Docslide - Us Mar 102

MSC.
Marc Advanced Course
MA*2003*Z*Z*Z*SM-MA102-NT1
Copyright 2003 MSC.Software Corporation

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MSC.Marc Advanced Course
Table of Contents
Contents
MSC.Marc Advanced Course ....................................................... 1

Table of Contents ............................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to MSC.Marc .................................... 9
About MSC.Marc
MSC.Marc Solutions Aerospace
MSC.Marc Solutions Automotive
MSC.Marc Solutions Manufacturing
MSC.Marc Solutions Biomed
MSC.Marc Solutions Electronics
Course Objective
Documentation
MSC.Marc/Mentat File Road Map
CHAPTER 2 Review of The Finite Element Method ................

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method
The Choice of the Element Type(s)
Nonlinear FEA and Iterative Solution
Direct Incremental-iterative Solution Procedures
Iterative Solution Procedures
Convergence Checking
Equation Solvers
CHAPTER 3 Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis .......................

Updating the Geometry of a 2 Bar Truss
Linear Strain-displacement relation
Nonlinear Strain-displacement Relation
Follower Forces
Load Incrementation
Bucking Analyses
10
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48
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3
Contents
CHAPTER 4 Nonlinear Material Behavior ...............................

Types of Nonlinear Material Behavior
What about Linear Materials? How is E Measured?
Plasticity: Constitutive Relation, Uniaxial Tensile Test
Every Integration Point Tracks the Constitutive Relation
Rigid-Plastic Flow
Creep
Viscoplasticity
Metal Forming Methods
Neo-Hookean Material Model
2-Constant Mooney Extensional Deformation
Other Mooney-Rivlin Models
Ogden Models
Foam Models
General Formulation of Elastomers
Finite Element Formulation
Large Strain Viscoelasticity
Illustration of Large Strain Viscoelastic Behavior
CHAPTER 5 Contact Analysis..................................................

Definition of Contact Bodies
Control of Rigid Bodies
Contact Procedure
Bias Factor
Contact Flowchart
Symmetry Body
Rigid with Heat Transfer
Contact Table
Exclude Segments during Contact Detection
4
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109
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113
116
Contents
Friction Model Types

Stick-Slip Friction Model
Coulomb (Sliding) Friction Model
Shear (Sliding) Friction Model
Glued Contact
Release Option
Forces on Rigid Bodies
CHAPTER 6 Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses..................

Mathmetical Formulation
Boundary conditions
Analogy between Heat Transfer and Stress Analysis
Spatial Finite Element Discretization
Linear Heat Transfer Analysis
Nonlinear Heat Transfer Analysis
Control Values Heat Transfer Analysis
Initial Time Step Estimate
Surface to Surface Radiation
Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer
Coupled Thermo-mechanical Analysis
Heat Generated from Mechanical Sources
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
CHAPTER 7 Dynamic Analysis................................................

Dynamic Analysis Methods
One Degree of Freedom System
Multiple Degree of Freedom System
Free Vibration Analysis
Modal Superposition Method
Harmonic Analysis
119
120
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5
Contents
Transient Analysis
168
CHAPTER 8 User Subroutines.................................................

When to use Subroutines or Special Routines
Classification of User Subroutines
Programing Conventions
Geometry Modifications Subroutines
Output Quantities Subroutines
Loads and Boundary Conditions Subroutines
Constitutive Relations Subroutines
Viscoplasticity Subroutines
Viscoelasticity Subroutines
Hydrodynamic Lubrication Subroutines
Special Routine PLDUMP
ELMVAR Utility Routine
Submit MSC.Marc with User Subroutines
MSC.MARC User Subroutine Example
CHAPTER 9 Automatic Mesh Refinement ..............................

Adaptive Meshing
Example: Clamped Cantilever Beam
Error Criteria for Linear Analyses
Error Estimates Mentioned in Literature
Error Criteria Available in MSC.Marc
Strain Energy Criterion
Zienkiewicz-Zhu (Stress)
Zienkiewicz-Zhu (Strain Energy)
Equivalent Stress/Strain
Location within Box
Solution Gradient (Heat Transfer Analysis)
6
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209
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Contents
User Criterion
Remeshing Strategy for Continuum Elements
Possible Subdivisions for Local Mesh Refinement
Multipoint Constraint Equations
For a Linear Adaptive Analysis
Important MSC.Marc Mentat Options
Improved Geometry Description
Attaching Nodes to Geometrical Entities
Example: Cylinder-cylinder Intersection
Modified Remeshing Strategy for Shell Elements
General 3D Situation
Nonlinear Adaptive Analyses
Error Criteria for Nonlinear Analyses
Node in Contact
Equivalent Plastic Strain
Rezoning Required
Use of MSC.Marc for Nonlinear Adaptive Analyses
CHAPTER 10 Workshop Problems ............................................

Some MSC.Marc Mentat Hints and Shortcuts
Mechanics of Mentat
Comprehensive Sample Session
Statics S1 Tensile Specimen
Statics S2 Cantilever Beam
Statics S3 Elastomeric Curve Fit and Seal
Statics S4 Break Forming
Statics S5 Super Plastic Forming
Statics S6 Creep of a Tube
Statics S7 Interference Fit
Statics S8 Hertz Contact Problem
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7
Contents
Statics S9 Elastomeric Arch

Heat Transfer H1 Transient Cooling Fin
Heat Transfer H2 Steady State Cooling Fin
Heat Transfer H3 Coupled Transient Cooling Fin
Heat Transfer H4 Dynamics with Friction Heating
Heat Transfer H5 Radiation with Viewfactors
Dynamics D1 Cantilever Beam Modal Analysis
Dynamics D2 Cantilever Beam Harmonic Analysis
Dynamics D3 Cantilever Beam Transient Analysis
CHAPTER 11 Notes and Course Critique..................................

Class Notes
Class Critique
403
409
415
418
423
432
438
441
444
453
454
459
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to MSC.Marc
This course offers complete workshop-paced

training based upon real world problems like
those shown in this first chapter.
Attendees are involved with both the
MSC.Marc and MSC.Marc Mentat programs
by lectures and hands on modeling of
nonlinear mechanics problems.
Tell Me and Ill Forget
Show Me and Ill Remember
Involve Me and Ill Understand
About MSC.Marc
About MSC.Marc
MSC.Software Corporation, the world leader in nonlinear and
coupled physics simulation, introduces you to MSC.Marc, an
integrated member of the MSC.VisualNastran Enterprise family.
MSC.Marc is a general-purpose finite element program for advanced
engineering analysis.
Since 1971, it has been known for its versatility in helping market
leaders in various industries, design better products and solve simple
to complex, real-world engineering applications. MSC.Marc allows the
user to perform a wide variety of structural, fluid, and coupled
analyses using the finite element method. These procedures provide
solutions for simple to complex linear and nonlinear engineering
problems. Analysts can graphically access all features via the
MSC.Marc Mentat or the MSC.Patran interfaces. Also included in
MSC.Marc is the parallel processing of large problems using Domain
Decomposition.
Today, MSC.Marc has evolved and matured through constant

development and worldwide use by thousands of engineers. Please
read on to discover how its many capabilities will enable you to solve
the most challenging nonlinear and coupled physics problems. For
more information please visit our web site at www.marc.com.
10

Simulation of the stretch forming of
aircraft panels. As a result of these
simulations, the panels can be formed
properly the first time and their final shape
matches the design without reworking.
11

Super Plastic Forming (SPF), is a
process that forms shapes through the
application of high temperature and
controlled pressure to certain kinds
of materials.
12

This simulation illustrates the very large
displacements due to the contact
between the shaft and the boot.
Self-contact also occurs between the
bellows of the boot.
13

Here, a set of rollers deforms a flat sheet
into a channel shape. This simulation
shows half of the environment, which, in
the end, is used to form a U-shaped
channel.
14

This biomedical pump is composed of a
polymer material, and the milking
motion was simulated using defined
positions versus time of each of the
rigid fingers.
15

Uniform heating of the paper traveling
in a printer is an important quality
issue, since thermal gradients will cause
distortion in the text as the ink drys on
the paper.
16
Course Objective
Course Objective
50% Short overview of background theory
50% MSC.Marc program options with special emphasis on
using MSC.Marc Mentat with hands on modeling of
engineering problems:
* Linear elastic analysis
* Geometrically nonlinear analysis
* Material nonlinear analysis
* Contact analysis
* Dynamic analysis
* Heat transfer and thermal stress analysis
MSC.Marc QA Procedures
Always referring to standard version
MSC.Marc office distributes list with
known program errors and possible
work-arounds
Customer may get fix on request
17
Documentation
Documentation
MSC.Marc:
Volume A: User Information
Volume B: Element Library
Volume C: Program Input
Volume D: User Subroutines
see ~marc/user
(all user sub templates)
Volume E: Demonstration Problems
see ~marc/demo for over 450 demos
MSC.Marc Mentat:
New Features
Users Guide
Training Notes
On-line Help
18

INPUT
SOLVER
OUTPUT
file.dat
run_marc -j file -u sub
file.log
sub.f
file.out
file.t09
file.t08
file.t19
file.cnt
MARC
file.t16
MENTAT
Reset/Kill
Monitor_Job
Submit
Post_Open
model1.mud
file=model1_job1
19
20
CHAPTER 2
Review of The Finite Element

Method
The purpose of this chapter is to review

the finite element method for better
understanding of how any finite
element program works. Special
attention is given to the subject of
solving nonlinear problems.
21
Review of The Finite Element Method

The finite element method has the following six steps. The success of
this method is due in part to the simplicity of these steps, and how
finite element programs such as MSC.Marc implement these steps.
Step 1 Shape Functions: The FEM expresses the unknown

field, u ( x ) , in terms of the nodal point unknowns, a , by using
e
the shape functions, N ( x ) , over the domain of the element, ,
as,
u ( x ) = N ( x )a
Step 2 Material Loop: The FEM expresses the dependent flux

fields, ( x ) , such as the strain (stress) or heat flux in terms of
the nodal point unknowns as,
( x ) = L [ u ( x ) ] = Ba
= ( ) = D ( x )
Step 3 Element Matrices: The FEM equilibrates each element

with its environment which can be expressed as,
e e
K a +f = 0
e
where the element matrices, K and f have consistently

lumped all physical significance of the element at its nodes,
22
where:
e
K =
f =
B DB dV
e
N ( x ) b dV +
N ( x ) t dS + F
T
are the element matrices. K represents physical properties

e
such as stiffness or conductivity, and f , represents loads
experienced by the element, e . These loads may be: body
loads, b , such as weight or internal heat generation in volume
e
; surface loads, t , such as pressure or convection on surface
e
; or concentrated loads, F .
Step 4 Assembly: The FEM assembles all elements to form a
complete structure in such a manner to equilibrate the structure
with its environment which requires,
K=
K ; f=
e
e
e
and to insure continuity of nodal point unknowns, a = a .

Therefore, a finite number of system equations results as,
Ka + f = 0
23

Step 5 Solve Equations: The FEM specifies the boundary
conditions, namely, the nodal point values on the boundary and
the system equations are partitioned as,
K uu K us a u
K su K ss a s
fa
fr
where: a u are the unknown nodal values; a s are the specified

nodal values; f a are the applied nodal loads; f r are the nodal
point reactions. Hence the solution becomes,
1
a u = K uu ( f a + K us a s )
f r = ( K su a u + K ss a s )
Step 6 Recover: The FEM recovers the stresses by substituting

the unknown nodal values found in Step 5 back into Step 2 to
find the dependent flux fields such as strain, stress and
heat flux.
24
Notice the cpu costs of each of the steps from a typical run.
s t a r t o f i n c r e
start of assembly
cycle
start of matrix solution
end of matrix solution
......
start of assembly
cycle
start of matrix solution
end of matrix solution
e n d o f i n c r e m e
m e n t
1
number is 0 time =
time =
time =
number is 12 time
time
time
n t
1
time
=
=
=
=
249.72
326.78
372.77
2301.75
2380.45
2426.46
2504.60
The last recycle took 80% of the total time in Assembly and
Recovery, with the remainder in the Solver. Furthermore, this
Step
Time points (sec)
Time
(sec)
% of
Total
Assembly
2380.45 - 2301.75
78.70
39
Solve
2426.46 - 2380.45
46.01
22
Recover
2504.60 - 2426.46
78.14
39
Total
2504.60 - 2301.75
202.85
100
increment took 12 recycles for a total time of 2500 seconds. A

linear analysis would only take 372 seconds! Assembly and
Recovery times have to do with performing the integrations
shown in Step 3. Reducing the amount of integration points
will greatly improve performance.
What about CPU time (cost)?
25

Linear and Nonlinear FEA differ greatly in the amount of time
spent on each of the three solution steps.
In linear FEA, step 5, Solve Equations dominates (or has in the
past dominated) the overall cpu time.
In nonlinear FEA, the costs of each step are more equal. With
recent advances in solver technology, the time spent in
assembly and recovery now exceed that spent in the solver.
CPU time used in %
26
Step
Linear Analysis
Nonlinear Analysis
Assembly
15
30
Solve
70
30
Recover
15
30
Total
100
100

The finite element method can convert any differential
equation to a set of algebraic equations. It assumes the shape of
the solution in the domain of the element and satisfies
equilibrium. For instance, in heat transfer let, b = C p u + b ,
then the system equations become:
Ma + Ka + f = 0
where M becomes the capacitance matrix, and K , becomes the

conductivity matrix. In dynamics, let b = u + b , and the
system equations become:
Ma + Ka + f = 0
The time integration of the above system equations is usually

done by the finite difference method, generating completely
algebraic equations that can are solved by computers.
Efficient algebraic equation solvers become important. If these
six steps have any nonlinearities, the resulting set of algebraic
equations are also nonlinear and iterative solution procedures
must be used. Before considering these iterative solution procedures and equation solvers, lets examine these six steps
more closely.
27

Lets choose a specific element
type and use the six steps above to x = 0
solve a simple problem. Choosing
the shape function in step 1
u1
determines the type of element to
x
be used. For simplicity, a bar
element is chosen.
x =l
x
u2
u( x)
Step 1: The shape function:

x
u ( x ) = 1 -l
u1
x-l
u2
Step 2: The strain and stress:

1 1
( x ) = --- --l l
u1
u2
= E
Step 3: The element matrices:

e
K =
T
1 1
B DB dV = AE
-----e
l 1 1
With the element chosen, lets solve a simple problem.
28

The problem to solve is a bar
subjected to its own self
weight. The bar is hung from
a support, we want to know
the deformations and the
stresses. Lets start with a
one element solution.
x=0
u1
, E, A
x= L
u2
Step 4 and 5: Assemble the elements and solve.

r1
0
1
1
AE
------= AL
L 1 1 u
------------2
2
AL
u 2 = ----------
2E
AL
r 1 = ------------2
Step 6: Recover Stresses

e
L
= -----2
The stress is constant over the element and is 50% of the

maximum value. The displacement at node 2 is exact.
29

Lets look carefully at the solution by plotting the
displacements and stress versus the axial position in the bar.
The FEM approximation to the stress is a piecewise constant

representation to a line, and the displacement approximation is
a piecewise linear representation to a parabola. If a parabolic
shape function would have been selected, the finite element
solution would have agree exactly with the theoretical solution.
Knowing the element type is very important.
30

For any element chosen, element matrices like:
K =
B DB dV
e
must be integrated efficiently. A popular choice is to use

Gaussian Quadrature. Where the integration the domain of the
element is transformed to a unit cube, square, or line. Hence:
dV = dxdydz = det J ddd
where det J is the determinant of the Jacobian operator, J and
----= J ----
x
then the element matrices are numerically integrated by

Gaussian Quadrature as:
1 1 1
e
K =
then,
B DB dV =
1 1 1
F ddd ; F = B DB ( det J )
T
1 1 1
F ddd i j k F ( i, j, k )
1 1 1
31
where the Gaussian points (called integration or Gauss points),

( i, j, k ) , and the weights, ( i, j, k ) , are found to make the
integration of polynomials exact. For example, to integrate a
polynomial of order 2n-1 exactly, we have the following
2n equations:
1
P ( x ) dx
i P ( xi )
i=1
These simultaneous equations can be solved explicitly in terms

of Legendre polynomials. The table below shows the Gauss
points and weights for n=1,3:
Gauss points/weights
n
2.0000
.57735
1.0000
.77459
.00000
.55555
.88888
MSC.Marc reports the element variables at the integration

points in the output and post files. MSC.Marc Mentat will
extrapolate the post file results to the nodes and nodal average
the element variables. Reduced integration elements are
elements specifically designed to use fewer integration points,
hence great savings in assembly and recovery. Though the
reduced elements are economic, they are not advised for large
amounts of plasticity. If you start using them to get quick
results, remember to switch back to full integration elements
on the last run.
32
Accurate results from the finite ELEMENT method depend on

the choice of the element, how many are used and where the
nodes are located.
Remember the ELEMENT is the middle name of the finite
ELEMENT Method. There are over 150 types to choose from
in MSC.Marc. Virtually all of the elements in MSC.Marc are
available for nonlinear analysis.
MSC.Marc Mentat assists you in picking elements based upon
the analysis type you are performing and the topology of the
elements used in meshing.
Element types fall into three basic categories:
Continuum Elements are: bricks, plane stress, plane
strain, generalized plane strain, and axisymmetric.
Shell Elements are: beams, plates, shells, trusses, and
shells of revolution.
Special Elements are: gaps, pipe bend, shear panel,
semi-infinite, incompressible, and reduced integration.
Mixing different element types is easy if the number of degrees
of freedom is the same for all types. Otherwise, constraints
must be used to insure proper compatibility.
33

For the solution step, we must solve the equations:
[K]{a} = {F}
or
I F = 0
For the linear case, Gauss elimination is applied directly.

However, for nonlinear equations both the stiffness and
external forces may be functions of the nodal displacements,
I ( a ) F ( a ) = 0
Newton-Raphson Method
To solve such a nonlinear set of equations we apply the
Newton-Raphson method. This is an iterative method. Given a
general nonlinear equation, f ( a ) = 0 , and a known point a i ,
we calculate a correction, a i + 1 as follows:
f ( ai )
a i + 1 = ------------f ( a i )
with
a i + 1 = a i + a i + 1
34
by defining the Tangent Stiffness as,

T
f ( a i ) K i ( a i ) =
( I ( ai ) F ( ai ) )
u
and the Residual as,

f ( ai ) R ( ai ) = I ( ai ) F ( ai )
we can rewrite the N-R equation in a more familiar form:

T
K i ( a i ) a i + 1 = R ( a i )
And use Gauss elimination techniques (or something similar)

to solve this set of equations for a i + 1 .
With each iteration, the residual should decrease. If it does, the
method converges to the correct solution.
If the extent of nonlinearity is too great (loads are too large),
the method may diverge, or simply not converge. For this
reason, we load the structure gradually or incrementally.
35
The following simple example is shown for a single

nonlinear equation:
f ( x ) sin ( x ) 1 = 0
f ( x ) = cos ( x )
where,
x 0 = 0.25
36
and
f ( ai )
u i + 1 = ------------f ( a i )
xi
fi
f i
x i + 1
xi + 1
Residual
0
1
2
3
0.25
1.027
1.305
1.438
0.753
0.144
0.035
0.009
0.969
0.517
0.263
0.132
0.777
0.278
0.133
0.068
1.027
1.305
1.438
1.506
0.144
0.035
0.009
0.002

Full Newton-Raphson (default)
Residual
u
u
Assembly and decomposition of stiffness matrix during

every iteration or recycle
Good convergence
Expensive for large systems
37
Modified Newton-Raphson:
Residual
u
u
Assembly and decomposition of stiffness matrix only at

start of increment
Slow convergence behavior
Effective for mildly nonlinear problems without
material nonlinearities
38

To contrast direct and iterative solvers, lets suppose the system
equation is, f(x) = sqrt(x) -1 = 0. The direct solver would
require the construction of the inverse of the stiffness matrix.
An iterative approach would not. A Direct Solver must get an
inverse, for a newton method we have,
x
i+1
f ( x )= x ----------i
f' ( x )
i
Inverse
where as the iterative solver does not. Here since sqrt(x)=1,

then the equation can be rewritten as x=sqrt(x) and hence,
x
i+1
= sqrt ( x )
No Inverse
The convergence of the two are plotted below:
39
Termination of iterative procedure when convergence ratio
is less than Tol 1 (default Tol 1 = Tol 2 = 0.1 ). Types
include:
Residual checking, possible in one cycle:
F residual max
M residual max
Relative: ---------------------------------- < Tol 1 and/or ----------------------------------- < Tol 2
F reaction max
M reaction max
Absolute: F residual
F residual
F reaction
max
max
max
< Tol 1 and/or
M residual
max
< Tol 2
= maximum residual force

= maximum reaction force
Displacement checking, not possible in one cycle:

u max
------------------ < Tol 1
Relative:
du max
Absolute:
1
u
1
max
and/or
< Tol 1 and/or

1
max
------------------< Tol 2
d max
max
< Tol 2
with: du = u , u = u , u = u u , etc.
u
du
40
max
max
= maximum displacement change

= maximum displacement increment
Residual Checking, the Residuals and Reactions

Note that the residuals are the difference between the external
forces and the internal forces at each node, namely:
F residual = F external
B dV
T
e e
The nodal reactions are from the system equations, namely:

F reaction = f r = ( K su a u + K ss a s )
The maximum residuals and reactions occur at different

degrees-of freedom that have the largest magnitude, namely:
F residual
max
= Max( F residual ) ; i = 1, maxdof
max
= Max( F reaction ) ; i = 1, maxdof
and
F reaction
Finally, residual convergence checking can be switched from

relative to absolute. When this feature is selected, the switch
will occur when the Minimum Reaction Cutoff (user specified)
is reached. When the switch occurs, the Maximum Residual
will be less that the Maximum Absolute Residual that is
specified. Both the reactions and residuals are placed on the
post file as a single vector for postprocessing.
41
Displacement Checking, the Maximum Displacement

Change and Maximum Displacement Increment
More that one recycle is necessary because the maximum displacement
change is the maximum displacement increment on the first recycle.
For relative displacement checking, the convergence ratio becomes:
conv ratio
i+1
i
u max
u
u max
= ------------------- = -----------------------------------------i
du max
u max
Graphically this is shown as:
Residual
u
u
42
i+1
Convergence Ratio versus Recycle Number:
There are those cases where convergence does not happen,

and things can get interesting like the Mandelbrot set.
43
Equation Solvers
Equation Solvers
Equation solvers are used during the solution phase as
shown in step 5. Below is a list of current MSC.Marc
solvers. the multifrontal sparse solver is the default.
44
CHAPTER 3
Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
The purpose of this chapter is to focus

on the nonlinearities associated with the
geometry of large displacements that
can arise because the original and
deformed geometry is no longer
assumed to be the same.
45

Lets examine the two bar truss below, and update the deformation as
the truss deforms because of the load applied.
2a
L 2
U = ------- f
AE
a
L
d
f
P
d =
U
PL
= ------- g ( )
P
AE
2
d
[ 1 + ( 1 + ) -]
= --- ; g ( ) = --------------------------------2
a
2(1 + )
We see that the displacement

under the load P depends upon
the current configuration.
Iterating for the final
displacement, d, for various
applied loads shows the affect
of updating the geometry.
Note that accounting for large
displacement shows a stiffer
structure.
46

v1
v2
L
u1
u2
u1
u2
v1
-----u
1
1
=
= ------ 0 --- 0
= ----x
L
L
L
u2
v2
Small rigid body rotation:

u 2 0 , v 2 L
hence:
Arbitrary rigid body rotation:

u 2 = L ( cos 1 ) , v 2 = L sin
hence:
= cos 1 0
47

2D truss element (Green-Lagrange strain definition):
-----u 1--- -----u 2 1 v 2
=
+
+ --- ----x 2 x
2 x
with:
u2
v2
v
-----u
= ----- and ----- = ----x
L
L
x
Arbitrary rigid body rotation:

1
2 1
2
= cos 1 + --- ( cos 1 ) + --- ( sin ) = 0
2
2
Geometrically nonlinear strain-displacement relation 3D

continuum:
xx
2 1 v 2 1 w 2
-----u 1
=
+ --- ----- + --- ----- + --- ------
x 2 x
2 x
2 x
..........
u v u u v v w w
xy = ----- + ----- + ----- ----- + ----- ----- + ------ -----y x x y x y x y
48
Green-Lagrange Strain Definition is Activated using the

LARGE DISP Parameter Option
The stress tensor corresponding to the Green-Lagrange
strain tensor is the Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor:
Parameter option
large disp
Strain tensor
Stress tensor
Engineering
Engineering
Green-Lagrange
2nd PiolaKirchhoff
Geometrically linear and nonlinear response 2D

truss assembly:
F
geometrically
linear
F
geometrically
nonlinear
v
v
49
Follower Forces
Follower Forces
Distributed loads are taken into account by means of

equivalent nodal loads; changes in direction and area can
be taken into account using the parameter option
FOLLOW FOR
Total Lagrange versus Updated Lagrange

0 Total
1 Lagrange
2
3
0
1
2
Updated
Lagrange
Updated Lagrange is especially useful for beam and shell

structures with large rotations and for large strain plasticity
problems. Updated Lagrange is activated using the UPDATE
parameter option
50
Load Incrementation
Load Incrementation
F
constant or
variable
load
increments
u
F
snap-through
u
F
variable
load
increments
snap-back
51
Load Incrementation
Constant Load Increments

i
F
F = ---------N inc
with:
i
F : incremental load during increment i

F : total load to be applied
N inc : total number of increments
Variable load increments (equilibrium):

i
F = F
i1
with:
: factor depending on equilibrium during increment
i1 ;i2 ,>0
Initial load increment must be defined by user

52
Load Incrementation
Variable Load Increments (Arc Length Method):

i
F = F
with:
: factor following from requirement that the
length of the incremental displacement vector
(arc length) remains constant during one step;
may be positive or negative
Initial load increment must be defined by user
The arc length may be changed based on number of
iterations (increase if necessary number is smaller
than desired number, decrease if necessary number is
larger than desired number)
Be careful with initially nearly linear response
(limit maximum arc length multiplier):
F
u
53
Bucking Analyses
Bucking Analyses
Linear pre-buckling state:
F
F cr
e.g. buckling of
Euler column
F
F1
u
u
The buckling load F

F
cr
cr
is given by:
= 1 F1
where 1 is the smallest value following from the

eigenvalue problem:
det ( K L + K ) = 0
with K based on the stresses corresponding to F 1
Perform buckling analysis immediately after

increment 0
54
Bucking Analyses
Nonlinear Pre-buckling State:
F
F cr
F 1cr
F 2cr
F2
F1
u
The buckling loads are given by:
cr
F1 = 1 F1
cr
F 2 = F 1 + 2 ( F 2 F 1 ) , etc.
where 2 is the smallest value following from an
eigenvalue problem similar to the linear buckling
analysis, but with the complete tangent matrix
K L + K NL + K taken into account
Perform buckling analysis after increment 1, etc.

