Assembly Language

13
The table shows the assembly language instructions for a processor which has one general
purpose register the Accumulator.
For
Examiner's
Use
Instruction
Op Code
Explanation
Operand
LDD <address>
Load using direct addressing
STO <address>
Store the contents of the Accumulator at the given address
LDI <address>
Load using indirect addressing
LDX <address>
Load using indexed addressing
INC
Add 1 to the contents of the Accumulator
END
End the program and return to the operating system
(a) Write on the diagram to explain the assembly language instruction shown below.
Show the contents of the Accumulator after the execution of the instruction.
LDD 66
Accumulator
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Main memory
0110 0000
0100 0000
1111 1110
1111 0000
0101 1101
0001 0001
1010 1000
1100 0001
200
1001 1111
[2]
(b) Write on the diagram to explain the assembly language instruction shown.
LDI 61
Accumulator
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Main memory
0110 0000
0100 0000
1111 1110
1111 0000
0101 1101
0001 0001
1010 1000
1100 0001
200
1001 1111
[3]
UCLES 2012
9691/33/M/J/12
[Turn over
14
(c) Trace this assembly language program using the given trace table. The first instruction
of the program is loaded into main memory at address 200.
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
Accumulator
LDD
INC
STO
LDD
INC
STO
END
16
150
208
208
207
207
Memory Address
207
208
16
150
[4]
(d) Explain the relationship between assembly language instructions and machine code
instructions.
[1]
UCLES 2012
9691/33/M/J/12
For
Examiner's
Use
Page 6
6
Mark Scheme: Teachers version

GCE A LEVEL May/June 2012
Syllabus
9691
Paper
33
(a)
LDD 66
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Accumulator
1010 1000
Main memory
0110 0000
0100 0000
1111 1110
1111 0000
0101 1101
0001 0001
1010 1000
1100 0001
100 1001 1111

Mark as follows:
- Sensible annotation which makes clear 66 used
- Final value in Acc
[2]
(b)
LDI 61
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Accumulator
0101 1101
Main memory
0110 0000
0100 0000
1111 1110
1111 0000
0101 1101
0001 0001
1010 1000
1100 0001
200 1001 1111

Mark as follows ...
- Go to address 61 // shows arrow to 61
- Pick up the forwarding address 64 // shows arrow to 64
Correct final contents copied to Acc // shows arrow from contents of 64 to Acc
University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012
[3]
Page 7

Syllabus
9691
Paper
33
(c)
Accumulator
Memory Address
207
208
16
150
150
151
151
16
17
17
Mark as follows ...

- 150 to Acc
- Incremented to 151 and copied to 208
- 16 copied to Acc and
- incremented to 17 copied to address 207
(d) Every assembly language instruction is translated into exactly one machine code instruction /
there is a 1-to-1 relationship between them
[1]
Total: 10
12
5
purpose register the Accumulator.
Instruction
Op Code
Explanation
Operand
LDD
<address>
Load using direct addressing
STO
<address>
Store the contents of the Accumulator at the given address
LDI
<address>
Load using indirect addressing
LDX
<address>
Load using indexed addressing
INC
Add 1 to the contents of the Accumulator
END
(a) Write on the diagram to explain the instruction shown.

LDD 105
Accumulator
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Main memory
0100 0000
0110 1000
1111 1110
1111 1010
0101 1101
0001 0001
1010 1000
1100 0001
200
1001 1111
[2]
(b) Write on the diagram to explain the instruction shown.

Show the contents of the registers after the execution of the instruction.
LDX 101
Accumulator
Index Register
0000 0011
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Main memory
0100 0000
0110 1000
1111 1110
1111 1010
0101 1101
0001 0001
1010 1000
1100 0001
200
1001 1111
[4]
UCLES 2012
9691/31/M/J/12
For
Examiner's
Use
13
(c) Trace this assembly language program using the trace table below.
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
Accumulator
LDD
INC
STO
LDD
INC
STO
END
22
170
0
0
For
Examiner's
Use
507
509
508
510
507
22
Memory Address
508
509
170
510
0
[5]
(d) Explain the relationship between assembly language instructions and machine code
instructions.
[1]
UCLES 2012
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[Turn over
Page 4

Syllabus
9691
Paper
31
(a)
LDD 105
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Accumulator
0001 0001
Main memory
0100 0000
0110 1011
1111 1110
1111 1010
0101 1101
0001 0001
1010 1000
1100 0001
200 1001 1111

Mark as follows:
- Sensible annotation which makes clear 105 is the address used
[2]
Page 5

