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BASIC FLUID PROPERTIES
Ceejhay C. Panganiban
Abstract
The experiment has three objectives, first is to determine and compare the density of different
liquids, second is to compute other fluid properties i.e specific gravity, specific weight, and specific
volume and lastly to compare the experimental value of density from the literature value. The
experiment used three different liquids which are water, Carbon Tetrachloride, and cooking oil and
utilized two different methods of obtaining the data. The first is with a use of graduated cylinder and
triple beam balance and the second is with a use of pycnometer and analytical balance. The percent
error obtained from water, Carbon Tetrachloride and cooking are compared to their theoretical value.
The first method gives an average error of 4.04%, 36.92% and 15.04% respectively and while using
the second method the data obtained are 0%, 8.59% and 0.87% respectively which is a great
improvement compared to the first method. From the data obtained it is easy to conclude that using a
pycnometer and analytical balance is much more accurate because of the precision of the said
equipment. Systematic errors, random errors, and personal errors are also considered to why using
the graduated cylinder and triple beam balance yield a very high percent error.
INTRODUCTION
Fluid is a substance which can flow.
Technically the flow of any substance means a
continuous relative motion between different
particles of the substance. The term fluid
includes both liquid and gases. The main
difference between a liquid and a gas is that the
volume of a liquid remains definite because it
takes the shape of the surface on or in which it
comes into contact, whereas a gas occupies the
complete space available in the container in
which it is kept. [1] Some properties of fluids
are
Density is the mass per unit volume of a
fluid. In other words, it is the ratio between
mass (m) and volume (V) of a fluid. Density is
denoted by the symbol . Its unit is kg/m3.
Liquid
Density
Water
0.997300 g/mL
Carbon Tetrachloride
1.584 g/cm3
Cooking Oil
0.92 g/cm3
METHODS
22.6
g
22.6
g
22.6
g
9.74
mL
34.7
g
9.43
mL
34.1
g
9.25
mL
34
g
9.15
mL
33.85
g
12.1
g
11.5
g
11.4
g
11.25
g
24C
0.997300 g/mL
Density of Water
12.2
12
11.8
11.4
1
22.6
g
11.6
11.2
11
10.8
9.10 9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80
Trial
Mass of Dry
Graduated Cylinder
Volume of
Water
Mass of Graduated
Cylinder and Water
Mass of
Water
Theoretical
Density of CCL4
22.6
g
22.6
g
22.6
g
22.6 g
9.97
mL
9.85
mL
9.91
mL
9.75
mL
38.4
g
38.2
g
38.3
g
38.05g
15.8
g
15.6
g
15.7
g
15.45
g
3
1.584 g/cm
Carbon Tetrachloride
Density of CCL4
15.9
15.8
15.7
Cooking Oil
Trial No.
Mass of Dry
Graduated
Cylinder
Volume of
liquid
1
22.6
g
2
22.
6g
3
22.
6g
4
22.6
g
9.35
mL
31.2
g
9.7
5m
L
31.
9g
9.80
mL
Mass of
graduated
cylinder and
liquid
Mass of liquid
9.6
7m
L
31.
5g
8.9 9.3
g
g
0.92 g/cm3
9.7g
Theoretical
Density of
Cooking Oil
8.6g
32.3
g
15.6
Volume (ml)
MASS
VOLUME
Liquid
wate
r
Liquid
1
Liquid
2
Mass of
dry
pycnomet
er
Mass of
pycnomet
er and
Liquid
Mass of
liquid
Density of
liquid
14.5
606g
14.56
06g
14.56
06g
39.6
932g
51.05
51g
37.53
20g
25.1
326g
36.49
45g
1.448
g/mL
22.97
14g
0.912
g/mL
Volume of
water
Temperatu
re of
water
Density of
water at
24
25.2
00mL
24
0.99
73g/
mL
[5]http://physics.appstate.edu/undergraduateprograms/laboratory/resources/error-analysis
Conclusion
Based on the results the researcher
concluded that using a pycnometer and
analytical balance is more precise and accurate
rather than a graduated cylinder and triple beam
balance. The error in using the triple beam
balance may be pointed to error in measuring,
gathering and precision of the material used.
While the results obtained in using the
Analytical balance further supports the theory
Trial
Mass of Dry
Graduated Cylinder
Volume of Water
Mass of Graduated
Cylinder and Water
Mass of
Water
Temperature of
Water
Theoretical Density
of Water at 24C
22.6
g
22.6
g
22.6
g
22.6
g
9.74
mL
34.7
g
9.43
mL
34.1
g
9.25
mL
34
g
9.15
mL
33.85
g
12.1
g
11.5
g
11.4
g
11.25
g
24C
0.997300 g/mL
22.6
g
22.6
g
22.6
g
22.6 g
9.97
mL
9.85
mL
9.91
mL
9.75
mL
38.4
g
38.2
g
38.3
g
38.05g
15.8
g
15.6
g
15.7
g
15.45
g
Appendix
1.584 g/cm
References
[1]http://www.brighthubengineering.com/h
ydraulics-civil-engineering/42883-basicproperties-of-fluids/
[2]http://mechteacher.com/properties-of-fluids/
[3]http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-apycnometer.htm
[4]http://www.ece.rochester.edu/courses/ECE11
1/error_uncertainty.pdf
Trial No.
Mass of Dry
Graduated
Cylinder
Volume of
liquid
1
22.6
g
2
22.
6g
3
22.
6g
4
22.6
g
9.35
mL
9.6
7m
L
9.7
5m
L
9.80
mL
Mass of
graduated
cylinder and
liquid
Mass of liquid
Theoretical
Density of
Cooking Oil
31.2
g
31.
9g
32.3
g
8.9 9.3
g
g
3
0.92 g/cm
9.7g
8.6g
31.
5g
Liquid
wate
r
Liquid
1
Liquid
2
Mass of
dry
pycnomet
er
Mass of
pycnomet
er and
Liquid
Mass of
liquid
Density of
liquid
14.5
606g
14.56
06g
14.56
06g
39.6
932g
51.05
51g
37.53
20g
25.1
326g
36.49
45g
1.448
g/mL
22.97
14g
0.912
g/mL
Volume of
water
Temperatu
re of
water
Density of
water at
24
25.2
00mL
24
0.99
73g/
mL