Propertiesofstee00samprich PDF

LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Ctes
PROPERTIES
OF
STEEL SECTIONS
A REFERENCE BOOK FOR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS AND

ARCHITECTS
INCLUDING TABLES OF MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND
RADII OF GYRATION OF BUILT SECTIONS, EXAMPLES
OF SECTIONS SELECTED FROM MONUMENTAL STRUC-
TURES, UNIT STRESSES, SAFE LOADS FOR COLUMNS,

PLATE GIRDER DESIGN, DESIGN IN TIMBER, ETC., WITH
ONLY SUFFICIENT TEXT TO EXPLAIN THEIR APPLICATION
BY
JOHN
C.
SAMPLE,
C.E.,
Architectural Engineer,
New
M. ARCH.
York
NEW YORK
McGRAW PUBLISHING COMPANY

114 LIBERTY STREET
1905
COPYRIGHT,
1905
BY THE
McGRAW PUBLISHING COMPANY

NEW YORK
PREFACE
a tendency at the present time to call for designs to be submitted on short
THERE is
notice.
Should the design be properly made,
it
requires rapid
and often laborious
hoped the designer will be able to select directly from the tables
here given such sections as will meet his special requirements, thus saving the energy
ordinarily spent in preliminary figuring for more important parts of design.
calculations.
A
own
It is
portion of the material here presented
was
originally prepared for the author's
When
use as designer for a structural steel plant.
tables additional sections were included.

field as
it
was decided
The aim has been
to publish the
to cover the particular
thoroughly as possible without producing too large a volume.
been considered to be within the scope of
from a theoretical standpoint, only
this
book
sufficient text
It
has not
to treat the subjects involved
being presented to explain the ap-
plication of the tables.

All values
upon
have been calculated and checked independently, and
may
be relied
as correct.
been taken in preparing these tables to permit the author to
Sufficient time has
add such
sections as are in use.
which are necessary
usage
has aimed to confine himself to those sections
good design and such shapes as are carried
to
large structural steel plants,
Common
He
it
in stock
by most
being the desire to avoid unnecessary refinements.
account for the appearance of some of these sections.
will
Properties of patented sections are omitted.
They may be obtained by applying
to the manufacturer.
Where
possible
of practice as to
all
controverted points have been avoided.
how much
plate for plate girders
the
back
There
is
a diversity
back of angles should exceed the width of the
to
and columns, the
practice being about equally divided between
The author has used \" for all sections with less than 42" plates, since
\" and y.
this is on the safe side for those using %".
Where cover plates are not used, it is unnecessary to chip the
are used unless
It is
it
web
not intended to
a text on design in steel.
umns, the material
The
plate,
and
it is
seldom necessary to chip where cover plates
be for very long web plates.
is
recommend any particular set of specifications, or to present

With the exception of the chapter giving safe loads of col-
general and capable of being applied to any specification.
author acknowledges his gratitude to those
who have
assisted
him
in pro-
PREFACE
iv
viding material for the chapter on
Monumental
appreciate suggestions tending to add
Structures, pages 56 to 66.
to the value of future editions
He
will
of the book.
Chapters will be revised at intervals determined by the advance in the particular

subject.
Special
material.
acknowledgment
is
due Mr. H. R. Bradley
for carefully checking all the
CONTENTS
PAGE
MOMENT OF
TABLE No.
INERTIA AND RADII OF GYRATION -
Explanatory notes and examples of application

Two angles, unequal legs, long legs outstanding
"
6
8
equal legs
"
"
unequal legs, short legs outstanding

"Star Struts," equal legs
"
Four
10
unequal legs
angles, Axis
AA, unequal
legs,
long legs outstanding
12
short legs outstanding
14
16
"
7
equal legs
unequal
9
10
"
11
12
Moment
Axis BB, unequal legs, long legs outstanding

"
equal legs
"
unequal legs, short legs outstanding
of Inertia of one plate, Axis AA
of one plate, Axis
13
14
15
16
1
18
19
22
23
24
25
26
27
....
....
Two
channels laced, flanges in

"
"
flanges outstanding
and one beam

and one beam
(flanges outstanding)
"
"
(flanges in)
Three beams, H-section

Two channels and two cover plates
"
one cover plate
One channel and one plate
"
and one angle
Four angles, one plate, and one channel
22
23
BB
two cover plates for angle columns

"
of two cover plates for zee-bar columns
Two Angles and one plate, T-shaped section
Four zee-bars and one plate
17
20
24
26
of
20
21
legs,
....
28
29
30
31
32
34
38
39
40
46
49
50
51
VALUES OF COLUMNS FROM LARGE BUILDINGS

28
List and properties of sections

Columns having one web plate
two web plates
three web plates
Miscellaneous types
54
56
57
58
59
CONTENTS
vi
PAGE
VALUES OF TOP CHORDS FROM LARGE BRIDGES

TABLE No. 29
List and properties of sections

Laced top and bottom, two webs
"
three webs
"
"
four webs
Cover plate on top, two webs
four webs
55
61
62
63
63
64
66
Miscellaneous types
UNIT STRAINS Strains under
dynamic loads
67
68
Unit strains in compression members

30
Summary of compression formulae

Values from compression formulae, reduced to 16,000 base unit
Curves derived from compression formulae, reduced to 16,000 base
.
unit
31
34
35
36
.37
Four angles and

"
and
and
and
Two
STRESS DUE
72
73
Values corresponding to compression formulae

Curves corresponding to compression formulas
Railroad bridge, highway bridge, and building specifications
74
75
...
SAFE LOADS FOR COLUMNS

32 Two angles
33
70
76
78
an
8-inch plate
a 12-inch plate
80
an i8-inch plate
82
a 24-inch plate
channels laced
81
83
84
TO WEIGHT OF SECTION -
38
Extreme
39
AREA OF ONE PLATE
87
40
AREA IN SQUARE INCHES DEDUCTED FOR ONE

HOLE
90
fiber stress
due
to weight of angles
86
NET AREA OF ONE ANGLE

41
Deducting one, two, and three f-inch holes

"
42
"
"
43
"
|-inch holes
i-inch holes
91
92
93
NET VALUES OF SECTIONS

44
Net values
"
"
45
46
"
"
of
beams
94
channels
95
cover plates for beams and channels
96
CONTENTS
VU
PAGE
PLATE GIRDERS
Graphics in design of plate girders
Three examples illustrating application of tables
Resistance of
TABLE No 47
48
Moment
99
100
web
plate to bending stress

of inertia of one web plate for plate girders
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
of four angles deducting
"
49
50
97
"
"
of
two cover
plates,
103
two holes
104
three holes
51
102
one hole
105
deducting two holes
106
TIMBER COLUMNS, BEAMS, AND FLOORING

52
53
54
55
no
General notes on strength of timber

Safe working stresses for various timbers
Ultimate breaking stresses for various timbers
Safe loads for columns
"
(uniformly distributed) for beams
113
114
inch thick
....
57
(uniformly distributed) for beams of various thickness

Safe bending moments for beams in foot-pounds
58
Bending moments
56
59
in foot-pounds for uniform loading

Thickness of flooring for uniform loading
115
116
117
119
120
121
General Notes Governing Tables

THE shapes used in the tables throughout are manufactured by the Carnegie Steel
Co. as given in the Pocket Companion for 1903. It has been the object to supplement the Pocket Companion and not to include any information given in it.
The values of all sections except for net values of beams, channels, and cover
plates, pages 94-96; net sections of angles, pages 91-93; and plate girders, pages
97-109, are based upon their gross area. Should it be required to use net sections in
other cases, due allowance must be made for deductions by rivet holes.
The
is used throughout
Areas of sections are square inches in cross-section.
following notation
Weights of sections are pounds per lineal foot.