Syllabus
9691
Paper
31
(b)
LDX 101
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Accumulator
0101 1101
Index Register
00000011
Main memory
0100 0000
0110 1011
1111 1110
1111 1010
0101 1101
0001 0001
1010 1000
1100 0001
200 1001 1111

Mark as follows:
- IR contents converted to 3
- Computed address of 101 + 3 = 104
// explanation: add contents of IR to address part of instruction
- Then, direct addressing to 104
[MAX 4]
(c)
Accumulator
507
508
22
170
Memory Address
509
0
510
0
22
23
23
170
171
171
Mark as follows ...
- 22 to Accumulator
- Incremented to 23
- 23 copied to address 509
- 170 copied to Accumulator and incremented to 171
- 171 in address 510
[5]
(d) Every assembly language instruction is translated into exactly one machine code instruction /
there is a 1-to-1 relationship between them
[1]
[Total: 11]
6
3
purpose register the Accumulator (ACC), and an index register (IX).
Instruction
Op Code
LDD <address>
Direct addressing. Load the contents of the given address

to ACC
STO <address>
Store the contents of ACC at the given address
LDI <address>
LDX <address>
INC <register>
ADD <address>
OUT
IN
END
UCLES 2013
Explanation
Operand
Indirect addressing. At the given address is the address to

be used. Load the contents of this second address to ACC
Indexed addressing. Form the address as <address> +
the contents of IX. Copy the contents of this address to ACC
Add 1 to the contents of the register (ACC or IX)
Add the contents of the given address to the contents of
ACC
Output the contents of ACC (as a denary number) to the
monitor
Input a denary number from the keyboard and store in ACC
9691/31/M/J/13
For
Examiner's
Use
7
The diagram shows a program loaded in main memory starting at location 100.
For
Examiner's
Use
Two of the op-codes have been partially blanked out.

Locations 200 onwards contain data which is used by the program.
(a) The instruction at address 100 is fetched. Shown are the contents of the registers after
execution.
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
ACC
88
IX
2
200
201
202
203
204
205
LD
INC
INC
LD
INC
LDI
INC
END
202
ACC
ACC
203
ACC
203
ACC
38
205
88
200
48
126
Which mode of addressing was used by this load instruction at address 100?
[1]
(b) The instruction at address 103 is fetched. Shown are the contents of the registers after
execution.
ACC
126
IX
2
[1]
UCLES 2013
9691/31/M/J/13
10
[Turn over
8
(c) The instruction at address 105 is fetched and executed.
Draw on the diagram to explain how this instruction is executed and show the contents
of ACC after execution.
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
ACC
IX
200
201
202
203
204
205
LD
INC
INC
LD
INC
LDI
INC
END
202
ACC
ACC
203
ACC
203
ACC
38
205
88
200
48
126
[2]
UCLES 2013
9691/31/M/J/13
11
For
Examiner's
Use
9
(d) Trace this assembly language program using the trace table below.
The user inputs 19 followed by 37.
IN
INC
STO
IN
INC
ADD
STO
OUT
END
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
ACC
For
Examiner's
Use
ACC
109
ACC
109
110
Memory location
109
110
Output
[5]
(e) In (d) the program was shown in assembly language. In practice this must be machine
code in order to execute the program.
Explain how the assembler software translates a program from assembly language into
machine code.
[3]
UCLES 2013
9691/31/M/J/13
12
[Turn over
Page 4
3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
9691
Paper
31
(a) Direct addressing / LDD
[1]
(b) Indexed addressing / LDX
[1]
(c) Annotation to show 203 used as a forwarding address
[1]
Accumulator contains 38
[1]
(d)
Memory location
ACC
19
20
109
(must be the first
column entry)
110
Output
20
37
38
58
58 /ft
58 /ft
1 mark for each of the emboldened numbers in the correct column and sequence
(e) Labels added to a (symbol) table // creates a list of addresses
[MAX 5]
[1]
Labels are later looked up to determine the actual address / Assembler must allocate
addresses to labels
[1]
Mnemonic looked up to give binary code/machine code
[1]
Macro instructions are expanded into a group of instructions
[1]
The software makes two passes through the source program
[1]
[MAX 3]
[Total: 12]
Cambridge International Examinations 2013
13
6
3
purpose register the Accumulator (ACC), and an index register (IX).
Instruction
Op Code
Explanation
Operand
LDD <address>

to ACC
STO <address>
LDI <address>
LDX <address>

LIX <address>
Load the contents of the given address to IX
INC <register>
ADD <address>
OUT
IN
Add the contents of the given address to the contents of

