KHOA DC

GIO TRNH THC TP

HA L DC
(Dnh cho o to Dc s i hc)

Ti liu lu hnh ni b

BI 1.

IU CH H KEO V NH TNG
S NG VN CA CC H KEO

MC TIU
iu ch mt s h keo bng cc phng php: thay th dung mi, pepti ho v ho hc;
Kho st tnh cht ca gelatin: im ng in, tc dng bo v ca gelatin i vi keo
st (III) hydroxyd;
Kho st tnh cht ca keo xanh ph: s ng vn v s khuch tn;
iu ch v phn bit 2 loi nh tng: du trong nc (D/N) v nc trong du (N/D).

TIN HNH TH NGHIM

1. IU CH V KHO ST TNH CHT MT S H KEO
1.1. Phng php thay th dung mi (iu ch keo lu hunh)
Cho t t 2 ml dung dch lu hunh bo ho trong cn vo cc c sn 30 ml nc ct, va
thm va khuy u, thu c keo lu hunh.
1.2. Phng php phn tn bng cch pepti ho (iu ch keo xanh ph)
Ly 10 ml dung dch FeCl3 2% cho vo cc c m 50 ml. Thm t t 2 ml dung dch kali
ferocyanid 10%, va thm va khuy u. Lc v ra ta tht sch bng nc ct cho n
khi nc ra khng mu. Nh t t ln ta tng git acid oxalic 0,1 N cho n khi dch c
mu chy ra, thu c keo xanh ph. H keo ny c s dng cho th nghim 3.1 v 3.2.
1.3. Phng php ho hc (iu ch keo st (III) hydroxyd)
Cho 20 ml nc ct vo becher. un si, cho tip tng git dung dch FeCl3 2% (2 ml). un
thm vi pht trn bp cho dung dch sm mu, thu c keo st (III) hydroxyd. H keo ny
c s dng cho th nghim 2.2.

2. TNH CHT CA GELATIN

iu ch keo gelatin 2%: cn 0,5 g gelatin vo becher; ngm vo 25 ml nc trong 20 pht.
un cch thy n khi tan hon ton.

2.1. Tm im ng in ca gelatin
Chun b 5 ng nghim theo bng sau:
Ho cht
CH3COOH 0,1 N (ml)
CH3COONa 0,1 N (ml)
Gelatin 2% (ml)
Cn ethylic tuyt i (ml)
pH hn hp

1
1,8
0,2
1,0
4,0
3,8

2
1,4
0,6
1,0
4,0
4,4

ng nghim
3
1,0
1,0
1,0
4,0
4,7

4
0,6
1,4
1,0
4,0
5,1

5
0,2
1,8
1,0
4,0
5,7

Lc u v so snh c ca cc hn hp trong cc ng nghim. Ghi nhn im ng in

ca gelatin ti gi tr pH ca ng nghim c cha hn hp vn c nht.
2.2. Kho st tc dng bo v ca gelatin i vi h keo st (III) hydroxyd
ng nghim 1: 1 ml h keo st (III) hydroxyd + 1 ml keo gelatin 2% + 6 ml dung dch NaCl 10%
ng nghim 2: 1 ml h keo st (III) hydroxyd + 1 ml nc ct + 6 ml dung dch NaCl 10%
Kho st v nhn xt v c ca 2 ng nghim sau: 0; 5; 10 v 15 pht.

3. TNH CHT CA KEO XANH PH

3.1. Kho st s ng vn ca keo xanh ph
Ly 5 ml keo xanh ph va iu ch th nghim 1.2 pha vi nc ct va 100 ml ri
thc hin cc th nghim nh sau:
ng nghim 1: 10 ml keo xanh ph + 0,1 ml dung dch ZnSO4 0,05M
ng nghim 2: 10 ml keo xanh ph + 0,1 ml dung dch ZnSO4 0,02M
ng nghim 3: 10 ml keo xanh ph + 0,1 ml dung dch ZnSO4 0,01M
Lc u, sau yn v kho st hin tng xy ra cc ng nghim. Ghi nhn thi gian
ng vn ca keo xanh ph tng ng nghim.
3.2. Kho st tnh khuch tn ca keo xanh ph
iu ch gel thch: cn 0,3 g thch cho vo becher, thm 30 ml nc ct, ngm 30 pht cho
thch n. un cho tan, thm tip 40 git phenolphtalein 0,04% v 2 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1 N
vo thch. Khuy u. gel ny vo 3 ng nghim. ngui n nhit phng, sau
lm lnh cho thch ng hon ton.
Cho vo 3 ng trn: ng 1: 2 ml dung dch HCl 0,1 N
ng 2: 2 ml dung dch CuSO4 10%
ng 3: 2 ml keo xanh ph thu c th nghim 1.2.
yn khong 1 gi. Quan st s khuch tn ca H+ trong ng 1, Cu++ trong ng 2 v tiu
phn keo xanh ph trong ng 3.
2