Dimensions are in inches unless noted.
L = unsupported or unbraced length in feet.
/ = unsupported or unbraced length in inches.
x = unknown distance in feet to point in question.

w = uniform load in pounds per lineal foot of span.
W = total load in pounds.
P = safe stress in pounds per square inch.
B = bending moment in inch pounds.
R = extreme fiber stress in pounds per square inch.
b = thickness in inches.
h = depth in inches.
A = total area of cross-section in square inches.
I
moment
of inertia.
= moment of resistance in inch pounds.

r = radius of gyration in inches.
e = distance in inches of extreme fiber from neutral axis.
b. to b. = back to back in inches.
C = coefficient of strength for fiber stress of 16,000 pounds per square inch.
5 = section modulus.
5 and C are with neutral axis perpendicular to web at center.
r
ix
MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND RADII OF GYRATION OF COLUMNS

AND STRUTS
THE
values of
tions being
all
made
sections in this chapter are based
and increases the compression
on the gross sections, no deducin one side of a column
Bending produces tension
for rivet holes.
in the other, but the tension is only sufficient to reduce
Should such a case be
the compression, or in rare cases to produce a slight tension.
where the member has a
possible that tension determines the section,
would be necessary
strut action
it
to use the net values of the section.
A column of such proportions should be selected as to be of nearly the same strength

about both axes for the particular loading and bracing.
and / should be examined as
The
will
Moments
application of the tables of
The
shown by the following examples.

with the requirements of the
must not exceed
relative values of
New York
and Radii
of Inertia
The
Building Law.
P =
of
ratio
120,
The minimum
2.0.
20
ratio of -
by pointing
of the tables
The
greater than 2.0
than
2.0,
and
off
corresponds
value of r
it is
the
minimum
58
The
ratio
number
20
is
To
this
feet.
value
of
may
therefore be determined for this
in feet.
By examination
of sections have a value of r equal to or
much
sections used in the examples have values of r
important to select
such sections as
greater
will give the greatest value of
r for a given area, provided the requirements or conditions will permit the use of
section.
Let
required area of column in square inches.
W=
total direct load in
pounds.
B =
bending moment in inch pounds.
P =
e =
distance in inches from
safe load in
fiber
is
120
one decimal place in the value of
seen that a large
it is
of Gyration
120.
r,
allowable strain in
15,200
In each example the unsupported length about both axes
maximum
/,
sections will be determined in accordance
pounds per square inch for compression members,

of
Such
show the column weakest.
on the
pounds per square
side in
the
inch.
neutral
axis
to
the
'
extreme
which the bending produces compression.
such
MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND

The
values of
compound
sections
RADII OF GYRATION
may be found by combining
the values of ele-
mentary parts. This is illustrated by a column shown in the accompanying figure,

The column is composed of four angles
the values of which are tabulated below.
" web
n
b
l
to
8
l8
6 X 4 X f
b.,
plate, and two
i"
g kg outstanding, an 18" X
>
14"
i" cover plates.
SECTION.
MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND
RADII OF GYRATION
A =
Be
Example
Required a channel column capable of carrying a direct or balanced

To obtain the approximate area required, assume an allow-
i.
load of 230,000 pounds.
able strain of 12,000 pounds per square inch.
From
20.92
230,000
-^-
the table 23 the area of two 10* 15-pound channels

the least r
-=
- = 230,000
^
230.000
= _
240
58
15,200
15,200
The
section
19.2 square inches.
and two 12" x
1* plates
Applying the general form,
3.68.
A = _
11,000
20.2.
11,400
58
3.68
assumed has an excessive area of
and
.72 square inch,
capable of
is
being reduced by approximately that amount.
Example
Required a channel column capable of carrying a balanced load of
2.
200,000 pounds, and having in addition a bending of 120,000 inch pounds.

tain the approximate area required,
pounds per square inch
From
20.92
200,000
-j-
10,000
the least r
Turn
3.68.
of I about the axis
AA =
AA
58
(^5,200-
Be
-J-
NOTE
The
It will
\" plates
effectively resist
bending
force.
The
the
value
Applying the general form,

200,000
2 4 o\
^5,200-58
section
capable of being reduced
is
most
will
ob-
20.0 square inches.
100,000
square inches required.

inch and
it
parallel to the plane of
464.8.
W
/
the column
so
and two 12" x
the table 23 the area of two 10* 15-pound channels
bending, by placing the axis
assume an allowable extreme
for the direct load.
To
fiber strain of 10,000
j-
120,000
5-5
10,000
464.8
assumed has an excessive area of
.92
square
by approximately that amount.
be seen by referring to the table of specifications under the chapter on
Unit Strains that the practice varies
some add the
total
extreme
while others add | of the extreme fiber stress, to the direct stress.
fiber stress
due
to bending,
TABLE
TWO
SIZE.
ANGLES, UNEQUAL LEGS,
UNIVERSITY
LONG LEGS OUTSTANDING

Axis AA.
TABLE
1 (Continued}
TABLE
TWO
SIZE.
ANGLES,
TABLE
EQUAL LEGS
Axis AA.
(Continued*)
TABLE
TWO
SIZE.
ANGLES, UNEQUAL
TABLE
LEGS,
SHORT LEGS OUTSTANDING

Axis AA.
3 (Continued}
TABLE
STAR STRUTS
TWO ANGLES, EQUAL LEGS
SIZE.
TABLE
4!
STAR STRUTS
TWO ANGLES, UNEQUAL LEGS
TABLE
,
L.
TABLE
ANGLES, LACED
LONG LEGS OUTSTANDING
Axis AA.
6 {Continued)
TABLE
r"
FOUR
n"
EQUAL
TABLE
ANGLES, LACED
LEGS
Axis AA.
{Continued}
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TABLE
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(Continued on pp. 18
POUR ANGLES, LACED