Usually, a complete incremental analysis is
preferable
55
56
Bucking Analyses
CHAPTER 4
Nonlinear Material Behavior
The purpose of this chapter is to focus on

those nonlinearities caused by the
material behavior.
57

Plasticity
Creep
Introductory
course
Nonlinear elasticity
(incompressible Mooney)
Nonlinear elasticity
(incompressible/compressible)
Visco-elasticity
Special topic
courses
Visco-plasticity
Damage
Cracking
Etc.
58
Tension/Compression
PA
E = -------------------
( L ) L
Torsion
Tc J
E = 2 ( 1 + ) -------------
P, L
T,
P,
Bending
3
PL
E = --------3I
Wave Speed
2
E = c
Do you expect all of these Es to be the same for

the same material?
59
Uniaxial data is transferred into a multi-axial stress

situation using a yield criterion: F ( ij ) y = 0 , ij is the
true (Cauchy) stress tensor e.g. von Mises yield criterion:
2
{ F ( ij ) } = xx + yy + zz xx yy yy zz
2 + 2 + 2 ) where,
zz xx + 3 ( xy
yz
zx
ij is the true (Cauchy) stress tensor, whereas, y is the
yield stress from a uniaxial test.

60
Plasticity: von Mises Yield Surface is just a Cylinder
ij
vm
1
3
Multi-axial stress converted to a single equivalent stress

to compare with uniaxial strength using a yield criterion:
F ( ij ) y = 0 = vm y , vm is the equivalent von
Mises Stress.
The von Mises yield criterion in terms of principal stresses,
i , ( i = 1, 3 ) , becomes:
2
2 { F ( ij ) } = ( 1 3 ) + ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 )
61
Plasticity: Other Yield Criteria:
62
Hardening Rules
Ideally plastic: F ( ij ) y = 0
p
Isotropic hardening: F ( ij ) y ( ) = 0
Kinematic hardening: F ( ij ij ) y = 0
p
Combined: F ( ij ij ) y ( ) = 0
ideally plastic
kinematic hardening
isotropic hardening
63
Stress and Strain Measures

A 0, L 0
F
A, L 0 + L = L
F
F
L
Engineering stress/strain: = ------ , = -------
A0
L0
F
Cauchy stress/Log strain: = --- , = ln ( 1 + )
A
The strain corresponding to the true stress is the true or

t
logarithmic strain, = d = ln ( 1 + ) . It is called the

0
Total Equivalent Strain. The Cauchy stresses and

logarithmic strains are activated using the parameter
option UPDATE. The Cauchy stress can be estimated as:
= ( 1 ) , assuming that AL = A 0 L 0 .
For large strain plasticity problems, include also the
parameter option FINITE, or Large Strain NRM.
64
Plasticity: Entering Material Workhardening Data

Usual material data for plasticity is contained in the stressstrain diagram. Where the strain is the total strain.
MSC.Marc expects the work hardening to be from the
stress-plastic strain diagram.
Usual material data
Slope = E
MSC.Marc expects this
= y E
65
Temperature Dependent Plasticity

Usual material data for plasticity is contained in the stressstrain diagram for several temperatures.
In MSC.Marc analysis, it is better to use subroutine WKSLP.
Usual material data
WKSLP Interpolates over all Temperatures
66
Rigid-Plastic Flow
Rigid-Plastic Flow
The rigid-plastic flow analysis is an approach to large deformation
analysis which can be used for metal forming problems. Two
formulations are available: an Eulerian (steady state) and Lagrangian
(transient) approach. The effects of elasticity are not included. If these
effects are important, this option should not be used.
Steady State Analysis
The steady state R-P flow formulation is based on an Eulerian

reference system. For problems in which a steady-state
solution is not appropriate, an alternative method is available to
update the coordinates. User subroutine UPNOD is used to
update the nodal coordinates at the end of a step according to
n
the relationship, x in = x in 1 + v t where n refers to the step
number, n is the nodal velocity components, and t is an
arbitrary time step. t is selected in such a way as to allow only
a reasonable change in mesh shape while ensuring stability
with each step. Updating the mesh requires judicious selection
of a time step. This requires some knowledge of the magnitude
of the nodal velocities that will be encountered. The time step
should be selected such that the strain increment is never more
than one percent for any given increment. The quantities under
the title of ENGSTN in the printouts actually refer to the strain
rate at an element integration point. The reaction forces output
by the program gives the limit loads on the structure. For
steady state analysis, user subroutine UNEWTN can be used to
define a viscosity.
67
Rigid-Plastic Flow
Transient Analysis
In the transient procedure, there is an automatic updating of the mesh
at the end of each increment. During the analysis, the updated mesh
can exhibit severe distortion and the solution might be unable to
converge. Mesh rezoning can be used to overcome this difficulty.
Technical Background
The rigid-plastic flow capability is based on iteration for the velocity
field in an incompressible, non-Newtonian fluid. The normal flow
condition for a nonzero strain rate can be expressed as:
2

2
ij = --- --- ij = ( ) ij where = --- ij ij is the equivalent strain
3
3
rate, is the yield stress (which may be rate-dependent) and

1
ij = ij --- ij kk gives the deviatoric stress. The effective viscosity is
3
2
evaluated as: = --- --- . Note that as 0, . A cutoff value of
3
strain rate is used in the program to avoid this difficulty. An initial
value for is necessary to start the iterations. These values can be

specified in the PARAMETERS option. The default cut-off value is
10-12, and the default initial strain rate value is 10-4 . User subroutine
URPFLO can be used to define the flow stress.
68
Creep
Creep
Constitutive Relation, uniaxial creep test
Slope = E
Multi-axial stress converted to a single equivalent stress

to compare with uniaxial strength using the von Mises
yield criterion:
2
2 { F ( ij ) } = ( 1 3 ) + ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 )
Every integration point must track the Constitutive Relation.
69
Creep
Creep Material Input

Material behavior is defined by describing the creep strain
rate. MSC.Marc integrates this wrt time to calculate the
creep strain in any increment.
Creep strain rates are, in general, a function of applied
stress, the current creep strain, the temperature, and the
current time.
In MSC.Marc, two methods exist for describing these
dependencies. Each dependency can be given by a piecewise linear function, or by a power law.
dk ( t )
dt
Piecewise linear: = A f ( ) g ( c ) h ( T ) ------------
Power Law:
c
n
= A m ( c ) T p ( qt q 1 )
A combined elastic-plastic-creep model developed at Oak

Ridge National Lab is also available in MSC.Marc.
More general creep strain rate equations may be specified
using the MSC.Marc usersubroutine CRPLAW.
70
Creep
Creep Hardening Rules at Stress Changes

a) Time Hardening (Time fixed for creep increment)
b) Strain Hardening (Strain fixed for creep increment)
a
a
71
Creep
Stress and Temperature Dependent Creep

Creep test data are for several stress and temperature
levels. In the analysis, it is better to use subroutine
CRPLAW for interpolations and hardening rules.
Typical material data at one temperature
72
Viscoplasticity
Viscoplasticity
There are two procedures in MSC.Marc for viscoplastic analysis:
explicit and implicit. A brief description of each procedure follows:
Explicit Method
The elasto-viscoplasticity model in MSC.Marc is a modified

creep model to which a plastic element is added. The plastic
element is inactive when the stress is less than the yield
stress of the material. You can use the elasto-viscoplasticity
model to solve time-dependent plasticity and creep as well
as plasticity problems with a nonassociated flow law. The
requirements for solving the viscoplastic problem are:
CREEP parameter and creep controls load incrementation
immediately followed by a series of creep increments
specified by AUTO CREEP, and the use of user subroutine
CRPLAW and/or user subroutine NASSOC. Since the
viscoplasticity model in MSC.Marc is a modified creep
model, you should familiarize yourself with the creep
analysis procedure.
Implicit Method
A general viscoplastic material law can be implemented

through user subroutine UVSCPL. When using this
method, you are responsible for defining the inelastic strain
increment and the current stress.
73

Superplastic Forming
Hydro Forming
Stretch Forming
Bulk Forming
Powder Compaction
Creep Forming
Overview stress/strain parameter options:
Strain tensor
Stress tensor
Engineering
Engineering
large disp
Green-Lagrange
2nd PiolaKirchhoff
update
finite
(large disp)
Logarithmic
Cauchy
Parameter option
74

It took nearly 300 years to add the new part to Hookes Law and a
few more years for finite element analysis to deal with incompressible
materials by Herrmann.
Hookean (1660)
= 2 ( 1 + )G
= G
Neo-Hookean (1940)
2
= G[(1 + ) (1 + ) ]
= G
75
Definitions, Stretch Ratios, Engineering Strain:

L i + L i
i = -------------------- = 1 + i
Li
eng. strain, i = ( L i L i )
t3
L1
L3
L2
1 L1
t1
t2
t2
3 L3
2 L2
t1
t3
Incompressibility:
1 2 3 = 1
From Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics,
First-order approximation (neo-Hookean):
2
2
2
1
W = --- G ( 1 + 2 + 3 3 )
2
76
(Nearly) incompressible material:

Bulk Modulus K2( 1 + )
----------------------------------------= -----------------------Shear Modulus G
3 ( 1 2 )
1
K
--- , hence ----
2
G
Ordinary solid (e.g. steel): G and K are the same order of

magnitude. Whereas, in rubber the ratio of G to K is of the
4
order 10 ; hence the response to a stress is effectively
determined solely by the shear modulus G .
77

Experimental Verification using Simple Extension
1 =
2 = 3 = 1
Hence:
2 2
1
W = --- G + --- 3
2

Engineering Stress:
1
= dW d = G -----2 =
1
= G 1 + ------------------2-
(1 + )
2 1
True Stress: t = ---------- = = G ---
Simple, one parameter material model.

Positive G guarantees material model stability.
78
Neo-Hookean Material Extension Deformation

Theory versus experiments:
6.0
Engineering stress (N/mm )
experiment
4.0
theory
2.0
0.0
4
5
6
Extension ratio
79
Neo-Hookean Material Shear Deformation

Experimental Verification using Simple Shear:
Y
atan
X
1
If 1 = , then 2 = --- and 3 = 1
Equivalent shear strain :

1
= --
Strain energy function:
1
2
1
1 2
W = --- G + -----2 2 = --- G
2
2
Shear stress depends linearly on shear strain

dW
= -------- = G
d
80
Neo-Hookean Material Shear Deformation

Theory versus experiments:
theory
Shear stress (N/mm )
1.6
1.2
experiment
0.8
0.4
0.0
2
3
Shear strain
81

Basic assumptions:
(1) The rubber is incompressible and isotropic
(2) Hookes law is obeyed in simple shear
Strain energy function with two constants:

1
1
2
2
2
1
W = C 1 ( 1 + 2 + 3 3 ) + C 2 -----2 + -----2 + -----2 3
1 2 3
Simple shear:
2 1
2
W = ( C 1 + C 2 ) 1 + -----2 2 = ( C 1 + C 2 )
1
= dW d = 2 ( C 1 + C 2 )
Hence G = 2 ( C 1 + C 2 )
82

C 2
C2
1
------------------------------------ = 2 2 C 1 + or
= C 1 + -----2
2( 1 )
Theory versus experiments

G
0.4
0.3
E
D
/2(1/ ) (N/mm )
C
A
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1/
83

Basic assumptions:
(1) The rubber is incompressible and isotropic in the
unstrained state.
(2) The strain energy function must depend on even
powers of i .
The three simplest possible even-powered functions
(invariants):
2
I1 = 1 + 2 + 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
I2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1
2 2 2
I3 = 1 2 3
Incompressibility implies that I 3 = 1 , so that:
W = W ( I 1, I 2 )
84
Mooney material in terms of invariants:

W = C1 ( I1 3 ) + C2 ( I2 3 )
(Mooneys original notation)
W = C 10 ( I 1 3 ) + C 01 ( I 2 3 )
(Mooney-Rivlin notation)
Some other proposed energy functions:

The Signiorini form:
W = C 10 ( I 1 3 ) + C 01 ( I 2 3 ) + C 20 ( I 1 3 )
The Yeoh form:

2
W = C 10 ( I 1 3 ) + C 20 ( I 1 3 ) + C 30 ( I 1 3 )
Third-order Deformation Form

(James, Green and Simpson):
W = C 10 ( I 1 3 ) + C 01 ( I 2 3 ) + C 11 ( I 1 3 ) ( I 2 3 ) +
2
C 20 ( I 1 3 ) + C 30 ( I 1 3 )
85
Ogden Models
Ogden Models
Slightly compressible rubber:

N
W =
n=1
n ------- --3-
n
n
n
3
------ J ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) 3 + 4.5K J 1
n
n and n are material constants,

K is the initial bulk modulus, and
J is the volumetric ratio, defined by
J = 1 2 3
The order of magnitude of the volumetric changes per unit

volume should be 0.01
Usually, the number of terms taken into account in
the Ogden models is N = 2 or N = 3 .
86
Foam Models
Foam Models
Elastomer foams:
N
W =
n=1
n n
------ [ 1 + 2 n + 3 n 3 ] +
n
n=1
------ ( 1 J n )
n
n , n and n are material constants
87

Material points in undeformed configuration: X i ; material
points in deformed configuration: x i
Lagrange description:
xi = xi ( Xj )
dx i = F ij dX j with F ij
x i
------=
X j
F ij is the deformation gradient tensor
Green-Lagrange strain tensor:

2
( dx ) ( dX ) = 2E ij dX i dX j
Right Cauchy-Green strain tensor:

2
( dx ) = C ij dX i dX j
Some additional relations:

C ij = ij + 2E ij
x k x k
C ij = -------- -------- = F ki F kj
X i X j
88
E ij
x k x k
1--- ------- -------- ij = 1--- [ F ki F kj ij ]
=
2 X i X j
2
Introduce displacement vector u i :

xi = Xi + ui
1
E ij = --- ( u i, j + u j, i + u k, i u k, j )
2
C ij = ( ki + u k, i ) ( kj + u k, j )
With respect to principal directions:

2
1 0 0
C i'j' =
0 2 0
2
0 0 3
Invariants of Cij :
I 1 = C ii
1
I 2 = --- ( C ii C jj C ij C ij )
2
I 3 = det C ij
89
Strain energy function:

*
W = W ( I 1, I 2 ) + h ( I 3 1 )
Second-Piola Kirchhoff stresses:

S ij
I 3
W
W
--------------------= 2
[ ij C kk C ij ] + 2h ij + 2
I 1
I 2
C ij
True or Cauchy stresses:
t ij = ----- ( ik + u i, k )S kl ( jl + u j, l )
0
Zero deformation:
0
S ij
W
= 2 -------I 1
W
+ 4 -------I 2
+ 2h ij
hence:
W
p = 2 -------I 1
0
W
4 -------- 2h
I 2
so that the stresses can be expressed in terms of

displacements and the hydrostatic pressure
90

Modified virtual work equation:
Sij Eij dV Qi ui dV - Ti ui dA +
+ ( I 3 1 ) dV = 0
V
In addition to the displacements, within an element we

need to interpolate the pressure:
N ( Xi )ui
ui ( Xi ) =
p ( Xi ) =
h ( Xi )p
The incremental stresses are related to the linear strain

increment by
S ij =
n
D ijkl E kl
n 1
p ( C ij )
The incremental set of equations to be solved reads:

[K
(0)
+K
[ H ]
(1)
] [ H ] u
[0]
= PR
g
91
with:
[K
(0)
] : the linear stiffness matrix
[K
(1)
] : the geometric stiffness matrix
[ H ] : the nodal pressure coupling matrix

P : nodal load vector
R : internal stress vector
g : vector quantity representing the
incompressibility constraint
92

The behavior of rubber is in most cases considered to be time
independent elastic. This approximation is no longer valid, if specific
hysteresis effects need to be taken into account. The theory of linear
viscoelasticity cannot be applied directly since there is no linear
relation between the applied strain and the resulting stress. Various
forms are proposed in literature to describe nonlinear viscoelasticity.
In MSC.Marc, a rather simple form, based on an extension of the
elastic energy function as proposed by Simo is used. The model is
based in the observation that for short time loading more energy is
required then in a long term loading. Also if one loads at a high rate
and keeps the deformation constant for a specific period of time, part
of the elastic energy is released.
Large Strain Viscoelasticity based on Energy

For an elastomeric time independent material the constitutive
equation is expressed in terms of an energy function W. For a large
strain viscoelastic material Simo generalized the small strain viscoelasticity material behavior to a large strain viscoelastic material using
the energy function. The energy functional is now a time dependent
function and is written in the following form:
N
n
W ( E ij ,Q ij ) = W ( E ij )
Q ij E ij
n=1
93
where E ij are the components of the Green-Lagrange straintensor, Q ij

0
internal variables and W the elastic strain energy density for

0
instantaneous deformation. In MSC.Marc, it is assumed that W is the

energy density for instantaneous deformations is given by the thirdorder James, Green and Simpson form, or the energy function as
defined by Ogden.
The components of the second Piola-Kirchoff stress then follow from:
N
W
W
S ij = ---------- = ----------
E ij
E ij
Q ij
n=1
The energy function can also be written in terms of the long term
n
moduli resulting in a different set of internal variables T ij :

N
W ( E ij, T ij ) = W ( E ij ) +
T ij E ij
n=1
where W is the elastic strain energy for long term deformations.

Using this energy definition the stresses are obtained from:
W ( E )
S ij = -------------------- +
E ij
T ij
n=1
Observing the similarity with the equations for small strain viscoelasticity the internal variables can be obtained from a convolution
expression:
94
t
n
T ij =
.
n
n
S
(
)
exp
[
(
t
] d
ij
0
where S ij are internal stresses following from the time dependent part
of the energy functions.
n
S ij
W
= ---------E ij
Let the total strain energy be expressed as a Prony series expansion:

N
W = W +
W exp ( t )
n=1
Observing the difficulty in finding accurate expressions for the

multiaxial aspect of the elastic energy in time independent rubber a
further simplification is used. We assume that the energy expression
0
for each term is of similar form to the short time elastic energy W and
n
only different by a scalar multiplier W = W . This equation can

now be rewritten as:
N
W = W +
W exp ( t )
n=1
n
where is a scalar multiplier for the energy function based on the

short term values.The stress strain relation is now given by:
N
S ij ( t ) = S ij ( t ) +
n=1
T ij ( t )
95
S ij
0
W
n
W
= ----------- = 1 ---------
E ij
E ij
n=1
t
n
T ij =
.
n 0
n
S
(
t
)
exp
[
(
t
] d
ij
0
Analogue to the derivation for small strain visco-elasticity a recurrent

relation can be derived expressing the stress increment as a function of
the strain increment and the internal stresses at the start of the
increment:
N
S ij ( t m ) = S ij ( t m ) +
S ij ( t m ) = S ij ( t m )
S ij ( t m )
n=1
S ij ( t m )
N
S ij ( t m ) = ( h ) [ S ij ( t m ) S ij ( t m h ) ]
( h )S ij ( t m h )
n=1
The functions and are a function of the time step h in the time
interval [ t m 1, t m ] :
n
( h ) = 1 exp ( h )
( h ) = ( h ) ----h
n
96
The equations above are based on the long term moduli. Since in the
MSC.Marc program always the instantaneous values of the energy
function are given on the MOONEY option the equations are
reformulated in terms of the short time values of the energy function:
N
S ij ( t m ) = 1
[ 1 ( h ) ]
S ij ( t m ) S ij ( t m h )
n=1
N
n n
S ij ( t m h )
n=1
n
S ij ( t m ) = ( h ) [ S ij ( t m ) S ij ( t m h ) ]
n
( h )S ij ( t m h )
It is assumed that the viscoelastic behavior in MSC.Marc acts only on
the deviatoric behavior. The incompressible behavior is taken into
account using special Herrmann elements.
97

A large strain viscoelastic material is characterized by the following
time dependent elastic energy function:
N
W( t) = W +
W exp ( t )
n=1
where W is the energy function for very slow processes. W is an

extra amount of energy necessary for time dependent processes. To
n
each amount W , a characteristic time is associated. At time zero (or

n
for time processes: t < ) the elastic energy reduces to:

N
0
W( 0) = W = W +
n=1
If we assume that the energy function for each time dependent part is
different only by a scalar constant:
n
W = W
the equations reduce to:

N
0
W = W +W
n=1
98
or W
n
0
= 1 W
n=1
The time dependent energy is then given by:

N
0
W(t) = W W
+W
n=1
exp ( t )
n=1
N
0
= W 1
( 1 exp ( t ) )
n=1
If we restrict ourselves for simplicity of the discussion to the case N = 1

we have:
= ( 1 )W
0
W ( t ) = W [ 1 ( 1 exp ( t ) ) ]
99
100
CHAPTER 5
Contact Analysis
This features allows for the automated solution

of problems where contact occurs between
deformable and rigid bodies. It does not require
special elements to be placed at the points of
contact. This contact algorithm automatically
detects nodes entering contact and generates the
appropriate constraints to insure no penetration
occurs and maintains compatibility of
displacements across touching surfaces.
101
Contact Analysis

Contact Body Any group of
elements or geometric entities
that may contact themselves
or others.
Types of Contact Bodies:
Deformable Collection of
elements. Rigid Collection
of geometric entities or heat
transfer elements
Add elements to contact body,
here 90 elements are added to
contact body, cbody1.
Analytic contact may be used
to smooth facets of element
edges or faces.
By default Rigid bodies are
controlled with displacement,
unless specified here.
Geometric curves/surfaces
have to be properly oriented.
102
Contact Analysis

Contact Body Any group of
elements or geometric
entities that may contact
themselves or others.
Types of Contact Bodies:

Deformable Collection of
elements. Rigid Collection
of geometric entities or heat
transfer elements
Add elements to contact
body, here 1 curve is added
to body, cbody2.
This bodies position is
controlled by a table.
103
Contact Analysis

Rigid bodies can be controlled by their velocity, position, or load.
q Prescribe translational and/or rotational velocity as a

function of time using a time table.
q Prescribe position/rotation as a function of time.
q Prescribe force on rigid body as a function of time:
define force on additional node
connect node to rigid contact body
motion of rigid contact body is in direction of
applied force; motion in perpendicular direction
is constrained
104
Contact Procedure
Contact Analysis
Contact Procedure
Deformable to Rigid Body Contact
Case 1: Contact Not Detected When
u A n < D d
Rigid Body
(set of curves or
surfaces)
Cases 2,3: Contact Detected When

u A n d D
u A n > D + d
A
Deformable Body
(set of elements)
u A
Case 4: Penetration Detected When
D D
Case 1 2
with:
u A : incremental displacement vector of node A
n : unit normal vector with proper orientation
D : contact distance (Default = h/20 or t/4)
F s : separation force (Default = Maximum Residual)
Case 1: Node A does not touch, no constraint applied.
Case 2: Node A is near rigid body within tolerance, contact constraint pulls node to contact surface if F < F s .
Case 3: Node A penetrates within tolerance, contact constrain pushes node to contact surface.
Case 4: Node A penetrates out of tolerance and increment
gets split (loads reduced) until no penetration.
105
Contact Analysis
Bias Factor
Bias Factor
By default, the contact tolerance is equally applied to both sides of a
segment; this can be changed by introducing a bias factor B .
(0 B 1 ):
D contact ( 1 B )
D contact
D contact
D contact ( 1 + B )
default
with bias factor
Choosing B > 0 may be useful to

reduce increment splitting, since the distance to cause
penetration is increased
improve accuracy, since the distance below which a
node comes into contact is reduced
:
default
106
with bias factor
Bias Factor
Contact Analysis
Deformable to Deformable Contact

