 x

a. Dx 3

b. x 2 dx
x2

c. Dx log10 x3 9
d . 103 x 103 x dx
1

2. Find dy/dx
x
e

2 10
e x
a. y 10 x
b. y 2 2
2

THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR
DERIVATIVES

Introductions
Six basic trigonometric functions
1. sine
4. cotangent
2. cosine
5. secant
3. tangent
6. cosecant

Inverse Sine and Inverse Cosine

Inverse Sine and Inverse Cosine

Inverse Tangent and Inverse Secant

Inverse Tangent and Inverse Secant

Four Useful Identities

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXEMPLE
Find sin 1 3x 1

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXEMPLE
1

1. Evaluate

1
4 x

dx

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXEMPLE
2. Evaluate

3
5 9x

dx

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXEMPLE

ex
3. Evaluate
dx
2x
4 9e

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXEMPLE
18

4. Evaluate

x
6

1
x 9
2

dx

Manipulating the integral

EXEMPLE

7
dx
1. Evaluate x 2 6 x 25

EXERCISE 5

THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

AND THEIR INVERSES

DEFINITIONS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION

GRAPHS OF THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

GRAPHS OF THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES
The most fundamental of these is

which can be proved by writing

HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES

WHY THEY ARE CALLED HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

DERIVATIVE AND INTEGRAL FORMULAS

DERIVATIVE AND INTEGRAL FORMULAS

DERIVATIVE AND INTEGRAL FORMULAS

DERIVATIVE AND INTEGRAL FORMULAS

INVERSES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMIC FORMS OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC

FUNCTIONS
The following relationships hold for all x in the domains of the
stated inverse hyperbolic functions

PROPERTIES OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE 6
1. Find Dxy

y sinh 2 x
y x 2 cosh x
y ln cosh 1 x

2. Evaluate each integral

a. sinh 3x 2 dx

b.

2
x
cosh

x
5 dx

3.Find the area of region bounded by y = cosh 2x, y = 0, x=-ln 5

and x=ln5