UNEQUAL LEGS, LONG LEGS OUTSTANDING
,
SIZE.
TABLE
{Continued)
FOUR ANGLES,
UNEQUAL LEGS, LONG
TABLE
LACED
LEGS OUTSTANDING
Axis BB.
{Continued)
TABLE
L- 1
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rT"
SIZE.
10
FOUR ANGLES,
EQUAL
TABLE
LACED
LEGS
Axis BB.
10
(Continued)
1 1
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ff
TABLE
12
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF ONE PLATE ABOUT

AXIS AA
III
J2*
TABLE
ONE PLATE ABOUT AXIS BB
THICKNESS OF PLATE IN INCHES.
13 (Continued}
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15
MOMENT OP INERTIA OF TWO COVER

PLATES FOR Z-BAR COLUMNS
ABOUT AXIS BB
Thickness of plate equals thickness of Z-bar
1
N
"E
00
TABLE
J
SIZE OF
CHANNEL.
TWO CHANNELS
18
LACED, FLANGES IN
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TABLE 20
TWO CHANNELS (FLANGES
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AND ONE BEAM

CHANNEL.
TABLE
TWO CHANNELS
CHANNEL.
20 {Continued)
(FLANGES OUTSTANDING) AND ONE BEAM
TABLE
St
CHANNEL.
20 (Continued)
TWO CHANNELS
(FLANGES OUTSTANDING)
AND ONE BEAM
TABLE
TWO CHANNELS
(FLANGES OUTSTANDING)
AND ONE BEAM
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THREE BEAMS
22
P"
TABLE
23
TWO CHANNELS AND

Thickness of
Pis.
TABLE
TWO COVER PLATES

A
23
TABLE
23 (Co?itinued)
TWO CHANNELS AND

Thickness of
Pis.
TABLE
TWO COVER PLATES

\
23 (Continued)
TABLE
23 (Continued}
TWO CHANNELS AND

Thickness of Pis.
TABLE
TWO COVER PLATES

T'S
23 (Concluded)
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O N
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(46)
.00
PLATE
COVER
ONE
AND
CHANNELS
TWO
w
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MXOONOM
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to to
i"'i'" f'^'
Ti"
C^ oo
to
totoioiototo
t^ t^
t--
co
oo
totototototo
TtOrfO
101010
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ro
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(48)
IQ
in
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nice crtoo
c*e
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TABLE
ONE CHANNEL AND ONE PLATE

G EQUALS GAUGE OF CHANNEL
CHANNEL.
25
TABLE
26
ONE CHANNEL AND ONE ANGLE

LONG LEG OF ANGLE PERPENDICULAR TO WEB OF CHANNEL
BACK OF ANGLE FLUSH WITH FLANGE OF CHANNEL
CHANNEL.
TABLE
FOUR ANGLES, ONE PLATE, AND ONE
CHANNEL
Back
width of Plate
to back of Angles
i"
indicates long leg of Angles " E " in contact with channel
"
E " in contact with channel
S indicates short leg of Angles
SIZE
OF
PLATE.
27
SECTIONS OF COLUMNS,
SECTIONS OF TOP CHORDS,
Selected from
some of the Largest Buildings
and Bridges
The
in the
United States
values of the sections covered by the tables on Moments of Inertia

of Gyration are suitable for structures of ordinary proportions.
and Radii
The
variety of
tions of
ways
monumental
separately.
The
in
which standard shapes are used
buildings and bridges
in the
compose
sec-
The types show what is

when circumstances and condi-
United States.
customary as well as what can be done
demand
to
structures, has made it necessary to treat this class

sections here given are selected from some of the largest
necessary to be acquainted with these conditions

compare intelligently the values of these sections. They are
classified and tabulated here in order to more readily serve as a guide in
tions
it.
It is
in order to
the design of
new
structures.
(53)
33
PQ
WJ
o
f
n
tM
o
S
S
S
s
CM
o
a
w
J
on
<
I-
i
a
S
*
fc
SECTIONS OF COLUMNS
FIRST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING,
CHICAGO
41L-8" X8"X
i
if'
- 17- x i"
8" X if"
Pis. -
PI.
FRICK BUILDING, PITTSBURG

4li-8" x 8" xif'
6 Pis. - 18" x if"
i PI. - 17" X
|"
COLUMN
43, C. & N. W. R'Y OFFICE

BUILDING, CHICAGO
6 Pis. - 6" x i"
2 Pis. - 6" x H"
2 pis. - 12$" x r
'
4 Li - 6" x 6" x f
1
COLUMN
24, C. & N. W. R'Y OFFICE

BUILDING, CHICAGO
6 Pis. - 8" x |"
- 18" X H"
4 Pis.
2 PIS. - I2|" X I"
1
4 1!
(56)
8" x 6" X f"
SECTIONS OF COLUMNS
LAND TITLE BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA

4li-8"x 8"x if"
2 Pis. - if x I"
8 Pis. - 8" x 44"
1
ROCK ISLAND RAILWAY STATION,

CHICAGO
4li-5"X3i"xi"
2 PIS.
2 Pis.
12" X \"
IS" X I"
PARK ROW BUILDING, NEW YORK

- 24" x f "
4li-6" x 4" X I"
2 PIS. - 6" X f"
2 Pis. - 6" x I"
2 Pis. - 8" x *"
Pis.
COLUMN
(a),
IVINS BUILDING,
NEW YORK
4l-6"
x 6" x \"
- 24" x I"
2 Side Pis. - 22" x |"
2 Side Pis. - 12" x |"
6 Cover Pis. - 24" x f "
2
(57)
Web
Pis.
SECTIONS OF COLUMNS
WANAMAKER
BUILDING, NEW
4l!-6" x 6" x I"
6 Pis. - 28" x ft"
6 Pis. - 22" X H"
2 Pis. - 10" X I"
2 Pis. - 8J" X
|"
YORE
7iTJ
<*>!
ADAMS BUILDING, CHICAGO

,_.
3
5#
i3"[
Pis.
2 Pis.
18"
x i"
\2\" x |"
FARMERS' BANE BUILDING,

PITTSBURG
6 Pis. - 3 "x \"
i
8IJ.-6" x 4" X I"

2 Pis. - 24" x \\"
4 Pis. - 24" X f"
COLUMN
1,
WALDORF-ASTORIA HOTEL,
NEW YORE
4-
15"
2 Pis.
(58)
Pis.
[*
i
55#
4 \"
xf"
20" x |"
SECTIONS OF COLUMNS
SECTIONS OF COLUMNS
COLUMN
(b),
ILLINOIS STEEL
(60)
CO.,
CHICAGO
SECTIONS OF BRIDGE CHORDS
WILLIAMSBURQ BRIDGE,
NEW YORK
300-FOOT SPAN,
BOONE
VIADUCT, BOONE, IOWA