Discrete deformable contact (default) is based on piecewise
linear geometry description of either 2-node edges in 2
dimensions or 4-node faces in 3 dimensions on the outer
surface of all contacting meshes.
actual geometry
finite element approximation
contacting body
contact tolerance
y
A
x
contacted body
Then the contact constraint:

defines tying relation for displacement component of
contacting node in local y -direction
applys correction on position in local y -direction
107
Contact Analysis
Bias Factor
Potential Errors due to Piecewise Linear Description:

Tying relation may be not completely correct due to the
assumption that the normal direction is constant for a
complete segment.
If contacting node slides from one segment to another,
a discontinuity in the normal direction may occur.
The correction on the position of the contacting node
may be not completely correct.
Analytical Deformable Contact Bodies:
Replace 2-node linear edges by cubic splines (2D)
or 4-node bi-linear patches by bi-cubic Coons
surfaces (3D).
You must take care of nodes (2D) and edges (3D)
where the outer normal vector is discontinuous.
You may wish to use extended precision.
Advantages are smoother contact where in 2D,
1
C -continuity is obtained, and in 3D, at least pointwise
1
C -continuity is obtained. Analytical deformable contact
must be turned on, whereas, rigid bodies default to analytic
contact where the curves or surfaces are represented as
NURBS during contact.
108
Contact Flowchart
Contact Analysis
Contact Flowchart
Input
Initial set up of contact bodies
Incremental data input
Check on contact
begin iteration
begin increment
Set up of contact constraints

Apply distributed loads
Assemble stiffness matrix; include friction
Apply contact constraints
Change
contact
constraints
Solve set of equations

Recover stresses
Update contact constraints
Split
increment
No
Yes
Yes
No
Converged solution?
Yes
Separation?
No
Penetration?
No
Last increment?
Yes
Stop
109
Contact Analysis
Symmetry Body
Symmetry Body
Symmetry bodies often provide an easy way to impose symmetry
conditions; they may be used instead of the TRANSFORMATION and
SERVO LINK options that WILL CAUSE PROBLEMS in contact as
these nodes come into contact. A symmetry plane is characterized by a
very high separation force, so that only a movement tangential to the
contact segment is possible The symmetry plane option can only be
invoked for rigid surfaces
deformable_body
symmetry_plane_1
symmetry_plane_2
none
110
Contact Analysis

50
20o
R=6
billet
20
4.75
4
35
25
channel
Model 1: deformable-rigid (stress or coupled analysis)

billet
channel
none
MARC element 10
geometrical entities
(straight lines and a
circular arc)
deformable-rigid (stress or coupled analysis)
111
Contact Analysis
Model 2: deformable-rigid (coupled analysis)
billet
channel
Rigid w Heat Transfer

MARC element 40
none
MARC element 10
deformable-rigid (coupled analysis)
Model 3: deformable-deformable (stress or

coupled analysis)
billet
channel
MARC element 10
none
MARC element 10
112
deformable-deformable (stress or coupled analysis)
Contact Table
Contact Analysis
Contact Table
1
4
Contact Table Properties:
Single-sided contact:
Only body 2 may contact itself

113
Contact Analysis
Contact Table
Contact Table
Very useful for specifying parameters between
contacting bodies
Contact tables must be turned on initially in contact

control, or during any loadcase to become active. With no
contact tables active, all bodies can come into contact
including self contact
114
Contact Table
Contact Analysis
Contact Areas
Very useful for defining certain nodes of a body that may
enter contact.
Like contact tables, contact areas must be turned on

initially in contact control, or during any loadcase to
become active. With no contact areas active, all nodes of
all bodies can come into contact.
Both contact table and contact areas can reduce the
amount of node to segment checking and can save
compute time.
115
Contact Analysis

Exclude segment will influence the searching done for nodes detected
in the contact zone during self contact.
Contact table, contact node and

exclude affect the initial search
for contact; once a node is in
contact, this is not undone by
these options.
Options to influence search for contact include:

q Contact table: define which bodies can potentially come
into contact (defined per loadcase)
q Contact node: define which nodes of a body can potentially come into contact (defined per loadcase)
q Single sided contact: searching for contact is not done
with respect to bodies with a lower body number
(defined for the whole analysis)
q Exclude: define which segments of a body can never be
contacted (defined per loadcase)
116
Contact Analysis
Effect of Exclude Option:
Standard contact
excluded segments
With exclude option
117
Contact Analysis
Contacting Nodes and Contacted Segments

For 3D continua, an automatic check on the direction of the
normal vectors is included:
Contacting body nodes
Contacted body patches
Contact will not be accepted if n node n patch > 0.05

Shell Thickness is taken into Account According to:
q 2D: one fourth of the shell thickness only if the body is
contacted.
q 3D: one fourth of the shell thickness for both the
contacting and the contacted body.
118
Contact Analysis

Friction coefficient is specified in contact body or contact
table. Although, the coefficient is entered a specific friction
model type must be selected for friction to be active.
119
Contact Analysis

Discovered by Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century and
verified by experiments by Charles A. Coulomb in the 18th
century, this stick-slip friction model uses a penalty method
to describe the step function of Columbs Law.
F n
F n
Ft
2
2
u t
with:
F t F n static ,
F t F n kinetic
u t : incremental tangential displacement

6
: slip to stick transition region (default 1 10

: coefficient multiplier (default 1.05)
e : friction force tolerance (default 0.05)
: small constant, so that 0 (fixed at 1 10 )
120
Contact Analysis

Implementation of this friction model has been done using
nonlinear dashpots whose stiffness depend on the relative
sliding velocity as:
slip
Ft
stick
C
vr
MARC approximation
slip
MSC.Marc approximation:
v r
2
F t F n --- atan ----

C
with:
C : relative sliding velocity below which sticking is
simulated (Default = 1.0!)
121
Contact Analysis

This friction model has been done using nonlinear dashpots
whose stiffness depend on the relative sliding velocity as:
t
slip
stick
C
vr
MARC approximation
slip
However, the friction force depends upon a fraction of the

shear strength of the material, not the normal force:
v r
Y
2
t ------- --- atan ----

3
C
with:
C : relative sliding velocity below which sticking is
simulated (Default = 1.0!)
122
Contact Analysis
Coulomb Sliding Friction Model use Stresses or Forces

Nodal stresses: (Applies to continuum elements)
define distributed load p t in opposite direction of
relative sliding velocity: p t = n ,where, , friction
coefficient and, n , normal stress in contact point
vr
pt
Nodal forces: (Always used for shell elements)

define nodal load F t in opposite direction of relative
sliding velocity, F t = F n , where, , friction coefficient
and, F n , normal force in contact point
vr
Ft
Ft
123
Contact Analysis
Glued Contact
Glued Contact
Sometimes a complex body can be split up into parts which can be
meshed relatively easy:
define each part as a contact body
invoke the glue option (CONTACT TABLE) to obtain
tying equations not only normal but also tangential to
contact segments
enter a large separation force
body 1
body 2
Z
124
Glued Contact
Contact Analysis
Glued Contact
Gluing rigid to deformable bodies can help simulate testing because
testing of materials generally involves measuring the force and
displacement of the rigid grips. Here is an example of a planar tension
(pure shear) rubber specimen being pulled by two grips. The grip force
versus displacement curve is directly available on the post file and can
be compared directly to the force and displacement measured.
125
Contact Analysis
Release Option
Release Option
The release option provides the possibility to deactivate a contact
body: upon entering a body to be released, all nodes being in contact
with this body will be released. Using the release option, e.g. a springback effect can be simulated. Releasing nodes occurs at the beginning
of an increment. Make sure that the released body moves away to
avoid recontacting
Interference Check / Interference Closure Amount

By means of the interference check, an initial overlap will be removed
at the beginning of increment 1
By means of an interference closure amount an overlap or a gap
between contacting bodies can be defined per increment:
positive value: overlap
negative value: gap
126
Contact Analysis

During the analysis rigid bodies have all forces and moments resolved
to a single point which is the centroid shown below.
This makes rigid bodies useful to monitor the force versus

displacement behavior as shown at the right.
Body 3 Force Y
127
Contact Analysis

Vector plotting External Force will show the forces at each node
resulting from the contact constraints.
128
CHAPTER 6
Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
The purpose of this chapter is to focus how

MSC.Marc performs heat transfer analysis
and its impact to thermal stress analysis.
129
v ( x, t )

material
flow velocity
T ( x, t )
temperature
distribution
q ( x, t )

energy flow
density
CONTINUUM
Q ( x, t )
source distribution
Y
Z
x = ( x, y, z )
energy conservation law:

T
T
C p ------ + q = Q
t
with:
: mass density
C p : specific heat
T
: gradient operator , ,
x y z
130
Mathematical Formulation
Energy flow density is given by a diffusion and convection
part:
q = T + C p Tv
where is the conductivity matrix. Assume that the

continuum is incompressible and that there is no spatial
variation of and C p :
T
-----TT
C p + C p v T ( T ) = Q
t

Without convection this reduces to:

2
T
C p ------ T = Q
t
where is the conductivity
131
Boundary conditions
Boundary conditions
Description
Corresponding
Mentat BC type
1) prescribed temperature:
fixed temperature
T = T ( x, t )
2) prescribed energy flow
edge/face flux
density normal to surface:

T
------ = q
n
3) convective heat transfer
edge/face film
to the environment:
T
------ = h ( T T )
n
h:
T :
film coefficient
environmental
temperature
132
Boundary conditions
Boundary Conditions
4) radiative heat transfer
to the environment:
4
T
4
------ = ( T T )
n
: Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
:
emissivity
5) heat source or sink:

localized:
Q ( x, t ) = Q ( t ) ( x x 0 )
point flux
distributed:
Q ( x, t ) = Q ( x, t )
volume flux
Initial condition in transient analysis:

T ( x, 0 ) = T i ( x )
133

Heat transfer analysis
Stress analysis
temperature T
displacement vector u
Fourier law
stress-strain law
(distributed) heat flux

(scalar)
(distributed) force
(vector)
film (convective boundary
spring F = k ( u u 0 )
condition) q = h ( T T )
134
radiative boundary condition

4
4
q = ( T T )
nonlinear spring
heat flux density vector
stress tensor
transient
(1st order)
dynamic
(2nd order)
heat capacity
mass
steady state
static

Approximate temperatures for a set of discrete points
(nodes) in spaceby expressing temperature T ( x, t ) in terms
of locally definedshape functions and nodal values
T1 ( t )
T ( x, t ) = N 1 ( x ) N 2 ( x ) ... N m ( x )
T2 ( t )
T
= N T

.
Tm ( t )
where Ni ( x ) are the shape functions and T i ( t ) are the
nodal temperatures.
Using the Galerkin method, the heat
transfer problem can be written as a coupled set of first
order ordinary differential equations:
CT + [ K + F ]T = Q
with:
C : heat capacity matrix

K : conductivity and convection matrix
F : contribution from convective boundary condition
Q : vector of nodal fluxes
In case of convection:
Upwinding (SUPG method)
Nonsymmetric system matrix K
135

steady state: solution can be obtained by a single matrix
inversion:
1
T = (K + F) Q
transient: time discretization by means of finite differences:

Approximate nodal temperature at discrete points in time
n
T = T ( t 0 + nt )
MSC.Marc uses a backward difference scheme is used to

approximate time derivative as:
n
n1
n T T
T -----------------------
resulting finite difference scheme:

Cn
C n1
---+ K + F T = ----- T
+Q
t
t
136

Nonlinearity can be caused by:
temperature dependent conductivity or specific heat
radiation boundary condition
temperature dependent film coefficient or heat flux
Consequently, heat capacity matrix, conductivity matrix,
film matrix and equivalent nodal flux vector may be
temperature dependent.
steady state: applicable in case of mild nonlinearity; e.g. if
conductivity is slightly temperature dependent
Solution can be obtained iteratively:
0
start with: KT = Q
are obtained by successive

next approximations
substitution: T
n+1
continue until: T
= [K(T ) ] Q(T )
n+1
max
T tol3
137

transient analysis: necessary in case of severe nonlinearity;
e.g. radiation boundary condition
Solution can be obtained using nonlinear backward
difference scheme:
*
C(T )
C(T ) n 1
*
*
n
*
-------------+ Q(T )
- + K ( T ) + F ( T ) T = ------------- - T
t
t
where T is the average nodal temperature vector in
time increment
t first iteration within an increment n ,
*
T is taken as an extrapolated value of the previous
two
increments:
1
n1
n2
*
T 1 = --- ( 3T
T
)
2
for the next iterations i , T follows from:
1 n1
*
n
T i = --- ( T
+ Ti 1 )
2
iterations are stopped if T i 1 T i
138
*
max
T tol3

T tol1 : maximum incremental temperature change at node
(def = 20); if the automatic time stepping scheme is selected,

the time step will be automatically increased or decreased if
necessary
T tol2 : maximum nodal temperature change before
properties are reevaluated and matrices reassembled

(def = 100)
T tol3 : maximum error in estimated nodal temperature;
used for property reevaluation (def = 0, test isbypassed)
139

Sometimes oscillatory behaviour if time step is too small;
e.g. heat penetration in an originally iso-thermal block
T
Tp
: analytical solution
: FEM approximation
Better approximation can be obtained if:

time step is INCREASED
mesh is refined
heat capacity matrix is lumped (linear elements)
Further MSC.Marc capabilities:
user subroutines for nonlinear boundary conditions tyings
and heat transfer shell element with parabolic distribution
in thickness direction phase transitions
140

In many analyses, the radiative transfer of heat between
surfaces plays a significant role. To properly model this
effect, it is necessary to compute the proportion of one
surface which is visible from a second surface known as the
viewfactor. The viewfactor, defined by a fourth-order
integral, presents many difficulties in its computation.
Primary among these is the large amount of computing
power needed, especially when shadowing effects are
included. The radiative flow of hear from surface 1 to
surface 2 is given by:
4
q 12 = F 12 ( T 1 T 2 )
in which, F is the viewfactor and is calculated as:

12
1
F 12 = -----A1
A1
cos 1 cos 2
--------------------------- r2 - dA2 dA1
A2
In MSC.Marc there are two computational approaches,

namely, the Direct Adaptive Integration, and the Monte
Carlo Method method. The Direct Adaptive Integration is
only for axisymmetric models where as the method
discussed herein is the Monte Carlo Method method and is
applicable to any surface to surface radiation.
141
Monte Carlo Method for Surface Radiation

In this method, the idea is to randomly emit rays from the surface in
question. The percentage of these rays which hit another surface is the
viewfactor between the surfaces. The Monte Carlo method computes
N viewfactors at one time, providing linear scaling. In fact, the larger
the number of surfaces, the faster the viewfactors are computed
compared to the Direct Adaptive Integration and Adaptive Contour
Integration. Hence, this method is adopted for the viewfactor
calculations in MSC.Marc Mentat. Some of the notable features of the
viewfactor calculation in MSC.Marc Mentat and MSC.Marc are:
1.) You are not required to specify blocking elements. This is
embedded into the algorithm completely and, hence, done
automatically. This is specially useful in three-dimensional
analysis since, for complex geometries, it is impractical to
predict what surfaces are blocking other surfaces.
2.) The cost of calculation is nearly linearly proportional to the
number of elements which means that, for big problems, the
cost does not increase significantly.
3.) The methodology in MSC.Marc guarantees that the sum of
viewfactors is always one.
4.) Shadowing effects (due to two surfaces being hidden from one
another by other surfaces) can be modeled.
142
Monte Carlo Method for Surface Radiation

Ray Emission: The surface should be able to randomly emit
a ray from its surface.
Surface 2
Surface 1
Ray Intersection: Given an origin, direction, and length of

a ray, the surface should be able to determine whether it is
hit by that ray, and if hit, the length of the ray at the point
of intersection.
Point Light
Eye Ray
Light Source Rays
Shadow
143
Monte Carlo Method Example

1.) Pick all edges/faces that can radiate. Here, the outer
surface of the inner sphere and the inner surface of the
outer sphere has edge radiation turned on.
Notice that there are 36 objects (edges of elements) that can

view each other.
144

2.) In jobs, select the type of radiation (Axisymmetric),
storage file name (e5x15b.vfs) and compute the
viewfactors by clicking start.
3.) In jobs, under analysis options, identify the viewfactor

file and then submit to MSC.Marc.
145

4.) The results of this problem (Chapter 5 problem 15 in
Volume E) are show below. Radiation is the only
mechanism for heat transfer across the vacuum between
these two concentric spheres.
146

Note that a fluid flowing over a surface can exchange heat
with the surface according to:
T
T
T
C p ------ + f C p f v T ( T ) = Q
t

where the second term convects heat to or away from the

surface. To illustrate how this would work consider the
following Problem 17 in Chapter 5 of Volume E.
This problem demonstrates the air cooling of an electronic
chip at room temperature. The comparison of the noinclusion of heat convection, e5x17a.dat, and the inclusion
of the contribution of heat convection, e5x17b.dat, by air is
made. The nonsymmetric solver is turned on automatically
when heat convection is included.
This problem is modeled using the two techniques
summarized below.
Data Set
Element
Type(s)
Number of
Elements
Number of
Nodes
e5x17a
39
360
399
e5x17b
39
360
399
Differentiating
Features
Exclude
convection
Include
convection
Element
Element type 39 is used for both the air region and the chip body.
The model is shown in Figure 5.17-1.
147
Material properties
Room temperature thermal properties for air are used. The
specific heat is 5.8e-5 kJ/kg.C, the density is 0.24l kg/m3, and
thermal conductivity is 0.129e-2 W/m.C. Thermal properties for
pure copper are used for the chip. The specific heat is 0.93 kJ/
kg.C, the density is 0.0914 kg/m3, and thermal conductivity is
8.94 W/m.C. Assume the variation of properties with
temperature is negligible.
Initial Conditions
The initial nodal temperature for chips is 40C and for air is 10C
throughout.
Boundary Conditions
The temperature of the air far away from chips is fixed at 10C
and velocity of the air is kept at a constant 100 cm/second. The
velocity of the chips is zero.
Transient Nonauto
A fixed, large time step is used to simulate the cooling process
near steady-state condition.
148
Results
The temperature distributions shown in Figure 5.17-3 and
Figure 5.17-4 which indicate the effect of heat convection on the
cooling of the chips. The chips have cooled down faster on the left
side because, as heat convection of the air is included, more heat is
carried away by the air. The effect of the boundary layer between
the air and the surface of the chips is neglected. Because the
Courant number is too large, which indicates the time step is also
too large, numerical dispersion occurs at the air region far away
from the chips.
Parameters, Options, and Subroutines Summary

Example e5x17a.dat:
Parameters
Model Definition Options
History Definition Options
ALL POINTS
COMMENT
DIST LOADS
END
HEAT
PRINT
SETNAME
SIZING
TITLE
CONNECTIVITY
CONTROL
COORDINATE
DEFINE
END OPTION
FIXED TEMP
INITIAL TEMP
ISOTROPIC
NO PRINT
POST
VELOCITY
CONTINUE
TRANSIENT
149
Example e5x17b.dat:
150
Parameters
History Definition Options
ALL POINTS
COMMENT
DIST LOADS
END
HEAT
PRINT
SETNAME
SIZING
TITLE
CONNECTIVITY
CONTROL
COORDINATE
DEFINE
END OPTION
FIXED TEMP
INITIAL TEMP
ISOTROPIC
NO PRINT
POST
VELOCITY
CONTINUE
TRANSIENT
Complete Finite Element Mesh
1.5 cm
Figure 5.17-1
2.0 cm
Y
Figure 5.17-2
Finite Element Mesh of Chips and Board
.2
.5
0.125
0.075
.3
151
Figure 5.17-3
INC
SUB
TIME
FREQ
Temperature Distribution Excluding Convection
:
50
:
0
: 5.000e+01
: 0.000e+00
3.689e+01
3.420e+01
3.151e+01
2.882e+01
2.613e+01
2.344e+01
2.076e+01
1.807e+01
1.538e+01
1.269e+01
1.000e+01
prob e5.17a cooling of chips: heat convection

Temperature
152
Figure 5.17-4
INC
SUB
TIME
FREQ
Temperature Distribution Including Convection
:
50
:
0
: 5.000e+01
: 0.000e+00
2.281e+01
2.139e+01
1.997e+01
1.856e+01
1.714e+01
1.572e+01
1.430e+01
1.288e+01
1.146e+01
1.005e+01
8.628e+00
prob e5.17b cooling of chips: heat convection

Temperature
153

Overview physical effects attributing to coupling between
heat transfer part and mechanical part:
heat transfer
analysis
heat generated
due to plastic
deformation
thermal
expansion
temperature
dependent material
properties
changing geometry
due to large
deformations
temperature
dependent boundary conditions
changing contact
conditions
mechanical
analysis
Heat transfer and mechanical analysis can be done:

separately (temperature in mechanical analysis can be
directly defined or read in from heat transfer post file)
fully coupled (include all coupling effects; staggered
algorithm)
154

To determine the heat generated from mechanical sources
such as the work done plastic deformation (volumetric heat
generation) or friction heating (surface heat generation), it
is necessary to specify how much mechanical energy is
converted into thermal energy. In MSC.Marc, this is
specified with the heat generation conversion factor
specified in the Jobs Parameter section in MSC.Marc
Mentat. This conversion factor is composed of two factors.
C convfactor = ( Fraction ) ( Units )
The first factor called Fraction, is the amount of

mechanical energy converted to thermal energy, and is
between zero and one. Work by Farren and Taylor suggest
a Fraction of .9 is appropriate for metal plasticity. The
second factor called Units must account for consistent units
of mechanical and thermal energy. For example, if the
mechanical properties are such that mechanical energy is in
Lbf-in, and the thermal energy is in BTUs then the value of
Units becomes:
BTU
Units = -------------------------------------------777.9 ( 12 )Lbf in
The default conversion factor is 1 where 100% of the

mechanical energy is converted to heat and the units of
mechanical and thermal energy are the same.
155

The MSC.Marc program always uses an instantaneous
thermal expansion coefficient defined as:
d
th
ij
= ij dT
or for isotropic behavior:

d
th
ij
= ij dT
In most cases, the thermal expansion data is given with

o
respect to a reference temperature T , as:
th
= ( T T )
Hence,
d
th
o
d
= + ------- ( T T ) dT
dT
and the conversion of the expansion data to the

instantaneous thermal expansion coefficient becomes:
o
d
= + ------- ( T T )
dT
156
CHAPTER 7
Dynamic Analysis
The purpose of this chapter is to

focus on how MSC.Marc performs
dynamic analysis.
157
Dynamic Analysis

Eigenvalue extractions linear with pre-stress
Lanczos method
Power Sweep
Harmonic response linear with pre-stress
Real (no Damping)
Imaginary (Damping)
Transient analysis linear and nonlinear
Explicit
Implicit
Contact
158
Dynamic Analysis

Undamped free vibrations
u
m
Equation of motion:
mu + ku = 0
with non-trivial solution:

st
u = Re [ ue ]
2
[ s + ]u = 0 ; =
km
hence: s = i
u = A cos ( t + )
159
Dynamic Analysis
One Degree of Freedom System: damped free vibrations

c
u
Equation of motion:
mu + cu + ku = 0
with harmonic solution:

st
u = Re [ ue ]
2
c
2
s + ---- s + u = 0 ; =
m
km
2
cc - 2
----------hence: s =

2m
2m
critical damping: c crit = 2m
160
Dynamic Analysis

Define damping factor:
c
= ---------c crit
< 1 : below critical damping oscillating behavior
1 : over critical damping exponential decay
1
displacement
displacement
<1
time
time
161
Dynamic Analysis
One Degree of Freedom System: harmonic oscillations
c
u
k
pe
it
Equation of motion:
it
mu + cu + ku = pe
then define:
0 =
k- = ------;
0
m
static solution is:

p
u s = --k
162
Dynamic Analysis
One Degree of Freedom System; harmonic oscillations

Dynamic magnification factor:
u
1
D = ----- = -------------------------------------------------us
2 2
2
( 1 ) + ( 2 )
with a phase angle of:

2
= atan --------------2
4.0
D
3.0
= 0
180.0
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.7
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
=
=
=
=
=
0
0.2
0.5
0.7
1
90.0
= 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
163
Dynamic Analysis
interpolation functions:
u ( x, t ) = N ( x )u ( t )
basic equations:
Mu + Cu + Ku = F
with:
K =
B SB dV + Ki
T
stiffness matrix
M =
N N dV + Mi
T
mass matrix
consistent or lumped
t
C = M + + -------- K
damping matrix
Rayleigh
164
Dynamic Analysis

Mu + Ku = 0
General solution u = e
it
solve eigenvalue problem:

1
M -----2- K = 0
Power sweep method:

initial shift frequency
number of modes
auto shift parameter
Lanczos method:
frequency range
number of modes
165
Dynamic Analysis

Consider linear undamped system
Mu + Ku = P ( t )
with N eigenvectors i ; u =
i yi
i=1
resulting set of uncoupled equations:

m i yi + k i y i = f i ( t )
where
T
m i = i M i ; k i = i K i ; f i = i P ( t )
User selects number of participating modes modal damping

m i yi + c i y i + k i y i = f i ( t )
c i = 2m i i i = c crit, i i
User specifies modal damping factors
166
Harmonic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Harmonic Analysis
Equation of motion:
it
Mu + Cu + Ku = P e
without damping:
2
[ K M ]u = P
with damping:
ur
Pr
[ K + iC M ] =
ui
Pi
C =
Cel + Cd + ( K + M + 2K )
User must specify:

amplitude
frequency (range)
complex damping
167
Dynamic Analysis
Transient Analysis
Transient Analysis
Equation of motion:
Mu + Cu + Ku = P ( t )
Finite Difference operators are use to directly integrate in

time. This leads to two basic apporaches, implicit and
explicit.
The Newmark-Beta (Implicit) operator matirx
2n+1
n
4---------=
history
(
u
)
M
+
C
+
K
u
2
t
t
is unconditionally stable but requires matrix inversion.

