LCM15

Version:
Issue Date:
Review By Date:
Owned By:
Authorised By:

1.1
August 2006
June 2008
Engineering Manager D & P
Executive Manager D & P

LINE CONSTRUCTION MANUAL LCM15

TOWER FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION

REVISION TABLE
Version No

Date of Revision

1.0

June 2006

1.1

August 2006

Details of Amendment
Initial Release
Numbering changed to represent previous version

The above table lists in summary the amendments which have been made with most recent issues of this standard.
The table is updated with each re-issue. The latest amendments within the documents are marked with a change
indicator (|) in the outer margin.

CONTACT
This standard is the responsibility of the
Development and Projects Division, ElectraNet.
Please contact the indicated owner of the standard
with any inquiries.

ElectraNet
52-55 East Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000
PO Box 7096, Hutt Street Post Office,
Adelaide, South Australia 5000
Ph (08) 8404 7966, Fx (08) 8404 7104

LI M I T AT I O N O F L I A B I LI T Y A N D
D I S C LA I M E R O F W A R R AN TY
ElectraNet makes no representation or warranty as
to the accuracy, reliability, completeness or
suitability for particular purposes of the information
in this document. ElectraNet and its employees,
agents and consultants shall have no liability
(including liability to any person by reason of
negligence or negligent misstatement) for any
statements, opinions, information or matter
(expressed or implied) arising out of, contained in or
derived from or for any omissions from the
information in this document, except in so far as
liability under any statute cannot be excluded.

2006 ElectraNet Pty Limited trading as ElectraNet. No part of this document may be reproduced
or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, taping or information retrieval systems) without the prior written permission of ElectraNet.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
15.1

SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................................3

15.2

GENERAL ..............................................................................................................................................3

15.3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS ..................................................................................................................3

15.4

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS .............................................................................................3

15.5

SETTING OUT ......................................................................................................................................4

15.6

UNDERGROUND SERVICES .............................................................................................................4

15.7

FOOTING EXCAVATION...................................................................................................................4

15.7.1
15.7.2
15.7.3
15.7.4
15.7.5
15.7.6
15.7.7
15.7.8

GENERAL ...........................................................................................................................................4
BORED PIER EXCAVATION FOR TOWERS ............................................................................................5
BLASTING AND EXPLOSIVES ..............................................................................................................5
DEWATERING & SHORING..................................................................................................................6
PROTECTION OF EXCAVATIONS..........................................................................................................6
PAYMENT FOR EXCAVATIONS ............................................................................................................6
EXCAVATION TOLERANCES ...............................................................................................................7
ROCK AND SOIL VARIATIONS ............................................................................................................7

15.8

CAST-IN-METALWORK & TOWER STUBS ..................................................................................7

15.9

CONCRETING OF FOUNDATION....................................................................................................8

15.10

BACKFILLING .....................................................................................................................................8

15.11

COLUMN EXTENSIONS .....................................................................................................................9

15.12

SPECIAL FOUNDATIONS ..................................................................................................................9

15.13

BENCHING ............................................................................................................................................9

15.14

EROSION PROTECTION FOR FOUNDATIONS AND ACCESS WORKS................................10

15.15

AS-BUILT REVISIONS ......................................................................................................................10

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15.1 SCOPE
The scope of this section is for construction of reinforced concrete footings for transmission towers.
Refer to "LCM 20 Normal Class Concrete" for details on concrete construction.

15.2 GENERAL
The Contractor shall excavate soil and/or rock; fix tower steel and reinforcement and place concrete
in foundations in accordance with this section and the Drawings.
The Contractor shall allow, in the Structure Foundations Schedule, for all costs for the construction of
the foundation in the soil types shown on the appropriate drawings including
Supply concrete, steel reinforcement, formers and all materials necessary for the installation
of footings;

Provide construction access for piles;

Set out, excavate and install structure footings;

Dewatering and/or shoring of the excavations as required;

Remove excess excavated soil from site;

Provide As-Built drawings.

Foundations shall be constructed of the following types unless otherwise provided:

Bored Straight Side or under-reamed footings;

Mass Concrete;

Special foundations.

