Introduction to Sanskrit language elements

Introduction: Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and grammatical
rules for sentence formation, just like any other language (English for example). In
this chapter we will get an overview of this. The details with their grammatical rules
will be covered in subsequent chapters.
In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the mostly

used script for writing. Most of the Sanskrit literature are in this script. Following is
the list of the alphabets in their correct order.
Alphabets & Their Classification:

a

aa

i

ii

u

uu

RRi

RRI
ai

au

gh

N^

ch

chh

j

jh

JN

T

Th

D

Dh

N
!
p
"
ph
#
b
$
bh
%
m
&
y
'
r
(
l
)
v
*
sh
+
Sh

kh

g

t

th

d

dh
,
s
.
ksh
/
dny
All these alphabets are classified into two major groups i.e.,
Vowels or )')1 (svaravarNa):
Alphabets starting from (a) till (au) are the
vowels. These are further classified into ) (hrasva) and 51 (diirgha). The
51 (diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time) of ) (hrasva).
)
hrasva

a

aa

i

u
51
diirgha

ii

uu

RRi

RRI
Consonants or 6&7 )1 (vyaJNjanavarNa):
ai

au
Alphabets starting from (k) till /
(dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further classified into
different groups called )1 (varga). Following table has this classification.
Some of the gramatical rules for Euphonic Combination or ,89 (sandhi)
and Compound Words or ,%:, (samaasa) are based on these )1 (varga).
)1
kavarga

kh

g

gh

N^
)1
chaavarga

ch

chh

j

jh

JN
)1
Taavarga

T

Th

D

Dh

N
)1
tavarga

t

th

d

dh
!)1
pavarga
!
p
"
ph
#
b
$
bh
%
m
We will refere these classifications, while covering the Euphonic Combination or ,89
(sandhi) and Compound Words or ,%:, (samaasa).
In Sanskrit just like any other language (English for

example) a sentence is made of different elements. The elements are "Subject",
"Object", and "Verb". A sentence may or may not have an Object in it.
Sentence Formation Overview:
Lets study the following English sentence to understand these basic elements better.
The boy is reading a book.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and the "book" is the
"Object".
The boy is
reading
a book.
------------|
|
|
Subject
Verb
Object
If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes is "the boy".
So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called the "Noun".
The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy doing?" is
"reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".
Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book". The "book"
becomes the "Object".
Now study the following statement.

The boy is laughing.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "laughing" is "Verb". But, there is no "Object"
in this sentence.
The boy is
laughing.
--------|
|
Subject
Verb
If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer comes from
this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".
However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives answer "book".
In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive Verb".
Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we will begin with
more
details
of
Sanskrit
language.
In Sanskrit:
Subject is called -> :1 / kartaa
Object is called
-> %1 / karma
Verb is called
-> <&: / kriyaa
Transitive Verb is called
Intransitive Verb is called -> %1 / akarmaka
-> , %1 / sakarmaka
So, in the above statements:

The boy is
--|
Subject
|
:1/kartaa
reading
a book.
----------|
|
Verb
Object
|
|
<&:/kriyaa(, %1 / sakarmaka)
%1/karma
The boy is
--|
Subject
|
:1/kartaa
laughing.
------|
Verb
|
<&:/kriyaa ( %1 / akarmaka)
Words & Their Classification: In any language a sentence is madeup of multiple words
composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible meaning to the sentence.
These words can be categorised into three different types viz.,
Noun
Verb
Indeclinable
Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be part of following
categories with minor derivations like addition of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion', 'ing' etc., as well
as based on their usage and grammatical rules:
Pronoun
Adjective
Adverb
In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a

representation of the important classifications. We can see the classification is almost
same as any other language. Each classification has been described in the coming
chapters.
|--------------- Noun Root (*> / shabda)

|
|
|
-----------------------------|
|
|
|
,?)9!
@A!
|
suvantapada
taddhitapada
|
|
|
--------------------------------------
------|
Masculine
Feminine
|
Word (! / pada) ----|
Neuter
|
!?B(C
DEB(C
!?C, B(9
|
puliN^ga
striiliN^ga
napuN^sakalinga
|
|
|--------------- Verb Root (:? / dhaatu)
|
-------------------------------------------|
|
B!
F 9!
tiNâtapada
kRRidantapada
|
-----------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
!'%G!5
$&!5
parasmaipadii
ubhayapadii
H% I!5
aatmanepadii
Noun is the word that represents someone or something in a

sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality etc. A noun is
the only word that can be used as the subject or object for a verb.
Nouns (*>
*> / shabda):
Noun in Sanskrit is called *> (shabda) or noun-root. It is also called F!

1
(kartRRipada). Noun can be classified into ,?)9! (suvantapada) and @A!
(taddhitapada).
,?)9! (suvantapada):
This classification is based on the gender, number and

case of the noun. The noun-forms are used to express something or someone
etc. ,?)9! or suvantapada meaning - words ending with ,?! J (sup) suffix. In
this classification:
o
Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" (B(C / liN^ga)

viz., "masculine" (!?KB(C / pu.nliN^ga), "feminine" (DEB(C /
striiliN^ga) and "neuter" ( !?K, B(C / napu.nsakaliN^ga).
Each noun also has three "numbers" ()
/ vachana) and 7 "cases"
(@)$@L / vibhakti).
Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number" and "case".
Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its different forms built into
itself. The "noun base" is called *> (shabda) and the "derived noun forms"
are called *>M! (shabdarupa). So, in the previous statement #:( is the
"base" (*> / shabda) of noun "BOY" and #:( N is one of the derived noun
forms (*>M! / shabdarupa).
@A! (taddhitapada):
In this classification special suffixes are added to the

noun to get noun forms used as - subject, adjectives, indeclinable etc.
We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of ,?)9! (suvantapada) BOY
(#:( / baalaka) and GIRL ():(: / vaalaa) *> / shabda. Once we know how to use
noun forms (*>M! / shabdarupa) in sentences, we will cover all the cases and their
usage rules.
Boy / #:( / baalaka (Masculine / !?KB(C / pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
(Subject)
%: / prathamaa
Accusative (Object)
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
#:( N / baalakaH
#:( P / baalakau
#:( :N / baalakaaH
(the boy)
(two boys)
(the boys)
#:( % J / baalakam
#:( P / balakau
(to the boy)
(to two boys)
#:( : J / baalakaan
(to the boys)
Girl / ):(: / vaalaa (Femenine / DEB(C / striiliN^ga)

Case
Singular
Dual
Plural
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
(Subject)
%: / prathamaa
Accusative (Object)
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
)
8))
ekavachana
dvivachana
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
):(: / vaalaa
):(I / vaale
):(:N / vaalaaH
(the girl)
(two girls)
(the girls)
):(:% J / vaalaam
):(I / valae
):(:N / vaalaaH
(to the girl)
(to two girls)
(to the girls)
Examples of noun form (*>M! / shabdarupa):
The boy
-> #:( N
/ baalakaH
Many boys
-> #:( :N
/ baalakaaH
To the boy
-> #:( % J / baalakam
To the boys -> #:( : J / baalakaan
The girl
-> ):(:
/ vaalaa
Many girls
-> ):(:N
/ vaalaaH
To the girl
-> ):(:% J / vaalaam
To the girls -> ):(:N
/ vaalaaH
The complete noun form (*>M! / shabdarupa) for #:( *> (baalaka shabda) will
have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms include "the boy", "to the
boy", "by the boy", "for/to the boy", "from the boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy".
Besides these 7 forms an additional vocative ("O! boy") case is also their.
All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The complete *>M!
(shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 11.
Followings are few more nouns (*>M! / shabdarupa). We will use these in
sentences later in this chapter.
School / @)R:(& / vidyaalaya (Masculine / !?KB(C / pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
%: /
prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
@)R:(&N /
@)R:(&P /
@)R:(&:N /
vidyaalayaH
vidyaalayau
vidyaalayaaH
@)R:(&% J /
@)R:(&P /
vidyaalayam
vidyaalayau
@)R:(&: J /
vidyaalayaan
Book / !? / pustaka (Nuter /

Case
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
%: /
!?K, B(C / napu.nsakaliN^ga)
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
ekavachana
dvivachana
!? % J / pustakam
!? I / pustake
!? :B
/ pustakaani
!? % J / pustakam
!? I / pustake
!? :B
/ pustakaani
prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
*** In :':9 / akaaraanta nuter ( !?K, B(C / napu.nsakaliN^ga), both

Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.
Me / %S / asmad (All Genders / @B(C / triliN^gaka)

Case
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
%: /
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
-% J / aham
):% J / aavaam
)&% J / vayam
%:% J / maam
):% J / aavaam
%: J / asmaan
prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
%: / maa
P / nau
N / naH
You / &?%S / yusmad (All Genders / @B(C / triliN^gaka)

Case
@)$@L / vibhakti
Nominative
%: /
Singular
) /
Dual
8)) /
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
H)% J / tvam
&?):% J / yuvaam
&U&% J / yuuyam
H):% J / tvaam
&?):% J / yuvaam
&?%: J / yuShmaan
H): / tvaa
):% J / vaam
)N / vaH
prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: / dvitiiyaa
Pronouns (,)1
,)1 :% ! / sarvanaama pada):
Words like he, she, this, that, these etc., are
called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called ,)1 :% ! (sarvanaama pada). The
rules for pronouns are exactly same as the nouns (*> / shabda).
Verb (:?
:? / dhaatu):
Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence etc.
Verb in Sanskrit is called :? (dhaatu) or verb root. It is also known as <&:!
(kriyaapada).
It
can
be
classified
into
B!
(tiNâtapada)
and
F 9!
(kRRidantapada).
B! (tiNâtapada):
This classification is based on the tense and mood of the

verb. The verb-forms are used as normal verbs to express some action or
state etc. B! or tiNâtapada meaning - words ending with B! J (tip)
suffix. In this classification:

o
Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses (( :' / lakaara). Howver
only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life.
Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular ( )

ekavachana), Dual (Q5)
/ dviivachana) and Plural ()-)

?
vahuvachana).
o
Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third (% / prathama),

Second (%W&% / madhyama) and First (X% / uttama).
Each verb can belong to categories !'%G!5 (parasmaipadii), H% I!5

(aatmanepadii) or $&!5 (ubhayapadii). Verbs of !'%G!5
(parasmaipadii) category represent 'action whose result is for others'.
H% I!5 (aatmanepadii) represents 'action whose result is for self',
and $&!5 (ubhayapadii) represents 'action whose result is both for
others and self'.
Just like noun (*> / shabda), each verb (:? / dhaatu) also has different
derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person". This is called "verb
form" (:?M! / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ based on this category.
The "root" of a verb is called :? (dhaatu). :? (dhaatu) does not have any
"gender".
F 9! (kRRidantapada):
In this classification special suffixes are added to the

verb to get verb-forms used as - subject, pronoun, adjectives, indeclinable
etc.
Followings are the B! (tiNâtapada) verb-forms (:?M! / dhaatutupa) of READ

(!Y / paTH) :? (dhaatu) and GO (% J / gam) :? (dhaatu) in present tense
((Z( :' / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in a sentence,
we will cover all other different forms.
Read / !Y / paTh
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!B / paThati
!N / paThataH
!89 / paThanti
(is reading)
(both are reading)
(many are reading)
Second
%W&% / madhyama
!B, / paThasi
First
X% / uttama
!N / paThathaH
(you are reading)

!:B% / paThaami
! / paThatha
(you two are

reading)
!:)N / paThaavaH
(both of us
reading)
(i am reading)
(you all reading)

!:%N / paThaamaH
(all of us reading)
Go / % J / gam
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
[B /
[N /
[89 /
gachchhati
(is going)
gachchhataH
(both are going)
gachchhanti
(many are going)
[B, /
[N /
gachchhasi
(you are going)
gachchhathaH
(you two are going)
[:B% /
[:)N /
[:%N /
gachchhaami
(i am going)
gachchhaavaH
(both of us going)
gachchhaamaH
(all of us going)
[ / gachchhatha
(you all are going)
Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above. These will
help in learning the sentence formation rules.
the boy is reading
- #:( N !B / baalakaH paThati
the boys are reading - #:( :N !89 / baalakaaH paThanti

the girl is reading
- ):(: !B / vaala paThati
the girls are reading - ):(:N !89 / vaalaaH paThanti

you are reading
- H)K !B, / tvam
paThasi
you all are reading - &?&K ! / yuyam paThata

i am reading
- -K !:B% / aham paThaami
we are reading - )&K !:%N / vayam paThaamaH

All the sentences above have the "Subject" ( :1 / kartaa) and a "Verb" (<&: /
kriyaa). In all the sentences, the number ()
/ vachana) and person (!?M+ /
puruSha) of the "Verb" (<&: / kriyaa) match number ()
/ vachana) and person
(!?M+ / puruSha) of the "Subject" ( :1 / kartaa).

Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" (#:( N !B / baalakaH paThati), the "boy"
(#:( N / baalakaH) is in third person singular (!!?M+ )
/ prathamapuruSha
ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" (<&: / kriyaa) is also in third person singular
(!!?M+ )
/ prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change. This can be
seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" ():(: !B / vaalaa paThati).
Rule 1: The verb (:? / dhaatu) always follows number ()
/ vachana)
and person (!?M+ / puruSha) of the noun (*> / shabda).

Rule 2: The verb (:? / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the gender
(B(C / liN^ga) of the "Subject" ( :1 / kartaa).
Rule 3: The verb form (:?M! / dhaaturupa) is always in second person
(%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is %S *> (asmad
shabda). The verb form (:?M! / dhaaturupa) is always in first person
(X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is &?%S *> (yusmad shabda).
All other nouns will always be in third person (%!?M+ /
prathamapuruSha).
Indeclinable
(6&&!
6&&!
avyayapada):
Indeclinable
in
Sanskrit
is
called
6&&!
(avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa 6&&! / avyayapada do not

change in its form. It remains same irrespective of gender, number, person and
tense. Followings are few examples:
kutra / ?
- where
atra / ?
tatra /
- here
- there
api / @!
- too
Few sample statements using indeclinable (6&&! / avyayapada):

where is the boy going
- #:( N ? [B / baalakaH kutra
the boy is going there
- #:( N [B / baalakaH tatra
gachchhati
gachchhati
where are the boys going - #:( :N ? [89 / baalakaaH kutra
gachchhanti
the boys are going there - #:( :N [89 / baalakaaH tatra
gachchhanti
Note that the 6&&! (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the number,
and person of the "Subject" ( :1 / kartaa).
Rule 4: Indeclinables (6&&! / avyayapada) never change in form and
remain same irrespective of the person and number of the "Subject" ( :1
/kartaa).
Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or
property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In Sanskrit it
is called @)*I+ (visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the gender (B(C / liN^ga)
Adjective (@)*I
@)*I+ / visheShaNa):
and number ()
/ vachana) of the subject or the word for which it is an adjective.
Followings are few examples:

blue sky
- B (N :*N / nilaH aakaashaH
white cloud - )IN %IN / svetaH meghaH

In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky and
cloud. So, these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively.
Voice ():[&
):[& / vaachya): In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three
voices. 'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this sentence
formation is normally not seen in other languages like English.
1. Active voice or F)

1 :[& (kartRRI vaachya).
2. Passive voice or %1):[&
(karma vaachya).
3. Impersonal voice or $:)):[& (bhava vaachya).
Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation, their different
elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study the rules in detail in
subsequent chapters.
We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with
examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All
subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8.
Active Voice ( F
F)
1 :[& / kartRRIvaachya):
Study the following statements.