The Central Difference & Lumped mass (Explicit)
operator matrix
Mn+1
n
------u
=
history
(
u
)
2
t
is fast but conditionally stable and depends on the Courant

stability limit.
168
CHAPTER 8
User Subroutines
The user subroutine feature constitutes

one of the real strengths of the program,
allowing you to substitute your own
subroutines for several existing in the
program. This feature provides you with
a wide latitude for solving nonstandard
problems. These routines are easily
inserted into the program. When such
a routine is supplied, you are simply
replacing the one which exists in the
program file using appropriate
control setup.
169
User Subroutines

User subroutines may be advantageous or even necessary to complete
your specific problem. User subroutines can be called during any stage
of the solution process as shown below:
Input
Assemble
Solve
Recover
No
Converge?
Output
Stop
170
Yes
Done?
More Input
User Subroutines
Modification of the input or output is very simple and useful. If you

require something special such as:
Very shell thickness by means of an analytical formula.

Special constitutive relations.
Automatically adjust loads depending upon the material
response, such as superplastic forming.
Shopping? See Volume E for 35 examples of:
anelas
ankond
anplas
crede
crplaw
film
flow
flux
forcdt
forcem
gapu
hooklw
hypela2
impd
motion
orient
plotv
rebar
sstran
ubeam
ubear
ufconn
uforms
ufour
ufxord
ugroov
uinstr
urpflo
ushell
ussd
uthick
utrans
uveloc
vswell
wkslp
...... Whatever, it is all in Volume D.

1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Modify Input Geometry: UFXORD, UFCONN,

USHELL, UTHICK...
Modify Output Results: PLOTV, UPOSTV,
IMPD, ELEVAR....
Define Loads & BC: FORCEM, FLUX,
FORCDT, FILM....
Define Material: WKSLP, HOOKLW, HYPLA,
ANKOND...
General Routines: UBGINC, UEDINC,
USDATA, UELOOP, UELEM....
171
User Subroutines
Start with the user stubs in ~marc/user directory e.g. ~marc/user/
wkslp.f (or .for on NT) looks like:
subroutine wkslp(m,nn,kc,mats,slope,ebarp,eqrate,stryt,dt,ifirst)
implicit real*8 (a-h,o-z)
c* * * * * *
c
stryt
current value of yield strength
c
slope
work hardening slope
c
ebarp
equivalent plastic strain
c
eqrate
equivalent plastic strain rate
c
dt
temperature
c
ifirst
flag distinguishing tenth cycle properties for
c* * * * * *
return
end
The implicit real*8 is very important as well as the

variables in the call list of the subroutine.
It is a good idea to test the program with your own main routine before
running it with MSC.Marc to verify that your programing is doing
what is required. For wkslp the test would look like:

do 1 i=1,10
ebarp=float(i)/1.0d0
call wkslp(1,1,1,1,slope,ebarp,0.0d0,stryt,0.0d0,1)
write(6,*) ebarp,stryt,slope
continue
end
This will supply your wkslp with values of the plastic strain
and print the return variables.
172
User Subroutines

User
Subroutine
Required Parameters or
Purpose
MAP2D
MESH2D
MAPPER
Define the coordinates of key boundary nodes for

mesh generation.
REBAR
ELEMENTS
(rebar element types)
Define the orientation and effective thickness of

the elements.
SSTRAN
SUBSTRUCTURE
Define the transformation matrix applied to

a superelement.
UACTIVE
Activate or deactivate elements.
UACTUAT
GEOMETRY
Define the length of the actuator element.
UADAP
ADAPTIVE (parameter)
ADAPTIVE (model definition
option)
Define a user-defined error criteria for

adaptive meshing.
UCOORD
ADAPTIVE (parameter)
ADAPTIVE (model definition
option)
Describe of the location of newly created nodes.
UFCONN
UFCONN
Modify the connectivity of an element.
UFRORD
REZONING
REZONE
UFRORD
Modify the coordinates of a node during rezoning.
UFXORD
UFXORD
Modify the initial nodal coordinates.
UPNOD
R-P FLOW
Update the nodal coordinates in a rigid plastic

analysis using the Eularian procedure.
URCONN
UFCONN
Modify the connectivity of an element

during rezoning.
USHELL
Define the integration point thickness for

shell elements.
UTHICK
NODAL THICKNESS
Define the initial thickness at the nodes for

shell elements.
UTRANS
UTRANFORM
Define a transformation to be applied to the degrees

of freedom at a node.
Popular
173
User Subroutines

User
Subroutine
Purpose
ELEVAR
UDUMP
Allows postprocessing of element results.
ELEVEC
UDUMP
Allows postprocessing of element results in

harmonic analysis.
INTCRD
Makes available integration point coordinates.
IMPD
UDUMP
Allows postprocessing of nodal vector results.
PLOTV
POST
Defines element quantity to be written to post file.
UBGINC
Dummy routine available at the beginning of

each increment.
UBGITR
Dummy routine available at the beginning of

each iteration.
UEDINC
Dummy routine available at the end of

each increment.
UELOOP
Dummy routine available during major

element loops.
UPOSTV
POST
Defines nodal vecors that are to be written to a

post file.

User
Subroutine
174
Purpose
CREDE
THERMAL LOADS
Definition of state variable including temperature.
CUPLFX
COUPLE
DIST FLUXES (flux type 101)
Heat generated due to inelastic behavior in

coupled analysis.
DIGEOM
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
Definition of rigid surface.
FILM
HEAT or COUPLE
FILMS (Model Definition)
FILMS (History Definition)
Definition of convective heat transfer coefficient and

sink temperature.
FLOW
HEAT
CHANNEL
Definition of mass flow rate.
FLUX
HEAT or COUPLE
DIST FLUXES (Model Definition)
DIST FLUXES (History Definition)
Definition of distributed flux.
FORCDF
FORCDT
FIXED DISP or
DISP CHANGE
Definition of point load or kinematic boundary

condition in a harmonic analysis.
User
Subroutine
User Subroutines
Purpose
FORCDT
FORCDT
FIXED DISP or DISP CHANGE
FIXED TEMPERATURE or
TEMP CHANGE
Definition of point load or prescribed displacement in

stress analysis. Definition of point flux or prescribed
temperature in heat transfer analysis.
FORCEM
DIST LOADS (Model Definition)

DIST LOADS (History Definition)
Definition of distributed load.
GAPT
HEAT
CONRAD GAP
Definition of thermal contact gap temperature.
INITPL
INITIAL PLASTIC STRAIN
Definition of initial plastic strain.
INITPO
PORE
INITIAL PORE
Definition of initial pore pressure in a uncoupled

soil analysis.
INITSV
INITIAL STATE
Definition of initial values of state variables.
MOTION
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
UMOTION
MOTION CHANGE (History
Definition)
Definition of velocity of rigid surfaces.
NEWPO
Change pore pressure in an uncoupled soil analysis.

PORE
CHANGE PORE (Model Definition)
CHANGE PORE (History
Definition)
NEWSV
CHANGE STATE (Model

Definition)
CHANGE STATE (History
Definition)
Change value of the state variable.
SEPFOR
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
Definition of force required for separation.
SEPSTR
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
Definition of stress required for separation.
UCONTACT
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
UCONTACT
Allow user-defined contact procedure.
UFORMS
TYING
Definition of user-defined constraint matrices.
UFOUR
FOURIER
Definition of function giving nonuniform variation

about the circumference in Fourier analysis.
UFRIC
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
UFRICTION
Definition of friction coefficient.
UHTCOE
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
UHTCOEF
Definition of heat transfer coefficient to environment

for coupled contact analysis.
UHTCON
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
UHTCON
Definition of heat transfer coefficient between bodies

in contact in coupled analysis.
175
User Subroutines
User
Subroutine
176
Purpose
UINSTR
ISTRESS
Definition of initial stress.
UNORST
CONTACT (2D)
CONTACT (3D)
USER
Definition of normal stress for user elements

in contact.
USDATA
USDATA
Definition of user-definer constants.
USINC
INITIAL DISP
INITIAL VEL
INITIAL TEMP
Definition of initial displacement, initial velocity, or

temperature.
USSD
DYNAMIC CHANGE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Definition of spectrum displacement

density function.
UVELOC
HEAT
Definition of convective velocities.
User Subroutines

User
Subroutine
Purpose
ANELAS
ORTHOTROPIC or
ANISOTROPIC
Definition of factors to scale elastic stress

strain law.
ANEXP
ORTHOTROPIC or
ANISOTROPIC
Definition of thermal strain increment.
ANKOND
ORTHOTROPIC or
ANISOTROPIC
Definition of thermal conductivity or electrical

resistance in Joule heating.
ANPLAS
ORTHOTROPIC or
ANISOTROPIC
Definition of parameters for Hill yield criteria
CRPLAW
CREEP
Definition of function to describe creep strain rate.
GAPU
GAP DATA
Definition of contact gap closure distance
GENSTR
SHELL SECT
Definition of generalized stress-strain law for

shells.
HOOKLW
ORTHOTROPIC or
ANISOTROPIC
Definition of elastic stress-strain or

compliance relation.
HYPELA
HYPOELASTIC
Definition of nonlinear stress-strain relationship.
HYPELA2
HYPOELASTIC
Definition of nonlinear stress-strain relationship.
ORIENT
ORIENTATION
Definition of preferred material orientation for

orthotropic or anisotropic behavior.
TENSOF
ISOTROPIC
CRACK DATA
Definition of tension softening modulus.
UBEAM
HYPOELASTIC
Definition of nonlinear generalized stress-strain

law for element types 52 or 98.
UCOMPL
HARMONIC
Definition of stress-strain rate relationship for

harmonic analysis.
UCRACK
ISOTROPIC
CRACK DATA
Definition of ultimate stress for cracking analysis.
UELDAM
OGDEN
DAMAGE
Definition of damage parameters for Ogden

rubber model.
UENERG
MOONEY
Definition of strain energy function.
UEPS
ELECTRO or
EL-MA
ORTHOTROPIC
Definition of anisotropic electrical permittivity.
UFAIL
FAIL DATA
Definition of composite failure criteria.
UMOONEY
MOONEY
Definition of temperature dependent

Mooney-Rivlin constants.
UMU
MAGNETO or
EL-MA
ORTHOTROPIC
Definition of anisotropic magnetic permeability.
UNEWTN
R-P FLOW or
FLUID
Definition of material viscosity.
177
User Subroutines
User
Subroutine
178
Purpose
UOGDEN
OGDEN
Definition of Ogden material parameters.
UPERM
PORE
Definition of soil permeability.
UPHI
HARMONIC
MOONEY
PHI-COEFFICIENTS
Definition of phi coefficients for rubber-viscoelastic

harmonic analysis.
UPOWDR
POWDER
Definition of powder material data.
UPSTRECH
ODGEN
Definition of generalized principal stretch based

elasticity models.
URPFLO
R-P FLOW
Definition of yield surface for rigid plastic flow.
USELEM
USER
Definition of consistent nodal loads,

mass matrix, stiffness matrix, and residuals
for user-defined element.
USHRET
ISOTROPIC
CRACK DATA
Definition of shear retention factor for elements

that have cracks.
USIGMA
EL-MA
Definition of anisotropic electrical conductivity.
USPCHT
HEAT or
COUPLE or
FLUID
Definition of specific heat.
USPRNG
SPRINGS or
FOUNDATION
Definition of nonlinear spring or

foundation stiffness.
UVOID
DAMAGE
Definition of initial void fraction for Gurson

damage model.
UVOIDN
DAMAGE
Definition of void nucleation for Gurson

damage model.
VSWELL
CREEP
Definition of volumetric swelling.
WKSLP
ISOTROPIC or
ORTHOTROPIC or
ANISOTROPIC
WORK HARD
Definition of work hardening or strain

hardening data.
User Subroutines
User
Subroutine
Purpose
ASSOC
ISOTROPIC GEN-PLAST
Definition of the direction of incremental plastic

strain in generalized plasticity model.
CRPLAW
CREEP
Definition of inelastic strain rate for explicit

viscoplasticity model.
NASSOC
CREEP
Definition of direction of incremental viscoplastic

strain for explicit viscoplasticity model.
SINCER
ISOTROPIC GEN-PLAST
Definition of fraction of increment which is elastic for

generalized plasticity model.
UVSCPL
CREEP
ISOTROPIC VISCO-PLASTIC
Definition of inelastic strain rate for implicit

viscoplastic model.
YIEL
ISOTROPIC,
ORTHOTROPIC or
ANISOTROPIC
Definition of yield stress.
ZERO
ISOTROPIC,
ORTHOTROPIC or
ANISOTROPIC
Definition of equivalent stress.
Viscoelasticity Subroutines
User
Subroutine
Purpose
CRPVIS
VISCO ELAS
Definition of generalized Kelvin model using explicit

procedure.
HOOKVI
VISCELORTH
Definition of anisotropic viscoelastic material law for

a particular relaxation time.
TRSFAC
VISCELPROP or
VISCELORTH or
VISCELMOON or
VISCELOGDEN and
SHIFT FUNCTION
Definition of shift function for thermo-rheologically

simple material.
179
User Subroutines

User
Subroutine
Purpose
UBEAR
BEARING
Define the orientation of the film surface.
UGROOV
BEARING
Define the groove depth.
URESTR
BEARING
RESTRICTOR
Define the nonuniform restrictor coefficient and

pump pressures.
UTHICK
BEARING
NODAL THICKNESS
THICKNS CHANGE
Define the lubricant thickness.
UVELOC
BEARING
VELOCITY
Define the nodal velocity of bearing surface.
Special Routine PLDUMP

This routine is a stand-alone program that provides examination of the
postprocessing file created by the POST option. This allows you to
perform additional calculations based upon results calculated in
MSC.Marc, and to create a post file. These results can then be viewed
with MSC.Marc Mentat.
180
User Subroutines

To facilitate extraction of solution results, it is possible to use
subroutine ELMVAR. This routine can be called from any user
subroutine that is within an element loop. This routine is used in
conjunction with the MSC.Marc post element post codes to return the
calculated values to you.
This routine is called with the following header:

CALL ELMVAR (ICODE,M,NN,KC,VAR)
where:
ICODE
is the post code.
is your element number.
NN
is the integration point number.
KC
is the layer number.
VAR
is the current value(s) of the items requested.
This subroutine can be called from user subroutines:

ANELAS
ANEXP
ANKOND
ANPLAS
ASSOC
CRPLAW
CRPVIS
CUPFLX
ELEVAR
ELEVEC
FILM
FLUX
FORCEM
GENSTR
HOOKLW
HOOKVI
HYPELA
HYPELA2
INTCRD
NASSOC
NEWSV
ORIENT
PLOTV
REBAR
SINCER
TENSOF
TRSFAC
UACTIVE
UADAP
UCOMPL
UCRACK
UELDAM
UELOOP
UENERG
UEPS
UFAIL
UHTCOE
UHTCON
UMOONY
UMU
UNEWTN
UOGDEN
UPERM
UPOWDR
UPSTRECH
URESTR
URPFLO
USELEM
USHELL
USHRET
USIGMA
USPCHT
UVOIDN
UVSCPL
VSWELL
WKSLP
YIEL
ZERO
181
User Subroutines
Example
Suppose you would like the plastic strain tensor from within user
subroutine UADAPT for a user-defined adaptive meshing criteria. In
this example, there are no shell elements, so KC=1 and the number of
integration points per element = 4, so INTEL=4. The plastic strain
tensor is code 321. The plastic strains are stored in a local array
EPTEN. You could create the following routine:
SUBROUTINE UADAP
(M,XORD,DSXT,NCRDMX,NDEGMX,LM,NNODE,USER)
IMPLICIT REAL *8 (A-H, O-Z)
DIMENSION XORD(NCRDMX, *),DSXT(NDEGMX, *),LM(*)
DIMENSION EPTEN (6,28)
KC=1
INTEL=4
ICODE=321
DO NN=1,INTEL
CALL ELMVAR(ICODE,M,NN,KC,EPTEN(1,NN))
ENDDO
USER CODE TO DEFINE TASK

RETURN
END
182
User Subroutines

All subroutines will go into one file, say model1.f and upon proper
submission the subprograms will be automatically compiled and linked
to create your own executable called model1.marc. Lets suppose that
one wants to use subroutine WKSLP to prescribe the work hardening
slope for plastic behavior.
In MSC.Mentat select the
user subroutine from the
materials menu as shown.
This will write the work
hardening option to tell
MSC.Marc to call WKSLP
when MSC.Marc runs.
Then identify the file
model1.f containing the
subroutine WKSLP. When
MSC.Mentat submits the
job you can select one of
three modes below,
choosing either 1 or 2
before 3.
From Mentat
From UNIX
1.) Compile/No Save
run_marc -user model1 ...
2.) Compile/Save
run_marc -user model1 -save y
3.) Run Saved Executable run_marc -prog model1 ...
183
User Subroutines

This example will use a user subroutine that will model a temperature
dependent plastic material behavior. Lets assume that the
temperature dependent yield surface can be expressed as:
2 atan ( 20T 10 )
y = H ( p, T 0 )R ( T ) = ---------------------------------------------- ( 1 + log ( p ) 10 )
2 atan ( 10 )
Of course, an actual example this surface would usually be a twodimensional table of values experimentally determined and subroutine
WKSLP would use the actual data, interpolating for the proper value
of the current yield strength based upon the current values of the state
variables, p , and T . Example features include:
1.) The user subroutine WKSLP.

2.) Testing the routine with a main program that will write
a MSC.Marc Mentat procedure file to draw the yield
surface. Because the yield surface is two-dimensional
this is a good idea, and it shows how to take advantage of
MSC.Marc Mentat to help.
3.) Running a one element model to check overall response.
This is a very common procedure when modeling
nonlinear material properties and many times this
simple checkout model is the actual specimen that was
used to observe the material data.
184
User Subroutines
User Subroutine WKSLP

First, lets write the routine by getting the stub in the
~marc/user directory, then adding to it.
c* * * * * *
c
stryt
c
slope
c
ebarp
c
eqrate
c
dt
temperature
c
ifirst
c* * * * * *
parameter (e=2.718282d0)
z (x,y)=(2.0d0-atan(20.0d0*x-10.0d0))/(2.0d0-atan(-10.0d0))*
1
(1.0d0+log10(1.0d0+4*y))
zp(x,y)=(2.0d0-atan(20.0d0*x-10.0d0))/(2.0d0-atan(-10.0d0))*
1
(log10(e))*4.0d0/(1.0d0+4*y)
c* * * * * *
x=dt
y=ebarp
stryt=z(x,y)
slope=zp(x,y)
if(m.eq.1) write(6,*) dt,ebarp,stryt,slope,dt,ebarp,stryt,slope
return
end
It is very important to note that the return variable slope is

the rate of change of the yield surface with respect to plastic
strain NOT total strain.
Also, writing out results to the output file is useful to verify
that the routine has been called and performs accordingly.
185
User Subroutines
Test Routine with a Main Program

Now to test the routine. Lets construct a main program to
call WKSLP with the temperature and plastic strain
changing over the expected range, in this case, both range
from 0 to 1. The test program will write a MSC.Marc
Mentat procedure file called example.proc that will plot
the surface defined by WKSLP.
100
2
1
4
3

idiv=21
open (unit=16,file=example.proc)
write(16,*) *set_curve_type polyline
do 1 i = 1,idiv
write(16,*) *add_curves
x=float(i-1)/float(idiv-1)
do 2 j = 1,idiv
y=float(j-1)/float(idiv-1)
call wkslp(1,1,1,1,slope,y,0.0d0,z,x,1)
write(16,100) x,y,z
format( point(1e15.6,1e15.6,1e15.6))
continue
write(16,*) # | End of List
continue
do 3 k = 1,2
y=k-1
do 4 j = 1,idiv
x=float(j-1)/float(idiv-1)
call wkslp(1,1,1,1,slope,y,0.0d0,z,x,1)
write(16,100) x,y,z
continue
continue
WKSLP is called two times to establish construction curves

upon which to build the yield surface.
186
User Subroutines
The remaining portion of the test program trims to the

coordinate planes (x=y=z=0) and builds all surfaces from
the curves.
z=0
write(16,*) *set_curve_type line
write(16,100) 0,0,z
write(16,100) 1,0,z
write(16,100) 0,0,z
write(16,100) 0,1,z
write(16,100) 0,1,z
write(16,100) 1,1,z
write(16,100) 1,0,z
write(16,100) 1,1,z
write(16,*) *set_surface_type ruled
do 6 k=1,idiv-1
write(16,*) *add_surfaces
write(16,*) k, k+1
continue
write(16,*) *set_surface_type ruled
write(16,*) 1, idiv+4
write(16,*) idiv+1, idiv+3
write(16,*) idiv, idiv+6
end
187
User Subroutines
The surface can now be displayed in MSC.Marc Mentat

by executing the procedure file example.proc. The
lighter or blue surface is the yield surface where the

z-direction is the strength, the x-direction is the
temperature and the y-direction is the plastic strain.
188
User Subroutines
Run a One Element Model

The one element test case will be an axisymmetric disc with both ends
axially constrained that is heated and cooled. The disc will have steel
properties and the plasticity will be defined by subroutine WKSLP.
This yield surface will be the same shape but magnified by the actual
initial yield of 36ksi, and the actual temperature range will be from 0
to 2000 oF. The model1.f file containing WKSLP is show below.
c* * * * * *
c
stryt
c
slope
c
ebarp
c
eqrate
c
dt
temperature
c
ifirst
c* * * * * *
parameter (e=2.718282d0)
z (x,y)=(2.0d0-atan(20.0d0*x-10.0d0))/(2.0d0-atan(-10.0d0))*
1
(1.0d0+log10(1.0d0+4*y))
zp(x,y)=(2.0d0-atan(20.0d0*x-10.0d0))/(2.0d0-atan(-10.0d0))*
1
(log10(e))*4.0d0/(1.0d0+4*y)
c* * * * * *
x=dt/2000.0d0
y=ebarp
yinit=36.0d3
stryt=z(x,y)*yinit
slope=zp(x,y)*yinit
if(m.eq.1) write(6,*) dt,ebarp,stryt,slope,dt,ebarp,stryt,slope
return
end
Upon completing the analysis, we will want to track the response and
show it on the yield surface.
189
User Subroutines
Results from One Element Model

The results from the axisymmetric disc show that all is working. Here,
the Equivalent von Mises Stress is plotted against the temperature.
There is an elastic loading until yield, plastic flow until the end of the
heating cycle, then reverse yielding upon cooling leaving a large tensile
residual stress at the end of cooling.
190
User Subroutines
Results from One Element Model

Here, the Equivalent von Mises Stress is plotted against the total
equivalent plastic strain. These two plots show how the response tracks
Elastic
the yield surface as projected on the x=y=0 planes.
191
User Subroutines
Nothing is like 3D
The stress-strain-temperature response of the disc is shown as a red
(black) on the yellow (gray) yield surface.
Every point MUST TRACK the CONSTITUTIVE relation.