4. IU CH V PHN BIT NH TNG

4.1. Vai tr ca cht hot ng b mt
Chun b 2 ng nghim c np:
ng nghim 1: 2-3 ml nc ct v vi git du.
ng nghim 2: 2-3 ml nc ct, vi git du v vi git x phng natri 2%.
y cht ming cc ng nghim, lc mnh trong vi pht, thu c nh tng.
4.2. iu ch v chuyn tng nh tng
Cho 2 ml dung dch x phng natri 5% v 10 git Sudan III/ benzen vo ng nghim c np.
y nt, lc mnh to nh tng. Ly vi git nh tng ny ln lame, y bng lamelle.
Dng knh hin vi quan st bi gic 10.
Chuyn tng: Cho 1-2 ml dung dch CaCl2 1% vo phn nh tng cn li trong ng
nghim. Thm du, lc mnh to nh tng mi. Dng knh hin vi quan st bi
gic 10.

pH - DUNG DCH M

BI 2.

DN IN
MC TIU
Xc nh pH ca mt s dung dch v dc phm bng php o in th trn my pH k
vi in cc thy tinh kp;
Pha ch, kho st tnh cht ca dung dch m v tnh nng sut m;
o dn in ca dung dch;
Xc nh hng s in ly ca dung dch v tan ca mt cht km tan bng phng
php o dn in.

1. pH v DUNG DCH M
1.1. i cng
pH dung dch: pH= -lg[H+] hoc pH= lg a H (1)

Dung dch m l dung dch duy tr c pH khng i khi thm vo nhng lng acid hay
base va phi hoc khi pha long. Dung dch m thng to thnh bi mt acid yu v mui
ca acid vi mt base mnh hay mt base yu v mui ca base vi mt acid mnh.
* pH dung dch m acid (to bi acid yu v mui ca n vi base mnh)
pH pK a log

Cmu
(2)
Cacid

vi pKa = -lgKa, Ka l hng s phn ly ca acid

* pH dung dch m base (to bi base yu v mui ca n vi acid mnh)
pOH pKb log

Cmu
Cbase

C
pH 14 pKb log mui (3)
Cbase

vi pKb l hng s phn ly ca base

in cc thy tinh:
E ETT

RT
ln aH (4) vi ETT : in th nghim chun ca in cc thy tinh
F

in cc thy tinh kp l in cc thy tinh ghp vi in cc calomel.

4

1.2. Nguyn tc
1.2.1. o pH: o sc in ng ca mch in gia in cc thy tinh v in cc calomel
trong mi trng cn o pH. T xc nh c in th ca in cc thy tinh ri suy ra
pH ca dung dch cn o theo cng thc (4).
E pin Ecal ETT pH

E pin Ecal
0, 059

(5)

1.2.2. Tnh nng sut m

Nng sut m l s ng lng gam acid mnh hoc base mnh cn thm vo 1 lt dung
dch m pH ca n bin thin 1 n v.
Nng sut m c tnh theo cng thc:
B
B

E
pH1 pH 0
E
pH 0 pH1

(vi kim)

(6)

(vi acid)

(7)

Trong :
B: nng sut m
E: s ng lng gam acid hoc base dng, tnh cho 1 lt dung dch m
pHo: pH trc khi chun
pH1: pH sau khi chun

1.3. TIN HNH TH NGHIM

1.3.1. Pha ch cc dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N; 0,01 N; 0,001 N v o pH
Pha 50 ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N t dung dch CH3COOH 1 N.
Pha 50 ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,01 N t dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N.
Pha 50 ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,001 N t dung dch CH3COOH 0,01 N.

