Rain Alarm

Working: Water is a conductor of electricity. When water is in contact with the probe then
there is a flow of current toward the base of NPN transistor (BC548), which conducts. With the
conduction of NPN transistor, electron reaches to Q2, which is a PNP transistor . PNP transistor
(BC558) also conducts and current flows through the speaker. In a speaker there is inductive
coil which causes motion in one direction and after that produces induce current, which is in
opposite direction to the flow of current this induced current in the form of pulse, flows through a
capacitor, resistance and makes 1st transistor BC548 off for an inter-well and after-that it
relaxes to previous state. This process repeats again and again till probe is in contact with water
and an oscillation is created in the circuit. Speaker diaphragm vibrates and gives a tone.
Frequency of the circuit depends on the value of Coil impendence, Capacitor and Resistance
Value.

Circuit Diagram of Rain Alarm

2 Temperature sensing system

This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate centigrade

temperature. Linearity defines how well over a range of temperature a sensors

output consistently changes. Unlike thermistor, Linearity of a precision IC Sensors

are very good of 0.5C accuracy and has wide temperature range. its output voltage
is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to +150C temperature range.It draws
only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air.
LM35 Operates from 4 to 30 volts.
Output of IC is 10mv/degree centigrade for eg if the output of sensor is 280 mV then
temperature is 28 degree C. so by using a Digital multimeter we can easily calculate
the degree temperature. For trigger point you should set the voltage of pin 2 of IC
741
by
using
preset
or
potentiometer.
Our aim of this project is not to construct a thermometer but to activate or
deactivate a device at a particular margin temperature. For simplicity we have used
2 LED for indication of both low (Green) and high (Red) temperature.

Battery charger circuit using SCR.

Description.
A simple battery charger based on SCR is shown here.Here the SCR rectifies the AC mains
voltage to charge the battery.When the battery connected to the charger gets discharged the
battery voltage gets dropped.This inhibits the forward biasing voltage from reaching the
base of the transistor Q1 through R4 and D2.This switches off the transistor.When the
transistor is turned OFF,the gate of SCR (H1) gets the triggering voltage via R1 & D3.This
makes the SCR to conduct and it starts to rectify the AC input voltage.The rectified voltage is
given to the battery through the resistor R6(5W).This starts charging of the battery.
When the battery is completely charged the base of Q1 gets the forward bias signal through
the voltage divider circuit made of R3,R4,R5 and D2.This turns the transistor ON.When the
Q1 is turned ON the trigger voltage at the gate of SCR is cut off and the SCR is turned
OFF.In this condition a very small amount of charge reaches the battery via R2 and D4 for
trickle charging.Since the charging voltage is only half wave rectified ,this type of charger is
suitable only for slow charging.For fast charging full wave rectified charging voltage is
needed.

Street light circuit.

Description.
The circuit diagram present here is that of a street light that automatically switches ON
when the night falls and turns OFF when the sun rises. In fact you can this circuit for
implementing any type of automatic night light.
The circuit uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to sense the light .When there is
light the resistance of LDR will be low. So the voltage drop across POT R2 will be high.This
keeps the transistor Q1 ON. The collector of Q1(BC107) is coupled to base of Q2(SL100). So
Q2 will be OFF and so do the relay. The bulb will remain OFF.
When night falls the resistance of LDR increases to make the voltage across the POT R2 to
decrease below 0.6V. This makes transistor Q1 OFF which in turn makes Q2 ON. The relay
will be energized and the bulb will glow.