What would happen if we increase the thermal coefficient
of expansion or ran more heating/cooling cycles?
192
CHAPTER 9
Automatic Mesh Refinement
Because the results of FEA depend upon

the mesh, one always wants to generate a
better one. With this in mind this chapter
will cover local refinement, called
adaptive meshing.
193
Adaptive Meshing
Adaptive Meshing
Adaptive meshing is a automatic meshing strategy to improve results
by adding elements in areas that meet a specific error criteria. This
strategy can improve results.
F.E.M. solution
Engineering
problem
Differences in:
* displacements
Exact solution
* stresses
* temperatures
* etc.
Many practical problems:

Solution 1
Mesh 2
(finer than 1)
Solution 2
2 (< 1 )
Mesh 3
(finer than 2)
Solution 3
3 (< 2 )
Mesh 1
etc.
194

F
y
B
h
t
A
L
x
Geometry: L = 100 , h = 10 , t = 2
5
Material: E = 2 10 , = 0
Load: F = 100
Solutions according to beam theory:

exact
wA
exact
hence w A
exact
xxB
= 1.006
FLh
= ---------2I
exact
hence xx
FL
6FL
th
E
= --------- + ------------- , with I = ------- , G = --------------------3EI 5Ght
12
2(1 + )
= 300
195
F.E. solution (Marc element type 3 with assumed strain formulation,

load applied via distributed shear load) uniform refinement
mesh 1: 4x1 elements, 20 d.o.f.

FE
FE
w A = 0.989 , xx = 262.188
B
mesh 2: 8x2 elements, 54 d.o.f..

FE
FE
w A = 1.001 , xx = 281.084
B
mesh 3: 16x4 elems, 170 d.o.f..

FE
FE
w A = 1.005 , xx = 292.113
B
exact
Define errors: w
exact
FE
FE
xxB xx B
wA
wA
= -----------------------------
=
,
-----------------------------
exact
exact
xxB
wA
0.15
displacement
stress
error
0.10
0.05
0.00
10.0
100.0
degrees of freedom
196
F.E. solution (Marc element type 3 with assumed strain formulation,

load applied via distributed shear load) locally modified mesh
mesh 1: 4x1 elements, 20 d.o.f.

FE
FE
w A = 0.989 , xx = 262.188
B
mesh 2: 9 elements, 36 d.o.f..

FE
FE
w A = 0.995 , xx = 281.084
B
mesh 3: 15 elems, 54 d.o.f..

FE
FE
w A = 0.996 , xx = 292.451
B
exact
Define errors: w
exact
FE
FE
xxB xx B
wA
wA
= ------------------------------ , = -----------------------------exact
exact
xxB
wA
0.15
error
0.10
w (regular mesh)
(regular mesh)
w (modified mesh)
(modified mesh)
0.05
0.00
10.0
100.0
degrees of freedom
197

A Finite Element mesh is called sufficiently fine when an error
criterion is satisfied (or when multiple error criteria are satisfied)
Linear adaptive stress analysis:
Input
Set up
Ku = f
Determine
1
u = K f
Modify
FE mesh
Calculate
strains and
stresses
No
Mesh
sufficiently
fine?
Yes
Stop
198

estimates based on residuals
estimates according to Zienkiewicz and Zhu
estimates based on strain energy
estimates based on geometrical considerations
estimates based on invariants of stress and strain tensors
MSC.Marc Requirements
suitable for various material laws
suitable for linear and nonlinear analyses
suitable for various element types
relatively easy to implement

(for linear analyses and lower-order continuum and shell elements):
199
Classical:
Strain energy
Zienkiewicz and Zhu (slightly different from most
applications in recent literature)
Equivalent stress or strain
Heuristic:
Location within box (not very useful within a
linear analysis)
Solution gradient (heat transfer analysis)
User criterion
200

Determine total strain energy by summing element contributions:
N adapt
Ei
E total =
N adapt
i=1
i=1
1 T
- 2 d

with: : vector with stress components : vector with strain
tensor
components
(shear terms equal twice the
components) i : domain of element i , N adapt : number of
elements for which the current criterion is active. The
average strain energy is evaluated according to:
E average
E total
= --------------N adapt
For element i the error criterion is not fulfilled if:

E i > f 1 E average with: f 1 : user-defined value
Remarks:
Typical value for f 1 :
1.5 < f 1 < 2
An FE mesh is considered to be optimal if all elements

have the same amount of strain energy (this implies that
for a constant stress patch test some elements may not
fulfil the error criterion)
201
A measure for the error in the stresses is given by:
e =
exact
with:
exact
: exact stress solution
: FE stress solution
Pointwise specification of errors e is difficult. Hence, an

integral measure is preferable. In MSC.Marc, the L 2 norm
has been implemented:
N adapt
e e d
T
i=1
2
e i d

exact
Since
is generally unknown, instead of
*
of the FE solution is used:

improvement
an
e =
202
exact
* 2
and e
e e d
*T *
A projection technique is applied to calculate :
Interpolate by the same shape function as the
displacements:
*
= N
Introduce a weighted residual requirement:
N ( )d = 0
hence:
1
T
T
= N Nd N d
where N Nd is evaluated in a lumped form

T
203
Example: Stress Projection (MSC.Marc Element 6)

4
thickness = 1
3
4
II
II
xx = 50
xx = 100
6
T
1- 1
----=
N
Nd
12 3
1
2
1
0
3
1
6
2
2
12
1- 0
0 ----12 0
2
4
0
200
1 0
*
T
1--- 100
0 3
=
=
d
,

3 200
0 0
100
0 0
204
0 0 0
4 0 0
0 12 0
0 0 8
200
200 3
0
0
100
0
0 1--- 100 =
200 3
1
0 3 200
50
0 3 2 100
Global Error Norm

* 2
-----------------------------------------------------
N adapt
T d
i = 1 i
* 2
e
Now for element i the error criterion is not fulfilled

if: > f 1
and
* 2
e
f 1
* 2
e i > --------------f 2 + f 3 ---

N
adapt
with: f 1 , f 2 , f 3 :
user-defined values
Remarks:
Typical value for f 1 : 0.05 < f 1 < 0.20
Default values: f 2 = 1
f3 = 0
Mesh is considered to be optimal if all elements have the

same contribution to the global error
Factor f 3 can be used to emphasize the global error, for
which f 1 is a measure (typically
f2 + f3 1
205

Similar to previous stress based criterion, but with strain energy
instead of stress. Hence:
eE = E
exact
with:
E
exact
: exact strain energy
E : FE strain energy
Integral measure:
eE
eE d
2
Approximate E
*
eE
exact
by E :
= E E and
* 2
eE
eE d
*2
Projection technique:
1
T
T
E = NE with E = N Nd N Ed
206
Global error norm:

=
* 2
eE
-------------------------------------------------
N adapt
* 2
E d + eE
2
i = 1 i
For element i , the error criterion is not fulfilled if: > f 1

and
* 2
eE i
* 2
eE
f 1
---------------->
f 4 + f 5 -
N adapt
with:
f 1 , f 4 , f 5 : user-defined values
Remarks similar to previous stress criterion with f 4

instead of f 2 and f 5 instead of f 3 .
207
Determine maximum equivalent stress/strain:
eq
eq
max = max ( max i i = 1, N adapt )

eq
eq
max = max ( maxi i = 1, N adapt )
For element i , the error criterion is not fulfilled if:

eq
eq
max i > f 1 max
eq
(relative) or: max > f 2
(absolute)
or:
eq
eq
maxi > f 3 max
eq
(relative) or: max > f 4

i
(absolute)
with f 1 , f 2 , f 3 and f 4 : user-defined values

Remarks:
Typical values for f 1 to f 4 are problem dependent
An optimal mesh does not exist
Criterion may be useful for problems with a single
stress/strain concentration
208
Location within Box
Location within Box

For element i , the error criterion is not fulfilled if one of its
nodes in the deformed configuration lies within a userspecified box, defined with respect to the global Cartesian
X -, Y -and Z -coordinates:
node j
f1 < ( X + U )i
< f2
node j
< f4
node j
< f6
f3 < ( Y + V )i
f5 < ( Z + W )i
with:
X, Y, Z : original coordinates
U, V, W : total displacements
node j : any node of element i
f 1 to f 6 : user-defined values of box boundaries
Remarks:
Criterion may be used to manually obtain a locally
refined FE mesh
209

Determine maximum gradient of temperature T :
T
T
T
gr max = max ------ , ------ , -----X i Y i Z
i = 1, N adapt

TT
----> f 1 gr max (relative) or: ------ > f 1 gr max (relative)
X i
Y i
or:
----TT
> f 1 gr max (relative) or: ------ > f 2 (absolute)
Z i
X i
or:
T
T
------ > f 2 (absolute) or: ------ > f 2 (absolute)
Y i
Z i
with: f 1 , f 2 : user-defined values

Remarks:
Typical value for f 1 : f 1 = 0.75
An optimal mesh only exists for problems with (nearly)
homogeneous temperature gradients
210
User Criterion
User Criterion
Implemented via user subroutine UADAP
User selects a variable V

by MSC.Marc:
user
user
V max = max ( V i
user
which maximum is calculated
i = 1, N adapt )

user
Vi
user
user
> f 1 V max (relative) or: V i
> f 2 (absolute)
with: f 1 , f 2 : user-defined values

Remark:
f 1 and f 2 are entered via input file
211

If an error criterion is not fulfilled, an FE mesh can be adapted
according to:
r-method: change the location of nodal points
p-method: change the order of the element shape functions
h-method: change the element size (global remeshing or

local mesh refinement)
212
+: no conflicts with adjacent elements

-: aspect ratio and skewness worsen
Available
in
MSC.Marc
+:aspect ratio and skewness do not change

-: multipoint constraint (tying) equations must be set
up at interfaces of elements with different
refinement level
213

2D:
2
3
1
1
u 3 = --- ( u 1 + u 2 )
2
with: u : vector with nodal degrees of freedom
3D:
3
7
4
6
8
9
2
5
1
1
1
u 5 = --- ( u 1 + u 2 ) , u 6 = --- ( u 2 + u 3 ) ,
2
2
1
1
u 7 = --- ( u 3 + u 4 ) , u 8 = --- ( u 4 + u 1 ) ,
2
2
1
u 9 = --- ( u 1 + u 2 + u 3 + u 4 )
4
214
In order to obtain some smoothness of the FE solution, the

difference between refinement levels of neighboring elements will
never be larger than one (one-level-rule):
refined due to
one-level-rule
The one-level-rule will also be applied to elements for

which no adaptive criterion has been activated. Increase
of number of elements:
level
QUAD4
TRIA3
HEX8
TET4
16
16
64
64
64
64
512
512
256
256
4096
4096
Hence: maximum number of refinement levels must be

chosen carefully
215
Boundary Conditions
Transformations and tyings on master nodes are not

applied to newly created nodes.
Element sets are automatically extended and available for
postprocessing.
216

estimate in final mesh number of nodes, number of
elements and number of boundary conditions
especially for error criteria where an optimal mesh does not
exist, limit the maximum number of refinement levels
choose reasonable SIZING to make in-core solution
possible
activate the ELASTIC parameter option for a stress
analysis; perform a STEADY STATE analysis in case of a
heat transfer analysis
error criteria can only be activated for linear continuum
elements (plane stress, plane strain, axisymmetric, 3D) and
shell element 75
J-integrals, modal dynamics and element-by-element
iterative solver are not supported
217

for linear adaptive analysis:
ADAPTIVE MESHING e.g. MEAN STRAIN
CRITERIA
ENERGY
JOBS
Enter VALUE,
MAX # LEVELS
JOBS
e.g.
ADAPTIVE
MESHING
218
Add ELEMENTS
MECHANICAL
JOB
PARAMETERS
Enter upper bounds for ELEMENTS,

NODES, FIXED DOFs

Steps in an FE analysis:
Engineering
problem
Problem
idealization
FE
discretization
Especially for coarse meshes, the actual geometry may be

poorly represented.
219
By default, in an adaptive analysis, the position of newly created nodes

is straightforwardly derived from the position of the master nodes:
master
nodes
initial bad representation of geometry is not improved

Improvement can be obtained by taking into
account geometrical information: attach nodes to
geometrical entities
geometry
master nodes
attached to
geometry
220

2D Entities Available:
polyline
circular arc
circle
NURB curve (full description)
NURB curve (internally generated)
3D Entities Available:
plane
sphere
cylinder/cone
NURB surface (full description)
NURB surface (internally generated)
Note: geometrical entities created by MSC.Marc Mentat
are always written as NURB entities with full description
221
Attaching Newly Created Nodes

If the master nodes of an element edge have been attached
to a geometrical entity, the newly created edge node will
also be attached to this geometrical entity.
If, in a 3D analysis, all nodes of shell element 75 or all nodes

of the face of a tet4 or hex8 element have been attached to a
geometrical entity, all newly created nodes corresponding
to the shell element or the tet4 or hex8 face will be attached
to this geometrical entity.
If, in a 3D analysis, the master nodes of an element edge

have been attached to two geometrical entities, the newly
created edge node will be positioned on the intersection of
the geometrical entities.
222

Initial FE mesh:
nodes attached
to small cylinder
nodes attached
to both cylinders
Y
4
nodes attached
to big cylinder
elements to
be refined
223
FE mesh after 3 refinement levels:
INC : 0
SUB : 3
TIME : 0.000e+00
FREQ : 0.000e+00
cylinder-cylinder intersection
4
gaps due to attaching

nodes to the cylinder
224

Homogeneous bending deformation with 4-noded plate/shell
elements (MARC element 75):
problem description:
all degrees
of freedom
suppressed
FE mesh I
= 0
y
FE mesh II
x
deformed configuration (enlarged):

analytical
FE mesh I
FE mesh II
225
What to do at interfaces of elements with different

refinement levels?
??
y
x
6 degrees of
freedom per
node
in-plane displacements must be tied linearly

transverse displacement cannot be tied linearly and are
left free
all rotations are tied linearly
The following patch test is now passed for constant
in-plane stresses, pure bending and pure torsion:
y
x
226
2
E L3
E L2
3
E L1
4
y
x
The displacement of node 3 in direction E L3 is left free,

where EL3 is determined by:
E E
E L1 E L2
L1
L2
* EL3 = -----------------------------
if nodes 1 and 2 are not attached to a surface

* E L3 = n surface
if nodes 1 and 2 are attached to a surface (n surface is the unit
normal vector to this surface at node 3)
Remark:
use the ORIENTATION option when the Zienkiewicz-Zhu
stress criterion is used, due to local direction of stress
components
227

Basic flow scheme nonlinear adaptive stress analysis:
Input
Set up
Ku = f
Determine
1
u = K f
Next
iteration
Calculate strains
and stresses
No
No
Modify
FE mesh
Converged
solution?
Yes
Mesh
sufficiently
fine?
Yes
Next
increment
228

All the criteria previously mentioned for linear analyses
can be used in a nonlinear analysis.
Note: in a nonlinear analysis the strain energy for element i
is calculated according to:
n current
Ei =
n=1
T 1 T
-
+
n 2 n n
with:
n current : current increment number
n : stress vector at beginning of increment n
n : incremental stress vector for increment n
n : incremental strain vector for increment n
In addition, the following criteria may be used:

node in contact
229
Node in Contact
Node in Contact
at least one of its nodes comes into contact with either a
deformable or a rigid body
or:
at least one of its nodes belongs to a segment which is
contacted by another node
Remarks:
Default contact tolerance will automatically
be adapted
Be careful with an initially too coarse FE mesh
to avoid penetration:
230

Determine maximum equivalent plastic strain:
eq pl
max
eq
= max ( max i
pl
i = 1, N adapt )

eq
pl
eq pl
max i > f 5 max
(relative)
or:
eq
pl
max i > f 6 (absolute)
Remarks:
Typical values for f 5 and f 6 are problem
dependent
231
Rezoning Required
Rezoning Required
Compared to a linear analysis, modifying an FE mesh now also
involves local rezoning, since nodal and integration point values must
be transferred to newly created nodes and elements:
nodal point values for the newly created nodes follow from
the average values of:
two master nodes (new node on an element edge)
three or four master nodes (new node on an
element face)
four or eight master nodes (new node in the
interior of a 3D continuum element)
integration point values of the newly created elements are
obtained according to the following schemes:
quad4 elements with reduced integration and
hourglass control:
A4
A5
A2
A3
A1
vA2 = vA1 ; vA3 = vA1 ; vA4 = vA1 ; vA5 = vA1
232
Rezoning Required
fully integrated quad4 elements:

Step 1: determine values in original nodal points:
4
D1
C1
E
1
1
A
B
1
v E = 0.25 ( v A 1 + v B 1 + v C 1 + v D 1 )
v 1 = v E + 1.733 ( v E v A 1 )
v 2 = v E + 1.733 ( v E v B 1 )
v 3 = v E + 1.733 ( v E v D 1 )
v 4 = v E + 1.733 ( v E v C 1 )
Step 2: determine values in newly created nodal points:
4
3
7
8
1
v 5 = 0.5 ( v 1 + v 2 ) ; v 6 = 0.5 ( v 2 + v 3 )
v 7 = 0.5 ( v 3 + v 4 ) ; v 8 = 0.5 ( v 4 + v 1 )
v 9 = 0.25 ( v 1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4 )
233
Rezoning Required
Step 3: determine values in newly created integration points

4
7
8
9
5
D4
A4
D2
A2
6
2
C4
B4
C2
B2
D5
A5
D3
A3
C5
B5
C3
B3
vA2 = N ( A 2 ) v1 v5 v9 v8 ; vB2 = N ( B 2 ) v1 v5 v9 v8
vC2 =
N(C2 )
v1 v5 v9 v8 ; vD2 =
N( D2 )
T
T
v1 v5 v9 v8
etc. where N is the shape function of the element

for tria3, tet4, and hex8 elements the procedure is
similar (notice that both tria3 and tet4 elements have
only 1 integration point)
234

if applicable, attach nodes to geometrical entities
for a contact analysis, estimate in final mesh total number
of nodes on the outer boundary of deformable bodies
Important MSC.Marc Mentat options with respect to a

nonlinear adaptive analysis:
MESH
GENERATION
JOBS
e.g.
ADAPTIVE
MESHING
ATTACH
MECHANICAL
e.g. ATTACH NODE

TO SURFACE
JOB
PARAMETERS
Enter upper bounds for CONTACT

SEGMENTS and NODES; switch
on ATTACHED NODES button
235
236
CHAPTER 10
Workshop Problems
The purpose of this chapter is to provide

the hands on problems associated with the
previous chapters.
237
Workshop Problems

1.) Enter MENTAT to begin, Quit to stop
2.) Mouse in Graphics: Left to pick, Right to accept pick
3.) Mouse in Menu: Left to pick another menu or function,
Middle for help, Right to return to previous menu. <cr> means
keyboard return.
4.) Save your work frequently. Go to FILES and select SAVE AS
and specify a file name. Use SAVE from then on. This will save
the current MENTAT database to disk.
5.) Dialog region at the lower left of screen displays current
activity and prompts for input. Check this region frequently to
see if input is required.
6.) Dynamic Viewing can be used to position the model in the
graphics area. When activated, the mouse buttons, Left
translates the model, Right zooms in/out, Middle rotates in 3D.
Use RESET VIEW and FILL to return to original view. Be
sure to turn off DYNAMIC VIEW before picking in the
graphics area.
7.) CTRL P/N recall previous/next commands entered.
238
Workshop Problems
8.) All of the workshop problems have Mentat procedure files.

They are located in a training directory under Mentats main
directory. The directory/file structure looks like:
~mentat/examples/training/
s1/ s2/ s3/ s4/ s5/ s6/ s7/ s8/ s9/ h1/ h2/ h3/ h4/ h5/ d1/ d2/ d3/
Where, say in directory s4, there is a
procedure file called s4.proc. It will
automatically run Mentat to build, run
MARC, and process the results. These
directories can be copied to your local
disk area to work on during the
workshop. Furthermore, all training
notes can be accessed on-line from the
menu below.
notes
s4
Check out the HELP menu.
239
Workshop Problems
Mechanics of Mentat
Mechanics of Mentat
Before you get started with Mentat, you need to know how to
communicate with the program. The goal of this section is to give you
an overview of how Mentat works and to provide you with the basic
information to interact comfortably with the program. Upon
completion of this chapter, you should have a clearer understanding of
the following areas:
The basic window layout

How Mentat communicates with you
How you communicate with Mentat
The menu system
240
Mechanics of Mentat
Workshop Problems
MSC.Marc/Mentat Window Layout

The starting point for all communication with Mentat is the window
shown below that appears at the start of the program.
Dynamic
Menu
Graphics
Static Menu
Dialogue
Status
The Mentat window is divided into three major areas:

The Graphics area is used to display the current state of the database.
When you start Mentat, the graphics area is blank to indicate
that the database is empty.
The Menu area is reserved to show the selectable menu-items and is
divided into two sub-areas, the Static and Dynamic menus. The
contents of the dynamic menu area change as the menu-items are
selected. In contrast, the static menu is always present and contains items that are applicable and selectable at all times.
The Dialogue area is a scrollable area of about five visible lines where
all program prompts, warnings, and responses appear, and
where the user can input data or commands. Within the dialogue
area is the status area which is reserved to communicate the state
of the program to the user. Either working or ready appears
in the status area to reflect the current state of the program.
241
Workshop Problems
Mechanics of Mentat
How MSC.Marc Mentat Communicates with You

Mentat communicates with you via prompts and messages and
other visual queues. Mentat's prompts urge you to take action
through the input of data or commands. These prompts have 3
types of trailing punctuation marks to indicate the required
type of input:
:
enter numeric data, e.g. .283/384;
> enter a character string, typically a command, file
name or set name;
?
enter a YES or NO answer.
If you misspell a keyword or enter an incorrect response,
Mentat warns you through a message posted in the dialogue
area. Mentat does not require that you complete every action
you initiate. For example, if you are prompted for a filename,
and you change your mind, entering a <CR> instead of typing in
the filename will tell Mentat to abort the action. If the program
is waiting for a list of items to operate on, and instead you
enter a command that also requires a list of items or any
additional data, Mentat will ignore your original request and
process the command. If the command you enter does not
request additional data, you are returned to the original data
request from before the interrupt.
The program assumes at all times that you want to repeat the
previous operation on a new set of items and will prompt you
for a new list to operate on. This process repeats itself until
you indicate otherwise, typically by entering a new command
or a <CR>.
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Mechanics of Mentat
Workshop Problems
How You Communicate with MSC.Marc Mentat

All interaction with Mentat is done through the mouse, keyboard or a
combination of both. This section first discusses the usage of the
mouse, followed by a discussion on how to use the keyboard as a means
to enter commands and data.
The Mouse
The mouse is used to select items from the menu area or to point at
items in the graphics area. It is important to make a distinction
between using the mouse in the menu area versus the graphics area
because the three mouse buttons have very different functions in each
area. Below is a graphical representation of the mouse, mouse buttons,
and corresponding cursor.
Cursor, <^>
<ML>
<MM>
<MR>
The Mouse, Mouse Buttons, and Corresponding Cursor
The left button is represented by <ML>, the middle button by <MM>, and
the right button by <MR>. For a two button mouse <MM> = <ML> + <MR>
depressed at the same time. Click refers to a quick single depressrelease action.
243
Workshop Problems
Mechanics of Mentat
Using the Mouse to Select a Menu Item

To select a menu item with the mouse, move the < > over the item that
you want to select and click the <ML>. To return to the previous menu,
move the < > over the menu area, and click the <MR>. Alternatively, you
can click on the RETURN button in the menu area using <ML>. Clicking on
the MAIN button takes you to the main menu.
On-line Help
Each menu item has a help panel with a short description and
explanation of the function of that menu item. To activate the help
feature, position the < > over the menu item on which you require help,
followed by a click of the <MM>. The help panel disappears the moment
you select another menu item.
Use this button,

<MM>
for on-line help
Use this button,
<ML>
for command selection
Use this button,
<MR>
for RETURN
Using the Mouse in the Menu Area
244
Mechanics of Mentat
Workshop Problems
Using the Mouse to Point

The mouse is used in two ways to operate in the graphics area: to point
to, or pick, existing items as well as to point to, or pick, the location of
yet to be created items.
1. To pick the mouse is used for this by moving the < > over the item to be
identified followed by a click of the <ML>. Henceforth called by clicking
on an item. You can undo that action by clicking the <MM> anywhere in
the graphics area. At times, you will need to identify more than a single
item. A list of items must be terminated by a click of the <MR> with the
< > positioned anywhere in the graphics area. Alternatively you can
click on the END LIST button in the menu area using <ML>.
2. To locate a position in Mentat, it is possible to define a grid that is
positioned in space and where the grid consists of points that can be
pointed to. If you click in the vicinity of a grid point, the coordinates of
the item that you created will be snapped to that grid point. In addition,
you can also pick an existing node, point, or surface-grid-point to
specify a location.
Use this button,