1.3.2. Pha ch v kho st h m

1.3.2.1. Pha ch dung dch m
Pha 100 ml dung dch m t cc dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N v CH3COONa 0,1 N.
pH mong mun
Th tch CH3COONa 0,1 N (ml)
Th tch CH3COOH 0,1 N (ml)
Th tch tng cng

3,0

4,0

0
100 ml

Kim tra pH ca cc dung dch va pha c bng my o pH. Nu pH o c sai lch vi pH

mong mun th iu chnh bng dung dch CH3COOH 1 N hoc dung dch CH3COONa 1 N nh sau:
- Trng hp pH o c > pH cn pha th iu chnh bng dung dch CH3COOH 1 N:
cho mt git CH3COOH 1 N vo dung dch ri khuy u, o pH ca dung dch. Tip tc
iu chnh cho n khi thu c dung dch t gi tr pH mong mun.
- Trng hp pH o c < pH cn pha th iu chnh bng dung dch CH3COONa 1 N.
Cho mt git CH3COONa 1 N vo dung dch ri khuy u, o pH ca dung dch. Tip
tc iu chnh cho n khi thu c dung dch t gi tr pH mong mun.
1.3.2.2. Kho st h m
Pha cc dung dch m theo bng sau:
Thnh phn

1
3
27

Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N (ml)

Dung dch CH3COONa 0,1 N (ml)

Dung dch m
2
15
15

3
27
3

Pha long cc dung dch m trn thnh 06 dung dch theo bng sau:
Dung dch m
Dung dch m 1 (ml)

1
10

Dung dch m 2 (ml)

Dung dch m 3 (ml)
Nc ct (ml)

ng nghim
3
4
1

10
0

1
10
0

1
9

- Tnh gi tr pHLT ca 06 dung dch trn theo cng thc (2).

- o pH ca 6 dung dch trn (pHTN), ghi nhn v so snh gi tr pHLT v pHTN.
- So snh gi tr ca pH dung dch m trc v sau khi pha long.
- Thm vo 6 dung dch trn, mi ng 3 git ch th vn nng, quan st mu.
1.3.2.3. Kho st tnh cht m ca dung dch m (ch mu sc ca dung dch trc
v sau khi thm acid/ base)
ng nghim (a): Ly 5 ml dung dch m 1, thm 2 git methyl, quan st mu sc. Thm
5 git HCl 0,1 N, ch mu sc ca dung dch.
ng nghim (b) Ly 5 ml dung dch m 2, thm 2 git methyl, nhn xt mu. Thm 5
git HCl 0,1 N, ch mu sc ca dung dch.

ng nghim (c): Ly 5 ml dung dch m 2, thm 2 git phenolphtalein, nhn xt mu.

Thm 5 git NaOH 0,1 N, nhn xt mu.
ng nghim (d): Ly 5 ml dung dch m 3, thm 2 git methyl, nhn xt mu. Thm 5
git NaOH 0,1 N, ch mu sc ca dung dch.

1.3.3. Nng sut m

Cho vo becher 4 ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N v 6 ml dung dch CH3COONa 0,1 N;
thm 3 git methyl, o pH.
Chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,1 N cho ti khi c mu vng chanh, o li pH.
Ghi nhn gi tr pH ca h m trc v sau khi chun . Tnh nng sut m theo cng
thc (6).

1.3.4. Tin hnh o pH ca mt s dc phm

Dc phm kho st
Dung dch tim truyn Glucose 5%
Dung dch tim truyn Lactat Ringer
Thuc nh mt Cloraxin 0,4%
Thuc nh Efticol

pH chnh xc

2. DN IN
2.1. Dung dch cht in ly yu
Pha cc dung dch CH3COOH 0,05 N; 0,02 N t dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N
Dung dch CH3COOH
Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N
Nc ct va

0,02 N

0,05 N

0,1 N

100 ml

S dng my o dn in xc nh dn in ring ca cc dung dch CH3COOH 0,1 N;

0,05 N v 0,02 N.
Lu :

Xem k bng hng dn s dng my.

o dung dch t nng thp n nng cao.