C\($:+: /
English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
( :1 /
kartaa)
the boy
#:(N /
baalaH
Verb
(<&: /
kriyaa)
Object
( %1 / karma)
1. the boy is
going
#:(N [B
baalaH
gachchhati
going
[B /
gachchhati
2. i am going
going
i am
-K [:B%
[:B% /
aha.n gachchhami -K / aha.n
gachchhami
3. the boy is
reading
#:(N !B
baalaH pathati
the boy
#:(N /
baalaH
4. i am
reading
-K !:B%
aha.n pathaami
reading
i am
!:B% /
-K / aha.n
pathaami
the boy
#:(N /
baalaH
going
[B /
gachchhati
to school
@)R:(&% J /
vidyaalayam
going
i am
[:B% /
-K / aha.n
gachchhami
to school
@)R:(&% J /
vidyaalayam
reading
!B /
pathati
#:(N @)R:(&% J
5. the boy is
going to
school
[B
baalaH
vidyaalayam
gachchhati
6. i am going
to school
-K @)R:(% J [:B%

aha.n
vidyaalayam
gachchhami
7. the boy is
reading the
book
#:( N !? % J !B the boy

#:( N /
baalakaH
pustakam paThati baalakaH
8. i am
reading the
book
-K !? % J !:B%

aha.n pustakam
paThaami
These
are
all
examples
of
reading
!B /
pathati
reading
i am
!:B% /
-K / aha.n
pathaami
Active
Voice
or
F)
1 :[&
the book
!? % J /
pustakam
the book
!? % J /
pustakam
(kartRRivaachya).
Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or %1 (karma) in them. So these are

intransitive
or
%1
F)
1 :[&
(akarmaka
kartRRivachya).
1 :[& (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or :1 (kartaa) is

Rule 5: In a F)
always in the "nominative case" or %: @)$@L (prathamaa vibhakti).
Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or %1 (karma) like @)R:(&% J (vidyaalayam), !? % J
(pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or , %1
F)
1 :[&
(sakarmaka
kartRRivachya).
Rule 6: In a F)
1 :[& (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or %1 (karma) is
always in the "accusative case" or <QE&: @)$@L (dvitiiyaa vibhakti).
Verb Forms (B9!
B9! / tiNântapada):
In chapter 1 we were introduced with verb (<&: /
kriyaa) and its use. We learnt that in Sanskrit :? (dhaatu) is the base or root of all
verbs. Each verb is a derivative or :?M! (dhaaturupa) of it's root. We also learnt
that in a sentence the verb (:? / dhaatu) always follows the person (!?M+ /
puruSha) and number ()
/ vachana) in which the Subject or :1 (kartaa) is. Verb
normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence etc.

In this chapter we will study the 5 mostly used verb-forms or ( :' (lakaara) out of
10 verb-forms that a verb can have. The 5 verb-forms covered are enough for dayto-day use of Sanskrit.
Verb or :? (dhaatu) has 10 different B9! (tiNântapada) forms known as ( :'
(lakaara) and they are listed below.
(Z( :' / laTlakaara
(FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara
(C( :' / laN^lakaara
&:K(]Z( :' / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
@)GB(C( :' / vidhailiN^lakaara
B(Z( :' / liTlakaara
(?Z( :' / lRRiTlakaara
*EB(C( :' / aashiiliN^lakaara
(?C( :' / luN^lakaara
(FC( :' / lRRiN^lakaara
We will study the first 5 verb-forms in detail, in coming chapters. Followings are
some common features of different ( :' (lakaara) in Sanskrit.
Each ( :' (lakaara) has verb-forms for three persons (!?M+ / puruSha) and three
numbers ()
/ vachana). So, in total each ( :' (lakaara) has 9 different verb-
forms or :?M! (dhaaturupa) in it.

The persons are third person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha), second person
(%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) and first person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha). :?M!
(dhaaturupa) in first person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha) are always used with %S
(asmad) *> i.e., 'Me' as the Subject in the sentence. :?M! (dhaaturupa) in second
person (%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) is always used with &?%S (yusmad) *>
i.e., 'You' as Subject in the sentence. The third person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha)
is used in all other cases.
Similarly each person (!?M+ / puruSha) has three numbers ()
are singlar ( )
/ ekavachana), dual (Q5)
/ vachana), which
/ dviivachana) and plural ()-)

?
vahuvachana).
The number ()
()
/ vachana) of the :?M! (dhaaturupa) always follows the number
/ vachana) of the Subject or *>M! (shabdarupa) in the sentence. The gender
(B(C / liN^ga) of the Subject does not affect the :?M! (dhaaturupa).
In coming chapters we will study the different verb-forms (:?M! / dhaaturupa) in
detail. For easier and simpler study while describing the different verb-forms we
have used !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu for sentence
formation. At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly
used nouns and verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for
day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
(Z( :' / laTlakaara (Present Tense): (Z( :' (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in present
tense ()1%: :( / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence which is in present tense,
the verb (<&: / kriaa) has to be in (Z( :' (laTlakaara).
The complete (Z( :' / laTlakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu are
given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in
)1%: :( (vartamaanakaala) or present tense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Present Tense - Third Person Singular
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
Comments
:? / dhaatu
)1%: :( %!?M+ )
/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy is reading.
#:( N !B
baalakaH paThati
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
2. The girl is reading.
):B( : !B
vaalikaa paThati
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
3. Rama is reading.
':%N !B
raamaH paThati
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
4. Sita is reading.
,E: !B
siitaa paThati
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
5. The boy is going.
#:( N B
baalakaH gachchhati
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
6. The girl is going.
):B( : B
vaalikaa gachchhati
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
Present Tense - Third Person Plural

)1%: :( %!?M+ )-)
/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha vahuvachana
?
7. The boys are reading.
#:( :N !89
baalakaaH paThanti
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
8. The girls are reading.
):B( :N !89
vaalikaaH paThati
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
9. Students are reading.
[::N !89
chchhaatraaH paThati
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
10. Clearks are reading.
B(@! :':N !89

lipikaaraaH paThanti
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
11. The boys are going.
#:( :N [89
baalakaaH gachchhanti
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
12. The girls are going.
):B( :N [89
vaalikaaH gachchhanti
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( :1 / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (%!?M+ ) /

prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always follows the number and peson, the verb
(!B / paThati) is also in 3rd person singular (%!?M+ )
/ prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( :1 / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (%!?M+ )-)
?
prathamapuruSha vahuvachana). Similarly the verb (!89 / paThanti) is also in %!?M+

)-)
?
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verb-form in use. Only the
number and person are followed by verb. In case sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are
in musculine (!?8C(9 / puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are
in feminine (DEB(C / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends upon the gender.
All the above sentences were in third person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study
the following sentences. These are in second person (%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) and first
person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
:? / dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Second Person Singular

)1%: :( %W&%!?M+/ ) / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You are going.
H)K [B,
tva.n gachchhasi
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
14. You are reading.
H)K !B,
tva.n paThasi
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Present Tense - First Person Singular

)1%: :( X%!?M+ ) / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I am going.
-K [:B%
aha.n gachchhaami
%S
asmad
% J
gam
16. I am reading.
-K !:B%
aha.n paThaami
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
Present Tense - Second Person Plural

)1%: :( %W&%!?M+ )-)
/ vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana
?
17. You all are going.
&?&K [
yua.n gachchhatha
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
18. You all are reading.
&?&K !
yua.n paThatha
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Present Tense - First Person Plural

)1%: :( X%!?M+ )-)
/ vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana
?
19. We all are going.
)&K [:%N
vaya.n gachchhaamaH
%S
asmad
% J
gam
20. We all are reading.
)&K !:%N
yua.n paThaamaH
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (%W&%!?M+ ) /

madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person
plural (%W&%!?M+ )-)

?
/ madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana). We can see that in all these
sentences the Subject used is &?%S (yusmad) *> (shabda). In case of second person the kartaa
is always &?%S (yusmad) *> (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (X%!?M+ )
/ uttamapuruSha
ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (X%!?M+ )-)
?
uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is %S (asmad) *>
(shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always %S (asmad) *> (shabda).
As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has three different numbers
viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used
accordingly. The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> /
shabda
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Dual

)1%: :( <Q) / vartamaanakaala dvivachana
21. Two boys are reading.
#:( P !N
baalakau paThataH
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
22. Two girls are reading.
):B( I !N
vaalike paThataH
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
23. Two boys are going.
#:( P [N
baalakau gachchhataH
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
24. Two girls are going.
):B( I [N
vaalike gachchhataH
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
25. Two students are

reading.
[:P !N
chchhatrau paThataH
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
26. Two clearks are reading.
B(@! :'P !N

lipikaarau paThataH
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
27. Both of you are going.
&?):K [N
yuvaa.n
gachchhathaH
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
28. Both of you are reading.
&?):K !N
yuvaa.n paThathaH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
29. Both of us are going.
):K [:)N
aavaa.n
gachchhaavaH
%S
asmad
% J
gam
30. Both of us are reading.
):K !:)N
aavaa.n paThaavaH
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit
sentences using (Z( :' / laTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (*> /
shabda) and verbs (:? / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study (FZ( :' (lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.
Read / !Y / paTh : (Z( :' / laTlakaara
(Present tense / )1%: :( / vartamaanakaala)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Dual
Q5) /
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!B / paThati
!N / paThataH
!89 / paThanti
Second
%W&% / madhyama
!B, / paThasi
!N / paThathaH
! / paThatha
First
X% / uttama
!:B% / paThaami
!:)N / paThaavaH
!:%N / paThaamaH
Go / % J / gam : (Z( :' / laTlakaara
(Present tense / )1%: :( / vartamaanakaala)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
)-)
?
Plural
/ vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
[B / gachchhati
[N /
gachchhataH
[89 / gachchhanti
Second
%W&% / madhyama
[B, / gachchhasi
[N /
gachchhathaH
[ / gachchhatha
First
[:B% /
[:)N /
[:%N /
X% / uttama
gachchhaami
(FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense): In
gachchhaavaH
gachchhaamaH
previous chapter we studied about present tense. In this
chapter we will study about future tense. (FZ( :' (lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent the future
tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in future tense we need to use verbd-forms from
(FZ( :' (lRRiTlakaara).
The complete (FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu
are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in
$@)& :( (bhaviShyatakaala) or future tense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
Verb
Comments
*> / shabda :? / dhaatu
Future Tense - Third Person Singular

)1%: :( %!?M+ ) / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy will read.
#:( N !<&B
vaalakaH paThiShyati
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
2. The girl will read.
):B( : !<&B
vaalikaa paThiShyati
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
3. Rama will read.
':%N !<&B
raamaH paThiShyati
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
4. Sita will read.
,E: !<&B
siitaa paThiShyati
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
5. The boy will go.
#:( N B%&B
baalakaH gamiShyati
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
6. The girl will go.
):B( : B%&B
vaalikaa gamiShyati
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
Future Tense - Third Person Plural

$@)& :( %!?M+ )-)
/ bhaviShyatakaala prathamapuruSha vahuvachana
?
7. The boys will read.
#:( :N !<&89
baalakaaH paThiShyanti
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
8. The girls will read.
):B( :N !<&89
vaalikaaH paThiShyanti
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
9. Students will read.
[::N !<&89
chchhaatraaH paThiShyanti
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
10. Clearks will read.
B(@! :':N !<&89
B(@! :'
!Y
lipikaaraaH paThiShyanti
lipikaara
paTh
11. The boys will go.
#:( :N B%&89
baalakaaH gamiShyanti
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
12. The girls will go.
):B( :N B%&89
vaalikaaH gamiShyanti
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam

/ prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
?