<MM>
to undo last pick
Use this button,
<ML>
to pick
Use this button,
<MR>
for end of item list
Using the Mouse in the Graphics Area
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Workshop Problems
Mechanics of Mentat
Keyboard Input
Not all data can be entered through the mouse; numerical and literal
data must be entered via the keyboard. The program mode prescribes
the specific requirements for proper entry of each type of data. The
program can be in data mode or in command/literal data mode and is
described under the following two headings.
Numerical Data
You must use the keyboard for numerical data entry. The program
interprets the data entry according to the context in which it is used. If
the program expects a real number and you enter an integer, Mentat will
automatically convert the number to its floating point value. Conversely,
if a floating point format number is entered where an integer is
expected, the program will convert the real number to an integer.
Scientific notation for real numbers is allowed in the following formats:
.12345e01
.12345e01
-0.12345e-01
The interpreter does not allow imbedded blanks in the format.
Whenever the program encounters an illegal format, the message bad
float! will appear in the dialogue area. The prompt for numerical
data is a colon (:).
246
Mechanics of Mentat
Workshop Problems
Literal Data
Literal data is used for file, set and macro names. A literal data string
may not be abbreviated. Commands as introduced in the beginning of
are considered string data (as opposed to literal string data) and can be
abbreviated as long as the character string is unique within the Mentat
command library. For example, *add_elements cannot be
abbreviated to *add because of the other commands that start with the
same characters such as *add_nodes and *add_curves. The
program checks the input for validity against the internal library of
valid responses. For example, if you enter an ambiguous or misspelled
command, Mentat responds by listing all the valid entries that start with
the same first letter of the command. The prompt for literal data is a
greater-than symbol (>).
If the program is in data mode which is identified by the : prompt, you
must enter a command preceded by an * (asterisk) to instruct the
program that you are entering a command.
For example: Enter node (1): *add_nodes
247
Workshop Problems

In this hands-on session, you will create a simple 3D mesh and add all
appropriate boundary conditions, material properties, etc. You will
run the analysis and view the results.
A linear elastic analysis of the following 3D structure will be
performed:
200
30
20
y
20 20
face 2
60
x
face 1
z
Boundary conditions:
face 1: clamped
face 2: loaded by a uniformly distributed
shear load
(force per unit area), magnitude 40, direction
T
0 1 1
Material properties:
5
Youngs modulus E = 4 10
Poissons ratio = 0.3
248
Workshop Problems
Start up window Mentat:
Dynamic menu
Graphic area
Static menu
Dialogue area
Status area
249
Workshop Problems
Mouse buttons:
ML
MM
MR
select
help on
return to
command command previous menu
pick
undo last
graphic area
end of list
entity
pick
menu area
single pick
box pick
polygon pick
(CTRL)
250
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation: top menu
mesh entities
geometric entities
mesh entities
geometric entities
251
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Mesh generation (continued): set and display

grid for easy input of coordinates and fill view
COORDINATE SYSTEM: SET GRID ON

U DOMAIN 0 200 <cr>
U SPACING 20 <cr>
V DOMAIN 0 80 <cr>
V SPACING 10 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
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Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): create points

(geometric entities), switch off grid and fill view
POINTS: ADD (Add the following points with mouse clicks)

(0,80,0)
(20,80,0)
(40,80,0)
(0,60,0)
(20,60,0)
(40,60,0)
(20,0,0)
(40,0,0)
(200,80,0)
(200,60,0)
COORDINATE SYSTEM: SET GRID OFF
FILL
253
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): create quad

surfaces (geometric entities)
surface type to be created
first side of surface
SURFACES: ADD
Pick corner points for quad surfaces with mouse clicks to
obtain four surfaces as shown. A half-arrowhead is used to
indicate the first side of the surface.
254
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): convert surfaces

to elements (mesh entities)
first edge of element

and node numbering
direction
CONVERT
DIVISIONS 6 2 <cr>
BIAS FACTORS -0.3 0 <cr>
SURFACES TO ELEMENTS
(Pick the rightmost surface)
DIVISIONS 2 2 <cr>
BIAS FACTORS 0 0
(Pick the two small surfaces)
DIVISIONS 2 3 <cr>
(Pick the lower surface)
RETURN
255
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): modify sweep

tolerance and use sweep option to merge
coincident nodes
SWEEP
TOLERANCE 0.001 <cr>
SWEEP: NODES
ALL:EXIST.
RETURN
256
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): use renumber

option to obtain consecutive numbering
RENUMBER: ALL
RETURN
257
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): use expand option

to expand the mesh in z-direction
original elements will be removed
EXPAND
TRANSLATIONS 0 0 15 <cr>
REPETITIONS 2 <cr>
MODE: REMOVE (no action required, this is the default)
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
258
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): remove unused

nodes and repeat renumber command
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED: NODES
SWEEP: ALL
RETURN
RENUMBER: ALL
RETURN
259
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): show view 4 and

fill view
VIEW
SHOW VIEW: 4
FILL
260
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): define increment

of rotation for the model
VIEW SETTINGS
MODEL INCREMENTS: ROTATE 90 <cr>
RETURN
261
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): rotate model in

positive direction around model x- and y-axis
and fill view
MANIPULATE MODEL
ROTATE IN MODEL SPACE: X+
ROTATE IN MODEL SPACE: Y+
FILL
262
Workshop Problems
Mesh generation (continued): plot elements in

solid mode, switch off plotting geometric entities
PLOT
turn off POINTS and SURFACES
ELEMENTS: SOLID
REDRAW
SAVE
MAIN
263
Workshop Problems
Boundary conditions: top menu
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
264
Workshop Problems
Boundary conditions (continued): mechanical

boundary conditions, fixed displacements
NEW
NAME clamped <cr>
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON: X DISPLACE
ON: Y DISPLACE
ON: Z DISPLACE
265
Workshop Problems
Boundary conditions (continued): switch to

view 1 and select appropriate nodes
box pick method
VIEW
SHOW VIEW 1
RETURN
NODES: ADD
Add as shown by the box pick method
END LIST
(for end list use button or use right mouse click in graphics area)
266
Workshop Problems
Boundary conditions (continued): switch to

view 4, define mechanical boundary conditions,
face loads
VIEW
SHOW VIEW 4
RETURN
NEW
NAME shear <cr>
FACE LOAD
U SHEAR 28.2843 <cr>
V SHEAR 28.2843 <cr>
OK
267
Workshop Problems
Boundary conditions (continued): zoom in

locally and select appropriate element faces
ZOOM
Zoom in on the right end of structure
FACES: ADD
Add appropriate element faces with mouse
END LIST
RETURN
268
Workshop Problems
Boundary conditions (continued): overview of

boundary conditions
ID BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
FILL
SAVE
MAIN
269
Workshop Problems
Material properties: top menu
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
270
Workshop Problems
Material properties (continued): mechanical

material type, isotropic properties, apply to
all elements
NEW
NAME linear_elastic
ISOTROPIC
E=400000 <cr>
NU=0.3 <cr>
OK
ELEMENTS: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
SAVE
MAIN
271
Workshop Problems
Geometric properties: top menu
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
272
Workshop Problems
Geometric properties (continued): select assumed

strain formulation for all existing elements to
improve bending behavior
NEW
NAME assumed_strain <cr>
3-D
SOLID
ASSUMED STRAIN
OK
ELEMENTS: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
SAVE
MAIN
273
Workshop Problems
Jobs: define mechanical analysis; for a single

linear analysis no loadcases are necessary and
the default analysis options can be used
JOBS
NEW
NAME example_3d <cr>
MECHANICAL
274
Workshop Problems
Jobs (continued): select post file quantities
JOB RESULTS
TENSORS: STRESS
OK
275
Workshop Problems
Jobs (continued): check if boundary conditions

are selected as initial loads
INITIAL LOADS
OK
OK
276
Workshop Problems
Jobs (continued): select mechanical 3D solid

element type 7, save model
ELEMENT TYPES
3-D SOLID
Select element type 7
OK
ALL: EXISTING
SAVE
RETURN
277
Workshop Problems
Jobs (continued): save Mentat database and

submit job model1_example_3d
RUN
SUBMIT 1
278
Workshop Problems
Submitting a job:
submit1: Mentat-directory/bin/submit1
marc2003 -j model1_example _3d -q b -v no
* use model1_example_3d.dat as data file

* run job in background
* dont wait for confirmation of correct input
outputfile: model1_example_3d.out
log file: model1_example_3d.log
post file: model1_example_3d.t19 (formatted)
model1_example_3d.t16 (binary)
279
Workshop Problems
MSC.Marc data file:
title
sizing
elements
...
...
end
connectivity
coordinates
isotropic
geometry
fixed disp
dist loads
point load
...
...
end option
dist loads
point load
disp change
...
...
continue
...
...
continue
280
Parameter
options
Model
definition
sufficient
for a
single
linear
analysis
options
History
definition
options
Workshop Problems
Jobs (continued): use monitor to observe

current status
MONITOR
OK
RETURN
MAIN
281
Workshop Problems
MSC.Marc post file:
Header
open post file
coordinates
connectivity
Increment 0
nodal
quantities;
element
quantities
if selected
next increment;
skip to increment 0
Increment 1
nodal
quantities;
element
quantities
if selected
282
next increment;
skip to increment 1
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing: use open default option
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
283
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing (continued): skip to increment 0

and select equivalent von Mises stress
to be displayed
NEXT INC
SCALAR
EQUIVALENT STRESS
OK
284
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing (continued): plot deformed and

undeformed structure for increment 0 using
contour bands
DEFORMED AND ORIGINAL

CONTOUR BANDS
285
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing (continued): deformed shape

settings. You may magnify the displacements.
manual deformation scaling

scale factor 1 by default
DEFORMED SHAPE: SETTINGS

MANUAL FACTOR: 4
MANUAL FACTOR: 1
RETURN
286
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing (continued): define plotting

style settings for cutting planes
SCALAR PLOT: SETTINGS

POINT 20 -10 0 <cr>
NORMAL 1 1 0 <cr>
PLANES 8 <cr>
SPACING 25 <cr>
RETURN
287
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing (continued): select cutting planes

to visualize the equivalent von Mises stress
CUTTING PLANES
288
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing (continued): switch back to

contour bands plotting and define a node path
for a path plot
CONTOUR BANDS
PATH PLOT
NODE PATH
Pick the nodes shown to define the path
END LIST
289
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing (continued): add path plot

curve and scale the plot axes
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH (X variable)
EQUIVALENT STRESS (Y variable)
FIT
RETURN
RETURN
290
Workshop Problems
Postprocessing (continued): vector plot

of displacements
MORE
VECTOR PLOT: ON
291
Workshop Problems
Workshop tasks:
* Perform the discussed 3D analysis and store the

Mentat commands in a procedure file, which
can be created in the UTILS menu
* Analyze the same 3D structure, but now subjected

to a distributed shear load with a magnitude 40 and
T
a direction of 0 1 0 (bending load)
* Analyze the structure subjected to the bending

load using 4-node plane strain elements (select
Marc element type 11) and compare the results
with the 3D solution
292
Workshop Problems
Additional workshop: linear elastic analysis of an

infinitely long pressurized thick-walled cylinder
L
section to
be considered
Dimensions: L = 4 , r = 5 , R = 12
Apply fixed displacements in axial direction
Internal pressure: p = 15
5
Material: E = 2.1 10 , = 0.3
293
Workshop Problems
Workshop tasks:
Determine the radial stress as a function of the
radial coordinate using:
A: axisymmetric element 10:
B: plane strain element 11 (model one quarter of

the cross section):
294
Workshop Problems
C: brick element 7 (model one quarter of the section

to be considered):
Apply the correct boundary conditions and compare

the results
295
Workshop Problems
Infinitely long pressurized thick-walled cylinder

0.0
radial stress
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
radial coordinate
12.0
Analytical solution
10 axisymmetric elements; radial bias -0.5
80 plane strain element; radial bias -0.5
80 brick elements; radial bias -0.5
296

Overview: This example session
describes the simulation of the loading of
a dog-bone tensile specimen. This session
builds the geometry, exports an iges file
and demonstrates different types of
meshing strategies including: overlay,
advancing front, and mapped meshing.
Using the mapped mesh, the tensile
specimen is subjected to an axial load and
submitted to MSC.Marc. MSC.Marc
Mentat then post process the results of
the tensile specimen.
Overlay Mesh
Adv. Front Mesh
Loads
After the first run, the specimens gage

section is changed and re-run to compare
with the original specimen.
Finally, the material is changed from an
isotropic to an orthotropic material. The
material direction does not line up with
the pull direction, and the deformed
shape becomes skewed.
Mapped Mesh
Skewed Orthotropic
297

Begin at the main menu
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET
GRID ON
U DOMAIN -1.5 1.5 <cr>
V DOMAIN -1.5 1.5 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVE TYPE
Select Arc CENTER/POINT/ANGLE
RETURN
CURVES ADD
0 1.5 0 <cr>
0 -1.5 0 <cr>
-21 <cr> (degrees)
MOVE
TRANSLATIONS
0 1.75 0 <cr>
CURVES
use left mouse to pick curve, right will END LIST
RETURN
298
SYMMETRY
NORMAL type in 0 1 0
CURVES select the arc,
END LIST
NORMAL type in 1 0 0
CURVES
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
COORDINATE SYSTEM: SET GRID OFF
RETURN
DUPLICATE
TRANSLATIONS type in .425 0 0
POINTS, select two right most points
END LIST
TRANSLATIONS type in -.425 0 0
POINTS, select two left most points
END LIST
RETURN
CURVE TYPE
LINE
RETURN
CURVES ADD
Select pairs of points beginning at the upper left of the top arc and
move CCW to complete the boundary of the model.
299
The following to save this geometry in an IGES file.
FILES
EXPORT IGES ten.spec.iges OK RETURN
MAIN
SAVE
The next section shows how to mesh the geometry
several ways. Lets look at the Overlay Technique
MESH GENERATION
AUTOMESH
2D PLANAR MESHING
DIVISIONS
type in 20 20 <cr>
OVERLAY QUAD
ALL: EXISTING
UNDO
DIVISIONS
type in 40 40 <cr>
OVERLAY QUAD MESH
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
UNDO this will undo your last command
300
Advancing Front Technique
AUTOMESH
2D PLANAR MESHING
QUAD MESH (Advancing Front)
ALL: EXISTING
UNDO
RETURN
CURVE DIVISIONS
FIXED AVG LENGTH
FORCE EVEN DIV
APPLY CURVE DIVISIONS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
2D PLANAR MESHING
QUAD MESH (Advancing Front)
ALL: EXISTING
UNDO
RETURN
301
Mapped Meshing Technique
CURVE DIVISIONS, CLEAR CURVE DIVISIONS

ALL: EXISTING, RETURN (twice)
SURFACE TYPE
RULED RETURN
ADD SURFACE Pick top left/bottom arcs
ADD SURFACE Pick top right/bottom arcs
CHECK
FLIP CURVES Pick top right/top left lines, RETURN
ADD SURFACE Pick right top/bottom line
ADD SURFACE Pick left top/bottom line
CONVERT
Pick left and right curved surfaces
DIVISIONS 5 10
Pick left and right rectangular surfaces, RETURN
302
SWEEP
ALL & RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL & RETURN
MAIN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL, FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON X DISPLCEMENT, OK
NODES ADD
Select all nodes on left edge
END LIST
NEW
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON Y DISPLACEMENT, OK
NODES ADD
Select center node on left edge
END LIST
NEW
EDGE LOAD
ON PRESSURE -30000, OK
EDGES ADD
Select all edges on right edge
END LIST
MAIN
303
MATERIAL PROP.
NEW
ISOTROPIC
E = 1E7
= .3, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
PLANAR
PLANE STRESS
THICKNESS = 0.25
ASSUMED STRAIN
This improves the elements behavior in bending.
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
304
JOBS
MECHANICAL
PLANE STRESS
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
OK
JOB RESULTS
TENSORS STRESS, OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR (some element upside/down)
OK
MAIN
MESH GENERATION
CHECK UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP ELEMENTS
ALL: SELECTED
UPSIDE DOWN
Number of upside/down elements: 0
RETURN (twice)
Go back to RUN and resubmit.
305
JOBS
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK
Is the job complete?

Did it do what I expect?
306
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
SCALAR
COMP 11 OF STRESS, OK
CONTOUR BANDS
307
RESULTS
MORE
VECTOR Pick Reaction Force, OK
VECTOR PLOT ON
VECTOR Pick External Force, OK
308
RESULTS
N2
PATH PLOT
NODE PATH N1 N2
path from N1 to N2
N1
END LIST
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH, COMP 11 OF STRESS
FIT
RETURN
YMIN 0
309
RESULTS
PATH PLOT
TABLES COPY TO
>1
N2
W
N1
TABLES
FIT
XSTEP 100
YSTEP 100
INTEGRATE
FIT
N2
11 t dy
= 26926t 26955t = pWt = 6739
N1
Where: p = 30000, W=0.898518, t=0.25
310
Statics S1 Tensile Specimen Uniform Gage Section

The previous stress analysis shows that the stress field is not uniform in
the gage section. Redesign the specimen such that it has a 1" constant
gage section at the center.
MAIN
RESULTS
CLOSE, MAIN
FILES
SAVE AS model2
RESET PROGRAM
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
ATTACH
DETACH NODES, ALL: EXISTING
DETACH ELEMENTS, ALL: EXISTING
SELECT ELEMENTS
Pick all elements to the right of the net section
END LIST
ELEMENTS STORE
right, ALL:SELECTED, RETURN (twice)
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS 1 1 1
ELEMENTS, ALL:SELECTED, RETURN
MOVE
311
TRANSLATIONS 1 0 0
ELEMENTS
right <cr>, RETURN
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED NODES
ALL, FILL, RETURN
PLOT
CURVES OFF
SURFACES OFF
POINTS OFF
REGEN
N4
N3
N1
N2
RETURN to mesh generation

ELEMENT ADD N1, N2, N3, N4
SUBDIVIDE, DIVISIONS 10 10 1
ELEMENT pick element just added then
RETURN
SWEEP, ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER, ALL, MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ELEMENTS ADD, ALL: EXISTING, RETURN
312
PLANAR
PLANE STRESS
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
JOBS
RUN
SUBMIT(1)
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
SCALAR Comp 11 Of Stress, OK
CONTOUR BANDS
313
Statics S1 Tensile Specimen Composite Material

What about composites? Suppose we want to analyze an orthotropic
material whose material axis does not line up with the structures
geometric axis.
FILES
OPEN model1
SAVE AS model3
RETURN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ORTHOTROPIC
E11 = 3E7, E22=E33=1E6
ALL s = .3
ALL GS = 5E5
OK
ORIENTATION
NEW
EDGE41 ON
ANGLE 45
ADD ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
SAVE
314
Re-run and check results, deformed shape is skewed.
315

Overview: This example session
describes the simulation of loading a
cantilever beam with a tip load. This
model will be used latter for dynamics
and will be saved.
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
The linear elastic solution is found. The

bending stresses and tip displacements
are then compared to theory.
The material properties are changed to
include plasticity with workhardening.
The beam is then loaded with a larger
load of 1500 pounds with 50 equal load
steps. We will see how every integration
point must track the materials
constitutive relation.
316

Here is a cantilever beam. Later, we will also look at its dynamic
behavior and the static results here will be needed later.
FILES
NEW, OK
SAVE AS beam1,OK
RETURN
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
MESH GENERATION
NODE ADD
0 0 0 <cr>
10 0 0 <cr>
10 1 0 <cr>
0 1 0 <cr>
FILL
ELEMENT ADD (Pick above nodes in CCW)
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS 10 4 1 <cr>
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING, RETURN
SWEEP
ALL & RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL & RETURN
MAIN
317
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON X DISPLCEMENT, OK
NODES ADD, Select all nodes on left edge
END LIST
NEW
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON Y DISPLACEMENT, OK
NODES ADD, Select bottom node on left edge
END LIST
NEW
POINT LOAD
ON Y FORCE -500, OK
NODES ADD, Select top right node
END LIST
RETURN
ID BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MAIN
318
MATERIAL PROP.
NEW
ISOTROPIC
E = 3E7
= .3
= .283/386
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
GEOMETRIC PROP.
PLANAR
PLANE STRESS
THICKNESS = 1 <cr>
ASSUMED STRAIN
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING, MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
PLANE STRESS
JOB RESULTS
TENSORS STRESS, OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR, OK
319
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
SCALAR
COMP 11 OF STRESS
CONTOUR BANDS
SCALAR
320
DISPLACEMENT Y, OK
Complete Modeling: Check Load

Peak Bending Stress +/- 29Ksi, Max Disp 6.7e-2.
How does this compare to beam theory?
What can improve the results?
321
Statics S2 Cantilever Beam Add Plasticity

Here is a cantilever beam.
Lets convert it to an elasticplastic model.
750 #
10" X 1" X 1"
322
FILES
OPEN beam1
SAVE AS beam1p, OK
RETURN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
TABLES
NEW
TABLE TYPE: eq_plastic_strain, OK
POINT ADD
0.000 20E3 <cr>
0.109 25E3 <cr>
0.305 30E3 <cr>
FIT
> XY
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
TABLE
NEW
TABLE TYPE: TIME, OK
FORMULA, ENTER
1.5*V1 (will ramp load from 0 to 750# in one second)
FIT
SHOW MODEL
RETURN
ISOTROPIC
ELASTIC-PLASTIC
INITIAL YIELD STRESS = 1.0
323
TABLE1 = table1
OK
OK
RETURN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
EDIT apply3 (point load), OK
POINT LOAD
Y FORCE (pick table2, time), OK
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
OK
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
LARGE STRAIN ADDITIVE
OK
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT VON MISES STRESS
TOTAL EQUIVALENT PLASTIC STRAIN
OK (twice)
324
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR, OK, MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
DEF & ORIG
SCALAR Total Equivalent Plastic Strain
LAST
CONTOUR BANDS
325
RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES (pick top left node), END LIST
COLLECT GLOBAL DATA
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Total Equivalent Plastic Strain
Equivalent Von Mises Stress
FIT
RETURN
> XY
UTILS
GENERALIED XY PLOT
FIT
326
This will overlay the history plot of the stress strain response of this
node with the stress-strain material behavior. Remember that
continuum mechanics requires that the continuum be in equilibrium
and that every point must track the constitutive relation.
Stress strain response(+) tracking the constitutive

relation.
327

Overview: A hollow elastomeric cylinder
will be squeezed to closure and released
using the contact option. Symmetry is
used and only one half of the cylinder
is modeled.
The experimental material data is fitted to
an Ogden elastomeric material.
In the first run, the cylinder is squeezed
and released with out friction. Then
friction between the rigid bodies and the
tube is added using the stick-slip friction
option. A friction coefficient of 0.2 is used.
The results of the two runs are compared.
The friction case shows higher squeeze
loads and some hysteresis.
In the last run, the tube has a closed air
cavity and its results are compared to
frictionless tube with out a closed cavity.
HIGHER
LOAD
HYSTERSIS ON
FORCE X
328