ACC
Output the contents of ACC (as a denary number) to the
monitor
Input a denary number from the keyboard and store in ACC
JMP <address>
Jump (unconditionally) to the given address
END
The diagrams on the next page show a program loaded in main memory starting at address
100.
Two of the op-codes have been partially blanked out.
Locations 200 onwards contain data which is used by the program.
UCLES 2013
9691/33/M/J/13
14
For
Examiner's
Use
7
(a) The instruction at address 100 is fetched and executed. Shown are the contents of the
registers after execution.
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
ACC
42
IX
3
LD
INC
INC
LD
INC
LDD
INC
END
For
Examiner's
Use
202
ACC
ACC
203
ACC
204
ACC
38
205
88
200
48
42
200
201
202
203
204
205
[1]
(b) The instruction at address 103 is fetched. Shown are the contents of the registers after
execution.
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
ACC
38
IX
3
200
201
202
203
204
205
LD
INC
INC
LD
INC
LDD
INC
END
202
ACC
ACC
203
ACC
204
ACC
38
205
88
200
48
42
Draw on the memory diagram to explain how this instruction works. Which mode of
addressing was used by this load instruction at address 103?
[2]
UCLES 2013
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15
[Turn over
8
(c) Refer to the program used in (a) and (b). The instruction at address 105 is fetched and
executed.
Show the contents of ACC after execution.
ACC
IX
[1]
(d) Trace the first two iterations of this assembly language program using the trace table
below.
LIX
LDX
INC
OUT
INC
JMP
100
101
102
103
104
105
120
200
201
202
ACC
120
200
ACC
IX
101
165
93
107
IX
Output
[4]
UCLES 2013
9691/33/M/J/13
16
For
Examiner's
Use
9
(e) In (d) the program was shown in assembly language. In practice this must be machine
code in order to execute the program.
For
Examiner's
Use
Explain how the assembler software translates a program from assembly language into
machine code.
[3]
UCLES 2013
9691/33/M/J/13
17
[Turn over
Page 4
3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
9691
Paper
33
(a) Indexed addressing // LDX
[1]
(b) Indirect addressing

Annotation to explain that address 203 is used as a forwarding address
[2]
(c) 48
[1]
(d)
ACC
IX
0
Output
165
166
166
1
93
94
94
(2)
Mark as follows:
Index register contain 0
Sequence of first box (or subsequent sequence for the same instructions)
Index register contains 1
Sequence for final box
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
(e) Labels added to a (symbol) table // creates a list of addresses

[1]
Labels are later looked up to determine the actual address / Assembler must allocate
addresses to labels
[1]
Mnemonic looked up to give binary code/machine code
[1]
Macro instructions are expanded into a group of instructions
[1]
The software makes two passes through the source program
[1]
MAX 3
[Total: 11]
18
6
For
Examiner's
Use
(a) Describe what is meant by a register.
[2]
(b) (i) Convert the denary number 60 into hexadecimal.

[1]
(ii) Convert the hexadecimal number 10F into denary.
[1]
UCLES 2013
9691/32/O/N/13
19
7
(iii) Why do computer scientists often write binary numbers in hexadecimal?
For
Examiner's
Use
[1]
(c) The diagram shows a program loaded into main memory starting at memory address
30 Hex.
Address
Main memory
(contents shown in
Hex.)
30
31
32
33
2150
A351
A552
FFFF
58
59
5A
003C
103C
010B
(i) How many bytes are used to store each program instruction?
[1]
(ii) Describe the steps in the fetch stage of the fetch-execute cycle.
Refer to the instruction at address 30 to illustrate your answer.
[5]
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20
[Turn over
8
(d) The following table shows some of a processors instruction set in assembly language.
Instruction
Explanation
Op Code
Operand
LIX <address>
Load the contents of the address to the Index register (IX)
LDX <address>

STO <address>
ADD <address>
Add the contents of the given address to the ACC
INC <register>
JMP <address>
Jump to the given address
The following program is to be executed.

Shown are:
the first six instructions of this program

the memory locations which will be accessed by this program.
Address
UCLES 2013
Main memory
contents
100
101
102
103
104
105
LIX 200
LDX 200
ADD 204
STO 204
INC IX
JMP 101
200
201
202
203
204
1
13
14
22
0
9691/32/O/N/13
21
For
Examiner's
Use
9
Complete the trace table below for three iterations of the loop.
For
Examiner's
Use
Show each change to the contents of the registers and memory location 204.
ACC
IX
Main memory
address 204
0
[4]
UCLES 2013
9691/32/O/N/13
22
[Turn over
Page 3
Mark Scheme
GCE A LEVEL October/November 2013
Syllabus
9691
(a) Temporary storage location

general purpose/special (purpose)
Inside the (micro)processor
Paper
32
[1]
[1]
[1]
MAX 2
(b) (i) 3C
[1]
(ii) 271
[1]
(iii) Fewer digits used to represent any number // long string difficult to interpret
Less likely to make a mistake when copying/converting a digit string
Easy to convert from binary to hex (vice versa) than binary to denary
R. Hex is easier to understand/write
23
[1]
[1]
[1]
MAX 1
Page 4
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
9691
(c) (i) 2 bytes
Paper
32
[1]
(ii) The Program Counter contains 30