)-)
?
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
:? / dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Second Person Singular

$@)& :( %W&%!?M+ ) / bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You will go.
H)K B%&B,
tva.n gamiShyasi
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
14. You will read.
H)K !<&B,
tva.n paThiShyasi
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Future Tense - First Person Singular

$@)& :( X%!?M+ ) / bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I will go.
-K B%&:B%
aha.n gamiShyaami
%S
asmad
% J
gam
16. I will read.
-K !<&:B%
aha.n paThiShyaami
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
Future Tense - Second Person Plural

$@)& :( %W&%!?M+ )-)
/ bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana
?
17. You all will go.
&?&K B%&
yua.n gamiShyatha
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?&K !<&
yua.n paThiShyatha
18. You all will read.
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Future Tense - First Person Plural

$@)& :( X%!?M+ )-)
/ bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana
?
19. We all will go.
)&K B%&:%N
vaya.n gamiShyaamaH
%S
asmad
% J
gam
20. We all will read.
)&K !<&:%N
yua.n paThiShyaamaH
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh

?
is
&?%S
always
(yusmad)
*>
(shabda).
/ uttamapuruSha
?
(shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always %S
(asmad) *>
(shabda).
You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense ((FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara) are similar
to present tense ((Z( :' / laTlakaara) with a minor deviation. In case of a !Y :? (paTh
dhaatu), the (FZ( :' form can be derived from the (Z( :' form by inserting & (iShya)
before
the
B! J
(tip)
end.
For
most
verb
forms
this
is
true.
Rule: For most verbs, the (FZ( :' form can be derived from the (Z( :' form by inserting &
(iShya)
before
the
B! J
(tip)
end.
However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation. In case of % J :?
(gam dhaatu) instead of 8[B / gachchhiShyati the correct form is B%&B / gamiShyati
and so on. This deviations should be kept in mind for such specific verbs.
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Future Tense - Dual

$@)& :( <Q) / bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana
Subject
*> /
shabda
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
21. Two boys will read.
#:( P !<&N
baalakau paThiShyataH
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
22. Two girls will read.
):B( I !<&N
vaalike paThiShyataH
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
23. Two boys will go.
#:( P B%&N
baalakau gamiShyataH
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
24. Two girls will go.
):B( I B%&N
vaalike gamiShyataH
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
25. Two students will

read.
[:P !<&N
chchhatrau
paThiShyataH
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
26. Two clearks will read.
B(@! :'P !<&N

lipikaarau paThiShyataH
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
27. Both of you will go.
&?):K B%&N
yuvaa.n gamiShyathaH
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
28. Both of you will read.
&?):K !<&N
yuvaa.n paThiShyathaH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
29. Both of us will go.
):K B%&:)N
aavaa.n gamiShyaavaH
%S
asmad
% J
gam
30. Both of us will read.
):K !<&:)N
aavaa.n paThiShyaavaH
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
sentences using (FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (*>
/ shabda) and verbs (:? / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study (C( :' (laN^lakaara) or past tense.
Read / !Y / paTh : (FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara
(Future tense / $@)& :( / bhaviShyatakaala)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
)-)
?
Plural
/ vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!<&B /
paThiShyati
!<&N /
paThiShyataH
!<&89 /
paThiShyanti
Second
%W&% /
madhyama
!<&B, /
paThiShyasi
!<&N /
paThiShyathaH
!<& / paThiShyatha
First
X% / uttama
!<&:B% /
paThiShyaami
!<&:)N /
paThiShyaabaH
!<&:%N /
paThiShyaamaH
Go / % J / gam : (FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara
(Future tense / $@)& :( / bhaviShyatakaala)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
)-)
?
Plural
/ vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
B%&B /
gamiShyati
B%&N /
gamiShyataH
B%&89 /
gamiShyanti
Second
%W&% / madhyama
B%&B, /
gamiShyasi
B%&N /
gamiShyathaH
B%& / gamiShyatha
First
X% / uttama
B%&:B% /
gamiShyaami
B%&:)N /
gamiShyaavaH
B%&:%N /
gamiShyaamaH
(C( :' / laN^lakaara (Past Tense): In
previous chapter we studied about future tense. In this chapter
we will study about past tense. (C( :' (laN^lakaara) verb-forms represent the past tense in a
sentence. So, while forming sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from (C( :'
(laN^lakaara).
The complete (C( :' / laN^lakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu
are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in
$? :( (bhutakaala) or past tense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
Verb
Comments
Past Tense - Third Person Singular

$? :( %!?M+ ) / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy was reading.
#:( N ! J
#:(
!Y
baalakaH apaThat
baalaka
paTh
2. The girl was reading.
):B( : ! J
vaalikaa apaThat
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
3. Rama was reading.
':%N ! J
raamaH apaThat
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
4. Sita was reading.
,E: ! J
siitaa apaThat
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
5. The boy was going.
#:( N [ J
baalakaH agachchhat
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
6. The girl was going.
):B( : [ J
vaalikaa agachchhat
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
Past Tense - Third Person Plural

$? :( %!?M+ )-)
/ bhutakaala prathamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
7. The boys were reading.
#:( :N ! J
baalakaaH apaThan
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
8. The girls were reading.
):B( :N ! J
vaalikaaH apaThan
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
9. Students were reading.
[::N ! J
chchhaatraaH apaThan
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
10. Clearks were reading.
B(@! :':N ! J

lipikaaraaH apaThan
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
11. The boys were going.
#:( :N [ J
baalakaaH agachchhan
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
12. The girls were going.
):B( :N [ J
vaalikaaH agachchhan
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam

/ prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
?

)-)
?
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
Comments
:? / dhaatu
Past Tense - Second Person Singular

$? :( %W&%!?M+ ) / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You were going.
H)K [N
tva.n agachchhaH
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
14. You were reading.
H)K !N
tva.n apaThaH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Past Tense - First Person Singular

$? :( X%!?M+ ) / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I was going.
-K [% J
aha.n agachchham
%S
asmad
% J
gam
16. I was reading.
-K !% J
aha.n apaTham
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
Past Tense - Second Person Plural

$? :( %W&%!?M+ )-)
/ bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
17. You all were going.
&?&K [
yua.n agachchhata
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
18. You all were reading.
&?&K !
yua.n apaThata
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Past Tense - First Person Plural

$? :( X%!?M+ )-)
/ bhutakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
19. We all were going.
)&K [:%
vaya.n agachchhaama
%S
asmad
% J
gam
20. We all were reading.
)&K !:%
yua.n apaThaama
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh

?
is
always
&?%S
(yusmad)
*>
(shabda).
/ uttamapuruSha
?
(asmad) *>
(shabda).
Subject
*> /
shabda
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Past Tense - Dual

$? :( <Q) / bhutakaala dvivachana)
21. Two boys were reading.
#:( P !:% J
baalakau apaThataam
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
22. Two girls were reading.
):B( I !:% J
vaalike apaThataam
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
23. Two boys were going.
#:( P !:% J
baalakau apaThataam
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
24. Two girls were going.
):B( I [:% J
vaalike
agachchhataam
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
25. Two students were

reading.
[:P !:% J
chchhatrau
apaThataam
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
26. Two clearks were

reading.
B(@! :'P !:% J

lipikaarau apaThataam
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
27. Both of you were going.
&?):K [% J
yuvaa.n agachchhatam
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
28. Both of you were

reading.
&?):K !% J
yuvaa.n apaThatam
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
29. Both of us were going.
):K [:)
aavaa.n agachchhaava
%S
asmad
% J
gam
30. Both of us were reading.
):K !:)
aavaa.n apaThaava
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
sentences using (C( :' / laN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (*>
In the next chapter we will study &:K(]Z( :' (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or verb-forms

representing commands and requests.
Read / !Y / paTh : (C( :' / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / $? :( / bhutakaala)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Third
% / prathama
! J / apaThat
!:% J /
apaThataam
! J / apaThan
Second
%W&% / madhyama
!N / apaThaH
!% J / apaThatam
! / apaThata
First
X% / uttama
!% J / apaTham
!:) / apaThaava
!:% / apaThaama
Go / % J / gam : (C( :' / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / $? :( / bhutakaala)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
[ J /
agachchhat
[:% J /
agachchhataam
[ J / agachchhan
Second
%W&% / madhyama
[N /
agachchhaH
[% J /
agachchhatam
[ /
agachchhata
First
X% / uttama
[% J /
agachchham
[:) /
agachchhaava
[:% /
agachchhaama
&:K(]Z( :' / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests): In
previous three chapters

we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will study about verb-forms used in imerative mood.
These verb-forms are used while giving commands or requests. &:K(]Z( :'
(aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms represent these.
The complete &:K(]Z( :' / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go)
:? / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences.
These are in imperative mood.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
Verb
Comments
Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular

&:K(]Z( :' %!?M+ ) / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. Let the boy read.
#:( N !?
baalakaH paThatu
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
2. Let the girl read.
):B( : !?
vaalikaa paThatu
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
3. Let Rama read.
':%N !?
raamaH paThatu
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
4. Let Sita read.
,E: !?
siitaa paThatu
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
5. Let the boy go.
#:( N [?
baalakaH gachchhatu
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
6. Let the girl go.
):B( : [?
vaalikaa gachchhatu
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural

&:K(]Z( :' %!?M+ )-)
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
7. Let the boys read.
#:( :N !9?
baalakaaH paThantu
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
8. Let the girls read.
):B( :N !9?
vaalikaaH paThantu
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
9. Let the students read.
[::N !9?
chchhaatraaH paThantu
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
10. Let the clearks read.
B(@! :':N !9?

lipikaaraaH paThantu
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
11. Let the boys go.
#:( :N [9?
baalakaaH gachchhantu
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
12. Let the girls go.
):B( :N [9?
vaalikaaH gachchhantu
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam

/ prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
?

)-)
?
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
:? / dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular

&:K(]Z( :' %W&%!?M+ ) / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You go.
H)K [
tva.n gachchha
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
14. You read.
H)K !
tva.n paTha
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Imperative Mood - First Person Singular

&:K(]Z( :' X%!?M+ ) / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. Let me go.
-K [:B
aha.n gachchhaani
%S
asmad
% J
gam
16. Let me read.
-K !:B
aha.n paThaani
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural

&:K(]Z( :' %W&%!?M+ )-)
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
17. You all go.
&?&K [
yua.n gachchhata
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
18. You all read.
&?&K !
yua.n paThata
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Imperative Mood - First Person Plural

&:K(]Z( :' X%!?M+ )-)
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
19. Let us all go.
)&K [:%
vaya.n gachchhaama
%S
asmad
% J
gam
20. Let us all read.
)&K !:%
yua.n paThaama
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh

?
is
always
&?%S
(yusmad)
*>
(shabda).
/ uttamapuruSha
ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (X%!?M+ )-?)
(asmad) *>
(shabda).
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Imperative Mood Dual ( &:K(]Z( :' <Q)
Subject
*> /
shabda
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara dvivachana)
21. Let the two boys read.
#:( P !:% J
baalakau paThataam
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
22. Let the two girls read.
):B( I !:% J
vaalike paThataam
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
23. Let the two boys go.
#:( P [:% J
baalakau
gachchhataam
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
24. Let the two girls go.
):B( I [:% J
vaalike gachchhataam
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
25. Let the two students

read.
[:P !:% J
chchhatrau paThataam
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
26. Let the two clearks read.
B(@! :'P !:% J

lipikaarau paThataam
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
27. Both of you go.
&?):K [% J
yuvaa.n gachchhatam
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
28. Both of you read.
&?):K !% J
yuvaa.n paThatam
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
29. Let both of us go.
):K [:)
%S
% J
30. Let both of us read.
aavaa.n gachchhaava
asmad
gam
):K !:)
aavaa.n paThaava
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
sentences using (FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (*>
In the next chapter we will study @)GB(C( :' (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative mood.
Read / !Y / paTh : &:K(]Z( :' / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Dual
Q5) /
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!? / paThatu
!:% J / paThataam
!9? / paThantu
Second
%W&% / madhyama
! / paTha
!% J / paThatam
! / paThata
!:) / paThaava
!:% / paThaama
First
X% / uttama
!:B
/ paThaani
Go / % J / gam : &:K(]Z( :' / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Q5)
/ vachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
[? / gachchhatu
[:% J /
gachchhataam
[9? /
gachchhantu
Second
%W&% / madhyama
[ / gachchha
[% J / gachchhatam
[ / gachchhata
First
X% / uttama
[:B /
gachchhaani
[:% /
gachchhaama
[:) / gachchhaava
@)GB(C( :' / vidhailiN^lakaara (Optative Mood - Should or May): In
previous chapter we studied about
imperative mood. In this chapter we will study about optative mood. @)GB(C( :'
(vidhailiN^lakaara) verb-forms represent sentences in optative mood. So, any sentence
indicating possibility of something verb-forms of @)GB(C( :' (vidhailiN^lakaara) should be
used.
The complete @)GB(C( :' / vidhailiN^lakaara of !Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? /
dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are
in @)GB(C( :' (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative mood.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Verb
Subject
Comments
Optative Mood - Third Person Singular

@)GB(C( :' %!?M+ ) / vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy should read.
#:( N !I J
baalakaH paThet
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
2. The girl should read.
):B( : !I J
vaalikaa paThet
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
3. Rama should read.
':%N !I J
raamaH paThet
':%
raama
!Y
paTh
4. Sita should read.
,E: !I J
siitaa paThet
,E:
siitaa
!Y
paTh
5. The boy should go.
#:( N [I J
baalakaH gachchhet
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
6. The girl should go.
):B( : [I J
vaalikaa gachchhet
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
Optative Mood - Third Person Plural

@)GB(C( :' %!?M+ )-)
/ vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
7. The boys should read.
#:( :N !I &?N

baalakaaH paTheyaH
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
8. The girls should read.
):B( :N !I &?N

vaalikaaH paTheyaH
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
9. Students should read.
[::N !I &?N
[:
!Y
chchhaatraaH paTheyaH
chchhaatra
paTh
10. Clearks should read.
B(@! :':N !I &?N

lipikaaraaH paTheyaH
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
11. The boys should go.
#:( :N [I &?N

baalakaaH gachchheyuH
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
12. The girls should go.
):B( :N [I &?N

vaalikaaH gachchheyuH
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam

/ prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
?