2.2. Dung dch cht in ly mnh

2.2.1. o dn in ca dung dch HCl 0,1 N v 0,01 N
Pha ch 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,01 N t dung dch HCl 0,1 N. o dn in ring , lp
bng kt qu v tnh dn in ng lng v.

2.2.2. o dn in ca dung dch NaCl 0,1 N v 0,01 N

Pha ch dung dch NaCl 0,01 N t dung dch NaCl 0,1 N. o dn in ring , lp bng
kt qu v tnh dn in ng lng v.
2.3. Xc nh tan ca mt cht km tan bng phng php o dn in
o dn in ring ca dung dch CaSO4 bo ho trong nc, t tnh tan ca CaSO4
trong nc.
Tin hnh: Ly khong 50 ml dung dch CaSO4 bo ho trong nc, o dn in ring
() ca dung dch ny. Sau , o dn in ring ca nc ct ().
Ta c:

(-1.cm-1);
: nng ng lng ca dung dch CaSO4 (ng lng gam/ lt)

T suy ra tan ca CaSO4 (gam/ lt) = C x ng lng gam CaSO4

Cho bit: CaSO4 = 119,5 (-1.cm2)

BI 3.

S HO TAN HN CH CA CHT LNG

MC TIU
Thit lp gin ho tan hn ch ca phenol trong nc;
Xc nh nhit ti hn v thnh phn (%) ti hn ca gin trn.

TIN HNH TH NGHIM

Ch : Phenol gy bng, nguy him, c khi khng pht hin ngay c. Do , sinh vin
phi cn thn khi tip xc. Nu b bng, ra nhiu nc ri bi acid picric trong t y t,
ng thi bo cho Cn b ging bit.

1. PHA HN HP PHENOL V NC THEO BNG (dng buret c kha

thy tinh ly phenol)
ng nghim
Phenol (ml)
Nc ct (ml)
Th tch tng cng (ml)

1
0,6
5,4

Thnh phn (%) phenol/ hn hp

10

2
0,9
5,1

3
1,5
4,5

4
3,0
3,0

5
3,6
2,4

6
4,2
1,8

50

60

70

6,0
15

25

2. TM NHIT CHUYN PHA

Thc hin nh sau cho tt c cc ng nghim: Ly nhit k v que khuy cho vo ng
nghim, nhng ng nghim vo ly nc. un cch thy ly nc t t ng thi khuy u
tay. Khi hn hp trong sut, ghi nhn nhit t. l nhit khi hai tng lng chuyn
thnh mt tng (h d th chuyn thnh h ng th).
Nhc ly ra khi bp, va khuy va quan st cho n khi hn hp c tr li. Ghi nhn nhit
t ( l nhit m h chuyn thnh d th).
Nu t v t cch nhau 0,5 oC, kt qu c th chp nhn.
T tnh t1

t' t"
2

Tin hnh 3 ln cho mi ng nghim c: t

t1 t 2 t 3
3

T cc kt qu thu c, v gin s ho tan hn ch ca phenol trong nc v t gin

trn xc nh c nhit ti hn v thnh phn (%) ti hn.
9

BI 4. PHN NG BC I: THU PHN ETHYL ACETAT

MC TIU
Xc nh hng s tc phn ng, chu k bn hu v nng lng hot ho ca phn ng bc nht.