Where a mix of foundation types occur on any one tower site, then one quarter of the schedule rate
shall apply for each individual foundation.

15.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS

Alternative footing designs provided by the construction contractor shall be submitted to the design
manager for design verification and private certification. The contractors footing designer shall be
approved by Superintendent. The contractor shall make due allowance in the construction program
for approval of designs and no extension of time will be approved for delays.

15.4 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Geotechnical Investigation Report included with contract documents is given to provide guidance for
assessment of ground conditions for access and construction purposes.
The contractor is advised that investigations may not have been conducted at each structure site, nor
necessarily at the exact location of any particular structure site. Thus conditions described in the
Geotechnical Investigation Report may not accurately depict actual conditions encountered.
It is expected the Contractor make due allowance in development of construction procedures for
variations in soil properties and groundwater conditions, caving soils or any other difficulties that
could reasonably be expected at each structure site. Costs of dealing with any such difficulties shall
be included in the tendered rates.
Should site conditions deviate significantly from that defined in the geotechnical report, the
contractor should refer to the Superintendent for assessment prior to revising construction procedures
and/or selection of footing type. Review by ElectraNet of the Contractors interpretation of the
geotechnical information and proposed construction procedures shall not limit the Contractor from
full responsibility of achieving the intent of the works in accordance with the specification.

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15.5 SETTING OUT

The Superintendent will supply the Contractor with pegging arrangement plans and specify the tower
leg extensions, and install tower centre and orientation pegs.
Each structure position shall be identified with a centre peg and two pegs per structure on line for
orientation. The centre peg will have the structure number marked on it. All angle structures will have
offset pegs to show the structure alignment.
The Contractor shall ensure that all structure footings are orientated correctly in relation to the centre
line of the line as detailed in the line schedules.
Before commencing footing excavation, the Contractor shall check that centreline and offset pegs
have not been disturbed. If in doubt as to the authenticity of the peg, confirmation shall be sought
from the Superintendent before proceeding. The Contractor shall allow a reasonable time for
verification of authenticity of the peg or arrange re-pegging if necessary without imposing any
additional costs.
For self-supporting towers the Contractor shall be responsible for determining the concrete column
extension combinations at each site. The Contractor shall set out the foundations to ensure correct
alignment of the tower steelwork when erected without the forcing of members during erection.
For guyed structures the Contractor shall be responsible for determining the location stay foundations
such that the orientation of guys as specified on the relevant geometric outlines is maintained. The
tolerance for the plan set out of stay foundation location shall be 300 mm
The Schedule Rates for any foundation shall include any costs of placing templates or other
temporary works.

15.6 UNDERGROUND SERVICES

It is the Contractor's responsibility to locate any underground services such as telecommunication,
electricity, water, gas, or other services, which could interfere with construction. If the Contractor
subsequently damages any such services during the course of the work, this will become the
responsibility of the Contractor and the Contractor shall pay the cost of restoration of the damaged
services.

15.7 FOOTING EXCAVATION

15.7.1

General

The Superintendent shall determine which grade and depth of soil/rock material applies, and which
set of foundation drawing dimensions shall be adopted for each foundation. All excavations shall be
carried out with minimum disturbance to the adjoining ground surface. The Schedule rates for
foundations shall include allowance for any manual excavation necessary to remove tree roots, stones
and debris.
Unless otherwise directed by the Superintendent, bored pier foundations shall be attempted at all
tower sites for which this type of foundation design has been provided in accordance with
requirements specified herein. Where hard rock is encountered and the Superintendent directs that a
straight-sided bored socketed foundation be used, payment shall be at the appropriate bored socketed
Schedule rate, with no additional payment for an abandoned bored hole.
Where the Superintendent considers that site conditions will not permit installation of foundations in
accordance with the Drawings, the Superintendent may direct the installation of a special foundation
in accordance with Clause 5.3.12 of the Specification.
The Contractor shall ensure that complete records are made of each foundation installed. This record
shall include all information required to be recorded by the Superintendent, and as a minimum shall