)-)
?
prathamapuruSha
vahuvachana
of
verb
!Y
(paTh).
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Subject
*> / shabda
Verb
:? / dhaatu
Comments
Optative Mood - Second Person Singular

@)GB(C( :' %W&%!?M+ ) / vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You should go.
H)K [I N
tva.n gachchheH
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
14. You should read.
H)K !I N
tva.n paTheH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Optative Mood - First Person Singular

@)GB(C( :' X%!?M+ ) / vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I should go.
-K [I &% J

aha.n gachchheyam
%S
asmad
% J
gam
16. I should read.
-K !I &% J

aha.n paTheyam
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
Optative Mood - Second Person Plural

@)GB(C( :' %W&%!?M+ )-)
/ vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
17. You all should go.
18. You all should read.
&?&K [I
yua.n !I &% J
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
&?&K !I
yua.n paTheta
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
Optative Mood - First Person Plural

@)GB(C( :' X%!?M+ )-)
/ vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha vahuvachana)
?
19. We all should go.
)&K [I %
vaya.n gachchhema
%S
asmad
% J
gam
20. We all should read.
)&K !I %
yua.n paThema
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh

?
is
always
&?%S
(yusmad)
*>
(shabda).
/ uttamapuruSha
?
(asmad) *>
(shabda).
Verb
:? /
dhaatu
Comments
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Optative Mood Dual ( @)GB(C( :' <Q)
Subject
*> /
shabda
/ vidhailiN^lakaara dvivachana)
21. Two boys should read.
#:( P !I :% J

baalakau paThetaam
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
22. Two girls should read.
):B( I !I :% J

vaalike paThetaam
):B( :
vaalikaa
!Y
paTh
23. Two boys should go.
#:( P [I :% J

baalakau
gachchhetaam
#:(
baalaka
% J
gam
24. Two girls should go.
):B( I [I :% J

vaalike gachchhetaam
):B( :
vaalikaa
% J
gam
25. Two students should

read.
[:P !I :% J

chchhatrau paThetaam
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
26. Two clearks should read.
B(@! :'P !I :% J

lipikaarau paThetaam
B(@! :'
lipikaara
!Y
paTh
27. Both of you should go.
&?):K [I % J
yuvaa.n gachchhatam
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
28. Both of you should read.
&?):K !I % J
yuvaa.n paThetam
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
29. Both of us should go.
):K [I )
aavaa.n gachchheva
%S
asmad
% J
gam
30. Both of us should read.
):K !I )
aavaa.n paTheva
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
sentences using @)GB(C( :' / vidhailiN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more
nouns (*> / shabda) and verbs (:? / dhaatu) in those.
Read / !Y / paTh : @)GB(C( :' / vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) /
ekavachana
Dual
Q5) /
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
!I J / paThet
!I :% J / paThetaam
!I &?N / paTheyaH
Second
%W&% / madhyama
!I N / paTheH
!I % J / paThetam
!I / paTheta
First
X% / uttama
!I &% J / paTheyam
!I ) / paTheva
!I % / paThema
Go / % J / gam : @)GB(C( :' / vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May)

Person / !?M+ /
puruSha
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) / ekavachana
Q5)
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
[I J / gachchhet
[I :% J /
gachchhetaam
[I &?N /
gachchheyuH
Second
%W&% / madhyama
[I N / gachchheH
[I % J /
gachchhatam
[I / gachchhet
First
X% / uttama
[I &% J /
gachchheyam
[I ) / gachchheva
[I % / gachchhema
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences: In the last five chapters we covered five different verb-forms, using
!Y / paTh (read) and % J / gam (go) :? / dhaatu. For better vocabulary the following is a
list of different sentences using many more verbs and nouns for your reference. The sentences
cover all the five verb-forms we have covered so far.
Present Tense - (Z( :' / laTlakaara
C\($:+: /
English
,K F / Sanskrit
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
The boy reads/is

reading.
#:( N !B
baalakaH paThati
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
The pupil is
saluting.
B*&N %B
shiShyaH namati
B*&
shiShya
%J
nam

agraja
)S
vad
The elder brother N )B

speaks.
agrajaH vadati
The father looks.
N !&B
janakaH pashyati

janaka
a* J
dRRish
The son is going

to school.
!?N @)R:(&K [B

putraH vidyaalaya.n
gachchhati
!?
putra
% J
gam
The horse runs.
bN :)B
ashvaH dhaavati
b
ashva
:) J
dhaav
The tree bears

fruit.
)F.N "(B
vRRikshaH phalati
)F.
vRRiksha
"( J
phal
The servant is
standing.
,I) N BcB
sevakaH tiShThati
,I)
sevaka
:
sthaa
Notes
(Z( :' or laTlakaara is the
only verb-form to represent
present tense.
Unlike English wheresimple
present (verb + s, verb + es)
andpresent-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
SanskritlaTlakaara represents
both.
So, "the boy reads" and "the
boy is reading" will have
same verb-forms.
The beggar
wanders.
B$.? N B
bhikshukaH aTati
B$.?
bhikshuka
d
aT
He is laughing.
,N -,B
saH hasati
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
-, J
has
The mother
cooks.
f#: !B
ambaa pachati
f#:
ambaa
! J
pach
The son is
laughing.
,?N -,B
sutaH hasati
,?
suta
-, J
has
The girl writes

poems.
):(: !R:B B(B

vaalaa padyaani
likhati
):(:
vaalaa
B( J
likh
She is drinking
milk.
,: \K
@!)B
?
saa dugdha.n pivati
S (DE)
tad (strii)
!:
paa
It is evening.
,9W&: $)B
sandhyaa bhavati
,9W&:
sandhyaa
$U
bhuu
The goat grazes.
N 'B
ajaH charati

aja
' J
char
She is leading.
,: &B
saa nayati
S (DE)
tad (strii)
E
nii
The flower
blooms.
!?!K @) ,B
puShpa.n vikasati
The fruit falls.
"(% J !B
phalam patati
"(
phala
! J
pat
Friend is giving.
B%K &[B
mitra.n yachchhati
B%
mitra
&[h
yachchh
Artists are
sketching.
B :':N B(89
chitrakaaraaH likhanti
B :'
chitrakaara
B( J
likh
Porters are
carrying.
$:'):-:N )-89
bhaaravaahaaH
vahanti
$:'):bhaaravaaha
)i
vah
Theives are
running.
]':N :)89
choraaH dhaavanti
]'
chora
:) J
dhaav
Washermen are
washing.
' :N .:(&89
rajakaaH kshaalayanti
'
rajaka
.:( J
kshaal
Carpenters do
. :N .89
.
. J
!?!
puShpa
@) +
, J
vi + kas
carpentry.
takshakaaH takshanti
takshaka
taksh
Singers are
singing.
:& :N :&89
gaayakaaH gaayanti
:&
gaayaka
G
gai
Dancers are
dancing.
:N HF &89
naaTaaH nRRityanti

naTa

F J
nRRit
Cooks are
cooking.
!: :N !89
paachakaaH pachanti
!:
paachaka
! J
pach
Devotees are
meditating.
$L:N W&:89
bhaktaaH dhyaanti
$L
bhakta
W&G
dhyai
They smell
flowers.
I !?!:8 889
te puShpaaNi
jighranti
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
:
ghraa
They remember.
I %'89
te smaranti
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
%F
smRRi
Barbers shave.
:@!:N %?k&89
naapitaaH
muNDayanti
:@!
naapita
%?kl
muND
Weavers weave.
9?):&:N )&89
tantuvaayaaH vayanti
9?):&
tantuvaaya
Goats graze.
:N '89
ajaaH charanti

aja
' J
char
Fruits shake.
"(:B "?'89
phaalaani sphuranti
"(
phala
You are reading

the book.
H)K !? K !B,

tva.n pustaka.n
paThasi
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
You are saluting.
H)K %B,
tva.n namasi
&?%S
yusmad
%J
nam
You are
speaking.
H)K )B,
tva.n vadasi
&?%S
yusmad
)S
vad
You see.
H)K !&B,
tva.n pashyasi
&?%S
yusmad
a* J
dRRish
All of you fall.
&U&K !
yuuya.n patatha
&?%S
yusmad
! J
pat
All of you are

leading.
&U&K &
yuuya.n nayatha
&?%S
yusmad
E
nii
All of you
rebuke.
&U&K B 9
yuuya.n nindatha
&?%S
yusmad
B 9S
nind
I wish.
-% J [:B%
aham ichchhaami
%S
asmad
+ J
iSh
I am dancing.
-% J HF &:B%
aham nRRityaami
%S
asmad

F J
nRRit
I remember.
-% J %':B%
aham smaraami
%S
asmad
%F
smRRi
I reside.
-% J ),:B%
aham vasaami
%S
asmad
), J
vas
I am asking a
question.
-% J mK !F[:B%
aham prashna.n
pRRichchhaami
%S
asmad
[h
prachchh
We play.
)&K n:%N
vaya.n kriiDaamaH
%S
asmad
nl
krriD
We are writing.
)&K B(:%N
vaya.n likhaamaH
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
We are drinking.
)&K @!#:%N
vaya.n pibaamaH
%S
asmad
!:
paa
Future Tense - (FZ( :' / lRRiTlakaara
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
Notes
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
The boy will read.
#:( N !<&B
baalakaH paThiShyati
The student will go to

school.
[:N @)R:(&K B%&B

chchhaatraH vidyaalaya.n
gamiShyati
[:
chchhaatra
% J
gam
They will speak.
I )<&89
te vadiShyanti
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
)S
vad
Artist will sketch the

picture.
B :'N BK B(8&B

chitrakaaraH chitra.n likhiShyati
B :'
chitrakaara
B( J
likh
It will be evening.
,9W&: $@)&B
sandhyaa bhaviShyati
,9W&:
sandhyaa
$U
bhuu
Teacher will teach.
?MN !:B&&B
guruH paaThayiShyati
?M
guru
!:Y /
paaTh
The flowers will bloom.
!?!:8 @) B,&89
puShpaaNi vikasiShyanti
!?!
puShpa
@) + , J
vi + kas
Barber will shave.
:@!N %?kB&&B
naapitaH muNDayiShyati
:@!
naapita
%?kl
muND
You will read.
H)K !<&B,
tva.n paThiShyasi
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
You all will play.
&?&K n<&
vaya.n kriiDiShyatha
&?%S
yusmad
nl
kriiD
I will go.
-K B%&:B%
aha.n gamiShyaami
%S
asmad
% J
gam
I will write letter.
-K !% J B(8&:B%
aha.n patram likhiShyaami
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
We will play.
)&K n<&:%N
vaya.n kriiDiShyaamaH
%S
asmad
nl
kriiD
Past Tense - (C( :' / laN^lakaara
C\($:+: /
English
,K F / Sanskrit
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
The boy
read/was
reading.
#:( N ! J
baalakaH apaThat
He played.
,N n J
saH akriiDat
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
nl
kriiD
She stood.
,: Bc J
saa atiShThat
S (DE)
tad (strii)
:
sthaa
%1 :'N !:'.:% J

Cobbler gave
the sandal.
&[ J
charmakaarah
paadarakshaam
ayachchhat
The lion killed

the deer.
B,K-N %F% J %:'& J

si.nhaH mRRigam
amaarayat
The tiger ate

flesh.
6&:N %:K,% J : J

vyaaghraH maa.nsam
akhaadat
Notes
(C( :' or laN^lakaarais the
only verb-formto represent
past tense.
Unlike English wheresimple
past and past-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
Sanskrit laN^lakaararepresents
both.
So, "the boy went" and "the

&[h
%1 :'
boy was going" will have
charmakaara yachchh same verb-forms.
B,Ksi.nha
%F
mRRi
6&:
vyaaghra
:S
khaad
Past tense can also be

represented using ) J
(tavat) prefix with the verbs.
This has been covered in a
different chapter.
%::1'N %U+ % J
The cat saw the
rat.
!& J
maarjaaram
muuShakam
apashyat
%::1'
maarjaara
a* J
dRrish
The friend
wrote a letter.
)&,N !% J B( J
vayasaH patram
alikhat
)&,
vayasa
B( J
likh
One went to
village.
N :%% J [ J
ekaH graamam
agachchhat

eka
% J
gam
They laughed.
I -, J
te ahasan
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
-, J
has
[:
chchhaatra
nl
kriiD
]'
chora
-' J
har
[:N n J
Students played. chchhaatraaH
akriiDan
]':N !I< :% J -' J
Thieves stole the
choraaH peTikaam
box.
aharan
Students asked
question.
[::N m% J !F[ J
chchhaatraaH
prashnam
apRRichchhan
[:
chchhaatra
[h
prachchh
Bisons grazed
grass.
%<-+:N F:B ' J

mahiShaaH tRiNaani
acharan
%<-+
mahiSha
' J
char
Women sang.
%<-(:N :& J
mahilaaH agaayan
%<-(:
mahilaa
G
gai
,!1
sarpa
B( J
gil
Snakes
swallowed
frogs.
,!:1N %kU : J
B( J
sarpaaH
maNDuukaan agilan
Porters bore the

burden.
$:'):-:N $:'% J )- J

bhaaravaahaaH
bhaaram avahan
$:'):bharavaaha
)i
vah
Fishermen took
away the fish.
B)':N %E % J & J
dhivaraaH miinam
anayan
B)'
dhivara
E
nii
You ran.
H)% J :)N
&?%S
:) J
tvam adhaavaH
yusmad
dhaav
You danced.
H)% J HF &N
tvam anRRityaH
&?%S
yusmad

F J
nRRit
You read.
H)% J !N
tvam apaThaH
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
All of you saw

the book.
&U&K !? % J !& J

yuuya.n pustakam
apashyat
&?%S
yusmad
a* J
dRRish
All of you ate.
&U&K :N
yuuya.n akhaadataH
&?%S
yusmad
:S
khaad
I saluted the
teacher.
-K ?o% J %% J
aha.n guruum
anamam
%S
asmad
%J
nam
I remembered
the matter.
-K @)+&% J %'% J

aha.n viShayam
asmaram
%S
asmad
%F
smRRi
I smelt the
flower.
-K !?!% J 8% J

aha.n puShpam
ajighram
%S
asmad
:
ghraa
I saw the
picture.
-K B% J !&% J

aha.n chitram
apashyam
%S
asmad
a* J
dRRish
I wrote a letter.
-K !% J B(% J
aha.n patram alikham
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
We spoke.
)&% J ):%
vayam avadaama
%S
asmad
)S
vad
We ate.
)&% J ::%
vayam akhaadaama
%S
asmad
:S
khaad
We played.
)&% J n:%
vayam akriiDaama
%S
asmad
nl
kriiD
Imperative Mood - &:K(]Z( :' / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
C\($:+: / English
Let the boy read.
,K F / Sanskrit
#:( N !?
baalakaH paThatu
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
Notes
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
Let the boy write.
#:( N B(?
baalakaH likhatu
#:(
baalaka
B( J
likh
Let him carry.
,N )-?
saH vahatu
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
)i
vah
Let the singer sing.
:& N :&?
gaayakaH gaayatu
:&
gaayaka
G
gai
Let her run.
,: :)?
saa dhaavatu
S (DE)
tad (strii)
:) J
dhaav
Let the servant wash.
,I) N .:(&?
sevakaH prakshaalayatu
,I)
sevaka
Let the girl read.
):(: !?
vaalaa paThatu
):(:
vaalaa
Let the student ask

question.
[:N mK !F[?
chchhaatra prashna.n
pRRichchhatu
Let the dancers dance.
:N HF &9?
naTaaH nRRityantu
Let them reside.
+ .:( J
prakshaal
!Y
paTh
[h
[:
chchhaatra prachchh

naTa

F J
nRRit
I ),9?
te vasantu
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
), J
vas
Let the beggars wander.
B$.? :N 9?
bhikshukaaH aTantu
B$.?
bhikshuka
d
aT
Let the women see.
%<-(:N !&9?
mahilaaH pashyantu
%<-(:
a* J
dRRish
You go.
H)K [
tva.n gachchha
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
You stand up.
H)K @Xc
tva.n uttiShTha
&?%S
yusmad
:
sthaa
You drink.
H)K @!#
tva.n piba
&?%S
yusmad
!:
paa
All of you speak.
&U&K )
yuuya.n vadata
&?%S
yusmad
)S
vad
All of you go.
&U&K [
yuuya.n gachchhata
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
All of you see.
&U&K !&
yuuya.n pashyata
&?%S
yusmad
a* J
dRRish
Let me go.
-K [:B
aha.n gachchhaani
%S
asmad
% J
gam
Let me write.
-K B(:B
aha.n likhaani
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
Let me read.
-K !:B
aha.n paThaani
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh
Let us drink.
)&K @!):%
vaya.n pivaama
%S
asmad
!:
paa
Let us ask.
)&K !F[:%
vaya.n pRRichchhaama
%S
asmad
Let us sing.
)&K :&:%
vaya.n gaayaama
%S
asmad
[h
prachchh
G
gai
Optative Mood - @)GB(C( :' / vidhailiN^lakaara
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
*>
Noun
:?
Verb
The boy should/may

read.
#:( N !I J
baalakaH paThet
#:(
baalaka
!Y
paTh
It may rain today.
R )F@pK $)I J
adya vRRiShTi.n
bhavet
$U
bhuu
[:
chchhaatra
!Y
paTh
[::N !I J
Students should study. chchhaatraaH
paThet
Dancers may dance.
:N HF &I&?N
naTaaH
nRRityeyuH
:
naTa