_ 6 x 4" X I"
4
- 6" X 4" X T
4
2 Pis. - 30" X f"
/r
[*_
LS.
2 Pis.
8" X |"
PANTHER HOLLOW STEEL

ARCH, PITTSBURG
INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE,
BUFFALO
6" x 6" x f "
4[i
40" x \"
2 Pis.
- 27 Y x I"
- tf" X Ty
f
2 Pis.
2 PIS.
MONONGAHELA
BRIDGE,
PITTSBURG
4
li.
8" x 8" x i"
2 Pis.
2 pis.
2O" X l"
3 6- x 3r
NIAGARA CANTILEVER BRIDGE,

NIAGARA FALLS
MEMPHIS BRIDGE,
MEMPHIS, TENN.
81s. - 6" X4" X |"
8 Pis. - 30" x H"
-^l
THEBES BRIDGE,
THEBES, ILL.
//f
.^V-
//*
j.
/**
NEW OMAHA
BRIDGE,
OMAHA, NEB.
- 28" x \"
- i8"x i"
2 PIS. - 10" X f"
"
2 Pis. - 5" x f
1
PL
2 Pis.
(63)
CAIRO BRIDGE,
CAIRO,
KENTUCKY
//*
INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE,
BUFFALO
-.
SIXTH STREET BRIDGE,

PITTSBURG
LoceJ
/-S"
/-S
(64)
BELLEFONTAINE
BRIDGE, ALTON,
ILLINOIS
iJf
MONONGAHELA
RIVER BRIDGE,
PITTSBURG
RANKIN BRIDGE,
RANKIN, PA.
ROOF TRUSS, WALDORF-ASTORIA HOTEL, NEW YORK

|_s__6"x 4"X \"
//
ioPls.-29j x f"
I2
2 Pis.
3 6""x
J"
'
I"
EADS BRIDGE,
(66)
ST.
LOUIS
UNIT STRAINS
The following data on unit strains, pages 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, and 73, is
taken from Bulletin No. 41 of the American Railway Engineering and
Way Association, published in 1903.

STRAINS UNDER DYNAMIC LOADS
Maintenance of
The
subject of unit strains in iron
and
steel structures
as said before, so closely
is,
and strength of material used, and the loading which the

that the three must be studied together.
related to the quality
ture has to carry,
The
and strength
quality
from the numerous
tests
of material to be used in the structure
made on both specimens and
in the last fifty years, during
which period iron and
is
well
full-sized structural
steel
struc-
known
members
have been used for struc-
tures of various kinds.
The
trary,
load which the structure
more or
less
may have
to carry during its service
an assumption at the time the structure
is
is, c
n the con-
designed.
a railroad bridge, we assume that it shall carry a load represented by a

The static load applied on the bridge from this typical train may closely
typical train.
If this is
represent the static load of the heaviest actual train passing over the bridge
service,
but we are
closely represent the

It is
still
in
doubt how much
dynamic load from the moving
on the question how
that the engineers
who
to provide for this
design bridges
differ,
when
in
this static load should be increased to

train.
dynamic load of the moving
and there
is
a wide
field for
train
the investi-
gator to determine by experiments and observation what the relations are between
and the load produced by the moving train for various lengths of
Such investigation, if carefully
the various members of the bridge.
the static train load
spans and for
made and
would be of great value to both the designers ajid the

The Committee is now making some investigations in this
of sufficient extent,
purchasers of bridges.
direction in connection with the subject of impact.
Two
distinct
the assumed
methods are used to provide
static load.
since bridge designing

neers, is to
some
rule..
The
first
became a
for the excess of the
science,
and which
vary the unit strains in the different
Some
dynamic load above
method, which we may say has been used ever

is still
members
adhered to by
many
engi-
of the structure according to
engineers vary the unit strains according to the relation between

(6?)
UNIT STRAINS
and dead
live
load, or total load
for the different
members
and dead
of the structure;
some use
load;
and some use
different fixed unit strain
different unit strains for live
load and for dead load.
The second method, which has
many
of the
American engineers,
is
found favor with and has been adopted by
lately
to use a constant unit strain for the
same grade
of
material and provide for the dynamic effect of the load by increasing the static live-
load strains according to impact formulas.
This
last
method seems
It
to
be the most rational, as
and not as a decreased strength
of the load as a load,
it
treats the
dynamic increment
of material.
has been thoroughly demonstrated, by experiments, that when a piece of iron
or steel
break
is
strained above
the strain
if
is
its elastic limit,
repeated a
but below
sufficient
number
strain is kept to the elastic limit, the larger is the
that are required to break the piece,
the elastic limit, the
proaches
number
ultimate strength,
of times,
number
and that when
the elastic limit will stand any
it
will finally
and that the nearer
this
of repetitions of the strain
this repeated strain is close
of repetitions required to
It is therefore
infinity.
its
above
break the piece rapidly ap-
reasonable to assume that a piece strained below
number
of repetitions of the strain without being in-
jured or reduced in strength.

If,
therefore, all the possible strains with their
various
perfect
members
workmanship
is
possible that each piece in a
unit with every other piece in the
then
up
it
would be
member
is
same member, and the material
The
workmanship
is
if
such
strained equally per

is
free
from
defects,
member
may have defects not discovered by the inThe pieces forming the member will,
the finished structure.
Some pieces may have
not perfect.
be stretched considerably before other pieces take any of the
How much
which the
and
material
therefore, not be equally strained in

to
to
safe to use a unit strain equal to that required to strain the
to the elastic limit.
spection and the
dynamic increment
of the structure will probably be subjected are found,
strain.
additional section should be allowed for these defects in material and
workmanship depends on the care taken in the manufacturing at mills and shops, and
on the thoroughness of inspection. If the section is increased seventy-five per cent.,
it
seems reasonable
to
assume that these defects have been provided
This would give an allowable unit strain equal
for very liberally.
to four-sevenths of the elastic limit.
UNIT STRAINS IN COMPRESSION MEMBERS