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include: foundation type, material/depth information, final depth, bore or installation date, date of
concrete pour, concrete batch used in each leg/s of the foundation, curing method, final K-point plan
dimensions and angle of the stub.
Footing construction shall be planned so that concrete placement occurs preferably within 24hrs but
under no circumstances longer than 48hrs after excavation is complete.
The footings shall be excavated to the dimensions stated in the approved footing drawing(s) and
carried out in such a manner that unnecessary disturbance of the surrounding ground is avoided.
If for any reason the final excavated hole is larger than specified on the drawing the backfilling to
undisturbed ground shall be in concrete. Unless the Contractor can show good reason for the extra
size, additional concrete cost shall be at the Contractors expense.
If the Superintendent agrees to reduce the size of a footing so that the actual excavated volume is less
than the theoretical volume, then payment for the excavation shall be based on the actual volume
excavated.
Where minor modifications are required to the normal foundations as a result of soil conditions,
payment shall be made at the normal scheduled foundation rates plus the appropriate Miscellaneous
Works rates for the variation.

15.7.2

Bored Pier Excavation for Towers

Boring machine/s provided by the Contractor shall be equipped with augers and coring buckets
suitable for continuous boring in soils and soft rocks, and similar materials and shall be equipped with
an undercutting bucket suitable for all soils including hard clay, cemented sands and soft rock.
Where water is used to assist with removal of spoil or where the internal bore surface is smooth for
pier excavations installed in soils designated stiff-hard clay, the completed bored pier shall be reamed
with a suitable extending tooth or device in a manner approved by the Superintendent to provide a
groove spiral over the full depth of the pier.
Payment for the bored foundation type will be made at the appropriate foundation schedule rates, with
cost water used to be included in these rates.
Where the Superintendent directs that a bored type foundation be attempted, and subsequently
requires a mass or special foundation type to be installed, then the Contractor shall be paid at the
Schedule rate for each abandoned tower leg foundation, in addition to payment at the appropriate
Schedule rate for the completed foundation. The Contractor is entitled to payment for any additional
resource or materials where the change in footing type requires additional work beyond that shown on
the drawing to satisfy construction tolerances.
The Contractor may only increase the diameter of the footing if approved by the Superintendent, and
only to a diameter approved by the Superintendent.
Under-ream piers shall be installed such that the longitudinal axis of the enlarged bulb is not greater
than 150mm from alignment of pier longitudinal axis.

15.7.3

Blasting and Explosives

The contractor shall allow in the scheduled rate for bored undercut foundations for up to two pattern
blasts of explosives, per leg foundation, to facilitate boring or for the removal of hard rock lenses.
Blasting within all bored foundations shall be limited to a level sufficient to loosen material for
removal by auger. Undercuts shall not be formed by blasting, and blasting shall be carried out to
prevent shattering of rock beyond the edges of the foundation excavation.
Where additional blasting is required beyond the two pattern blasts per leg, the rate for bored
socketed foundations shall apply.

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Rock may be excavated with the use of explosives, subject to the Superintendent's approval. The
Superintendent may withhold approval if he considers the number and sequence of charges or safety
procedures inadequate, or that adjacent properties and transmission assets would be liable to damage.
Suitable means shall be employed to prevent material from being thrown out of any excavation by
detonation.
If damage is caused to the adjacent properties and transmission assets as a result of the failure of the
Contractor to control rock fly from blasting then the Principal will have necessary repairs undertaken
and the costs of such work, including the Principals overheads, shall be borne by the Contractor.
If actions by the Contractor cause damage to the Principals transmission asset then there is a
potential consequence that a loss of supply may result. The Contractor shall be responsible for all
costs of damages resulting from their action.
All explosives shall be used in strict compliance with the provisions of Clause 1.B.5, the Explosives
Act and all other Statutory requirements and/or ordinances and AS2187 Parts 1 and 2 'Explosives
Code' and necessary licences in connection therewith must be obtained by the Contractor. The
Contractor shall post warning signs and carry out warning procedures prior to blasting. Electric
detonation shall not be used unless approved by the Superintendent.
All explosive charges shall be limited to minimise the disturbance of surrounding rock mass and
below finished excavation level. Where blasting results in the need to remove material in excess of
that shown on the Drawings, payment shall not be made for: the removal of such excess material;
supply and placement of additional concrete; or supply and compaction of backfill. In all cases, the
fractured rock or soil shall be trimmed, cut out or undercut by the Contractor at his own expense and
to the satisfaction of the Superintendent.
No blasting will be permitted close to structures supporting overhead electrical lines or other
electrical installation.
Notwithstanding any approval, the Contractor shall be responsible to investigate adjacent installations
and structures before and after blasting and for all compensation claims should they arise.