F J
nRRit
Mother may cook.
f#: !I J
ambaa pachet
f#:
ambaa
! J
pach
,I)
sevaka
.:( J
kshaal
,I) N )D:8
Servant should wash
the cloathes.
.:(&I J
sevakaH vaastraaNi
kshaalayet
They may stay.
I BcI&% J
te tiShTheyam
S (!?K)
tad (pu.n)
:
sthaa
She may go to school.
,: @)R:(&K qI J
S (DE)
% J
Notes
@)GB(C( :'
orvidhailiN^lakaararepresents
both should (should +
verb)and may (may + verb)
in the sentence. So, "the boy
should go" and "the boy may
go" will have the same verbforms.
saa vidyaalaya.n
gachchhet
tad (strii)
gam
#:(
baala
:S
khaad
Boys may eat the

fruits.
#:(:N "(:B :I &?N

baalaaH phalaani
khaadeyuH
Women may sing.
%<-(:N :&I&?N
mahilaaH gaayeyuH
%<-(:
mahilaa
G
gai
You should salute the

teacher.
H)K ?M% J %I
tvam gurum name
&?%S
yusmad
%J
nam
You should read.
H)% J !I
tvam paThe
&?%S
yusmad
!Y
paTh
You should go to
temple.
H)% J I ):(&K [I

tvam devaalaya.n
gachchhe
&?%S
yusmad
% J
gam
All of you should

remember the matter.
&?&K @)&K %'I

yuya.n viShya.n
smareta
&?%S
yusmad
%F
smRRi
All of you should see

the picture.
&?&K BK !&I

yuya.n chitra.n
pashyeta
&?%S
yusmad
a* J
dRRish
%S
asmad
!Y
paTh-
-K !? K !I &% J

I should read the book. aha.n pustaka.n
paTheyam
I may play.
-K nI &% J

aha.n kriiDeyam
%S
asmad
nl
kriiD
I should write the

letter.
-K !K B(I&% J
aha.n patra.n
likheyam
%S
asmad
B( J
likh
We should drink milk.
)&K \K
@!)I%
?
vaya.n digdha.n
pivema
%S
asmad
!:
paa
We may go to village.
)&K :%K [I %

vaya.n graama.n
gachchhema
%S
asmad
% J
gam
Noun Forms Or Cases (*>M!

*>M! / shabdarupa):
shabda), noun-form (*>M!
In chapter 1 we were introduced with noun (*> /
shabdarupa), verb(<&:
kriyaa)
and
their
use.
To summarise - noun or shabda (*>) is the word that represents someone or something in a
sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state or quality etc. A noun is the only
word
that
can
be
used
as
the subject or object for
a verb.
In Sanskrit shabda (*>) is the base or root of all noun-forms (*>M!). Each noun-form is a
derivative or shabdarupa (*>M!) of it's root. For example "boy" as a root can have different
singular forms representing "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/to the boy", "from the boy",
"of
the
boy"
and
"in
the
boy".
We will study noun-forms in detail. Followings are few features of noun-forms.
In a sentence the verb always follows the number and case of the subject ( :1 / kartaa).
The subject's gender has no effect on the verb-form.
Each noun can have 3 numbers ()
/ vachana) and 7 cases (@)$@L / vibhakti). So,
a noun can have 21 different forms (*>M! / shabdarupa) each associating a specific
meaning to the noun. Besides the cases a vocative case is also added to the 7 different cases.
This makes a noun to have 24 different forms.
The 3 numbers in a noun are singular ( )
/ ekavachana), dual (<Q)
dvivachana), and plural ()-)

/ vahuvachana). The dual form is specific to Sanskrit
?
language and is not seen in any other language.
The followings are the 7 different cases of a noun.
Case 1 - Nominative -> %: / prathamaa
Case 2 - Accusative -> <QE&: / dvitiiyaa
Case 3 - Instrumental -> FE&: / tRRitiiya
Case 4 - Dative -> ?s / chaturthii
Case 5 - Ablative -> !%E / paJNamii
Case 6 - Genitive -> +cE / ShaShThii
Case 7 - Locative -> ,t%E / saptamii
Vocative -> ,f#]
/ sambodhana
In coming chapters we will learn the noun cases or @)$@L (vibhakti) in detail. For easier and
simpler study while describing the different noun-forms we have used commonly used nouns for
sentence composition. The complete noun-forms of these nouns are listed at the end of each
chapter for easy reference.
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and
verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day
conversasion in Sanskrit.
Nominative Case or %: @)$@L (prathamaa

vibhakti) represents the noun-form to represent the "who" or "what" on the verb in the sentence.
In other words nominative case represents the subject or :1 (kartaa) of the sentence.
Nominative Case / %: @)$@L (prathamaa vibhakti):
Study the following sentences. These are in nominative case. In the previous chapters we have
already come across these sentence formations. These are mentioned again for completness.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
1. The boy is going.
#:(N [B
baalaH gachchhati
2. Poet is writing.
@)N B(B
kaviH likhati
3. Teachers are speaking.
?')N )89
guravaH vadanti
4. Girl is reading.
):(: !B
vaalaa paThati
5. River is flowing.
5 )-B
nadii vahati
6. I am asking.
-K !F[:B%
aha.n pRRichchhaami
7. Sita is singing.
,E: :&B
siitaa gaayati
8. Fruit is falling.
"(K !B
phala.n patati
Words like - fruit ("(
9. Vehicle is moving.
&: K (B
yaana.n chalati
/ yaana), book (!?
10. The book is there.
!? % J 8
pustakam asti
11. There is no water.
(K :8
jala.n naasti
12. Flower is blooming.
!?!K @) ,B
puShpa.n vikasati
/ phala), vehicle (&:

/ pustaka), water ((
/ jala) and flower (!?!
/ puShpa) etc., are of
neuter gender. They
have the same nounform or shabdarupa as
boy (#:( / baala)
except the nominative
and accusative cases
which have slightly
different forms.
Refer "( (phala)

shabda below for
the nominative
caseforms of these.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "who is going?", the answer that comes is "boy". So,
boy is the subject in the sentence and the noun-form is in nominative case or prathamaa vibhakti.
Similarly in sentence 8, if we ask the question "what is falling?", the answer that comes is "fruit".
In
this
fruit
is
the subject.
So, answer to the question "who" or "what" is the subject of the sentence and is always
in nominative case. The verb form follows the numberor )
(vachana) of the noun. The
followings are few rules where the nominative case must be used as the noun-form.
Grammatical Rule: In active voice statements the subject in the sentence is always in nominative
case.
Grammatical Rule: In passive voice statements the object follows the nominative case. The subject
follows
the
instrumental
case.
Nominative Case (%: @)$@L / prathamaa vibhakti)

Word
*>
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(N
baalah
#:(P
baalau
#:(:N
baalaaH
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:
lataa
(I
late
(:N
lataaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
5
nadii
RP
nadau
RN
nadyaH
N - !?K
"(% J
phalam
"(I
phale
"(:B
phalaani
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
Accusative Case or <QE&: @)$@L (dvitiiyaa vibhakti)

of noun-form represents the "to what" or "to whom" of the sentence. In other words accusative
case represents the object or %1 (karmaa) in the sentence.
Accusative Case / <QE&: @)$@L (dvitiiyaa vibhakti):
Study the following sentences. These are in accusative case.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
1. The painter is painting a portrait.
B :'N BK B(B

chitrakaaraH chitra.n likhati
2. The carpenter is chopping wood.
. N :cK .B
takshakaH kaaShTha.n takshati
3. Poets are writing songs.
)&N !R:B B(89

kavayaH padyaani likhanti
4. Enemies are attacking the city.
*)N '5% J :%89

shatravaH nagariim aakraamanti
In these sentences
portrait (B / chitra),
wood ( :c /
kaaShTha), songs (!R
5. Studetns are singing the stanzas.
[::N u] : J :&89
chchhaatraaH shlokaan gaayanti
6. Commette gave the permission.
,B%B ?%B% J &[ J

samiti anumatim ayachchhat
7. Boy is going to school.
#:(N @)R:(% J [B

baalaH vidyaalayam gachchhati
8. Girl is reading the book.
):(: !? % J !B

vaalaa pustakam paThati
/ padya), city ( '5 /

nagarii), stanza (u] /
shloka), permission
( ?%B / anumati),
school (@)R:(& /
vidyaalaya) and book
(!? / pustaka)
are objects.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the painter painting?", the answer that comes
is "the portrait". So, "portrait" is the object in the sentence and the noun-form is in accusative
case or dvitiiyaa vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 6, if we ask the question "what did the commette
gave?", the answer that comes is "permission". In case of sentence 7, if we ask the question "where
is
the
boy
going
to?",
the
answer
that
comes
is
"school".
So, answer to the question "to what", "to whom" or "to where" etc., is the object in the sentence and
is always in accusative case. The verb form is independent of the number or ) (vachana) of
the object.
Grammatical
Rule:
In
active
voice
sentences
the
object
always
inaccusative
case.
Besides the above rule there are few special rules where accusative case is used. Followings are
examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
9. Tigress lives in the forest.
6&:E ) % J BBcB / B),B Verbs BcB

vyaaghrii vanam adhitiShThati /
(tiShThati) and ),B
adhivasati
(vasati) prefixed with
10. Parvati lives in the Himalays.
!:)1E G(:,B'5% J B),B
prepositions (!,1 /
paarvatii kailaasagiriim adhivasati upasarga) B (adhi)

11. Rama lives in village.
':%N :%K !),B/B),B

raamaH graama.n upavasati /
adhivasati
or ! (upa).
<-%:(&% J B$N 'k&:B ,89

12. Around the Himalayas there are
himaalayam abhitaH araNyaani
forests.
santi
13. Inside the pond there is a
temple.
,'])'K 9': %89'K 8

sarovara.n antaraa mandira.n asti
14. Around the house there is a

wall.
F-K !v'N :E'K 8

gRRiha.n paritaH praachiira.n asti
15. Near the school there is a

garden.
@)R:(&K B +: R: K 8

vidyaalaya.n nikaShaa udyaana.n
asti
5K $&N ,]!: :B ,89

16. Both side of river there are hills. nadii.n ubhayataH sopaanaani
santi
17. Inside the pond there are blue
lotuses.
,'])'K 9': E(]H!(:B ,89

sarovara.n antaraa niilotpalaani
santi
Use of indeclinable
B$N (abhitaH),
$&N (ubhayataH),
,%&: (samayaa),
B +: (nikaShaa),
9': (antaraa) and
!v'N (paritaH) to
represent location.
@)R:(&K ,%&: !:N ,89

18. Near the school there are shops. vidyaalaya.n samayaa aapaNaaH
santi
19. Solders went on both sides of
the road.
,GB :N %:1% J $&N [ J

sainikaaH maargam ubhayataH
agachchhat
20. Behind father son is going.
@!'K ? !?N [B

pitara.n anu putraH gachchhati
Use of indeclinable ?
(anu), !&?!v'
(upayupari), W&B
)F.K !&?!v' )-B?

"(:B ,89
21. There are many fruits above (on
vRRiksha.n upayupari vahuni
top of) the tree.
phalaani santi
22. The girl is singing beautifully.
):B( : %?'K :&B

vaalikaa madhura.n gaayati
23. The boy is looking with

surprise.
#:(N ,:w&1% J !&B

baalaH saashcharyam pashyati
(adhyaaghi), ]N
(adhodhaH)
representing before,
after, above, towards
top location.
Use of verbal
adjective or <&:@)*I+
(kriyaavisheShaNa).
24. It is raining everywhere in the

country.
I *K ,)1N )+:1 $)89

desha.n sarvataH varShaa
bhavanti
25. Madhu read grammar for a

month.
%?N %:,K 6&: 'K !<): J

madhuH maasa.n vyaakaraNa.n
paThitavaan
26. The mountain spreads two

yojanas.
Bv'N <Q&] K )X1I

giriH dviyojana.n varttate
27. Without teacher there is no

knowledge.
?MK @) : @)R: :8

guru.n vinaa vidyaa naasti
28. Go upto home.
F-K &:) J [

gRRiha.n yaavat gachchha
Use of words B
%?x B J
murkha.n dhik
Use of word B J dhik.
29. Tiger is running towards the

goat.
30. Fie on fool.
Expressing spread of
time or space.
Use of indeclinable
@) : (vinaa), I
(RRite) etc.
(prati), &:) J (yaavat)