There
bers.
is
much
Numerous
diversity of opinion in regard to unit strains for compression

tests
mem-
have been made, the results plotted on diagrams, and formulas

(68)
UNIT STRAINS
devised to agree as closely as possible with the average of the results of
when reduced
of these formulas,
the limits for length of
member
The
same base
to the
member
unit, follow
Most
tests.
each other closely within
divided by least radius of gyration of cross-section of
that are used in good designing.
attached diagram (page 73) gives the allowed unit
some well-known formulas
from
strains, derived
for the various relations of "1 over r," reduced to a base
unit strain of 16,000 pounds per square inch.
The
straight-line formula, first
proposed by
Thomas H.
Johnson, and used,
among
by Theodore Cooper in his specifications, is very simple, and gives values that
are no doubt as close to the actual conditions as any of the other more complicated
others,
formulas, within the limits for the relation "1 over r" used in good designing.
This formula discourages inexperienced designers from using long and flimsy
compression members, which they are very apt to do when they use a formula which
will allow
The
comparatively high unit strains for high values of the relation "1 over r."
formulas always
earlier
members with
connections and
no such
made a
riveted
distinction
between members with pin end
end connections, but the
later
formulas
make
distinction.
A member
with pin end connections
is
not as rigid as a
member
with riveted end
connections; but, on the contrary, pin connections do not transmit the secondary
bending
caused by the deflection of the structure, to their
strains,
riveted connections.
It seems, therefore, as if the
with riveted end connections
is,
in strength between the
some
at least to
advantage of transmitted bending strains,
two members,
if
of
as
much
as
member
extent, counterbalanced
and that there
same
member
advantage of stiffness in a
is
by the disno
difference
practically
section but with the above difference
in end connection.
Our knowledge
bined strains.
structure,
The
we can
large
is still
limited in regard to the effects of alternating
As the members subject

afford to be liberal
number
and sway bracing

and
swinging
swaying of the trains
The term "wind bracing" is misleading,
of bridges are of so short spans that the lateral
should be proportioned to
resist the effect of the
rather than the effect of the wind pressure.
except for long spans.
and com-
few in an ordinary
with material in proportioning them.
to these strains are very
There
is
no reason why the unit strains allowed on these parts
of the structure should be different from those previously given.
(69)
SUMMARY OF COMPRESSION FORMULAE

No. 41
From
Bulletin
Gordon 's Formula.
of the American Railway Engineering

Way Association
B"
Square bearing.
and Maintenance of
50000
1
J2
36000
"B
Gordon 's Formula.

Pin and square bearing.
50000
i
+
24000
50000
Gordon 's Formula.

Pin bearing.
American Bridge Co.
18000
15000
Standard specifications railway bridges.

13500
Boston & Maine R. R.

Standard specifications riveted members.
r*
8700
10000
i
28000
Boston & Maine R. R.

Standard specifications pin members.
14000
J-
B. Johnson's Formula.
Riveted ends.
J.
B. Johnson's Formula.
Pin ends.
(70)
SUMMARY OF COMPRESSION FORMULA

From
Bulletin
Max von
No. 41
(Continued)
of the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of

Way Association
Leber's Formula.
P,
=
o.oi -
In Bulletin of European Railway Congress.
Cooper's Formula.
Chord segments.
Cooper's
Live load
10000
Cooper's Formula.
Posts of deck bridges.
Live load
P =
strains.
Live load strains.
Formula recommended by the

Committee on Iron and Steel Structures.
9000
P =
16000
fications for
metal bridges,
= Factor of safety.
(71)
1896.
45
8500-45^
Pi
= Base unit strains in Ibs. per square inch.

= Allowable unit strains in Ibs. per square inch.
= Unsupported length in inches,
r = Least radius of gyration in inches.
E = Modulus of elasticity = 29,000,000.
= Elastic limit = 28,000.
f
a = Values given in table in Boston & Maine R. R.
speciP
PI
strains.
Formula.
Posts of through bridges.
40 -
70-
w
j
n
CURVES DERIVED FROM FORMULAE ON PAGES

REDUCBD TO
From
Bulletin
No. 41 of
the
16,000
70
AND
71
BASE UNIT
American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of
Way
Association
^
1
**
1
(73)
OQ
CURVES CORRESPONDING TO FORMULA ON PAGES

70
AND
71
I
5
(75)
>
*
s
^
sfujs 41un 9/qoMO/iy
RAILROAD BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS
NAME.
HIGHWAY BRIDGE
NAME.
SPECIFICATIONS
TABLE
T
LEAST.
r
32
SAFE LOADS OF TWO ANGLES
Short legs outstanding

Safe Loads are based on the
New York Building Law Formula, P
Safe Loads given are total safe loads in thousand pounds
For sections to the
left of the
heavy
line - is less xiian iao
15200
58
TABLE
32 (Continued}
AS COLUMNS OR STRUTS
Short legs outstanding
Safe Loads are based on the
New York Building Law Formula, P
Safe Loads given are total safe loads in thousand pounds
For sections to the left of the heavy line -
UNBRACED SPAN
is less
than 120
IN FEET.
15300
58
cn
3
PL,
g
5
CO
nO ^S
fl
NO
32.2
if
as*
s
2 S
Ss
a%* S
^5g ^
S
***
<s
*i
as
IB
II- 2
O
O
i*
23
CO
rrt
s|
Sf
s
5
*
O
s
or THE
UNIVERSITY
IUFORK\L
J
.2
5 S
!!
3o
î
- ^
53
<a
la
I?333
r
si
;3
3 ^
I I
*
C
sS
a
-
^S I!
s s
?!
If
S S
<
ti
TABLE
37
SAFE LOADS FOR

Safe loads are based on New York Building Law Formula
Safe loads given are total safe loads in thousand pounds
For sections to the left of the heavy line, - is less than xao
d Distance back to back in inches to make r equal about both
axes
SIZE OP
CHANNEL.
TABLE
LACED CHANNEL COLUMNS
37 (Continued)
Safe loads are based on New York Building Law Formula

Safe loads given are total safe loads in thousand pounds
For sections to the

d
left of the
heavy
line,
is less
than 120
= Distance back to back in inches to make r equal about both axes
UNBRACED SPAN
IN FEET.
TABLE
38
STRESS DUE TO WEIGHT OP SECTION

The extreme fiber stress due to the weight of a member may be determined by the formula given
below. The general formula and table are based on the member acting as a beam supported at
the two ends. The bending produced for the horizontal span L is the same whether the member
is horizontal or inclined.
R = extreme fiber stress in pounds per square inch,
Let
L
simple horizontal span in feet,
r = radius of gyration of section about axis at right angles to load,
=
e
distance in inches from neutral axis to extreme fiber in question,
5.1 el*
Then
R =
Since bending produces compression in the upper fiber and tension in the lower fiber; for members having direct compressive stress, R for the upper fiber is added to the direct compression in
pounds per sq. in.; for members having direct tensile stress, R for the lower fiber is added to the
See combined stresses under specifications.
direct tension in pounds per sq. in.
2
it is therefore important that
In the above formula R varies directly as e and inversely as r
r should be as large as possible and that e should be as small as possible for a given section.
The following table gives values of R for tension and compression members. For angles sub;
compression the angle

placed thus
ject to direct
angle
is
is
placed thus
For angles subject
tfd
STRESS DUE TO WEIGHT FOR ANGLES