Here is a hollow elastomeric
cylinder. It will be squeezed and
released. The material properties
will be fit to an Ogden model.
FILES
NEW, OK
SAVE AS elasto1
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET: GRID ON
U DOMAIN -1.1 1 <cr>
V DOMAIN 0 1.0 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVES ADD (pick indicated points from grid)
POINT( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
POINT( -1.1, 0.0, 0.0)
POINT( -1.1, 1.0, 0.0)
POINT( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
CURVE TYPE
Select Arc CENTER/POINT/POINT
RETURN
329
CURVES ADD
(-1.1 .5 0 ) (-1.0 0.0 0) (-1.0 1.0 0)
(-1.1 .5 0 ) (-1.0 0.1 0) (-1.0 0.9 0)
SURFACE TYPE
RULED
RETURN
SURFACES ADD
Pick inner then
outer curve
CONVERT
DIVISIONS (30 3)
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
SWEEP
ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL, RETURN
COORDINATE SYS: SET GRID OFF, MAIN
BNDRY. CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISP
X=0, OK
ADD NODES
(pick nodes along x=0)
END LIST
330
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FITING
TABLES
NEW
TABLE TYPE experimental_data
ADD POINTS
0.0 0.0 <cr>
0.9 100.0 <cr>
1.6 250.0 <cr>
1.9 300.0 <cr>
2.2 500.0 <cr>
2.4 600.0 <cr>
2.6 700.0 <cr>
2.9 1000.0 <cr>
FIT
NAME tension <cr>
RETURN
UNIAXIAL (pick table tension)
331
ELASTOMERS
OGDEN
UNIAXIAL
# TERMS = 2
POS. COEFF
MATH CHECKS
COMPUTE
APPLY
OK
RETURN (twice)
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
TABLES, NEW, NAME position <cr>
TABLE TYPE TIME, OK
ADD POINT
00
.5 1
10
SHOW MODEL
RETURN
332
NEW
RIGID, DISCRETE
POSTION PARAMETERS
Y = -.4, TABLE1 position
OK (twice)
NAME, top <cr>
CURVES ADD
top curve, END LIST
ID CONTACT
NEW
RIGID,
DISCRETE
POSTION
PARAMETERS
Y = +.4 <cr>
TABLE1 pos.
OK (twice)
NAME, bottom
CURVES ADD
bottom curve
END LIST
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
TIME = .5
333
STEPS = 50
SOLUTION CONTROL
# RECYCLES = 30
NON-POSITIVE
DEVIATIORIC STRESS, OK
CONVERGENCE CHECK DISPLACEMENTS
OK
OK
COPY (this copies lcase1 into lcase2)
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
Select lcase1, lcase2
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT CAUCHY STRESS
OK (twice)
ELEMENT TYPES
PLANE STRAIN SOLID
80
OK
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR (oops elems inside-out)
OK, RETURN
334
MESH GENERATION
CHECK
UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP ELEMENTS
ALL: SELECTED
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR, OK
SAVE
POSTPROCESS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT INC
DEF ONLY
SCALAR
EQUIVALENT CAUCHY STRESS
OK
CONTOUR BAND
335
SKIP TO INC 50
336
POSTPROCESS
HISTORY
SET NODES
1, #END LIST
COLLECT GLOBAL DATA
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Pos Y top
Force Y bottom
FIT
337
Add Friction to the surfaces
FILES
NEW, OK
OPEN elasto1
SAVE AS elasto1f
RETURN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE
FRICTION COEFF = .2, OK
NEXT
NEXT
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
CONTACT CONTROL
STICK-SLIP
OK (twice)
RUN
SAVE
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
338
POSTPROCESS
HISTORY
SET NODES
1, #END LIST
COLLECT GLOBAL DATA
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD GLOBAL CRV, Pos Y top, Force Y top
ADD GLOBAL CRV, Pos Y top, Force X top
FIT
Normal Force Y on top contact body
Tangential Force X
on top contact body
hystersis
339
Another interesting change to this model will be to also simulate the

compression of the air inside the tube, assuming that the tube is closed
and the air cannot escape. Lets start with the original model and add a
closed cavity representing the air inside the tube.
FILES
NEW, OK
OPEN elasto1
N3
SAVE AS elasto1c
N2
RETURN
FILL
MESH GENERATION
N1
ELEMENT CLASS
LINE (2)
RETURN
ADD ELEMENT
(pick nodes N1 and N3 indicated)
CAVITY
NEW
SELECT
METHOD PATH, RETURN
EDGES (pick N1 N2 N3), END LIST
RETURN
EDGES ADD, ALL: SELECTED
REF. PRESSURE = 1
REF. TEMPERATURE = 1
340
REF. DENSITY = 1.8E-5

MAIN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
NEW
MECHANICAL
MORE
CAVITY MASS LOAD
MASS
CLOSED CAVITY, OK
CAVITIES ADD
cavity1, END LIST
MAIN
LOADCASE
MECHANICAL
STATIC
LOADS
apply2 (on)
OK (twice)
NEXT
STATIC
LOADS
apply2 (on)
OK (twice)
MAIN
341
JOBS
MECHANICAL
INITIAL LOADS
apply2 (on)
OK
JOB PARAMETERS
CAVITY PARAMETERS
AMBIENT PRESSURE = 1
OK (twice)
ELEMENT TYPES
MECHANICAL
MISCELLANEOUS
171, OK
(pick element previously added)
END LIST
RETURN (twice)
SAVE, RUN, SUBMIT (1)
OPEN POST FILE (RESULTS MENU)
HISTORY PLOT
COLLECT GLOBAL DATA
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD GLOBAL CURV
Pos Y top, Force Y top
Volume Cavity 1, Pressure Cavity 1
FIT
342
The force to crush the tube is considerably larger(5x) than before

and nearly equal to the cavity pressure since the area of contact is
about 1 inch.
343
SHOW MODEL, RETURN

DEF ONLY
SKIP TO INC 50
The deformed shape at increment 50 shows the inner walls have

yet to close, whereas without the closed air cavity, the inner walls
will touch.
344

Overview: A flat sheet is formed into an
angled bracket by punching it though a hole
in a table using the contact option.
The cylindrical punch drives the sheet down
into the hole of the table to a total stroke of
0.3. The punch then returns to its original
position. The material is elastic plastic with
work hardening.
At the bottom of the stroke, the total plastic
strain is nearly 45%. The vertical punch force
is plotted versus its vertical position. This
force rises quickly, hardens though about half
of the stroke, then softens near the end of the
stroke. Upon lifting the punch, the punch
force drops rapidly and the sheet has very
little springback.
The stress-plastic strain response of a point in
the sheet under the punch is plotted and
shown to overlay the material data. This
workshop problem exemplifies how every
point in the sheet must follow the materials
constitutive behavior as well as being in
equilibrium throughout the deformation.
The vertical line in the history plot to the
right is the elastic unloading of this point in
the sheet.
345

This is a break forming problem where a punch indents a sheet over a
table to make an bracket. The problem geometry is shown below:
Grid spacing 0.1" X 0.1"
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET: GRID ON
V DOMAIN -.7 .4 <cr>
FILL, RETURN
CURVES ADD (pick indicated points on grid)
POINT (1,0,0), POINT(.3,0,0)
POINT(.3,0,0), POINT(.3,-.6,0)
POINT(.3,-.6,0), POINT(-.3,-.6,0)
POINT(-.3,-.6,0), POINT(-.3,0,0)
POINT(-.3,0,0), POINT(-1,0,0)
346
CURVE TYPE
FILLET
RETURN
CURVES ADD
(right horizontal curve, right vertical curve)
radius = 0.1 <cr>
(left horizontal curve, left vertical curve)
radius = 0.1 <cr>
CURVE TYPE
CIRCLES: CENTER/RADIUS
RETURN
CURVES ADD
0 .2 0
.1 <cr>
ELEMENTS ADD (pick points on grid)
POINT (-.9,0,0) , POINT(.9,0,0)
POINT(.9,.1,0), POINT(-.9,.1.0)
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS 30, 3, 1
ELEMENTS
ALL:EXISTING, RETURN
SWEEP, ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER, ALL, RETURN
COORDINATE SYS: SET GRID OFF
RETURN
RETURN
347
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISP
X=0
OK
NODES:ADD
(pick nodes along x=0, except node touching circle)
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
E = 3E7
= .3, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
TABLES
NEW, 1 IND. VARIABLE
TABLE TYPE
eq_plastic_strain, OK
FORMULA, ENTER
5E4*(1+V1^.6) <cr>
FIT
NEW, 1 IND. VARIABLE
TABLE TYPE time, OK
ADD POINT
0, 0, .5, -.3, 1, 0 <cr>
348
FIT
SHOW MODEL
RETURN
ISOTROPIC
ELASTIC-PLASTIC
INITIAL YIELD STRESS = 1
TABLE1 = table1 (eq_plastic_strain)
OK (twice), MAIN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE OK
ELEMENTS ADD ALL:EXISTING
NEW
RIGID
POSITION PARAMS: Y=1
TABLE=table2 (time), OK (twice)
CURVE ADD, pick cylinder, END LIST
ID CONTACT
NEW
CONTACT BODY TYPE RIGID OK
CURVES ADD, pick all remaining curves
349
END LIST, MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
LOADCASE TIME = .5
# OF STEPS 50
CONVERGENCE TESTING
DISPLACEMENT
OK (twice)
NEW
STATIC
LOADCASE TIME = .5
# OF STEPS 20
CONVERGENCE TESTING
DISPLACEMENT
RELATIVE/ABSOLUTE
MIN. DISP. CUTOFF = 1E-5
MAX ABS. DISP = 1E-5
OK
350
SOLUTION CONTROL
NON-POSITIVE DEFINITE
OK (twice), MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
ADV. OPT., CONSTANT DILATATION,OK
LARGE STRAIN ADDITIVE
OK
lcase1
lcase2
ANALYSIS DIMENSION: PLANE STRAIN
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT VON MISES STRESS
OK
CONTACT CONTROL
ADVANCED CONTACT CONTROL
SEPARATION FORCE = .1 <cr>, OK
351
OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT
MONITOR
352
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
DEF ONLY
SCALAR
CONTOURS
SKIP TO INCREMENT 50
353
RESULTS
SKIP TO INCREMENT 70
354
RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES (pick bottom middle node)
COLLECT GLOBAL DATA
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Pos Y cbody2
Force Y cbody2
FIT
355
RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
CLEAR CURVES
COLLECT DATA 1 11111 1
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Total Equivalent Plastic Strain
FIT
356

Overview: A flat sheet is formed into a
rigid die by pressure. The die is threedimensional and represents a corner of a
pan. This fine-grained material is assumed
to be a rigid-plastic material with no
elasticity and the flow stress is only a
function of the strain rate.
As the sheet contacts the die, friction
causes the thickness of the sheet to vary. In
addition, the pressure must be adjusted to
keep this strain rate sensitive material
within a certain target range. This is
necessary to maintain the proper flow of
the super plastic material.
Prediction of thinning of the sheet is very
important since the sheet may become too
thin for its application.
A user subroutine is used to adjust the
pressure on the sheet to keep within the
target strain rate. Furthermore, the
maximum pressure is limited by the
capacity of the rig used to form the sheet.
357

This problem will do a Super
Plastic Forming of a corner. It
requires a Fortran compiler
present on your machine. Also,
you will copy user subroutines
from the MSC.Marc
demonstration directory.
To proceed, lets copy the user subroutines to your working directory.

Enter the command:
find / -name u3x32b.f -print

it should return something like, ~marc/demo/u3x32b.f
then copy it to your working directory,
cp ~marc/demo/u3x32b.f .
358
FILES
SAVE AS spf
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET:
GRID ON
U DOMAIN -7 7<cr>
U SPACING = .5<cr>
V DOMAIN 0 5 <cr>
V SPACING = .5<cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
point( 7.0, 4.5, 0.0)
point( 4.0, 4.5, 0.0)
point( 4.0, 4.5, 0.0)
point( 3.5, 0.0, 0.0)
point( 3.5, 0.0, 0.0)
point( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
point( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
point( -4.0, 0.0, 0.0)
CURVE TYPE
FILLET, RETURN
359
CURVES: ADD
1
2
.5
8
3
.5
VIEW
SHOW VIEW 2
FILL
RETURN
EXPAND
SHIFT
TRANSLATIONS
0 0 3.5 <cr>
CURVES
ALL: EXISTING
RESET
SHIFT
POINT
0 0 3.5 <cr>
ROTATIONS
0 -90/10 0 <cr>
REPETITIONS
10 <cr>
CURVES
(pick curves shown)
360
PICK
THESE
FILL
RESET
SHIFT
POINT
0 0 3.5 <cr>
TRANSLATIONS
-4 0 0 <cr>
PICK
REPETITIONS
THESE
1 <cr>
CURVES
pick curves shown, END LIST
RETURN
CURVES REMOVE
ALL: EXISTING
Now we will add nodes on the grid that will form the surfaces that will
contain the mesh.
SELECT
SURFACES
ALL: EXISTING
MAKE INVISIBLE
RETURN
CURVE TYPE
LINE
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
POINT( -3.5, 5.0, 0.5)
POINT( 0.0, 5.0, 0.5)
361
POINT( 0.0, 5.0, 0.5)

POINT( 6.5, 5.0, 0.5)
EXPAND
RESET
SHIFT
TRANSLATIONS
0 0 3.0 <cr>
CURVES
ALL: EXISTING
RESET
SHIFT
POINT
0 0 3.5 <cr>
ROTATIONS
0 -90/10 0 <cr>
REPETITIONS
10 <cr>
CURVES
(pick curve shown)
RESET
SHIFT
TRANSLATIONS
-3.5 0 0 <cr>
REPETITIONS
1 <cr>
362
PICK
PICK
CURVES
pick curve shown
END LIST
RETURN
CONVERT
DIVISIONS
10 1 <cr>
SURF. TO ELEMS
pick those shown
DIVISIONS
10 10 <cr>
SURF. TO ELEMS
pick remaining
END LIST
RETURN
PICK
SWEEP
ALL
RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL
RETURN
RETURN
INITIAL CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
STRESS
USER SUB. UINSTR
363
ON STRESS1, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
SELECT
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
MAKE VISIBLE
RETURN
NEW
FIX X,Y,Z = 0
SELECT
METHOD PATH
NODES
(pick 1st middle and last node of outer path)
END LIST
RETURN
NODES: ADD
364
ALL: SELECTED
NEW
FIX X = 0, OK
NODES: ADD
(along x=0)
END LIST
NEW
FIX Z = 0
NODES: ADD
(along z=0)
END LIST
NEW
FACE LOAD
USER SUB. (it uses
sub FORCEM)
ON PRESSURE, OK
FACES: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
365
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
NEW
ISOTROPIC
PLASTICITY
RIGID-PLASTIC
USER SUB URPFLO
INITIAL YIELD = 50 <cr>
OK
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
3-D
MEMBRANE
THICKNESS = .080 <cr>
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
SELECT
MAKE INVISIBLE
MAIN
VIEW
SHOW VIEW 1, RETURN
366
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
NEW, NAME workpiece <cr>
DEFORMABLE
FRIC. COEFF = .3 <cr>
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
NEW, NAME die <cr>
RIGID
VELOCITY PARAMETERS
INIT. VEL Y = 1 <cr>
OK
FRIC. COEFF = .3 <cr>
OK
SURFACES ADD (pick surfaces forming die)
ID BACKFACES (flip die surfaces until gold
color will touch the workpiece)
367
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
RIGID PLASTIC
SOLUTION CONTROL
MAX # RECYCLES = 30 <cr>
NON-POSITIVE DEFINITE
OK
TOTAL LOADCASE TIME = 3000 <cr>
MECH. LOAD (EQUILIB)
MAX INC = 500 <cr>
# RECYCLES = 10 <cr>
INIT FRAC = 1e-4 <cr>
MAX FRAC = 5e-3 <cr>
MIN MULT. = 2e-2 <cr>
MAX MULT. = 1.05 <cr>
OK
OK
MAIN
368
JOBS
MECHANICAL
lcase1
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
FOLLOWER FORCE
OK
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT PLASTIC STRAIN RATE
THICKNESS OF ELEMENT
user1 (this will be pressure in sub PLOTV)
OK
CONTACT CONTROL
BIAS = .9 <cr>
COULOMB
REL. SLIDING VEL. = 2E-5 <cr>
SEPARATION FORCE = 1E6 <cr>
OK (twice)
ELEMENT TYPES, MECHANICAL
3-D MEM/SHELL
18, OK
SAVE, OK (twice)
RUN
USER SUB. FILE
u3x32b.f, OK
369
COMPILE AND SAVE

SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT INC
DEF ONLY
CONTOUR BAND
SCALAR
THICKNESS
SCAN
SKIP TO INC
last increment
370
Node A
Node B
PATH PLOT
SET NODES
(Node A) (Node B)
END LIST
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH
THICKNESS
FIT
RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODE
1
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 111111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
TIME
USER1 (pressure)
FIT
371
Because of the popularity of using MSC.Marc for spf, this

feature has now been integrated into the product and no longer
requires user subroutines to perform the analysis. This would
allow us to take advantage of other features like adaptive
meshing which would be difficult with the approach above.
To this end, lets use the above model turning on the newer
features.
372
FILES
OPEN spf
SAVE AS spf_new
RETURN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
EDIT apply4, OK
FACE LOAD
SUPERPLASTICITY CONTROL
ON PRESSURE NEGATIVE, OK
MAIN
INITIAL CONDITIONS
REM icond1, OK
373
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
PLASTICITY: RIGID-PLASTIC
SUPERPLASTIC CONTROL
fill out as shown below
N
= B
OK (twice)
MAIN
374
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
SUPERPLASTIC CONTROL
PRESSURE
fill out as shown below
OK (twice)
MAIN
375
JOBS
RUN
USER SUBROUTINE CLEAR
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK
SAVE
On postprocessing.... similar results

Other things to try.... local remeshing
376

Overview: A stainless steel oval tube is
pressurized at high temperature and over
time will creep. Only half of the tube is
modeled due to symmetry.
The material constitutive behavior has
the creep strain rate dependent upon the
stress level. The material data has been
fitted with a power relation where the
b
creep strain rate becomes: c = a ,

where a and b are material constants.
The oval tube will bulge and become a
completely circular tube over time.
The tube will finally rupture due to the
large strains.
Plotting the displacement of the bulge
versus time shows a quick growth
followed by a slower growth, because
the stresses drop with time.
A more complex constitutive relation
may be easily modeled with the user
subroutine, CRPLAW.
377
FILES
NEW,OK
SAVE AS creep
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM:
SET, GRID ON
U DOMAIN 0 1<cr>
U SPACING 0.065 <cr>
V DOMAIN -1 1<cr>
V SPACING 0.065 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVE TYPE ARC
CENTER/PT/PT
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
(arcs shown)
CURVE TYPE
LINE
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
(lines shown)
378
SURFACE TYPE
RULED, RETURN
SURFACES ADD
(pick interior and opposite
exterior arcs continue for lines)
CONVERT
DIVISONS
15 4 <cr>
SURF. TO ELEMS
pick largest surface
DIVISIONS
10 4 <cr>
SURF. TO ELEMS
pick smallest surface
RETURN
SYMMETRY
NORMAL 0 1 0
ELEMENTS
CHECK
UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP
ALL: SELECTED, RETURN
SWEEP
ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL, MAIN
379
INITIAL CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
NODAL TEMPERATURE
VALUE = 1660 <cr>
OK
NODES ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIX DISPLACEMENT
FIX X=0
NODES: ADD
all on x=0 axis, END LIST
NEW
FIX Y=0
NODES: ADD
at line of symmetry y=0
NEW, MORE
NODAL TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE = 1600, OK
NODES ADD, ALL: EXISTING
380
NEW
EDGE LOAD
PRESSURE = 66 <cr>, OK
SELECT
METHOD PATH, OK
EDGES
pick node path on interior
RETURN
EDGES: ADD
ALL: SELECTED
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
E = 21.4E6 <cr>
= .3 <cr>
CREEP
COEFICIENT = 4E-24 <cr>
STRESS EXPONENT = 4.51 <cr>
OK (twice)
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
381
PLANAR
PLANE STRAIN
THICKNESS = 1 <cr>
CONSTANT DILATATION
ASSUMED STRAIN, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
CREEP
TOTAL LOADCASE TIME = 3.47E6 <cr>
CREEP STRAIN/STRESS PARAMETERS
INITIAL TIME STEP = 1 <cr>
MAX. # INCS = 2000 <cr>
STRESS CHANGE TOL = 1 <cr>
OK (twice)
RETURN (twice)
382
JOBS
MECHANICAL
lcase1
PLANE STRAIN
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
ADVANCED OPTIONS
UPDATE LAGRANGE
OK
FOLLOW FORCE ON
OK
JOB RESULTS
Total Equivalent Creep Strain
Temperature (Integration Point)
OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN, SUBMIT1, MONITOR, OK, RETURN
383
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
DEF & ORIG
CONTOUR BANDS
SCALAR
Total Equiv. Creep Strain
LAST
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES, 80
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Displacement X
FIT
POSTPROCESS
HISTORY PLOT
CLEAR CURVES
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Equiv. Von Mises Stress
FIT
NODE
80

384
Clearly as the tube creeps, the volume inside the tube increases. The
increase in volume decreases the internal pressure and the creep
deformation is reduced. To simulate this effect, we can model the
cavity of air inside the tube. This cavity will monitor the volume and
adjust the pressure according to the ideal gas law.
FILES
N1
OPEN creep OK
SAVE AS creep2 OK
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
N2
ELEM. CLASS LINE(2)
ELEMS ADD
pick interior nodes N1, N3
CAVITIES
N3
NEW
SELECT
METHOD PATH
EDGES
pick interior nodes N1, N2, N3
END LIST
RETURN
EDGES ADD, ALL: SELECTED
REF. PRESSURE = 15
REF. TEMPERATURE = 1660
REF. DENSITY = 1.8E-5
MAIN
385
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
EDIT apply4
MORE
CAVITY PRESSURE LOAD
PRESSURE = 66, OK
CAVITIES ADD
ALL EXISTING
NEW
CAVITY MASS LOAD
MASS
CLOSED CAVITY
CAVITIES ADD
ALL EXISTING
MAIN
CHECK
FLIP ELEMENTS
(pick element added to
close
the cavity properly)
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
CREEP
apply4 (off)
apply5 (on)
OK (twice)
386
JOBS
ELEMENT TYPES
MECHANICAL
MISCELLANEOUS
171
pick element added
OK (thrice)
SAVE, RUN
SUBMIT(1), MONITOR, OK
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
DEF & ORIG
CONTOUR BANDS
SCALAR
LAST
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES, 80
NODE
80
387
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Displacement X
FIT
NODE
80
GEN. XY PLOT COPY TO
SHOW HISTORY
RETURN
CLEAR CURVES
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Equiv. Von Mises Stress
FIT
MAIN
NODE
80
RESULTS
OPEN creep_job1.t16 OK
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES, 80
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
388
Time
Displacement X
FIT
GEN. XY PLOT COPY TO
FIT
Clearly the reduction in pressure due to the increase in volume

reduced the creep deformation of the tube.
389

Overview: Two concentric cylinders are
fitted together with an interference fit
using the contact option and rigid
bodies of symmetry. Each cylinder is
modeled using axisymmetric elements.
Since the inner cylinder is slightly
bigger that the hole in the outer
cylinder, stresses will be generated as
the fit is finished. The hoop stress of the
outer cylinder will go into tension, and
the hoop stress of the inner cylinder will
go into compression.
The contour plot shows the strength
ratio, namely the ration of the
equivalent stress to the strength of the
material. This ratio is largest in the
outer cylinder where it touches the
inner cylinder.
Plotting the radial and hoop
components along the radius. It is seen
that the radial stress is continuous
across the interface, and the hoop stress
switches from compression in the inner
cylinder to tension in the outer cylinder.
390
FILES
NEW, OK
SAVE AS interf
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYS: SET GRID
ON
U DOMAIN 0 1.1<cr>
U SPACING 0.1 <cr>
V DOMAIN 0 3.1<cr>
V SPACING 0.1 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
POINT(0.0,0.0,0.0)
POINT(0.0,3.1,0.0)
ELEMENTS: ADD
NODE(0.0, 1.0,0.0)
NODE(1.1, 1.0,0.0)
NODE(1.1, 2.0,0.0)
NODE(0.0, 2.0,0.0)
NODE(0.0, 2.1,0.0)
NODE(1.0, 2.1,0.0)
NODE(1.0, 3.1,0.0)
NODE(0.0, 3.1,0.0)
391
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS 15 15 1 <cr>
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED: NODES
ALL
RETURN
RENUMBER
NODES DIRECTED
0.0001 1 0 <cr>
RETURN
MOVE
TRANSLATIONS
0 -0.1 0 <cr>
ELEMENTS
(pick top cylinder), END LIST
MAIN
392
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
E = 3E7 <cr>
= .3 <cr>
PLASTICITY
INITIAL YIELD=5E4 <cr>
OK (twice)
ELEMENT ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE, OK
ELEMENTS: ADD
(pick inner cylinder)
NEW
DEFORMABLE, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
(pick outer cylinder)
NEW
SYMMETRY
DISCRETE, OK
CURVES ADD
(pick symmetry curve)
ID CONTACT
RETURN
393
CONTACT TABLES
NEW
PROPERTIES
TOUCH ALL
TOUCHING BODIES cbody1, cbody2
INTERFERENCE CLOSURE=4E-3 <cr>
OK (twice)
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL, STATIC
CONTACT, CONTACT TABLE, ctable1, OK
# STEPS = 1
OK
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
lcase1
AXISYMMETRIC
JOB RESULTS
EQ. VON MISES
STR/YIELD RATIO
TENSORS STRESS
OK (twice)
394
ELEMENT TYPES
MECHANICAL
AXISYM. SOLID
116, OK
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
SAVE, RUN, SUBMIT(1), MONITOR, OK
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
LAST
SCALAR
EQ. STRESS/YIELD, OK, CONTOUR BANDS
RESULTS
PATH PLOT
NODE PATH
1 241 257 497, END LIST
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH
Comp 22 Of Stress
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH
Comp 33 Of Stress
FIT
Component 22 of stress is the radial stress. It is in compression
and is continuous across the interface between the two cylinders.
Also the radial stress vanishes on the free surfaces of the
395
cylinders. Component 33 of stress is the hoop stress, with the

inner cylinder being compressed and the outer cylinder being
expanded. The Equivalent Stress/Yield Strength ratio in the
contour plot show that the outer cylinder at 94% of yield.
396