6&:N :K B :)B
etc.
vyaagraH chhaaga.n prati dhaavati
Grammatical Rule: If the verbs BcB (tiShThati) and ),B (vasati) meaning lives or stays are
prefixed with the preposition (!,1 / upasarga) B (adhi) or ! (upa), then the word
expressing the location will follow accusative case instade of locative case.
In sentence 9 above the answer to question "where does tigress live?" should be "in the forest".
The noun-form should be in locative case i.e., ) I (vane). However since the verb ),B (vasati) is
prefixed with preposition B (adhi) the accusative case ) % J (vanam) is used instade of locative
case.
Sentence
10
and
11
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the indeclinables B$N (abhitaH), $&N (ubhayataH), ,%&: (samayaa),
B +: (nikaShaa), 9': (antaraa) and !v'N (paritaH) etc., are in use then the word expressing
location
will
be
in
accusative
case.
In sentence 12 above the answer to question "where are the forests?" should be "around
Himalayas". Similarly in sentence 13 if we ask the question "where is the temple?", the answer
will be "inside the pond". However in these case indeclinables B$N (abhitaH) and !v'N
(paritaH) are used to express the location. Hence the words expressing the location (Himalayas
and pond) are in accusative case. Sentences 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18 and 19 follow the same rule.
Grammatical Rule: When indeclinables ? (anu), !&?!v' (upayupari), W&B (adhyaadhi) etc.,
are
used,
Sentences
words
governed
20
and
by
these
21
will
be
follow
in
accusative
case.
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: Verbal Adjective (<&:@)*I+ / kriyaavisheShaNa) expressing the

characteristic or attribute of the verb in the sentence will be in accusative case.
In sentence 22 above if the question is asked "how is the girl singing?" the answer that comes is
"beautifully". Here beautifully is an attribute orverbal adjective for the verb "singing". Since the
word beautifully is a verbal adjective or <&:@)*I+ (kriyaavisheShaNa) it is in accusative case.
Sentence
23
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When a word represents a spread of time or space then it takes the accusative
form.
In sentence 24 above the word "everywhere" expresses a spread of space. So, the word country
has taken the accusative case I *K (desha.n) instead of locative case I *I (deshe). Similarly in
sentence 25 "for a month" expresses a span of time. So, the word month has taken theaccusative
case %:,K (maasa.n). Sentence 26 follow this rule as it expresses a span of space.
Grammatical Rule: When words @) : (vinaa) or I (RRite) meaning "without" is used, words
governed
by
it
will
be
in
accusative
case.
In sentence 27 the word ?M (guru) is in accusative case as the indeclinable @) : (vinaa) is in use.
Grammatical Rule: If the words B (prati) and &:) J (yaavat) are in use then the words
governed
by
these
will
be
in
accusative
case.
Sentences
28
and
29
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When word B J (dhik) is used, words governed by it will be in accusative
case.
In sentence 30 the word %?1 (murkha) is in accusative case as the word B J (dhik) is in use.
Accusative Case (<QE&: @)$@L / dvitiiyaa vibhakti)

Word
*>
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(% J
baalam
#:(P
baalau
#:(: J
baalaan
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:% J
lataam
(I
late
(:N
lataaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
5% J
nadiim
RP
nadau
5N
nadiiH
N - !?K
"(% J
phalam
"(I
phale
"(:B
phalaani
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
Instrumental Case / FE&: @)$@L (tRRitiiya vibhakti):
Instrumental Case or FE&: @)$@L
(tRRitiiya vibhakti) of noun-form represents the instrumental form in a sentence. The

answer that comes from the question "by what" or "with what" is the instrument in
the sentense. The instrument is with what the subject or :1 (kartaa) is doing
something.
The instrument is
the subject or object.
independent
of
the number and
gender
of
Study the following sentences. These are in instrumental case.

C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
1. Farmer is ploughing with

plough.
F @+)(N -(I +1B

kRRiShivalaH halena
karShati
2. I am cutting with axe.
-K !'*? : k&:B%

aha.n parashunaa
khaNDayaami
hala), axe (!'*? /

parashu), pen
((I E /
lekhanii), hand
( ' / kara),
3. Teacher wrote using pen.
?')N (I9&: B( J

guravaH lekhanyaa
alikhan
teeth (9 /
danta) and food
($] / bhojana),
4. You are touching with

hand.
5. Snakes bites with teeth.
6. Guest is happy with food.
Here plough (-( /
flower (!?! /
H)K 'I !F*B,
tva.n kareNa spRRishasi puShpa),
knowledge (@)R: /
,!1N 9GN *B
vidyaa), garland
sarpaH dantaiH dashati (%:(: / maalaa)
are the
B&N $] I %]89
instruments for
atithayaH bhojanena
the respective
modanti
7. Garland is made using

flower.
verbs and are

%:(: !?!GN $)B
in instrumental
maalaa puShpaiH bhavati
case.
8. You live with knowledge.
H)K @)R&: 8)B,

tva.n vidyayaa jivasi
%:(:B$N I )% J (C ']B%

9. (I) will decorate God with
maalaabhiH devam
garland.
alaN^karomi
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "what is the farmer is ploughing with?",
the answer that comes is "with the plough". So, "plough" is the instrument in the
sentence and the noun-form is in instrumentsl case or tRRitiiya vibhakti. Similarly in
sentence 4, if we ask the question "what are you touching with?", the answer that
comes is "with hand". In case of sentence 6, if we ask the question "what is the
guest happy with?", the answer that comes is "with food". So, hand and food are
in instrunmental
case.
Grammatical
pertaining
Rule: The
to
the
Sentences
and
word
verb
expressing
will
be
9
"by what" or "with what"

in
instrumental
case.
also
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are some special rules where insrtumental case is
used. Followings are the examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
10. Women played

with the
children.
8D&N B**?B$N ,- < J

striyaH shishubhiH saha akriDan
11. Teacher went

with the
students.
?MN [:GN ,: % J J

guruH chchhaatraiH saakam
agachchhat
12. Sita roams

with Rama.
,E: ':%I ,:x @)-'B

siitaa raameNa saardha.n viharati
Use of words ,-
13. Krishna came

with me.
F N %&: ,: % J ): J
kRRiShNaH mayaa saakam aagatavaan
(saakam), ,:Ax
14. Gopal went

with him.
I ,: K ]!:(N N
tena saaka.n gopaalaH gataH
,%K (sama.n)
15. Friendship
with evil not
worth.

X16&:
? 1 I ,- %GE
durjanena sa maitrii na karttavyaa
16. You will go

with me.
H)K %&: ,-/,: K/,f,K/,:Ax B%&B,

tva.n mayaa
(saha), ,: % J
(saarddha.n) and
saha/saaka.n/samsa.n/saardsha.n
gamiShyasi
17. Without
effort knowledge
is not
achievable.
%I @) : @)R:
(z&I
shrameNa vinaa vidyaa na labhyate
18. Without water

life is
impossible.
(I 9'I E) % J ,f$)% J

jalena antareNa jiivanam
asambhavam
19. What is life

without
knowledge.
@)R:K @) : E) I < % J

vidyaa.n vinaa jiivanam kim
20. He is blind
with eyes.
,N : :N
saH akshNaa kaaNaH
21. What shall

mirror do to one
without eyes.
(] :z&: @)<- & !1N < K v'&B

lochanabhyaa vihinasya darpaNaH
ki.n kariShyati
22. He is deaf
with ears.
,N :1z&:K )B'N
saH karNaabhyaa.n vadhiraH
23. He is lame
with foot.
,N !:I 7N
saH paadena khaJNjaH
24. Rama is
naughty by
nature.
':%N F H&: / ):$:)I !(N

raamaH prakRRityaa / svaabhavena
chapalaH
25. He is running
speedily.
,N )II :)B
saH vegena dhaavati
26. Rama is
living happily.
':%N ,?I BcB

raamaH sukhena tiShThati
27. Named Rama
:f : ':%N
naamnaa raamaH
28. The girl is

beautiful by
face.
):B( : |H&: :MN

vaalikaa akRRityaa chaaruH
29. Simple by
nature.
):$:)I ,'(N
svaabhaavena saralaH
30. Haunters are

normally poor.
*)':N :&I v':N

shavaraaH praayeNa daridraaH
31. Let the boy

go quickly.
#:(N (E(&: / )II / H)'&: [?

baalaH liilayaa / vegena /
tvarayaa gachchhatu
Use of words
9'I (antareNa)
and @) : (vinaa).
The words - eyes

((] / lochana),
ears ( 1 /
karNa) and foot
(!: / paada) are
expressing
lameness of organ
or body part.
The words nature ( F B /

prakRRiti),
nature ():$:) /
svaabhava),
speedily ()I /
vega), happily
(,? / sukha),
face ( |B /
aakRRiti),
normally (:& /
praaya), quickly
((E(&: /
liilayaa),
quickly (H)'&: /
tvarayaa), queue
(% / krama),
caste (:B /
jaati) and wish
()I[: /
svechchhaa) are
32. They came in

one queue.
I %I [
ekena krameNa aagachchhata
33. I am
kshatriya
(warrior) by
caste.
-K :H&: .@&

aha.n jaatyaa kshatriya
34. Boys are

roaming by their
wish.
#:( :N )I[&: %89

baalakaaH svechchhayaa bhramanti
35. Rama is
younger to you by
one year.
':%N H) J )+ #'N

raamaH tvat varSheNa abaraH
36. Gopala is
younger to Shyama
by a month.
]!:(N &:%: J %:,I !'N

gopaalaH shyaamaat maasena paraH
37. He is elder
to me by a month.
,N % J %:,I !U)N1
saH mat maasena puurvaH
38. Sage by
matted lock.
:B$N :!,N
jaTaabhiH taapasaH
expressing nature
or
characteristics.
Use of words
elder (!U)N1 /
puurvaH), younger
()'N / avaraH)
and younger (!'N /
paraH) to compare
age.
Use of words
matted-lock (:
/ jaTaa), sacredthread (!@) /
upavita) as mark
of
identification.
39. Brahmin by
sacred-thread?
!@)I :K
upavitena vraahmaNa.n
40. Body shivers

due to cold.
*EI *'5'% J f!I

shiitena shariiram kampate
41. He is heart
broken due to
sadness.
NI
,N $\ <&N
?
duHkhena saH bhagnahRRidiyaH
sadness (N
/
?
duHkha), merit
(!?k& / puNya),
42. Hari is seen

through merit.
!?k&I apN -v'N

puNyena dRRiShTaH hariH
43. He is
suffering due to
fever.
,N )'I !E<N
saH jvareNa piiDitaH
44. He is crying
due to hunger.
,N .?&: 9B
saH kshudhayaa krandati
fever ()' /
jvara) and hunger
(.?: / kshudhaa)
are expressing
the cause or
reason of
something.
45. I have need

of study.
%% !:I &] % J
mama paaThena prayojanam
46. What is the

need of
quarreling?
(-I < % J?
kalahena kim?
47. Quarrelling
is waste.
@)):I (% J
vivaadena alam
The words - cold

(*E / shiita),
Use of words
&] % J
(prayojanam), < % J
(kim) and (% J
(alam) to express
the need or
necessity of
something.
48. Do not have

need in wealth?
I &] K :8?
dhanena prayojana.n naasti?
49. Less by
knowledge.
/: I -5 N
dnyaanena hiinaH
50. Less by
wealth.
I *U9&N
dhanena shuunyaH
51. He is less by
wealth.
,N I N/*U9&N/-5 N
saH dhanena uunaH / shuunyaH /
hiinaH
52. The temple

was built in a
year.
%89'K )+ B B%1K $) J

mandira.n varSheNa nirmita.n
abhavat
53. Rama read

Sanskrit in a
month.
':%N %:,I ,K F % J ! J

raamaH maasena sa.nskRRitam
apaThat
54. I bought the

book with five
coins.
-K !7%?:B$N !? % J n): J

aha.n paJNchamudraabhiH pustakam
kriitavaan
The words - five

coins (!7%?: /
paJNchamudraa)and
ten coins (*%?:
55. He bought the

toy with ten
coins.
,N *%?:B$N n K n): J
saH dashamudraabhiH kriiDanaka.n
kriitavaan
/ dashamudraa)
are representing
the value or cost
of something.
56. The lustful

person is giving
money to the
maid.
57. Rama is going

on a different
rout.
Use of words -5 N (hiinaH),

*U9&N (shuunyaH)
and N (uunaH)
to express lack
of something.
The words - year
()+1 / varSha) and
month (%:, /
maasa) represent
the time taken to
achieve some
result.
:%? N :&: ,K&[qI

kaamukaH daasyaa sa.nyachchhate
Giving something
to perform some
imoral or
indecent act. In
this
case instrumental
case will be used
and notdative
case.
':%N I %: [B

raamaH anenna maargeNa gachchhati
The word - path

(%:1 / maarga) is
representing the
path followed.
Grammatical Rule: If the indeclinables ,- (saha), ,: % J (saakam), ,:Ax

(saarddha.n), ,%K (sama.n) etc., meaning with or along with, are used
then the words governed by these will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 7 - the word ,- (saha) is used to express that the women played with
the children. So, the word "children" is in instrumental case.Sentences 10 and 16
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the words 9'I (antareNa) or @) : (vinaa) meaning

without are used the words governed by it will be in instrumental
case.
In sentence 17 - the word "effort" or % (shrama) is in instrumental case as the
word 9'I (antareNa) is used to express that without effort knowledge can not be
achieved.
Sentences
18
and
19
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If any word expressing lameness in any organ or body

part is used then the word representing the organ or body part will be
in
instrumental
case.
In sentence 20 - the word "eyes" or : (akshNaa) is in instrumental case as this is
the organ that has the lameness. Sentences 21, 22 and 23 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the nature or characteristics of

someone
or
something
will
be
in
instrumental
case.
In sentence 24 the word "nature" represents a characteristics of Rama. So, the word
"nature" or ):$:) (svaabhava) is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 25 the
word "speedily" is an attribute or characteristics of him running. Hence the word
speedily or )I (vega) is ininstrumental case. In sentence 33 also the word caste or
:B (jaati) represents an attribute about me. So this word is in instrumental case.
Sentences
24
to
34
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like !U)N1 (puurvaH), !'N (paraH), )'N (avaraH)
etc., are used to express a comparision in time then the word
expressing the sense of time will be in instrumental case.
In sentence 35 the word "younger" or !'N (paraH) is used to compare time or age,
and "year" or )+1 (varsHa) is the word expressing the sense of time. So, the word
"year" is in instrumental case. Sentences 36 and 37 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing any mark of identification of a

person
will
be
in
instrumental
case.
In sentence 38 - sage is identified by "matted lock" or : (jaTaa). In other words
"matted lock" is the identification symbol to identify a sage. So, the word "matted
lock"
is
in instrumental
case.
Sentences
39
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in

instrumental
case.
In sentence 40 "cold" is the reason for which body shivers. So, the word "cold" or
*E (shiita) is in instrumental case. Similarly, in sentence 41 "sadness" is the reason
for his broken heart. Hence the word N
(duHkha) is in instrumental case.
?
Sentences
42,
43
and
44
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical
Rule:
If
words
like
(% J
(alam),
< K
(ki.n),
&] % J
(prayojanam) etc., are used to express a "sense of need or necessity"

then the word representing the thing which is needed will be in
instrumental
case.
In sentence 45 "study is what I have need for". So, the word study or !: (paaTha)
is in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 47 - "quarrelling is waste" also means
there is no need or necessity of quarrelling. Hence the word quarrelling or @)):
(vivaada) is in instrumental case. Sentences 46 and 48 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: If words like -5 (hiina), *U9& (shuunya), N etc., are

used to mean lack of something of something, then the words governed by
these
will
be
in
instrumental
case.
In sentence 49 - there is a lack of "knowledge" or /:
sentence 50 there is a lack of "wealth" or
in instrumental
case.
Sentence
51
(dnyaana). Similarly in
(dhana). So, thes words are

also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If the sentencec means achievement of some result

after some time then the word expressing the time will be in
instrumental
case.
In sentence 52 the temple was built in a year. In other words the result was
achieved in a year. The word "year" is expressing the time after which the result was
achieved. So, the word "year" or )+1 (varSha) is in instrumental case. Sentence 53
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the value or cost of something

will
be
in
instrumental
case.
In sentence 54 "five coins" express the cost or value of the book. So, it is
in instrumental case. Similarly in sentence 55 "ten coins" is the cost of the toy. So,
"ten
coins"
is
in instrumental
case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person to whom something is

given to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental
case
and
not
in
dative
case.
In sentence 56 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an immoral.
So,
the
word
"maid"
is
in instrumental
case instead
of dative
case.
Grammatical Rule: Word expressing the path that is followed will be in

instrumental
case.
In sentence 57 the word "rout" or %:1 (maarga) is in instrumental case as it
represents
the
path
that
is
being
followed
or
taken.
Instrumental Case (FE&: @)$@L / tRRitiiyaa vibhakti)

Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(I
baalena
#:(:z&:% J
baalaabhyaam
#:(GN
baalaiH
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(&:
latayaa
(:z&:% J
lataabhyaam
(:B$N
lataabhiH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
R:
nadyaa
5z&:% J
nadiibhyaam
5B$N
nadiibhiH
"(I
phalena
"(:z&:% J
phalaabhyaam
"(GN
phalaiH
Word
*>
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
Dual
<Q)
Dative Case / ?s @)$@L (chaturthii vibhakti):
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Dative Case or ?s @)$@L (chaturthii
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "to whom" or "for whom" of the sentence. In
other
words dative
case represents
the dative in
the
sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in dative case.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
B$.? :&N kU (K I <1. Give rice to the beggar. bhikshukaayaH taNDuula.n
dehi
The words B$.?
2. I am giving prize to
him.
(bhikshuka), &?%S
-K %G !?' :'K :B%
aha.n tasmai puraskaara.n (yusmad), M\
dadaami
(rugNa) and B 1
3. Doctor is giving
medicine to the patient.
)GRN M\:& +K &[B

vaidyaH rugNaaya
auShadha.n yachchhati
4. Let the rich give money

to poor.
B N B 1 :& K &?
dhanikaH nirdhanaaya
dhana.n yachhatu
Giving something
to perform some
imoral or
indecent act. In
this
case instrumental
case will be used
and notdative
case.
:%? N :&: ,K&[qI

kaamukaH daasyaa
sa.nyachchhate
5. The lustful person is

giving money to the maid.
(nirdhana)
represent the
person to whom
something is
given.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "give rice to whom?", the answer that
comes is "the beggar". So, "beggar" is the dative in the sentence and the noun-form
is in dative case or chaturthii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question
"doctor gave medicine to whom?", the answer that comes is "patient".
So, answers to the question "to whom" or "for whom" etc., is the dative in the
sentence and is always in dative case. The verb form is independent of
the number or
)
(vachana)
of
the subject or object.
given
will
be
in
dative
case.
Sentence
1,
2,
and
follow
this
rule.

given to perform some imoral or indecent act will be in instrumental
case
and
not
in
dative
case.
In sentence 5 the lust person is giving money to the maid in return of an immoral.
So,
the
word
"maid"
is
in instrumental
case instead
of dative
case.
Besides the above rules there are few special rules where dative case is used.
Followings are examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
6. Let the author write

for the paper.
(I N !@ :&G (IK B(?

lekhakaH patrikaayai
lekha.n likhatu
7. Gold is for necklace.
,?)1f-:':& -: % J
suvarNahaaraaya haaTakam
8. Wife should be accepted

for merit/dharma.
9. Wealth becomes egoism.
10. Power is to torment

others.
11. Let power be for

others' good.
%:1& !E -E&:
dharmaaya patnii
grahaNiiyaa
(%EN !8k:& ,U&B

lakshmiiH paNDitaaya
asuuyati
13. He hates the clever.
,N ?':& ,U&B
saH chaturaaya asuuyati
14. King is angry on the

enemies.
': *?)I F W&B

raajaa shatruve
kRRidhayati
15. Gopala is angry on

Rama.
]!:(N ':%:& aB

gopaalaH raamaaya
dRRihyati
17. Girls like flowers.
18. Let everyone like

knowledge.
19. Ladies like flowers.
The words !@ :
(patrikaa),
,?)1f-:'
(suvarNahaara) and
%1 (dharma)
represent the
things for which
something is
needed.
w&1% J C :':& $)B

The words C :'
eishcharyam ahaN^kaaraaya (ahaN^kaara),
bhavati
!'@! (parapiDana)
*@LN !'@! :& $)B
and !']! :'
shaktiH parapiDanaaya
(paropakaara)
bhavati
represent the
thing into which
*@LN !']! :':& $)?
something else
shaktiH paropakaaraaya
transforms.
bhavatu
12. Lakshmi hates the

knowledgable.
16. Do you like sweets?
Notes
Use of words F W&B

(kRRidhyati), aB
(dRRihyati), &1B
(iirShyati), ,U&B
(asuuyati) etc.,
expressing hate or
dislike.
Use of words like

%] K ?z&K ']I ):?
']I
(rochate)
modaka.n tubhya.n rochate
vaa?
etc., expressing
fondness or liking
):B( :N !?!Iz&N !F-&89
for something.
vaalikaaH puShpebhyaH
spRRihayanti
,) /: :& !F-&9?
sarve dnyaaya
spRRihayantu
!?!:8 MEz&N ']9I
puShpaaNi taruNibhyaH
rochante
20. I like milk.
%K \K
']I
?
mahyaa.n dugdha.n rochate
21. Child likes to play.
B**)I n: ']I

shishave kriDaa rochate
22. Who does not like

sweets.
%G %] K
)I?
kasmai modaka.n na
svadate?
23. Salute to teacher.
?')I %N
gurave namaH
24. Salute to Narayana.
:':&:& %N
naaraayaNaaya namaH
25. Offered to Indra.
9:& ):indraaya svaaha
26. Offered to fire.
\ &I #+d
agneya baShaT
27. Let good happen to

all.
,)z&N )8
sarvebhyaH svasti
28. Let the guest come

home.
B&N F-:&/F-% J [9?

atithayaH
gRRihaaya/gRRiham
aagachchhantu
29. I will go to village.
Use of words like

%N (namaH), )8
(svasti), ):-:
(svaaha), (K
(ala.n), #+d
(baShaT) etc.
Word Meanings:
namaH - salute,
svaaha - offered,
baShaT - offered,
svasti - let good
happen.
Word expressing
the target
destination for
actions like going
or coming can be
inaccusative
-K :%:& / :%% J :B%
aga.n graamaaya / graamam case or dative
case.
gachhaami
30. Shyama is borrowing

one hundred from Rama.
&:%N ':%:& *K :'&B

shyaamaH raamaaya shata.n
dhaarayati
31. I do not owe anything

to anyone.
-K %G < 87 J

:'&:B%
aha.n kasmai kiJNchit na
dhaarayaami
32. (Lord Vishnu) Hari

owes liberation to
worshippers.
-v'N $L:& %].K :'&B

hariH bhaktaaya moksha.n
dhaarayati
33. Mother is showing moon

to son.
%:: !U:& 9K *:1&B

maataa puutraaya
chandra.n darshayati
34. Tell Gangadatta about

me.
CX:& % J ,9I *K &

gaN^gadattaaya mat
Word expressing
the person from
whom something is
borrowed.
The person with

whom
thesubject relates
something through
his/her action.
sandesha.n kathaya
Grammatical Rule: The word expressiong the purpose for which certain
action is taken or something is needed will be in dative case.
Sentence 6 above means the author should write for the paper. In other words the
writing action is for the "paper". So, paper takes the dative case. Similarly in
sentence 7 gold is needed for neckless. So, neckless is in the dative case. Sentence 8
also
follows
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the object into which another
object
transforms
will
be
in
dative
case.
In sentence 9 above - wealth turns or transforms into egoism. So, "egoism" is
in dative case the object into which wealth transforms. Sentence 10 and 11 also
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the person (or thing) against
whom (or which) anger or hatered is shown will be in dative case.
In sentence 12 above - Laxmi shows hatered towards the "knowledgable". So, the
word knowledgable is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 14 the King shows anger
towards enemies. So, the word enemy is in dative case. Sentence 13 and 15 also
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning "liking" are used, the word
expressing the person to whom it is a matter of liking will be in
dative
case.
In sentence 17 above - girls like flowers or in other words flowers are a metter of
liking to the girls. So, "girl" is in dative case. Similarly in sentence 21 play is a
matter of liking to "child". So, the child is in dative case. Sentence 16, 18, 19, 20,
and
22
also
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical
Rule:
When
the
words
%N
(namaH),
)8
(svasti),
):-:
(svaahaa), (K (ala.n) and #+d (baShaT) are used the words expressing the
object
of
their
reference
will
be
in
dative
case.
In sentence 23 above "teacher" is the object of reference of the word
%N (namaH)
or salute. So, the word teacher or ?M (guru) is in dative case. Sentence 24, 25, 26
and
27
also
follow
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When verbs meaning going or coming are used the words
expressing the destination will be either in accusative case or dative
case.
In sentence 28 above "home" is in dative case (or accusative case) as home is the
destination.
Sentence
29
also
follows
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When something is borrowed from others the person

from
whom
the
thing
is
borrowed
will
be
in
dative
case.
In sentence 30 above Shyam has borrowed money from Rama. So, "Rama" is
in dative case. Similarly in sentence 32 Hari (Lord Vishnu) borrows liberation or %].
(moksha) from the worshipper. So, the word $L (bhakta) or worshipper is in dative
case.
Sentence
31
also
follows
the
same
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The person with whom the subject relates something
through
his
or
her
action
will
be
in
dative
case.
In sentence 33 above mother is showing the moon to son. In other words mother
the subject in the sentence with her action of showing is relating son with the moon.
So,
the
word
son
or
!?
(putra)
is
in dative
case.
Dative Case (?s @)$@L / chaturthii vibhakti)

Word
*>
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(:&
baalaaya
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:&G
lataayai
(:z&:% J
lataabhyaam
(:z&N
lataabhyaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
RG
nadyai
5z&:% J
nadiibhyaam
5z&N
nadiibhyaH
"(:z&:% J
"(Iz&N
phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
Ablative
!7%E
@)$@L
Case
"(:&
phalaaya
#:(:z&:% J
#:(Iz&N
baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
(paJNchamii
vibhakti):
Ablative Case or !7%E
@)$@L
(paJNchamii vibhakti) of noun-form represents the "from whom/what" of the

sentence. In other words ablative case represents the ablative in the sentense.
Study the following sentences. These are in ablative case.

C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
1. Leaf fell from the

tree.
)F.: J !x/!K ! J

vRRikshaat parNa.n /
patra.m apatat
2. Fruits are falling

from the trees.
"(:B Mz&N !89

phalaani tarubhyaH patanti
3. He fall from the

running horse.
,N :)N b: J !BN

saH dhaavataH ashvaat
patitaH
4. I am coming from the

school.
-K @)R:(&: J [:B%

aha.n vidyaalayaat
aagachchhaami
5. Gods come from heaven.
I ):N ):1 J 89

devataaH svargaat
aagachchhanti
Notes
The words tree
()F. / vRRiksha),
tree (M / taru)
and horse (b /
ashva) represent
the source of
separation.
The words school
(@)R:(& /
vidyaalaya) and
heaven ()1 /
svarga) represent
the source of
coming or going.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "leaf fell from what?", the answer that
comes is "the tree". So, "tree" is the ablative in the sentence and the noun-form is
in ablative case or paJNchamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the
question "where am I coming from?", the answer that comes is "school".
So, answer to the question "from whom/what/where" is the ablative in the sentence
and is always in ablative case. The verb-form is independent of the number or )
(vachana) of the subject or object. Followings are the rules where ablative case is
used.
Grammatical Rule: When an object is separated from another the word
expressing the object from which the separation happened will be in
ablative
case.
Sentence
1,
and
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When someone or something is coming from a place the

word
expressing
the
source
will
be
in
ablative
case.
Sentence
and
follow
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where ablative case is used.
Followings are the examples of these.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
6. Waterfall is
flowing from the
mountain.
B 1'N B'I N )B

nirjharaH gireH sravati
The words
mountain (Bv' /
giri) and
Himalayas (<-%)
7. (River) Ganges
flows from Himalayas.
<-%)N C: $-B

himavataH gaN^gaat prabhahati
/ himavata)
represent the
origin or source.
8. Animal fears tiger.
%FN 6&:: J @)$IB

mRRigaH byaaghraat vibheti
9. Deer fears tiger.
-v'N 6&:: J &B

hariNaH vyaaghraat trasyati
10. Elephants fear

lion.
:N B,K-: J &89

gajaaH si.nhaat trasyanti
11. Thief fears

police.
P'N '. : J @)$IB

chauraH aarakshakaat vibheti
12. Police protects

from thief.
'. N P': J :&I / '.I

aarakshakaH chauraat traayate
/ rakshate
13. Good work protects

from fear of hell.
,:BK ? %1 :&x :&I ' $&: J

saadhita.n tu dharmakaarya.n
traayate narakabhayaat.
14. Solders protect

citizens from enemies.
,GB :N *?z&N :v' : J '.9I

sainikaaH shatrubhyaH
naagarikaan rakshante
15. He accepts defeat

from study.
,N W&& : J !':&I
saH adhyanaaat paraajayate.
16. Good people accept

defeat from sin.
:B%1 N !!: J !':&I

dhaarmikaH paapaat
paraajayate
17. He is baring the

cows from paddy.
,N : Iz&N :K ):'&B

saH dhaanebhyaH gaa.n
vaarayati
18. Bars from sin and

employs in merit.
!:!89 ):'&B &]&I <-:&

paapannivaarayaati
and sin (!:! /

paapa) are things
from which
restrained.
19. Krishna is hiding

from mother.
F N %:?N B (E&I
kRRiShNaH maatuH niliiyate
The words mother

(%:F / maatRRi)
20. Student is hiding

from teacher.
[:N ?MN B (E&I

chchhaatraH guruH niliiyate
and teacher (?M /

guru) represent
someone from whom
The words tiger

(6&:/
byaaghraat), lion
(B,K-/ si.nha) and
police ('. /
aarakshaka) are
the sources of
fear.
The words thief

