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Introduction
The number right score obtained from an
assessment is NOT very meaningful of itself.
This score need to be referenced to something
outside the assessment to be interpreted.
Introduction
Two kinds of score interpretation:
1. norm-reference
2. criterion reference
Norm-Reference Interpretation
Describe assessed performance in terms of a
persons position in a reference group that
has been administered the assessment.
For example: better than 80 percent of the
class.
It express the students standing in a reference
group, BUT it does not state what the student
knows or is able to perform.
The reference group : norm group
Norm group
The well-defined group of other students is
called norm group.
To make valid NR interpretations, all persons
in the norm group must have been given the
same assessment tasks as your students and
under the same condition (same time limits,
same directions, same equipment and
materials, etc)
Validity of Norm-Reference
Interpretations
The NR interpretations are less valid when the
norm group is not well defined.
NR scores: Percentile ranks, grade-equivalent
scores and standard scores are examples of
NR
Criterion-Reference Interpretation
Describe assessment performance in terms of
the kinds of tasks a person can do.
Criterion-Reference Interpretation
Individuals scores are compared to a
predetermined standard of performance (the
criterion), not with the scores of others
Score is usually expressed as a percentage
or pass/fail
Focuses on what individuals are able to do
Good for diagnosis
Raw score
Percentile rank
Raw test score have relatively little meaning by themselves.
We need the method of deriving a score or number that will
have meaning for an individual, particularly if we are using
norm-referenced measures.
Rank in the group might be used, but the size of the group will
obviously play a significant role in determining the meaning
assigned to a particular rank.
Ex: a rank of 3 in a group of 10 versus a rank of 3 in a group of
1,000.
Percentile rank
A derived score that has been found useful in
describing individual students performance is
the percentile rank (PR)
Percentile rank is the percentage of score
below the given score point.
Percentile rank
The formula:
Percentile rank
1
(B E)
2
X 100
n
B = the number of raw scores below a particular score, score x.
E = the number of raw scores equal to x, including x itself.
n = total number of raw score
Percentile rank
Percentile rank
It means that if the student got a score of 40
on this test (correct answer 40 items), 78
percent of the people in the norm group
correctly answer less than 40 items.
Exercise
Table shows raw scores of 20 students in a Economic
test.
(a) Compute the percentile rank, z- score and T- score
for each of the raw score.
(b) If Salmah received a raw score of 80, try to explain
Salmahs position relative to his classmates in the test.
Frequency
89
80
75
68
60
59
54
40
1
16 (4)
2
X 100
20
= 90
1
13 (3)
2
X 100
20
= 72.5
Standard scores
Z-Score
Z-Score
Example:
Adam has gone through a few assessments for his
mathematics course. The z score of each assessment are as
follows:
On quiz 1: 0
On quiz 2: -1.67
On homework assignment: 0.5
Final exam: 2.5
Z-Score
T Score
T score = 50 + 10(z).
T score of 60 is the same as a z score of 1.
For example:
Damis z score in social science studies was 2.9. what is the T score?
Kenny has a z score of -1.4 in math, what is the T score?
T Score
Damis T score: 79
Kennys T score: 36
Eliminate the decimal point and negative value.
ETS Score
Published by Educational Testing Service
100z + 500 = ETS
If z scores are carried out to two places.