EXTREME FIBER STRESS
SIZE
OF ANGLE.
IN
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
to direct tension the
(Q
w
j
CQ
<
H
PLATE.
OF
THICKNESS
3
w
_)
CQ
<
H
TABLE
NET SECTION IN
Thickness.
SQ. IN.
OF ONE ANGLE DEDUCTING ONE
f"
41
HOLE
TABLE
42
NET SECTION IN
THICKNESS.
SQ. IN.
HOLE
TABLE
NET SECTION IN
Thickness
SQ. IN.
1"
43
HOLE
CO
'
*HH
TABLE
45
NET VALUES OF CHANNELS. ABOUT AXIS BB

Deducting one hole in top flange and one hole in bottom flange, using
standard gauge and maximum size rivet
CHANNEL.
TABLE
46
NET VALUES OF COVER PLATES

Q
The value of d is such that the plates

be used as cover plates for beams and channels
About axis BB.
may
PLATE GIRDERS
GRAPHIC IN DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS
The equation
Uniform loading.
loading
(a)
where
for
bending moment in inch-pounds for uniform
is,
B =
B
bending moment in inch-pounds,
w=
load in pounds per lineal foot of girder, including weight of girder,
span in
-wD
6 wx*,*
feet,
distance in feet of section of
moments from
center of girder.
A J
Equation (a) is a parabola and represents a curve of the form RAS, Fig. i. Such
a curve may be made the basis of graphical design, if vertical distances from the curve
to the line
RS
represent bending
The equation
(6)
moment
moments
of resistance
for that point in the span.

is,
^,
Mr = moment of resistance,
R = safe extreme fiber stress in pounds per sq. in.,
7 = moment of inertia,
e = distance in inches of extreme fiber from neutral
where
for
Equation
(a)
is
axis.
usually written
Where B~=. bending moment
in foot-pounds.
values of the other terms are the same as in equation (a)
pounds by multiplying equation (a') by 12 gives equation (a).
The
Where
the value of
value to inch-pounds,
*=o at the
B = f wL2
Reducing the bending moment to inch-
center of the span, equation (a') becomes
(97)
=W
or reducing this
PLATE GIRDERS
From equation
(V),
once possible from a
and
e being constants, / varies

directly as
moment diagram such
as Fig.
r-
It is
then at
exhibits to scale the values of I
by changing the scale of the figure by the proper ratio of multiplication.

To make an application of the above to a particular loading and
span, plot a curve
similar to
RAS,
computed
for a typical parabola.
Let
Fig.
24 feet, w
then for
i,
x=
x=
to
any convenient
scale, using the following values
20,000 pounds,
o,
i,
B =
5 =
17,280,000
17,160,000
2,
16,800,000
3,
16,200,000
4,
15,360,000
5>
14,280,000
6,
12,960,000
11,400,000
9,600,000
7.560,000
5,2oO,000
II,
760,000
which are
PLATE GIRDERS
the
Compute
point reduces to
moment
B =
which the value of
The
-|
is
span from equation
at the center of the
wl?.
(a)
which
for this
Conditions of design will give the depth of girder from
obtained, whence /
K may
be computed.
curve, in connection with the tables for plate girders
Draw
may now be made
the radial line
xx
the
basis of further determinations as follows, see Fig.
2.
senting I above determined, to a convenient scale.
In a similar manner draw yy to rep-
resent half the span to a convenient scale.
moment of inertia
required
repre-
Proceed as in the following case in which the
at the center of the girder is 97,000,
and the span 480 inches.
Uniform Loading
(i)
Assume
no part
that
of
web
the
angles, 6oJ inches
cover plates.
back
up
back
From
to back, is 31,384,
table
No. 51
to back, the nearest value is
of six 20
acts as flange,
From
inches back to back of flange angles.
table
and a girder depth of 60 J
No. 49 the value of four 8 X 8 X f
which leaves 65,616
f-inch plates, three on top and three on bottom.
the value of two 20
to be provided for in
two 20-inch cover plates on angles 6oJ inches

65,677 for two i| inch plates. This can be made
for
f-inch plates
is
21,017,*
From
and two 20 X i^-inch
the
same
table
plates is 42,903^
Fig. 3-
* It
seen from the tables that the value of two plates ij inches thick is greater than twice the value of
plates with the same distance back to back, since the value of e is greater for the thicker plates;
the values should therefore be taken as the value of two plates of the total thickness of each flange plate.
is
two f-inch
(99)
PLATE GIRDERS
Represent these values to scale on the line
intersect the curve
intersect yy,
plates
shown
distance
is
the plate,
RAS.
From
xx and draw
lines parallel to
draw
these points of intersection
from which the length of the cover plates may be
is
an arbitrary
and the
scaled.
(2)
figure,
and
will
The web
inclination of the curve.
of a 60
made up of four angles,

20 X f inches as flanges.
Assume the same
web
The
cover
beyond this point 18 inches. This

depend on the distance required to develop
therefore
six cover plates,
inch
until they
in the figures are allowed to extend
plate
and
stiffener angles are not
considered in this example, as the tables give values for flanges only.
girder
RS
vertical lines to
plate
is
f , 6o
The
required
inches back to back, and
conditions as in example (i), except that J of the 60
considered as flange.
inch plate with
See Fig.
8X8 inch flange
inch flange angles 60 J inches back to back
angles
is
From
3.
is
table
No. 47, the value
8801; the value of four 8
31,384; as given in example (i), the re-
Fig. 4-
mainder of 56,460
is
made up of cover plates in the same manner as in example (i).

xx to " CL of Girder " parallel to RS', from this line all lines
Lines are drawn from
parallel to the line representing the
RAS;
value of the
the remainder of the operation
is
the
web
same as
(100)
in
until they intersect the curve
example
(i).
PLATE GIRDERS
Concentrated Loading
Assume a
(3)
moment
quiring a
regirder of 480 inches span, supporting two concentrated loads,
shown
of inertia
uniform load diagram
is
adding the ordinates, for example,
By
off
laying
plates
to
and drawing
mined as shown
on a
scale
and bounded by the
in Fig. 4
bounded by the
lines
RCS.
AD = CD +
line
vertical
lines parallel to
RDS,
lines
The
RBS.
Combining these diagrams by
BD,
the diagram
RAS
is
obtained.
57" the values of flange angles and cover

the
length of
the cover plates
is
deter-
in the figure.
RESISTANCE OF
WEB PLATE TO BENDING STRESS

B
Fig. 5-
The
becomes
and
general formula for
A =
moment
= RAh+6foT the
of resistance
rectangle shown
area of section in square inches
plate to bending
is
bh.
is
= RI e.
= depth
-f-
where h
the area of the
is
and hence
loads where the
The
web concentrated
The assumption
in the web,
= RAh-~
web
made
is
web
its
rivets,
at
the equa-
resistance is equivalent to a flange of J of
at each edge of the
web
plate.
in the discussion above that there
is
no shearing
stress
only applicable at the center of plate girders carrying uniform
plate is fully spliced.
following table, giving
area of the
8,
or
web
web concentrated
each edge of the web plate.