Overview: In this example problem, a
steel cylinder with a radius of 5 is
pressed against a 2 deep aluminum base.
The problem is linear except for contact.
The problem is similar to the Hertz
contact problem (see Timoskenko and
Goodier, 1951).
In this problem, you will modify and
existing model and add quadratic
elements with contact. The steel material
properties have an Elastic Modulus of
30E6 and a Poissons ratio of 0.30 and the
aluminum properties have an Elastic
Modulus of 10E6 and a Poissons ratio
of 0.33. The cyclinder and base plate
are pressed together with a load of
100,000 lb/ inch.
397
FILES
OPEN
hertzbase.mud
OK
MAIN
JOBS
RUN
SUBMIT(1)
MONITOR
OK
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
DEF ONLY
SCALAR
Comp 22 of Stress
OK
CONTOUR BANDS
LAST
Here, we see that the peak stress using linear elements is around 141
Ksi in compression. We suspect that this is low due to the fact that
linear elements cant capture stress concentration as well as
quadratic elements. Therefore, we will change the element type and
rerun the problem.
CLOSE
FILES
SAVE AS hertzbasequad.mud
MAIN
398
First we will: move the aluminum sheet down one inch, attach edges to
the arc, change element types, sweep and move the aluminum sheet
back to its original position.
MESH GENERATION
MOVE
TRANSLATIONS
0 -1 0
ELEMENTS
(select the aluminum elements)
END LIST
SELECT
METHOD = PATH, OK
EDGES
(pick nodes N1, N2, N3)
END LIST
OK (twice)
ATTACH
EDGES TO CURVES
N1
(select circular arc)
ALL: SELECTED EDGES
RETURN
CHANGE CLASS
QUAD(8)
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
SWEEP, ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER, ALL, RETURN
N3
N2
399
MOVE
TRANSLATIONS
010
ELEMENTS
(select aluminum elements)
END LIST
MAIN
JOBS
ELEMENT TYPES
MECHANICAL
PLANE STRAIN SOLID
27, OK
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
MECHANICAL
CONTACT CONTROL
QUAD. SEGMENTS GENUINE, OK (thrice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT(1)
MONITOR, OK
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
LAST
DEF ONLY
SCALAR
400
(Comp 22 of Stress)
CONTOUR BANDS
SELECT
SELECT CONTACT BODY ENTITIES
(steel), OK
MAKE VISIBLE
FILL
401
FEA versus Theoretical Solutions

From the 6th Edition of
Roarkss Formulas for Stress
and Strain (by Warren C.
Young, 1989, pg 651) we can
derive the contact patch, b,
and the maximum
compressive stress, Max .
The contact width for model depicted is given by b = 1.60 pK D C E .
2
Where C E
1 2
1 1
= ----------------- + ----------------- , and the contact area for the half
E1
E2
b
model becomes, --- = 0.80 pK D C E = 0.276 . The maximum stress
2
becomes
p - = 230.9Ksi
Max = 0.798 -------------KD CE
Max [ ksi ] Theory versus FEA
Theory
230.9
Error
(%)
402
Linear Elements
131.8
43.0
Quadratic
Elements
229.8
0.5

Overview: An elastomeric arch has a
center load applied and the objective
of the analysis is to determine the snap
though in the force displacement
response.
Force
Force
An adaptive load stepping method

called arc-length (modified Riks-Ramm)
is used.
Displacement
403
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET
CYLINDRICAL
SET: GRID ON
RETURN
CURVE TYPE ARC CPP
RETURN
CURVES ADD
0
0 0
.7 30 0
.7 150 0
0
0 0
.8 30 0
.8 150 0
SURFACE TYPE RULED

RETURN
SURFACE: ADD
2 1 <cr>
CONVERT
DIVISONS
20 3 <cr>
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
GRID OFF
FILL
MAIN
404
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISP
X=0
Y=0
NODES ADD
(nodes at both ends)
NEW
POINT LOAD
Y FORCE
-0.03 OK
TABLES
DATA POINTS ADD
001120
TABLE TYPE TIME
SHOW MODEL, RETURN
NODES ADD
(top center node)
POINT LOAD
(attach table to y force)
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MORE
MOONEY
C10 = 1, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL EXISTING
MAIN
405
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
ARC LENGTH PARAMETERS
INITIAL FRACTION = 0.1
OK (twice)
COPY
MAIN
JOBS: MECHANICAL
lcase1
lcase2
PLANE STRAIN
JOB RESULTS
CAUCHY STRESS TENSOR
OK (twice)
406
ELEMENT TYPES
MECHANICAL
PLANE STRAIN
80 OK
ALL EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK (twice)
SAVE
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
SKIP TO INC 29, OK
DEF ONLY
CONTOUR BAND
SCALAR
EQ. CAUCHY STRESS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODE
11
# END LIST
(pick top center node)
GLOBAL COLLECT DATA
407
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Displacement Y
External Force Y
FIT
408

Overview: A planar slab of material is
subjected to heat loads and the
resulting transient response is
determined. The slab has convection
boundary conditions on the left and
right surfaces as shown. The top and
bottom horizontal surfaces are
adiabatic. The slab is at an initial
temperature of 70oF.
The left surface is exposed to a hot
environment whereas the right surface
is exposed to cooling conditions. The
purpose of the fin on the right side is to
create more surface area for cooling
and improve the cooling effectiveness of
the slab.
Pick
The contour of temperature is at a time

of 6 seconds, and the temperature
history of the two points shown are
plotted. These plots show that the slab
has yet to reach steady state.
409
FILES
SAVE AS heat1, OK
MAIN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET:
GRID ON
U SPACING 0.1 <cr>
U DOMAIN 0 1<cr>
V SPACING 0.1 <cr>
V DOMAIN -1 1<cr>
FILL, RETURN
ELEMENTS: ADD
NODE( 0.0, -1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS
8 9 1 <cr>
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
ELEMENTS REMOVE
(pick those shown)
END LIST
410
COORDINATE SYS: SET GRID OFF

CHECK
UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP
ALL: SELECTED
RETURN
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED
NODES
ALL
RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL
MAIN
BOUNDARY CONDTIONS
THERMAL
EDGE FILM (TOP)
H=800/(3600*144) <cr>
Tinf=2500 <cr>
EDGES: ADD
pick edges on left vertical surface
NEW
EDGE FILM (TOP)
H=600/(3600*144) <cr>
Tinf=1000 <cr>
EDGES: ADD
pick right surfaces as shown, END LIST
MAIN
411
INITIAL CONDITIONS
THERMAL
TEMPERATURE = 70 <cr>
OK
NODES: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTIVITY
6E-4 <cr> (BTU/s/in/F)
SPECIFIC HEAT
.146 <cr> (BTU/LBF-F)
MASS DENSITY
.283 <cr> (LBF/in^3)
OK
ELEMENTS: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
LOADCASES
HEAT TRANSFER
TRANSIENT
TOTAL LOADCASE TIME=6 <cr>
ADAPTIVE LOADING TEMPERATURE
MAX # INCREMENTS = 200 <cr>
INITIAL TIME STEP = 1 <cr>
OK (twice)
RETURN (twice)
412
JOBS
HEAT TRANSFER
lcase1
PLANAR
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LUMP MASS
OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
RETURN (twice)
Pick
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
CONTOUR BANDS
SKIP TO INC
(last increment)
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES
(pick those shown)
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
1 11111 1
NODES/VARS
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Temperature
FIT, RETURN (twice)
413
PATH PLOT
SHOW MODEL
NODE PATH
(pick two nodes shown)
END LIST
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
Arc Length
Temperature
FIT
RETURN
YMIN = 70 <cr>
REWIND
MONITOR
Notice how the heat flows

into the fin, with the
interior slower to respond.
414

Overview: The planar slab of the
previous problem is subjected to
the same heat loads and after the 6
second transient, a steady state
loadcase follows. Following a
transient loadcase with a steady
state case can help determine if the
transient has completed.
Notice the jump to steady state in
the temperature history plot.
Pick
Increasing the time period of the

transient loadcase would then
show the complete transient
response from initial conditions
to steady state.
Jump to Steady State

{
{
415

Because we are not sure if the transient in the previous problem
reaches steady state, lets include another loadcase.
FILES
OPEN heat1
SAVE AS heat2, OK
RETURN
Pick
LOADCASES
HEAT TRANSFER
NEW
STEADY STATE
OK
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
HEAT TRANSFER
lcase2
OK
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
RETURN
MAIN
416
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
CONTOUR BANDS
SKIP TO INC
(last increment)
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES
(pick those shown)
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARS
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Temperature
FIT
Jump to Steady State

{
{
It is a good modeling practice to follow a transient with a steady state

loadcase to get the proper time constant whereby the transient runs
long enough to achieve steady state. Extra Credit #1 What is the
cooling efficiency, , with and without the cooling fin present? Where
the cooling efficiency is defined as:
T avg fin
= 1 -------------------------T avg no fin
417

Overview: The transient thermal planar
slab of the previous problem is now
coupled with a thermal stress analysis.
Mechanical boundary conditions are
added to the previous model. Here, the
bottom horizontal surface is constrained
not to displace in the vertical and the left
vertical surface is constrained not to
displace in the horizontal.
Mechanical properties are also added to
the model including the thermal
coefficient of expansion.
Pick
The transient loadcase is changed to a

quasi-static coupled loadcase. Finally, the
element types are changed to plane stress
and the job is submitted.
Stresses are generated in the slab because
of thermal growth that is constrained by
the mechanical boundary conditions. By
plotting the stress at the points shown, we
see that the stress on the hot side occurs
well before steady state.
418

Even though the thermal efficiency may be better with the cooling fin,
the structural response may not. Lets see how to take the previous
model and convert into a couple heat/stress problem.
FILES
OPEN heat1
SAVE AS heat1s, OK
RETURN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
NEW
FIX X = 0
NODES ADD
all nodes on x=0
NEW
FIX Y = 0
NODES ADD
all nodes on y = -1
RETURN (twice)
MAT. PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
E = 3E7
= .3
THERMAL EXP=10E-6
OK (twice)
RETURN
419
LOADCASES
COUPLED
QUASI-STATIC
LOADS
Pick new bcs
CONV. TESTING
DISPLACEMENTS, OK
TOTAL LOADCASE TIME
60, OK
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
COUPLED
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT VON MISES STRESS, OK
INITIAL LOADS
Select new bcs, OK
ELEMENT TYPES
COUPLED
PLANE STRESS
3
OK
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
420
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
CONTOUR BANDS
LAST
SCALAR
EQ. VON MISES
HISTORY PLOT
Pick
SET NODES
(pick nodes shown)
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 1111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Temperature
Eq. Von Mises Stress
Notice how the stress peaks well
before steady state because of the
nonuniform temperatures during the transient.
421
Plane stress was used in this example. If plane strain elements (types
11, 27, etc.) were used, the out-of-plane strain for these elements is
zero. This generates a large out-of-plane stress since for plane strain
we have:
E
zz = -------------------------------------- [ xx + yy ( 1 + )T ]
( 1 + ) ( 1 2 )
and the last term in the equation will dominate for large changes in
temperature. If there is no out-of-plane constraint to the thermal
growth physically, plane stress should be used. If the out-of-plane
thermal growth is restricted, such as plane remaining plane,
generalized plane strain elements (types 19, 29, etc.) should be used.
You may wish to try these elements and observe what happens.
422

Overview: A block has an initial velocity
and will slide over a rigid table. Due to
the weight of the block and friction
between the block and the table, the
block will slow down and heat up
because of friction.
Mechanical boundary conditions keep
the block moving in a straight line. Initial
conditions set the initial velocity and
temperature.
The coupled loadcase selected is a
dynamic transient with a time period
long enough to allow the block to come to
rest.
The temperature contours show how the
leading edge of the block touching the
table heat up faster than other portions
of the block.
A history plot of the velocity and
acceleration of the node shown show how
the block comes to a stop with the
velocity and acceleration becoming zero
at 1.4 seconds.
423

This is a problem of a block subjected
to its own weight that is sliding on a
table with an initial velocity. Friction
between the block and table generate
heat and reduce the speed.
FILES
NEW, OK
SAVE AS block
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
VIEW SHOW VIEW 4, OK
ADD ELEMENTS
NODE( -1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
NODE( -1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
ADD SURFACES
POINT( 1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
POINT( -1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
POINT( -1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
POINT( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
MOVE
SCALE 4 2 1 <cr>
SURFACES
ALL: EXISTING
424
MOVE
RESET
TRANSLATIONS
1.8 0 0 <cr>
SURFACES
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
SUBDIVIDE
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
EXPAND
TRANSLATIONS
0 0 1/2 <cr>
REPETITIONS
2 <cr>
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
FILL
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED
NODES
ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL, RETURN
425
BNDRY. CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISP Y = 0 <cr>
OK
NODES ADD
ALL: EXISTING
NEW
GRAVITY LOAD
ON Z ACCEL = -9.81 <cr> m/s2
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
INITIAL CONDITIONS
THERMAL
TEMP. = 0 <cr> oK
OK
NODES ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
NEW
MECHANICAL
VELOCITY
VEL X = 4.905 <cr> m/s
OK
NODES ADD
426
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
MATERIAL PROP.
NEW
ISOTROPIC
E = 210E9 <cr> (N/m2)

= .3 <cr>
= 7854 <cr> (Kg/m3)
DAMPING
NUM. MULT
0.3, OK (twice)
HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTIVITY
60.5 <cr> (W/moK)
SPECIFIC HEAT
434 <cr> (J/KgoK)
MASS DENSITY
7854 <cr> (Kg/m3)
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
427
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE
= .5 <cr>, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
NEW
RIGID
= .5 <cr>, OK
SURFACES ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
LOADCASES
COUPLED
DYNAMIC TRANSIENT
SOL. CONTROL
NON-POSITIVE DEF
OK
CONV. TEST. DISP
OK
TOTAT LOADCASE TIME
2 <cr>
FIXED # STEPS = 50 <cr>
OK
MAIN
428
JOBS
COUPLED
lcase1
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
LUMPED MASS
OK
CONTACT CONTROL
COULOMB
SLIDING VEL = 0.1 <cr>
SEP. FORCE = 1E11 <cr> (keep block on surface)
OK (twice)
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT VM STRESS
TEMPERATURE
OK
JOB PARAMETERS
HEAT GEN: CONV FAC = 1E3 <cr> (should
be 1, but want larger temps for show)
OK
OK
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK
RETURN
429
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
CONTOUR BAND
DEF ON
SCALAR Temp.
SKIP TO 50
RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES
(pick node shown)
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1
NODES/VARS
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Velocity x
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Acceleration x
FIT
430
Pick Node
Notice that the effect of friction was not 100% since the block should
come to a stop at 1 sec. This was due to the ever slipping friction model.
Rigid body dynamics gives:
u = g
; u = gt + u 0
t
; u = g ---- + u 0 t + u 0
2
where the initial velocity was selected as u 0 = gt s . Where t s is the

stopping time or 1 second.
Also from the friction heating, the friction force moves through a
distance and this mechanical energy is converted to thermal energy.
This thermal energy is input to the heat transfer portion of the
solution. The average rise in temperature for a block that comes to rest
from an initial velocity of u 0 , becomes:
2
u 0
T = conv factor --------
cp
In this case, the rise in temperature is 27.27 oK.
How does this compare with the MSC.Marc predictions? (28 oK)
Why is the block hotter at the leading bottom edge? What would you
do to improve the results?
431

Overview: Two concentric spheres
have their inner and outer most
surfaces held at a fixed
temperature. They exchange heat
flow via radiation.
Thermal boundary conditions keep
the inner and outer most surfaces
fixed at 400 and 500 degrees C.
Another thermal boundary
conditions identifies that the outer
surface of the inner sphere and the
inner surface of the outer sphere
can radiate.
d
c
The heat transfer loadcase selected

is a steady state that will allow the
sphere to exchange heat flow via
radiation.
The temperature contours shows
this flow and the path plot shows
the radial change in temperature.
432

This will be an axisymmetric model and we can use cylindrical
coordinates to define the spheres.
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYS.
CYLINDRICAL (on)
CURVE TYPE
CENTER POINT POINT
RETURN
CURVES ADD
0,0,0, 8,0,0, 8,180,0 <cr>
0,0,0, 10,0,0, 10,180,0 <cr>
0,0,0, 12,0,0, 12,180,0 <cr>
0,0,0, 14,0,0, 14,180,0 <cr>
SURFACE TYPE
RULLED, OK
SURFACE ADD
1, 2 <cr>
3, 4 <cr>
433
CONVERT
DIVISIONS 12 2 <CR>
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
SWEEP
ALL
RETURN
CHECK ELEMENTS
UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP ELEMENTS
ALL SELECTED
UPSIDE DOWN
RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL
MAIN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
THERMAL
FIXED TEMP = 400, OK
(add all nodes for r = 8)
NEW
FIXED TEMP = 500, OK
(add all nodes for r = 14)
NEW
EDGE RADIATION
ON, OK
(add all edges r = 10 & 12)
434
r=14 12 10 8
Try using the path select

option to pick the nodes
on r=8, 14 and the edges
on r=10, 12. You only
need to pick a beginning
middle and ending node
for path select.
COMPUTE RADIATION VIEWFACTORS

TYPE AX
VIEWFACTOR FILE = model1.vfs, OK
START, OK
Here 1000 rays are
randomly cast from each
of the 24 edges to compute
the view factors. The
view-factors will be stored
in the file model1.vfs.
If the geometry changes
this would need to be
done again.
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTIVITY = 1E-4
EMISSIVITY = 0.4, OK
ELEMENTS ADD, ALL EXISTING, MAIN
LOADCASES
HEAT TRANSFER
STEADY STATE
SOLUTION CONTROL
MIN # RECYCLES
10, OK (twice)
MAIN
435
JOBS
HEAT TRANSFER
lcase1
AXISYMMETRIC
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
RADIATION
VIEWFACTOR FILE = model1.vfs, OK
LINEARIZE CALCULATION (off), OK
JOB PARAMETERS
UNITS AND CONSTANTS
TEMPERATURE IN CELSIUS (on)
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN = 5.67E-14, OK
OK, (thrice)
RUN, SUBMIT1, MONITOR, OK, SAVE
MAIN
RESULTS
d
OPEN DEFAULT
c
LAST
CONTOUR BAND
PATH PLOT
b
a
SET NODES
(pick node shown)
(a,b,c,d) #END LIST
436
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
Arc Length
Temperature
FIT
437

Overview: A modal analysis of a
cantilever beam will be done to
determine the natural frequencies of
the cantilever beam shown.
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
The end load is turned off prior to the

modal analysis. The effects of prestress change the natural frequencies,
like the tension in a guitar string.
However, it is not modeled here. Also,
the bending stresses due to the tip load
very slightly change the frequency.
The first ten lowest natural
frequencies and corresponding mode
shapes were requested. Here, the mode
shape of the lowest natural frequency
of 325 Hz is shown. As expected, it
shows easy wise bending.
438

Here is a cantilever beam from
before. We will use it now.
FILES
OPEN d1
SAVE AS d12
OK
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
DYNAMIC MODAL
OK
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1
INITIAL LOADS
turn off point load,
OK
OK
RUN
SUBMIT1, OK
SAVE
MAIN
439
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
DEFORMED SHAPE SETTINGS AUTOMATIC
DEF & ORIG
SCAN
1st Natural frequency at 3.251E+02 cycles per time

440

Overview: A harmonic analysis of a
cantilever beam will be done to
determine the dynamic response of
the cantilever beam shown to an
oscillating tip load of 500 pounds.
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
The end load is turned on in the

harmonic loadcase, and the range of
excitation frequencies is 0 to 400
Hz, in 10 steps of 40 Hz.
Plotting the tip displacement
magnitude along the frequency
range, shows the static solution at 0
Hz, and the resonance around the
first natural frequency of 325 Hz,
ending with a phase reversal above
325 Hz.
Resonance
at 325 cps
Static
Solution
441
FILES
OPEN d12
SAVE AS d13, OK
RETURN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
EDIT apply3
HARMONIC BCS
POINT LOAD, OK, MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
DYNAMIC HARMONIC
LOADS
(pick point load), OK
LOWEST FREQ = 0 <cr>
HIGHEST FREQ = 400 <cr>
# OF FREQS = 40 <cr>
OK
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1 OK
RUN, SUBMIT1, SAVE
442
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODE (Pick the one with point load)
COLLECT DATA 0:0 0:40 1 <cr>
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
FREQUENCY
DISPLACEMENT y
FIT
Resonance at
325 cps
Static Solution
443

Overview: A transient analysis of the
previous cantilever beam will be
done to determine the transient
dynamic response of the cantilever
beam shown to a suddenly appearing
tip load of 500 pounds.
The dynamic transient loadcase time
period is set to 3/(325 Hz) to get 3
cycles of response.
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
Static Solution
Period
Plotting the tip displacement along

the time axis shows the tip oscillating
about the static solution.
Static Solution
The second run includes damping

and the tip displacement along the
time axis plot shows the tip
oscillating about the static solution
with the oscillations diminishing
with time.
The last run includes contact with a
bumper below the beam at mid span.
The beam contacts the bumper only
on the way down and separates from
the bumper when displacing
upward.
444
Period
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
0.03"
Period ?
Static Solution ?
0.03"

Here is a cantilever beam from
before, we will use it now. The
beam is at rest and the load is
placed on the end at time t=0.
FILES
OPEN d1
SAVE AS d14, OK
RETURN
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
LOADCASE
MECHANICAL
DYNAMIC TRANSIENT
TIME = 3/325 <cr> (remember 1st natural
frequency)
STEPS = 150 <cr>
OK
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1
OK
SAVE, RUN, SUBMIT1, MONITOR, OK
MAIN
445
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
HISTORY PLOT
COLLECT DATA 0 150 1 <cr>
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Displacement y
FIT
Static Solution
Period
446

What about damping? Physically, we know it is present. Lets see how
to model with damping.
FILES
OPEN d14
SAVE AS d15, OK
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
DAMPING
STIFFNESS MATRIX MULT. = 1E-4 <cr>
OK
OK
SAVE
MAIN
JOBS
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
447
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
HISTORY PLOT
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Displacement y
FIT
Static Solution
Period
448
Dynamics D3 Beam Transient Analysis w/Contact

Here is a over hanging
cantilever beam. The beam is
rest and the load is placed on
the end at time t=0.
500 #
10" X 1" X 1"
FILES
OPEN d15
SAVE AS d16, OK
MAIN
0.03"
MESH GENERATION
CURVE TYPE, CIRCLE:CENTER,RADIUS
CURVES: ADD
5 0 0 <cr>
.2 <cr>
RETURN
MOVE
TRANS.
0 -.23 0 <cr>
CURVE
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
449
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
DAMPING
STIFFNESS MATRIX MULT. = 2E-5 <cr>
OK
OK
RETURN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE, OK
ELEMENTS: ADD, ALL: EXISTING
NEW
RIGID, OK
CURVES ADD, ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
MECHANICAL
CONTACT CONTROL
DISTANCE TOLERANCE = .01 <cr>
BIAS = 0.9 <cr>
SEPARATION FORCE = 1.0 <cr>
OK (thrice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT(1), MONITOR, OK (twice)
450
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODE
(Pick the one with point load& at overhang)
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Displacement Y
FIT
0.03"
Period ?
Static Solution ?
451
452
CHAPTER 11
Notes and Course Critique
The purpose of this appendix is to provide

pages for notes and the course critique.
453
Class Notes
Class Notes
454
Class Notes
Class Notes
455
Class Notes
Class Notes
456
Class Notes
Class Notes
457
Class Notes
Class Notes
458
Class Critique
Class Critique
Please use this form to provide feedback on your training program. Your comments will be reviewed, and
when possible included in the remainder of your course.
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Are the format and presentation correctly paced?
Are the discussions clear and easy to follow?
What changes do you suggest?
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Workshop
Are the available problems relevant?
Was the technical assistance prompt and clear?
Was the equipment satisfactory?
What changes do you suggest?
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General
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Your Name:______________________________________Date:_______________________________
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459
460
Class Critique

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MSC.

Marc Advanced Course

Copyright 2003 MSC.Software Corporation

MSC Japan Ltd.

Third Party Software Program Credits

MSC.Marc Advanced Course

MSC.Marc Advanced Course ....................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2 Review of The Finite Element Method ................

CHAPTER 3 Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis .......................

CHAPTER 4 Nonlinear Material Behavior ...............................

CHAPTER 5 Contact Analysis..................................................

MSC.Marc Advanced Course

Friction Model Types

CHAPTER 6 Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses..................

CHAPTER 7 Dynamic Analysis................................................

CHAPTER 8 User Subroutines.................................................

CHAPTER 9 Automatic Mesh Refinement ..............................

MSC.Marc Advanced Course

CHAPTER 10 Workshop Problems ............................................

Statics S9 Elastomeric Arch

CHAPTER 11 Notes and Course Critique..................................

MSC.Marc Advanced Course

This course offers complete workshop-paced

MSC.Marc Advanced Course

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MSC.Marc Solutions Aerospace

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MSC.Marc/Mentat File Road Map

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MSC.Marc Advanced Course

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MSC.Marc Advanced Course

Review of The Finite Element

The purpose of this chapter is to review

MSC.Marc Advanced Course

Review of The Finite Element Method

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method

Step 1 Shape Functions: The FEM expresses the unknown

Step 2 Material Loop: The FEM expresses the dependent flux

Step 3 Element Matrices: The FEM equilibrates each element

where the element matrices, K and f have consistently

MSC.Marc Advanced Course