TIN HNH TH NGHIM (Kho st qu trnh thu phn ethyl acetat 30 oC v 40 oC)
1. THU PHN ETHYL ACETAT 40 oC
Ly chnh xc 50 ml dung dch HCl 0,2 N (dng bnh nh mc) cho vo bnh nn (A)
250 ml. Lp sinh hn kh v t bnh (A) vo bp cch thu 40 oC khong 15 pht
n nh nhit .
Cho vo 04 bnh nn (B) (dng bnh nn 100 ml) mi bnh khong 30 ml nc ct (dng
ng ong) v 3 git phenolphtalein. Ngm cc bnh (B) vo nc .
Ht chnh xc 2 ml ethyl acetat (dng pipet chnh xc) cho vo bnh (A). Bm ng h: ta
c thi im t = 0 (phn ng bt u), ng thi lc u v ht ngay 2 ml hn hp trong
bnh (A) cho vo 1 bnh (B).
nh phn ngay dung dch trong bnh (B) trn bng dung dch NaOH 0,05 N.
Lun lun gi bnh (A) trong bp cch thy 40 oC. Cn c vo ng h, ti cc thi
im t = 15, 30, 45 pht, dng pipet ht 2 ml hn hp trong bnh (A) cho vo bnh (B) v
nh phn bng dung dch NaOH 0,05 N nh trn.
Gi n (ml) l VNaOH 0,05 N nh phn sau mi thi im. Nh vy, ta c cc gi tr n0, n15,
n30, n45 tng ng vi cc thi im 0; 15; 30; 45 pht.
Sau tip tc un cch thu bnh (A) 80 oC trong vng 1 gi cho phn ng xy ra
hon ton. Ht 2 ml hn hp trong bnh (A) cho vo bnh (B) v em nh phn c gi
tr n.
Ch : Phi thc hin nh phn nhiu ln tm gi tr n, mi ln nh phn cch nhau 10
pht trong lc bnh (A) vn c cch thu 80 oC n khi no c 2 gi tr lin tip khng
i th l n.

2. THU PHN ETHYL ACETAT 30 oC: Thc hin tng t nh trn nhng
nhit phng (khong 30 oC) tm cc gi tr n0, n15, n30, n45 v n.

10

BI 5.

PHN NG BC II: X PHNG HO ETHYL ACETAT

MC TIU
Xc nh hng s tc phn ng ca phn ng bc hai.

TIN HNH TH NGHIM

Ly chnh xc 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,05 N cho vo bnh nn nt mi 250 ml (bnh
A). Lp sinh hn kh v n nh khong 15 pht nhit phng.
Cho vo 05 bnh nn (B) (dng bnh nn 100 ml) mi bnh chnh xc 10 ml dung dch
HCl 0,05 N v 3 git phenolphtalein. Ngm cc bnh (B) vo nc .
Dng pipet khc vch cho 0,35 ml ethyl acetat vo bnh (A) (coi l thi im to phn
ng bt u xy ra). Lc u. yn.
Sau 2 pht, ht 10 ml hn hp trong bnh (A) cho vo 1 bnh (B) (ht chnh xc). Lc
u, chun ngay bng dung dch NaOH 0,05 N.
Tip tc lm nh trn cc thi im 4; 6; 8; 10 v 12 pht.
t bnh (A) c lp ng sinh hn kh vo bp cch thu 60 - 70 oC trong khong 1 gi
phn ng xy ra hon ton..
Xc nh n bng cch ht 10 ml hn hp t bnh A cho vo 1 bnh B, chun bng
dung dch NaOH 0,05N.
Ch : Phi thc hin nh phn nhiu ln tm gi tr n, mi ln nh phn cch nhau 10
pht trong lc bnh (A) vn c cch thu 60-70 oC n khi no c 2 gi tr lin tip
khng i th l n .
T cc kt qu thu c, tnh ton hng s tc phn ng: K

11

2,303
b(a x)
lg
t ( a b)
a(b x)

BI 6. NG NG NHIT HP PH TRONG DUNG DCH NC

MC TIU
Kho st s hp ph ca acid acetic trn than hot.
V c ung ng nhit hp ph.
Tm tr s ca hng s k v 1/n trong phng trnh Freundlich.

TIN HNH TH NGHIM

1. PHA CC DUNG DCH X T DUNG DCH CH3COOH 1 N
Dung dch
Nng (N)

X1
0,05

X2
0,1

Th tch cn pha

X3
0,2

X4
0,4

200 ml

Cch pha ch:

Dng pipet chnh xc ht 80 ml dung dch CH3COOH 1 N cho vo bnh nh mc 200 ml,
thm nc ct va , ta c X4.
Dng bnh nh mc ly 100 ml dung dch X4 cho vo bnh nh mc 200 ml, thm nc
ct va , ta c X3.
Tng t, dng X3 pha X2 v dng X2 pha X1.