If it be assumed that an equivalent to \ of the web be cut away for
web in inches
Therefore the resistance of a
equivalent to a flange of ^ of the area of the
tion takes the form
This equation
of
moment
of inertia of
web
plates, is
based on
of the
plate as effective flange at the center of gravity of each pair of flange
angles.
(101)
TABLE
-f
47
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF ONE WEB PLATE FOR PLATE GIRDERS

ABOUT AXIS BB
| of area of
web
considered as effective flange at center of gravity of each pair of flange angles
Long leg
FLANGE ANGLES.
of angles
outstanding
TABLE
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FOUR ANGLES
B
ABOUT AXIS BB DEDUCTING ONE HOLE FROM EACH ANGLE
-JiL
SIZE OF
ANGLES.
One 3" hole deducted for angles less than f" thick
One \" hole deducted for angles over T
thick
Long legs of angles outstanding
48
TABLE
49
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FOUR ANGLES

ABOUT AXIS BB DEDUCTING TWO HOLES FOR EACH ANGLE
Two |" holes deducted for angles less than |" thick
Two i" holes deducted for angles over Ty thick
L.
SIZE OF
ANGLES.
Long legs
of
angles outstanding
TABLE
T"
MOMENT OF INERTIA OP FOUR ANGLES

ABOUT AXIS BB, DEDUCTING
THREE
HOLES FOR EACH ANGLE
Three \" holes deducted for angles less than f" thick
Three i" holes deducted for angles over T
thick
SIZE OF
ANGLES.
50
TABLE
51
MOMENT OF INERTIA OP
ABOUT AXIS BB, DEDUCTING
= distance back to back

A = net area of two plates
d
,S.
PLATE!
OF
NCHF
IN
1
1
WIDTH
S_2hO|
of flange angles
TABLE
51 (Continued)
TWO COVER PLATES

TWO HOLES FROM EACH PLATE
d
= distance back to back
A = net
area of
of flange angles
two
plates
Two I" holes deducted for plates less than f" thick
" i" "
"
"
" over T thick
If 4 one-inch holes are deducted, use values of plates 2 inches less in width
TABLE
a
51 (Continued)
TABLE
51 (Continue
TWO COVER PLATES

TWO HOLES FROM EACH PLATE
=
=
Two
If 4
d
distance back to back of flange angles
A net area of two plates
for plates less than f" thick
holes
deducted
J"
"
"
" i"
"
"
over T
thick
one-inch holes are deducted use values of plates a inches less in width
TIMBER COLUMNS, BEAMS, AND FLOORING

STRENGTH OF TIMBER
following data on strength of timber, pages no to 114, are taken
of a Committee of the American International Associa-
The
from the Report

tion of
of
Railway Superintendents
Bridge and Trestle Timbers."
The
test
data at hand and the
and Buildings on " Strength

The report was made in 1895.
of Bridges
summary
of criticisms of leading authorities
seem
to indicate the general correctness of the following conclusions:
Of
(1)
all
structural materials used for bridges
variable as to the properties

to the
same
and strength of the
trestles,
timber
is
the most
impossible to establish close and reliable limits for each
species;
hence
various
names applied
it is
and
different pieces classed as belonging
species.
(2)
The
to one
and the same
species in different parts of
the country lead to great confusion in classifying or applying results of tests.

(3) Variations in strength are generally directly
proportional to the density or
weight of timber.
(4)
As a
rule,
a reduction of moisture
in other words, seasoned

(5) Structures
lumber
is
is
accompanied by an increase
in strength;
stronger than green lumber.
should be, in general, designed for the strength of green or moder-
ately seasoned lumber of average quality and not for a high grade of well-seasoned
material.
(6)
Age and use do not destroy the strength
of timber unless decay or season check-
ing takes place.

(7)
Timber, unlike materials of a more homogeneous nature, as iron and
has no well-defined limit of
elasticity.
As a
rule, it
breaking point without serious injury, which accounts for the continuous use of
timber structures with the material strained far beyond

limits.
On
the other hand, sudden
sticks at very
low limits are
(8) Knots, even
of timber, both for
steel,
can be strained very near to the
the usually accepted
and frequently inexplicable
many
safe
failures of individual
liable to occur.
when sound and

beams and
struts.
tight, are
The
one of the most objectionable features
full-size tests of
every experimenter have
demonstrated not only that beams break at knots, but that invariably timber struts
will fail at
a knot or owing to the proximity of a knot, by reducing the effective area
of the stick
tical
and causing curly and cross-grained
fibers,
thus exploding the old prac-
view that sound and tight knots are not detrimental to timber in compression.
(no)
TIMBER COLUMNS, BEAMS,
Excepting in top logs of a tree or very small and young timber, the heart wood
(9)
as a rule, not as strong as the material farther
is,
AND FLOORING
away from
This becomes
the heart.
more generally apparent, in practice, in large sticks with considerable heart wood
cut from old trees in which the heart has begun to decay or been wind shaken.
Beams
beam and
cut from such material frequently season check along middle of
fail
by longitudinal shearing.
Top
(n) The
(10)
results of
compression
tests are
timber than any other kind of
cies of
it
logs are not as strong as butt logs, provided the latter
would seem that a compressive
hence,
test;
if
only one kind of
test will furnish the
(12) Long timber columns generally
fail
have sound timber.
more uniform and vary
by
most
reliable
one spe-
less for
can be made,
test
comparative
lateral deflection or
results.
"buckling" when
the length exceeds the least cross-sectional dimensions of the stick by 20; in other
when
words,
all
the column
is
longer than 20 diameters.
In practice the unit
stress for
columns over 15 diameters should be reduced in accordance with the various rules
and formulae established
for long columns.
Uneven end bearings and
(13)
eccentric loading of columns produce
more
serious
disturbances than are usually assumed.
The
(14)
tests of full-size
long
compound columns, composed of

show essentially the same
bolted and fastened together at intervals,

resistance for the
compound column
ered as a column by
(15)
More
several sticks
ultimate unit
as each component stick would have
if
consid-
itself.
attention should be given in practice to the proper proportioning of
bearing areas; in other words, the compressive bearing resistance of timber with and
across grain, especially the latter, owing to the tendency of an excessive crushing
stress across grain to indent the timber, thereby destroying the fiber
the liability to speedy decay, especially

tinual
when exposed
working produced by moving loads.

