Integration - GATE Study Material in PDF

In previous articles we have seen about Differentiation of the given function and in this
article we will see about integration of the given function. It is the inverse process of
differentiation. Instead of differentiating a function, we are given the derivative of a
function and asked to find its original function.
These free GATE Notes are useful for GATE EC, GATE EE, GATE ME, GATE CS, GATE CE as
well as other exams like BSNL, BARC, IES, DRDO etc. You can have these free study
material downloaded as PDF so that your exam preparation is made easy. Before you go
ahead with these articles, please make sure to read up on the basics covered in previous
Engineering Mathematics notes.

Recommended Reading
Types of Matrices
Properties of Matrices
Rank of a Matrix & Its Properties
Solution of a System of Linear Equations
Eigen Values & Eigen Vectors
Linear Algebra Revision Test 1
Laplace Transforms
Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
Mean Value Theorems
Differentiation
Partial Differentiation
Maxima and Minima

1|Page

Let us consider dx (sin x) = cos x . We observe that the function cos x is the derivative
function of sin x or we can say that sin x is an anti-derivative (or an integral) of cos x.
Some Important Integrals
S.
No.

Integrals

Derivatives

+
=
+ :
+

+
(
) =
+

2.

= +

() =

= +

( ) =

= +

( ) =

5.

= +

( ) =

6.

= +

( ) =

= +

( ) =

= +

( ) =

3.
4.

7.
8.
9.

10.

11.
12.
2|Page

= +

( ) =

= +

( ) =

= +
+

( ) =

( ) =

= +

13.

14.

= +

( ) =

= +

( ) =

15.

= +

( ) =

16.

= +

( ) =

17.

=
+

(
) =

Some Properties of Indefinite Integrals

1. [f(x) + g(x)] dx = f(x)dx + g(x)dx
2. kf(x)dx = kf(x)dx where k is constant
. f (ax + b)dx =

f(ax+b)
a

+c

4. sinh x dx = cosh x + c
5. cosh x dx = sinh x + c
6. tanh x dx = log |cosh x| + c
7. coth x dx = log |sinh x| + c
8. sech x dx = tan-1 |sinh x | + c
x

. cosec h x dx = log |tanh 2| + c

8. sec2h x dx = tanh x + c
9.cosec2h x dx = coth x + c
10. cosech x coth x = cosech x + c
11. sech x tanh x dx = sech x + c

Methods of Integration
1. Integration by substitution
2. Integration using Trigonometric Identities
3. Integration using partial fractions
4. Integration by parts
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1. Integration by Substitution
The given integral f(x)dx can be transformed into another form by changing the
independent variable x to t by substituting x = g(t)
Consider, I =f(x)dx
dx

Put, x = g(t)so that dt = g (t)

dx = g'(t)dt
I = f(x)dx = f(g(t)) g'(t)dt

Example 1:
Integrate the following function,

tan4 x sec2 x
x

Solution:
Derivative of x is = 2

1
x

We use the substitution x = t

So, that

1
2x

Thus,

dx = dt dx = 2t dt

tan4 x sec2 x
x

dx =

2t tan4 t sec2 tdt

t

=2tan4 t sec2 t dt
Again we make another substitution tan t = u
sec2 t dt = dx
= 2 x 4 dx =

2u5
5

= 5 tan5 t + c
[since u = tan t]
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+c

= 5 tan5 x + c

Note:
a cos x+b sin x

The integration of the type c cos x+d sin x dx can be solved by taking
d

a cos x + b sin x = A dx (c cos x + d sin x) + B(c cos x + d sin x)

2. Integration using Trigonometric Identities

The following example can be solved by using trigonometric Identities

Example 2:
cos2x dx

Solution:
We know, cos 2x = 2 cos2 x 1
1

cos2 x dx = 2 (1 + cos 2x)dx

1

= 2 dx + 2 cos 2x dx
x

= 2 + 4 sin 2x + c

Integrals of Some Particular Functions

dx

xa

dx

a+x

dx

1. x2 a2 = 2a log |x+a| + c
2. a2 x2 = 2a log |ax| + c
3. x2 +a2 = a tan1 a + c
dx

4. x2

a2

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= cosh1 (a) = log|x + x 2 a2 | + c

dx

5. x2

+a2

= sinh1 (a) = log|x + x 2 + a2 | + c

px+q

To find the integral of type ax2 +bx+c dx, where p, q, a, b, c are constants we need to find
real numbers A, B such that
d

px + q = A dx (ax 2 + bx + c) + B = A(2ax + b) + B
To determine A and B we equate from both sides the coefficients of x and the constant
terms.