15.7.4

Dewatering & Shoring

The Contractor shall be responsible to determine and make due allowance for any dewatering and/or
shoring of the excavations which may be required at the footing sites.
If pumping is necessary to remove ground, storm or surface water, all such pumping shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor and comply with current legislation and council bylaws.

15.7.5

Protection of Excavations

Open excavations for foundations, when left unattended, shall be protected in accordance with LCM
03 General Requirements.

15.7.6

Payment for Excavations

In all cases payments for excavation shall be made on the basis of the theoretical volumes shown on
the drawings. No allowance will be made for excavation in excess of theoretical volumes or for
additional concrete required for over excavation.
Payment will be calculated by multiplying the rate per cubic metre excavated by the theoretical
volume of excavation shown on the drawings supplied.
Where different types of ground are encountered in the same hole, payment will be based on the
applicable rate per cubic metre for each type multiplied by the theoretical volume of each type.

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15.7.7

LCM15

Excavation Tolerances

Tower foundations shall be installed to the following tolerances:Size of excavation 0 mm, +100 mm.

15.7.8

Rock and Soil Variations

Payment for rock excavation for mass concrete foundations shall be based on the volume of rock
excavated within the dimensions of the specified foundations and shall be made at the scheduled rate.
The scheduled rate for all other foundation types shall be deemed to include allowance for excavation
in rock.
The volume of excavation shall be obtained by multiplying the plan area shown on the Drawings by
the actual depth excavated, measured from the undisturbed ground level at the centre of the
excavation. The Superintendent and the Contractor shall reach agreement on site as to the depth of
rock and soil above the minimum depth for each foundation.
The Contractor shall make good, at its own cost, to the approval of the Superintendent, any
foundation in which excessive depth, overbreak or disturbance to adjacent in-situ soil or rock has
occurred.
Excavations of rock shall be deemed to mean either:
a)

the excavation of material from bored foundations which cannot be bored at a rate of
300mm depth or more per hour using a boring rig capable of delivering to augers up to
1500mm diameter a minimum torque of 80kNm at stalling speed and a concurrent
down thrust of 100kN. (Where applicable the Contractor shall use augers suited to
cutting soft and medium rock such as shales, friable sandstone and limestone);

b)

in excavated footings, the excavation of material which cannot be removed at a

production rate of 3 cubic metres or more per hour by an excavator with a minimum
capacity of 85-100 kW with matching hydraulic system and weighing about 20 000 kg
to standard AS2868 Class 85;

c)

in earthing trenches, either in accordance with (b) using a bucket width not greater than
150mm or the excavation of material which cannot be removed at a production rate of
3 cubic metres or more per hour by an chain trencher with a minimum capacity of 60
kilowatts.

It is the responsibility of the Contractor to provide the machines and matching equipment for this
purpose. Rates per cubic metre for excavating in rock are required to be submitted in the Schedule of
Rates. The Contractor shall specify the type and capacity of the equipment proposed to be used for
the excavations and on which the submitted rates are based.
The Contractor shall immediately notify the Superintendent when rock is encountered complying
with the specification and, after demonstrating this to the Superintendent satisfaction, obtain a written
order stating the quantity of rock excavated and the item in the Schedule of Rates covering the work.
Payment for excavation of rock, if any, will be made for actual quantities of rock encountered at the
relevant unit prices submitted in the Schedule of Rates. The Contract Price will be increased or
decreased depending on the actual quantity of rock encountered. The rate for rock excavation shall be
the additional rate over the rate for ordinary (other than rock) excavation.