MAR [PC]
// MAR given the contents of the PC
PC [PC] + 1 // PC is incremented
MDR [[MAR]] // The contents of the address in MAR is copied to MDR
CIR [MDR]
// The contents of MDR are copied to CIR
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
OR If the candidates answer uses the suggested instruction:

The Program Counter contains 30
PC contents are copied to MAR
PC contents are incremented to 31
The contents of address 30 / 2150 is copied to MDR
MDR contents / 2150 is copied to CIR
(d)
ACC
IX
1
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
MAX 5
Memory
Address
204
0
13
(13)
13 / ft
2
14
27
27
3
22
49
49
4
[4]
[Total: 15]
24
6
3
For
Examiner's
Use
(a) Most modern computers are designed using Von Neumann architecture.
Explain what is meant by Von Neumann architecture.
[2]
(b) (i) Convert the hexadecimal number 7A to denary.

[1]
(ii) Convert the binary number 0101 1100 to hexadecimal.
[1]
UCLES 2013
9691/31/O/N/13
25
7
For
Examiner's
Use
[1]
7A Hex.
Address
Main memory
(contents shown in
Hex.)
7A
7B
7C
7D
2150
A351
A552
FFFF
90
003C
(i) How many bits are used for each main memory location?
[1]
The trace table below is used to show how the contents of the special-purpose
registers change as the program is executed.
The steps in the fetch stage of the fetch-execute cycle are shown in the first column
using register transfer notation. (For example, MAR [PC] means the content of the
Program Counter is copied to the Memory Address Register.)
(ii) Complete the trace table for the fetching of the first program instruction (2150):
Show the changing contents of the registers

Put a tick in the Address bus/Data bus column to show when the signals on
that bus change.
Fetch
stage
Special purpose registers

(Contents shown in Hex.)
PC
MAR
MDR
CIR
Buses
Address bus
Data bus
7A
MAR [PC]
PC [PC] + 1
MDR [[MAR]]
CIR [MDR]
[5]
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26
[Turn over
8
Instruction
Explanation
Op Code
Operand
LDD <address>
LDI <address>

to ACC
LIX <address>
Load the contents of the address to the Index register (IX)
LDX <address>

The following program is to be executed. Shown are:
the first four instructions only of this program

the memory locations which are accessed by this program.
Address
100
101
102
103
Main memory
LIX 200
LDD 201
LDI 201
LDX 201
200
201
202
203
204
3
216
99
217
63
216
217
96
97
Complete the trace table below for the first four program instructions.
Show each change in the contents of the registers.
Instruction
Register
Accumulator (ACC)
Index Register (IX)
LIX 200
LDD 201
LDI 201
LDX 201
[4]
UCLES 2013
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27
For
Examiner's
Use
Page 3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
9691
(a) a single processor

program consists of a sequence of stored instructions
Instructions + data
are stored (in a continuous block) of primary/main memory
instructions are executed in sequence
(b) (i) 122
Paper
31
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
MAX 2
[1]
(ii) 5C
[1]
(iii) Fewer digits used to represent any number // long string difficult to interpret
Easy to convert from binary to hex (vice versa) than binary to denary
28
[1]
[1]
[1]
MAX 1
Page 4
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
9691
Paper
31
(c) (i) 16 bits
[1]
(ii)
Fetch
stages
Special purpose registers

PC
MAR
MDR
CIR
Busses
Address
bus
Data bus
7A
MAR [PC]
7A
PC [PC] + 1
7B
2150
MDR [[MAR]]
2150
CIR [MDR]
For the buses column penalise once for any additional incorrect ticks
MAX 5
(d)
Instruction
Register
Accumulator
Index Register
(ACC)
(IX)
LIX 200
LDD 201
216
LDI 201
96
LDX 201
63
1 per contents
[4]
[Total: 15]
29
6
3
For
Examiner's
Use
(a) Describe what is meant by a register.
[2]
(b) (i) Convert the hexadecimal number 7F into denary.