3. Integration by Partial Fractions

The following example can be solved by using partial fraction method

Example 3:
x2

Find (x2 +1)(x2 +4) dx

Solution:
x2
(x2 +1)(x2 +4)
x2 dx

(x2 +1)(x2 +4) =

=

1
3

= 3(x2 +1) + 3(x2 +4)

1

dx

dx

x2 +1 + 3 x2 +4
x

tan1 x + 3 tan1 2 + c

4. Integration by Parts
This can be done by using the given formula
f(x)g(x)dx = f(x)g(x)dx [g(x)dx] f'(x)dx
In integration by parts method proper choice of first and second function: The first function is the word ILATE
I Inverse Trigonometric
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L Logarithmic
A Algebraic
T Trigonometric
E Exponential

Example 4:
Find the value of x cos x dx

Solution:
Put f(x) = x (first function) and g(x) = cos x (second function)
d

x cos x dx = x cos x dx [[dx x] cos x dx] dx

= x sin x sin x dx
= x sin x + cos x + c
Integrals of Some Particular Functions
1. ex [f(x) + f (x)]dx = ex f(x) + c
2. sinn x dx =
3. cosn x dx =
4. tann x dx =
5. cot n x dx =
6. sec n x dx =
7. cosec n x dx

cos x sinn1 x
n
sin x cosn1 x
n
tann1 x

n1

n
n1
n

In2 (n > 1)

In2 (n > 1)

In2 (n > 1)

n1
cotn1 x

In2 (n > 1)
n1
(n2)
secn2 x tan x
+ (n1) In2 (n > 1)
(n1)
(n2)
cosecn2 xcotx
=
+
I (n >
(n1) n2
n1

1)

eax

8. eax sin(bx + c) dx = a2 +b2 [a sin(bx + c) b cos(bx + c)] + k

eax

9. eax cos(bx + c) dx = a2 +b2 [a cos(bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)] + k

1

10. x 2 + a2 dx = 2 xx 2 + a2 +
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a2
2

sinh1 (a) + c

11. a2 x 2 dx = 2 xa2 x 2 +

a2
2

sin1 a + c

Definite Integrals
a

A real valued function f(x) is continuous on [a , b] then b f(x)dx = F(a) F(b) is called
definite integral.
Geometrically it gives area of finite regions.

Properties of Definite Integrals

a

1. b f(x)dx = a f(x)dx
c

2. a f(x)dx = a f(x)dx + b f(x)dx

b

3. a f(x) dx = a f(a + b x)dx

a
4. a f(x)dx

2a
5. 0 f(dx)

2 0 f(x)dx
=
0

if f(x) is even
if f(x) is odd

2 f(x)dx if f(2a x) = f(x)

= 0
0
f(2a x) = f(x)

n1
n

6. 0 sin x dx = 0 cos x dx =

n3 n5

n2 n4 . 2 2
n1
n

n3

if n is even

n2 . . 3

if n is odd

7. 02 sinm x cosn x dx
=

[(m1)(m3).1(or)2][(n1)(n3).1(or)2]
(m+n)(m+n2)(m+n4).

= 1 ; otherwise

Example 5:

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K; where K =

; if m & n are even

Find the value of 02 1+tan x dx

Solution:

Let, I = 02 1+tan x dx

Also, I = 02

1+tan( x)
2

I + I = 02 1 dx =

tan x

dx = 02 1+cot x dx = 02 1+tan x dx

I=

Solving Indefinite Integrals Using Functions

There are two functions which can be used to solve improper indefinite integrals. They
are given as

A. Gamma Function

Gamma Function is defined by: (n) = 0 ex x n1 dx

Properties
1. (1) = 1
2. (2) = 1
3. (3) = 2
4. (n+1) = n(n) = n!
1

5. (2) =
1

6. ( 2 ) = 2
7. (n) =

(n+1)
n

B. Function (Beta Function)

1

It is defined as (m, n) = 0 x m1 (1 x)n1 dx (m, n > 0)

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Properties
1. (m, n) = (n, m)

2. (m, n) = 2 02 sin2m1 cos 2n1 d

3. (m, n) =

(m)(n)
(m+n)

1 (m)(n)

4. 0 sin2m1 cos2n1 d = 2 [ (m+n) ]

Example 6:

Find the value of 02 tan x dx

Solution:

02 tan x dx = 02 sin2 x cos

1

1
2

x dx

2m 1 = 2 m = 4
1

2n 1 = 2 n = 4

1
2

0 sin x cos

1
2

x dx =

1 (4)(4)
[ 1 ]
2

In the next article we will discuss Applications of Integrals.

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