15.8 CAST-IN-METALWORK & TOWER STUBS

Cast in metalwork shall comply with the general requirements given in LCM 20 Normal Class
Concrete.

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15.9 CONCRETING OF FOUNDATION

Concrete work shall be carried out in accordance with the Drawings and LCM20 Normal Class
Concrete. Placement of concrete shall not commence until the excavation has been inspected and
approved by the Superintendent and shall proceed in his presence.
The Contractor shall place and align stubs, cleats, reinforcing steel and tower bases and shall support
them at all stages of construction. Concrete for each foundation shall be placed in one pour unless a
construction joint is specified by the Superintendent. Concrete shall be placed in every foundation
within 48 hours of the completion of excavation of the foundation.
If concrete is not placed within 48 hours of the completion of boring for the following foundation
types:

Bored Undercut;

Bored Straight Sided;

Bored Socketed where the length of the bore in rock is less than 3x shaft diameter.

The depth of the foundation shall be extended by 1x shaft diameter for the third day and by an
additional 0.5x shaft diameter for each consecutive day. The Bored Undercut foundation shall be
extended using the full undercut diameter. If the bored hole remains open for more than 7 days, the
Contractor shall abandon the existing hole and submit a non-conformance report to the
Superintendent.

15.10

BACKFILLING

After the foundations have been set and inspected by the Principals Project Manager, the excavations
shall be backfilled in layers no more than 200 mm thick and rammed mechanically with the assistance
of water. Unless explicitly stated on the foundation construction drawing, compaction shall achieve
an ultimate bearing capacity of at lease 150kPa and a minimum of 90% dry density as determined by
the Standard Compaction test of AS1289 E1.1. Unless otherwise directed by the Principals Project
Manager the excavated material shall be used as the backfill.
Backfilling from the top of the concrete footing shall be carried out by the Contractor. The backfilling
shall finish 150mm above the natural ground level at the structure footing base and grade to surface
level over a distance of 1 metre. Backfilling shall be carried out in a manner ensuring that subsidence
of the backfill does not occur.
Finished ground level beneath and adjacent to the structure shall be evenly graded to ensure adequate
drainage away from structure footing. Under no circumstances shall soil be mounded above the level
of concrete piers.
Where the excavated matter contains a high proportion of rock, sufficient fine spoil shall be added to
the backfill to ensure a homogeneous mass capable of being properly compacted. Rates shall allow
for this requirement and for carting suitable material where none is available on site.
During the course of the contract works and the maintenance period, the Contractor shall be
responsible for reinstating any excavation in which subsidence of the backfill has occurred, and shall
be responsible for injury to any person or stock caused by his failure to comply with this requirement.
The cost of water, required for the compaction of the backfill, shall be included in the appropriate
Schedule rate for foundations. Backfill shall be placed and compacted until the level is such that after
any long term settlement, the final level of the backfilled area is at least as high as the surrounding
natural ground level, but always below the level of the top or cap of the concrete column. Any
surplus backfill shall be spread and compacted under the tower. The finished surface of the backfill
shall be left even and tidy to the satisfaction of the Superintendent, without depressions which could
hold water and so that water is directed away from tower legs.

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Where the Superintendent directs the use of imported backfill material, payment for the supply of
imported backfill and the disposal of surplus soil shall be made at the appropriate Schedule 10 rates.
The volume of the imported backfill to be claimed shall be obtained by multiplying the plan area of
the foundation as detailed in the Drawing by the depth to which it is placed.

15.11

COLUMN EXTENSIONS

Reinforcing requirements for extended columns above ground are given in the appropriate foundation
drawings. Scheduled rates for foundations shall be deemed to include the installation of foundations
with columns for K points up to 750 mm above ground.