of your committee has been to examine the
The aim
to the
conflicting test data at hand,
attributing the proper degree of importance to the various results

tions,
and then
known
and increasing
weather and the con-
and recommenda-
to establish a set of units that can be accepted as fair average values,
and
corre-
sponding to the usual conditions and sizes of timbers encountered in practice.
The
as far as
difficulties
to-day, for the ordinary quality of each species of timber
of executing such a task successfully can not be overrated, owing to the
m eagerness
and frequently the
indefiniteness of the available test data,
the great range of physical properties in different sticks of the
not only due to the locality where
it is
and
especially
same general
species,
grown, but also to the condition of the timber
as regards the percentage of moisture, degree of seasoning, physical characteristics,

grain, texture, proportion of
hard and
soft fibers, presence of knots, etc., all of
affect the question of strength.
(in)
which
AND FLOORING
TIMBER COLUMNS, BEAMS,

Your committee recommends, upon
the basis of the test data at
hand
at the present
time, the average units for the ultimate breaking stresses of the principal timbers
used in bridge and
trestle constructions
shown
in the
accompanying
table.
Attention should also be called to the necessity of examining the resistance of a
beam
to longitudinal shearing along the neutral axis, as
ing frequently
fail
beams under
transverse load-
longitudinal shearing in the place of transverse rupture.
by
In addition to the ultimate breaking unit stress the designer of a timber structure
has to establish the safe allowable unit stress for the species of timber to be used.
will
vary for each particular class of structures
and individual
conditions.
The
This
selec-
judgment and
for
the
of
offers
the
best
and
display
opportunity
analytical and practical
experience,
of
It
is
difficult
to
the
The following
on
the
designer.
give specific rules.
ability
part
tion of the proper "factor of safety" is largely a question of personal
are
some
The
of the controlling questions to be considered:
class of structure,
oading, whether dead or
accompanied by severe
assumed loading
whether temporary or permanent, and the nature of the

live
and
may
also alternate tensile
full-size
condition and
jected to
damage
and
or small-size
and compressive
tests,
is
rarely to be applied in
Prolonged heavy, steady
stresses in the
same place
will call
or only on interpolated values, averaged from
valuable in order to attribute the proper degree
recommended average
quality.
its
maximum,
frequently take place.
is
Whether the
Information as to whether the assumed breaking stresses are
tests of similar species of timber,
of importance to
then whether the application of the load
for calculations is the absolute
for lower averages.
based on
if live,
dynamic shocks and pounding of the structure.
practice, or a possibility that
loading,
values.
The
class of
timber to be used and
Finally, the particular kind of strain the stick
position in the structure with regard to
that might be caused
by
its
is to
its
be sub-
importance and the possible
its failure.
In order to present something definite on this subject, your committee presents

the accompanying table, showing the average safe allowable working unit stresses for
the principal bridge
and
trestle
timbers, prepared to meet the average conditions
based upon the ultimate breakrecommended by your committee and the following factors of safety,
existing in railroad timber structures, the units being
ing unit stresses
Tension with and across grain
10
Compression with grain
Compression across grain
Transverse rupture, extreme fiber stress
Transverse rupture, modulus of
elasticity
Shearing with and across grain
4
(112)
s
03
5.S
<
10
t*
MMM
1
Elastici
Modulu
ooooo
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2 *
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b2
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to
J*
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P?
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RE.
ij
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3 I
II
8
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w H
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81
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TABLE
SAFE LOADS FOR WOOD COLUMNS
OT
The
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH OF CROSS-SECTION
following safe loads are obtained from the formula

700+ *5 c
p =p
where
P=
F=
c =
700 + 15 c+ c*
allowable working stress in Ibs. per sq. in. for long columns.
allowable working stress in Ibs. per sq. in. for short columns.
unbraced length in inches divided by least cross-sectional dimension in inches.
VALUES OF
F.
54
TABLE
55
SAFE LOADS (UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED) FOR BEAMS
1"
THICK
The table is for total

Based on extreme fiber stress of 100O pounds per square inch.
uniform loads in pounds, for beams one inch thick. The values are for an actual depth of \
inch less than the nominal depth, or a 4-inch beam is reduced to 3! inches deep.
IB
tfL
go
W |
X?
<9
H
5
H
2
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1-3
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rt
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OOOOO
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OM POO
CSMPOOO OPOt^^MM
M o OOO t^-O O to to
^
OO
OO to w O OO
PO PO PO PO N
rj-
CN
w
1>00 OO MNrOTf
MMMM<S(S(SM(S
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(n8)
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.3
cu
DT
CQ
n
6
BEAM.
OF
DEPTH
NOMINAL
centers
inches
24
spaced
FOOT-POUNDS
IN
being
joists
the
MOMENTS
loads,
uniform
BENDING
following
the
For
TABLE
59
THICKNESS OP WOOD FLOORING

Based on a safe extreme
simple spans.
ll*
To
fiber stress of
1000 pounds per square inch, the flooring assumed in

add \" to obtain the nominal thickness.
the thickness given below
DUE ON THE LAST BATE

STAMPED BELOW
THIS BOOK IS
OF 25 CENTS
BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.
AN INITIAL FINE
WILL.
MAY 17
1933
APR
JANOI
2003
LD
21-50m-8,'32
^w
YC 13412

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LIBRARY

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS AND

TURES, UNIT STRESSES, SAFE LOADS FOR COLUMNS,

McGRAW PUBLISHING COMPANY

McGRAW PUBLISHING COMPANY

Should the design be properly made,

and often laborious

portion of the material here presented

originally prepared for the author's

use as designer for a structural steel plant.

tables additional sections were included.

The aim has been

to cover the particular

thoroughly as possible without producing too large a volume.

been considered to be within the scope of

from a theoretical standpoint, only

to treat the subjects involved

being presented to explain the ap-

plication of the tables.

have been calculated and checked independently, and

been taken in preparing these tables to permit the author to

Sufficient time has

sections as are in use.

which are necessary

has aimed to confine himself to those sections

good design and such shapes as are carried

large structural steel plants,

being the desire to avoid unnecessary refinements.

account for the appearance of some of these sections.

Properties of patented sections are omitted.

They may be obtained by applying

controverted points have been avoided.

plate for plate girders

back of angles should exceed the width of the

and columns, the

practice being about equally divided between

a text on design in steel.

umns, the material

seldom necessary to chip where cover plates

be for very long web plates.

recommend any particular set of specifications, or to present

general and capable of being applied to any specification.

author acknowledges his gratitude to those

viding material for the chapter on

appreciate suggestions tending to add

Structures, pages 56 to 66.

to the value of future editions

Chapters will be revised at intervals determined by the advance in the particular

due Mr. H. R. Bradley

for carefully checking all the

INERTIA AND RADII OF GYRATION -

Explanatory notes and examples of application

unequal legs, short legs outstanding

long legs outstanding

short legs outstanding

Axis BB, unequal legs, long legs outstanding

channels laced, flanges in

and one beam

Three beams, H-section

two cover plates for angle columns

VALUES OF COLUMNS FROM LARGE BUILDINGS

List and properties of sections

VALUES OF TOP CHORDS FROM LARGE BRIDGES