2. CHUN
Tin hnh chun cc dung dch X bng dung dch NaOH 0,1 N vi ch th
phenolphtalein. T tnh nng ban u ca cc dung dch X.
Dung dch trc hp ph
Th tch dung dch X (ml)

X1
20

X2
10

X3
5

X4
2

Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1 N (ml)

Nng ban u (Co)

3. CHO HP PH DUNG DCH X BNG THAN HOT

Cho vo 4 bnh nn nt mi mi bnh chnh xc 50 ml dung dch X. Dng cn phn tch,
cn v cho vo cc bnh nn mi bnh mt lng chnh xc khong 1,5 g than hot. Lc u
trong 5 pht v yn trong 20 pht. Sau lc qua giy ly dung dch.
12

4. CHUN CC DUNG DCH X SAU HP PH

Chun dch lc sau hp ph, lp bng kt qu, tnh ton nng cc dung dch sau hp
ph (C) (thc hin tng t nh MC 2)
Dung dch sau hp ph
Th tch dung dch X (ml)
Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1 N (ml)
Nng sau hp ph (C)

X1
20

X2
10

X3
5

X4
2

T cc kt qu thu c, v ng ng nhit hp ph y theo C, ng ng nhit hp ph

lgy theo lgC, xc nh h s k v 1/n c phng trnh Freundlich: y k C

13

BI 7.

SC K GIY V SC K TRAO I ION

MC TIU
Tch ring ion Ni++ v ion Co++ bng phng php sc k trao i ion.
Tch ring cc acid amin trong hn hp bng phng php sc k giy.

TIN HNH TH NGHIM

1. SC K TRAO I ION
Kim tra ct sc k: cho nc ct vo ct n khi nc chy ra khng cn ion H+ (th bng
methyl da cam, so vi ng i chiu gm nc ct v methyl da cam).
Tin hnh sc k:
-

Dng pipet ht 1,2 ml NiCl2 v 0,6 ml Co(NO3)2 cho vo 1 ng nghim, lc u ri cho

vo ct sc k.

Cho tip nc ct qua ct (khong 300 ml) n khi no nc chy ra khng cn ion H+.

Cho tip dung dch Citrat I qua ct vi vn tc 2 3 ml/ pht. Dng ng ong hng
tng 10 ml. Nu khng c mu th b, nu c mu th cho vo cc ng nghim v gi li.

Khi dung dch chy ra ht mu hoc cn mu nht th cho tip Citrat II vo. Thc hin
tng t nh vi Citrat I thu c cc ng nghim c mu.

Hi phc nha trao i ion trong ct sc k: cho t t qua ct 20 ml dung dch HCl 5%
ri ra ct bng nc ct cho n khi nc chy ra khng cn H+.
LU : Nha trao i ion trong ct phi lun ngp trong dung mi khong 1 2 cm.

2. SC K GIY
Dng vit ch k 1 ng ngang cch mp di giy sc k 1 cm (vch xut pht). Cch
l tri v l phi ca giy sc k ti thiu 1 cm v trn vch xut pht, dng vit ch xc
nh 3 im cch u nhau: im 1, 2 v 3. Tip theo, k 1 ng th hai cch vch xut
pht 10 cm (vch tin tuyn).
Dng cc mao qun ring bit chm cc dung dch acid amin ln cc im 1, 2 v 3
(im 1 v 2: chm 2 acid amin ring r, im 3: chm hn hp 2 acid amin trn).
Trn mi im chm khong 2 - 3 ln, sau mi ln chm phi kh ri mi chm tip.
cho cc vt chm kh hon ton.
14

 Gn giy sc k vo bnh cha dung mi Partridge. Dung mi trong bnh sc k phi tip
xc vi giy sc k nhng khng c chm vo cc vt chm acid amin. Giy phi
thng bng, khng nghing lch v ch c tip xc vi dung mi duy nht mt ln.
y kn bnh sc k.
Khi dung mi ln n vch tin tuyn th ly giy ra. H kh giy sc k bng bp in.
Phun dung dch Ninhydrin 0,5% ln giy. H nng giy sc k, cc vt acid amin mu
tm s xut hin.

Tnh Rf

Kt qu ng khi vt acid amin gn, r, mu ng nht.

15