15.12

SPECIAL FOUNDATIONS

The Contractor shall immediately notify the Superintendent if swampy or bad ground, such as loose,
running sands and or highly plastic clays are encountered. If the ground conditions exposed in any
foundation are such that in the opinion of the Superintendent a modification of the normal foundation
design is required, the Contractor shall submit a design and rate for review and acceptance before
proceeding with the construction of such foundation.
Any delay due to submission and review of special foundation designs, shall not be sufficient cause
for an extension of time.
The design proposal shall comprise drawings, design calculations and a work method statement.
All design costs shall be borne by the Contractor. Prior to acceptance of any design, the Contractor
shall have the design approved by the Superintendent for conformity
Where modifications to the normal foundation design are required, such as a set of four enlarged mass
concrete foundations necessary where groundwater is encountered, the entire foundation shall be paid
for at the appropriate Schedule Rates. Labour, equipment, supervision and all other items necessary to
carry out these works shall be allowed for in the abovementioned rates.
Where minor modification of foundations is required to facilitate construction (e.g. where under
cutting cannot be performed due to the Contractors inadequate plant or equipment or where it is
impractical to install an undercut), no variation to the Schedule foundation rate shall apply.
At any time the Contractor may submit alternative foundation designs for consideration by the
Superintendent. A specific period for submission of design documentation (including verification and
certification, as required) shall be agreed with the superintendent.
Any delay or costs resulting from delays due to submission and review of special foundation designs
within the specified and agreed period with the superintendent shall not be sufficient cause for an
extension of time.

15.13

BENCHING

Benching of foundation sites shall be avoided by the Contractor where possible, and shall not take place
unless it is in accordance with the intent of the Environmental Management Plan and has the written
approval of the Superintendent. All costs of benching required by the Contractor, including stabilisation
and drainage shall be borne by the Contractor.
If the Contractor considers that benching is essential at or near any particular foundation, he shall
submit full details in writing to the Superintendent for approval, including the vertical and lateral extent
of the bench, the proposed method of disposal of benched material, and any effects on the towers
height, leg extensions and column extensions. Benches shall be constructed so as to prevent erosion and
the accumulation of water on or near the bench. Adequate drainage shall be installed to divert water
flow away from the bench.
Any benched material shall be spread evenly to a depth of less than 1 m above the natural ground
surface level, shall be thoroughly compacted and slightly crowned to ensure even water run-off. All

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batter slopes shall be selected to remain stable in the long term under all weather conditions. In areas
which the Superintendent considers prone to soil erosion, the Contractor shall set aside all top soil
from the benched area and spread it evenly over the benched and filled areas before the completion of
the Contract or as directed by the Superintendent. Where deemed necessary by the Superintendent the
Contractor shall sow grass seed, fertilise and water the areas affected by the earthworks. The species
of grass seed and fertiliser requirements shall be nominated by the Superintendent. The Contractor
shall make provision in the miscellaneous rate for this work. The entire area surrounding the bench
shall be left clean, tidy and free from construction refuse and debris.

15.14
EROSION PROTECTION FOR FOUNDATIONS AND
ACCESS WORKS
The Contractor shall, in accordance with their obligation to comply with the Environmental
Management Plan, carry out works to prevent the erosion of the soil of any foundation, tower site or
access works by use of methods such as the provisions of:
(i)
Beds of rip rap bound with wire netting, or rock 'gabions';
(ii)
Concrete aprons;
(iii)
Grassing, including topsoiling, fertilizing, seeding and watering;
(iv)
Cut off drains (sloping sites);
(v)
Sheeting of surfaces with rock, gravel or other materials;
(vi)
Installation of soil anchors and strongbacks.
Such precautions shall generally be required for loose soils adjacent to foundations in areas prone to
flooding or surface run-off likely to cause erosion, or instability. The Contractor shall make provision
in the Schedule of Rates for this work.

15.15

AS-BUILT REVISIONS

Revisions to design specifications proposed by the Contractor shall be submitted to the Designer for
review and approval prior to implementation. Should approval not be granted, construction shall be
carried out in accordance with approved design specifications.
Non-conformance reports shall be submitted to the Superintendent for review and approval. Should
approval not be granted, construction shall be corrected to conform to design specifications.
For any item that varies from its initial design, the Contractor shall prepare and supply to ElectraNet,
documents and/or drawings that represent the item as it is actually constructed or supplied.

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