[1]
(ii) Convert the denary number 291 into hexadecimal.
[1]
[1]
UCLES 2013
9691/33/O/N/13
30
7
40 Hex.
Address
For
Examiner's
Use
Main memory
(Contents shown in
Hex.)
40
41
42
43
7324
A351
A552
FFFF
68
69
6A
003C
103C
010B
(i) How many bytes are used to store each program instruction?
[1]
(ii) Describe the steps in the fetch stage of the fetch-execute cycle.
Use the instruction at address 40 to illustrate your answer.
[5]
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31
[Turn over
8
Instruction
Explanation
Op Code
Operand
LDD <address>
LDI <address>

to ACC
STO <address>
ADD <address>
Add the contents of the given address to the ACC
INC <register>
JMP <address>
Jump to the given address
The following program is to be executed.

Shown are:
the first seven instructions in this program

the memory locations which will be accessed by this program.
Address
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
UCLES 2013
Main memory
LDI 160
ADD 153
STO 153
LDD 160
INC ACC
STO 160
JMP 130
150
151
152
153
13
23
11
0
160
150
9691/33/O/N/13
32
For
Examiner's
Use
9
Complete the trace table below for two iterations of the loop.
Show each change in the contents of the register and memory locations.
Register
ACC
For
Examiner's
Use
Memory location
153
160
0
150
[4]
UCLES 2013
9691/33/O/N/13
33
[Turn over
Page 3
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
9691
Paper
33
(a) Temporary storage location

Inside the (micro)processor
[1]
[1]
(b) (i) 127
[1]
(ii) 123
[1]
(iii) less digits used to represent any number

Easy conversion between binary and hex (vice versa) than binary and denary
(c) (i) 2 bytes
[1]
[1]
[1]
MAX 1
[1]
(ii) MAR [PC]

PC [PC] + 1
MDR [[MAR]]
CIR [MDR]
// MAR given the contents of the PC

// PC is incremented
// The contents of the address in MAR is copied to MDR
// The contents of MDR are copied to CIR
OR, if the candidate uses the suggested instruction .

MAR is given value 40 // PC contents of 40 are copied to MAR
7324/The contents of address 40 is copied to the MDR
PC is incremented from 40 to 41
7324/contents of location 40 is copied to CIR
34
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
MAX 5
Page 4
Mark Scheme
Syllabus
9691
Paper
33
(d)
Memory address
ACC
153
160
13
13
13
150
151
151
23
36
36
151
152
152
[4]
[Total: 15]
35

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13

Load using direct addressing

Store the contents of the Accumulator at the given address

Load using indirect addressing

Load using indexed addressing

Add 1 to the contents of the Accumulator

End the program and return to the operating system

Mark Scheme: Teachers version

100 1001 1111

200 1001 1111

University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012

Mark Scheme: Teachers version

Mark as follows ...

University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012

Load using direct addressing

Store the contents of the Accumulator at the given address

Load using indirect addressing

Load using indexed addressing

Add 1 to the contents of the Accumulator

End the program and return to the operating system

(a) Write on the diagram to explain the instruction shown.

(b) Write on the diagram to explain the instruction shown.

Mark Scheme: Teachers version

200 1001 1111

University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012

Mark Scheme: Teachers version

200 1001 1111

University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012

Direct addressing. Load the contents of the given address

Store the contents of ACC at the given address

Indirect addressing. At the given address is the address to

Two of the op-codes have been partially blanked out.

(a) Direct addressing / LDD

(b) Indexed addressing / LDX

(c) Annotation to show 203 used as a forwarding address

Macro instructions are expanded into a group of instructions

The software makes two passes through the source program

Cambridge International Examinations 2013

Direct addressing. Load the contents of the given address

Store the contents of ACC at the given address

Indirect addressing. At the given address is the address to

Load the contents of the given address to IX

Add 1 to the contents of the register (ACC or IX)

Add the contents of the given address to the contents of

Jump (unconditionally) to the given address

End the program and return to the operating system

(a) Indexed addressing // LDX

(b) Indirect addressing

(e) Labels added to a (symbol) table // creates a list of addresses

Cambridge International Examinations 2013

(a) Describe what is meant by a register.

(b) (i) Convert the denary number 60 into hexadecimal.

Load the contents of the address to the Index register (IX)

Indexed addressing. Form the address as <address> +

Store the contents of ACC at the given address

Add the contents of the given address to the ACC

Add 1 to the contents of the register (ACC or IX)

Jump to the given address

The following program is to be executed.

the first six instructions of this program

(a) Temporary storage location

Cambridge International Examinations 2013

(c) (i) 2 bytes

(ii) The Program Counter contains 30