(P' / chaura),
hell ( ' $& /
narakabhaya) and
enemy (*U /
shatruu)
represent things
from which
protected.
Use of word !': +
&I (paraa +
jayate) to
express defeat.
The words paddy
(: / dhaana)
hiding.
The word lazyness
or (&
21. Gauri does not
read due to lazyness.
P'5 (&: J
!B
gaurii aalasyaat n apaThati
(aalasya)
represents the
cause of
something.
22. Fruit is created

from flower.
!?!: J "(K :&I

pueHpaat phalam parajaayate
The words flower

(!?! / pueHpa)
23. Honey is created

from lotus.
!: J %? :&I

padmaat madhu prajaayate
and lotus (! /
padma) are
sources of
creation.
24. Good people hate

sin.
:B%1 N !:!: J ??,I

dhaarmikaH papaat jugupsate
25. He escapes from

reading.
,N ! : J @)'%B
saH paThanaat viramati.
26. Mango is better

than Guava.
"(K :<%: J Ic% J

aamraphala.n daaNDimaat
shreShTham
27. Kalidasa is better

than Bhabhuti.
:B(:,N $)$UIN IcN

kaalidaasaH bhavabhuuteH
shreShThaH
28. Lakshamana is
elder to Satrughna.
(%N *? : J !U)N1
lakshamaNaH shatrughnaat
puurvaH
29. Bhima is younger

to Yudhisthira.
$E%N &?BcE': J !'N

bhiimaH yudhiShThiiraat paraH
Use of verbs like

hate (??,I /
jugupsate),
escapes (@)'%B /
viramati) etc.,
expressing hate
or dislike.
Use of
superlative or
comparative
adjectives like
better (Ic /
shreShTha)
earlier (!U)N1 /
purvaH), later
(!'N / paraH)
etc., to compare.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the origin or source of something

will
be
in
ablative
case.
In Sentence 6 - the waterfall flows from the mountain. In other words the mountain
is the source of the waterfall. So, the word "mountain" is inablative case. Sentence 7
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of fear will be in

ablative
case.
In sentence 9 - deer fears the tiger. In other words tiger is the source of fear. So,
the word "tiger" is in ablative case. Sentence 10 and 11 also follow this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something or someone from which

something or someone is protected will be in ablative case.
In sentence 12 - police protects from thief. That means thief is the thing from which
the police protects. So, the word "thief" is in ablative case. Sentence 13 and 14 also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the thing from which defeat is
accepted, unable to tolerate or face it, with the use of preposition or
!,1 (upasarga) !': before the verb &I (paraajayate) will be in ablative
case. Note: If defeat is accepted after facing it bravely, then the
word
will
be
in
accusative
case.
In sentence 15 - word !':&I (paraajayate) is used to express "his defeat from
study". In other words it also means - "he is not able to study" or "he is afraid of
studies". So, the word "study" is in ablative case. Sentence 16 also follows this rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something from which someone or

something is opposed or restrained will be in ablative case.
In sentence 17 - the cows are being restrained from paddy. So, the word "paddy" is
in ablative
case.
Sentence
18
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing someone or something from which

one
is
hiding
from
will
be
in
ablative
case.
In sentence 19 - Krishna is hiding from mother. So, the word "mother" is in ablative
case.
Sentence
20
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the cause of something will be in

ablative case. Note: If the subject is in feminine gender, then it can
also
be
in
instrumental
case.
In sentence 21 - lazyness or (& (aalasya) is the reason of Gauri not reading. In
other words lazyness is the reason of "not reading". So, it is in ablative case.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the source of creation will be in

ablative
case.
In sentence 22 - fruit is created from flower or in other words "flower is the source of
creation" of fruit. So, the word "flower" is in ablative case. Sentence 23 also follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word

dislike
is
expressed
Sentence
24
expressing something
will
be
in
and
25
to which
ablative
follow
hate or
case.
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When superlative or comparative adjectives such like

IcN (shreShThaH), !?)N1 (purvaH), !'N (paraH) etc., are used the word
expressing the thing to which the comparision is being made will be in
ablative
case.
In sentence 26 - mango is better than guava. So, guava is the thing from which
mango is better. Hence the word "guava" is in ablative case. Similarly in sentence 28
- word "earlier" or !?)N1 (purvaH) is used to mean that Lakshamana is earlier to
Satrughna. So, the word "Satrughna" is inablative case. Sentence 27 and 29 also
follow
this
rule.
Ablative Case (!7%E @)$@L / paJNchamii vibhakti)

Word
*>
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(: J
baalaat
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:&:N
lataayaaH
(:z&:% J
lataabhyaam
(:z&N
lataabhyaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
R:N
nadyaaH
5z&:% J
nadiinaam
5z&N
nadiibhyaH
!?K
"(: J
phalaat
"(Iz&N
"(:z&:% J
phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
#:(Iz&N
#:(:z&:% J
baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
Genitive Case / +cE @)$@L (ShaShThii vibhakti):
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the

words genitive
case represents
Similar Words
Genitive Case or +cE @)$@L (ShaShThii
"whose" of the
the genitive in
Study the following sentences. These are in genitive case.
sentence. In other
the
sentense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
1. Son of Dasaratha.
*'& !?N
dasharathasya putraH
2. Krishna's friend.
F & ,:
kRRiShNasya sakhaa
3. Rise of sun.
,U&
1 & &N
suuryasya udayaH
4. Water of river.
R:N (% J
nadyaaH jalam
5. Whiteness of moon.
89 :&: )(:

chandrikaayaa dhavalataa
6. Heat of fire.
\ IN ):(:
agneH jvaalaa
7. Vrihaspati is the
teacher of Gods.
I ): :K ?MN #F-!BN
devaanaa.n guruH
bRRihaspatiH
8. Demons are the

desciples of Sukracharya.
*?::&1& B*&:N ,?':N

shukraachaaryasya
shiShyaaH asuraaH
9. Women's jewellary.
:'5:% J $'% J
naariiNaam aabharaNam
10. This is my opinion.
J %% %% J
etat mama matam
11. Ganapati has four

hands.
!IN H):'N -:N

gaNapateH chatvaaraH
hastaaH
Notes
Peron or thing
whose
relationship with
another is being
expressed.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "whose son?", the answer that comes is
"Dasaratha". So, "Dasaratha" is the genitive in the sentence and the noun-form is
in genitive case or ShaShThi vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 4, if we ask the question
"whose
water?",
the
answer
that
comes
is
"river".
So, answer that comes from the question "whose" is the genitive in the sentense and
is always in genitive case.Followings are the rules wheregenitive case is used.
Grammatical Rule: The word denoting a peron or thing whose relationship
with
another
is
being
expressed
will
be
in
genitive
case.
In sentence 1 to 11 the words expressing relationship to someone or something are
in genitive
case.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where genitive case is used.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
12. Among Pandavas

Dharmaraja (Yudhisthira)
is best.
!:k): :K %1':N &IcN

paaNDavaanaa.n
dharmaraajaH jyeShThaH
13. Among trees coconut is

the best.
)F.::K :B( I'N IcN

vRRikshaaNaa.n naarikeraH
shreShThaH
14. There is no
comparision of Arjuna.
?1 & ?(: :8

arjunasya tulaa naasti
Use of words ?(:
15. Beauty of Rama.
':%& !%:
raamasya upamaa
(upamaa) etc.,
for comparision.
16. To the south of the

school huge banayan tree
is there.
Comparision in
group.
(tulaa), !%:
@)R:(&& 8.: J N %-: J

))F.N
vidyaalayasya dakshiNaat
ekaH mahaan vaTavRRikshaH
17. In front of the

teacher students are
standing.
B*. & !?'N [::N Bc89

shikshakasya puraH
chchhaatraaH tiShThanti
18. Child is playing

behind mother.
%:?N !?': J B**?N nB

maatuH purastaat shishuH
kriiiDati
Expressins
direction or
location in
relation to
another using
words !?'N (puraH),
!?': J
(purastaat), !?'N
(purataH), N
(agrataH), !FcN
19. Water flows below

ground.
$U%IN : J/N (K #X1I

bhuumeH adhastaat/adhaH
jala.n barttate
(pRRiShThataH),
20.To the north of the

village hospital is there.
:%& X': J B< H,:(&N 8

graamasya uttaraat
chikitsaalayaH asti
(adhastaat) etc.
N (adhaH),
: J
Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the

word expressing the group will be in genitive case (or alternatively in
locative
case).
In sentence 13 above the sentence means - coconut tree is best "among the trees".
So, the word trees is in genetive case (or alternativelylocative case) as it represents
the group in which coconut tree is best. Similarly in sentence 12 the word
"pandavas"
is
in genetive
case.
Grammatical Rule: If words ?(: (tulaa), !%: (upamaa) etc., expressing

comparision are used then word expressing the person or thing being
compared
will
be
in
genitive
case.
In sentence 14 the word "Arjuna" is in genitive case as this is being compared with
the use of word ?(: or tulaa. Sentence 15 also follows the same rule.
Grammatical
(purataH),
Rule:
N
If
the
(agrataH),
!?'N (puraH),
words
!FcN
!?': J (purastaat),
(pRRiShThataH),
N
(adhaH),
!?'N
: J
(adhastaat) etc., are used to express direction or location of an object

in relation to another, the word expressing the object will be in
genitive
case.
In sentence 16 the word south or 8.: J (dakshiNaat) is used to express location of
the banayan tree in relation to the school. So, the word school is in genitive case.
Similarly in sentence 18 the word behind or !?': J (purastaat) expresses the
location of the child in relation to mother. So, the word mother is in genitive case.
Sentences
16,
17,
18,
19
and
20
follow
this
rule.
Genitive Case (+cE @)$@L / ShaShThii vibhakti)

Word
*>
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(&
baalasya
#:(&]N
baalayoH
#:(: :% J
baalaanaam
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:&:N
lataayaaH
(&]N
latayoH
(: :% J
lataanaam
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
R:N
nadyaaH
5z&:% J
nadiibhyaam
5 :% J
nadiinaam
"(&
phalasya
"(&]N
phalayoH
"(: :% J
phalaanaam
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
Locative Case / ,t%E @)$@L (saptamii vibhakti):
vibhakti) of noun-form represents the

words locative
case represents
Locative Case or ,t%E @)$@L (saptamii
"where" of the
the locative in
Study the following sentences. These are in locative case.
sentence. In other
the
sentense.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
1. Lotuses are in the lake.
%(:B :,'I ,89

kamalaani kaasare santi
2. Flowers bloom in the

creeper.
!?!:8 (:&:K @) ,89

puShpaaNi lataayaa.n
vikasanti
:N 'k&I ,7'89
gajaaH araNye
saJNcharanti
3. Elephants roam in the

forest.
4. Offices are in the city.
:&:1(&:N '5*? $)89

kaaryaalayaaH nagariishu
bhavanti
5. Child is sleeping on the

bed.
B**?N *&:&:K *II

shishuH shajyaayaa.n
shete
6. Leaves fall on the

ground.
!:1B $Uf&:K !89

parNaani bhuumyaa.n
patanti
7. There are many stories

in Mahabharata.
%-:$:'I I :N @)R9I

mahaabhaarate
anekakathaaH vidyante
8. Atma is in everybody.
,)18% J H%: @)RI

sarvasmin aatmaa vidyate
Notes
The words lake

( :,' / kaasara),
creeper ((: /
lataa), forest
('k& / araNya),
city ( '5 /
nagarii), bed
(*&: / shajyaa),
land ($UB% /
bhuumi),
Mahabharata
(%-:$:' /
mahaabhaarata)
and all (,)1 /
sarva) are
expressing
location of
something or
someone.
In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "where are the lotuses?", the answer
that comes is "lake". So, "lake" is the locative in the sentence and the noun-form is
in locative case or saptamii vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 3, if we ask the question
"elephants
roam
where?",
the
answer
that
comes
is
"forest".
So, answer that comes from the question "where" is the locative in the sentense and
is always in locative case. Followings are the rules wherelocative case is used.
Grammatical
someone
Sentence
Rule: The
will
1
word
to
expressing the
be
in
8
location of
locative
follow
something or
case.
this
rule.
Besides the above rules there are few more special rules where loctive case is used.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
9. He is sitting on the
seat.
,N ,9I !@)*B
saH aasande upavishati
10. Students are

running on the road.
[::N %:*? :)89

chchhaatraaH maargeshu
dhaavanti
11. Peackoks are

dancing on the
mountain.
%&U':N Bv'*? HF &89

mayuuraaH girishu nRRityanti
12. Young boys are

swiming in the river.
M:N R:K '89

taruNaaH nadyaa.n taranti
13. Girls are playing

in the play ground.
):B( :N n:CI <89

vaalikaaH kriiDaaN^gaNe
kriDanti
14. I will go in the

evening.
-K ,:&K :(I [:B%

aha.n saaya.nkaale
gachchhaami
15. Holiday is on
Sunday.
@)':%N $: ?):,'I $)B

viraamaH bhaanuvaasare
bhavati
16. When sun rises,

lotus blooms.
,U& <I !K @) ,B

suurye udite padma.n
vikasati
17. When moon rises,

lillies bloom.
9I <I ?%?:B @) ,89

chandre udite kumudaani
vikasanti
18. Among animals human

beings are the best.
:8 :K / :8+? ':N Ic:N

praaNinaa.n / praaNiShu
naraaH shreShThaaH
19. Do good as if death

is holding by hair.
F<- ) I*I+? %FH&? : %1%:'I J

gRRihita eva kesheShu
mRRityunaa dharmamaacharet
20. Friend made me sit

by holding my hands.
,: %:K 'I FH): !)I*& J

sakhaa maa.n kare dhRRitvaa
upaveshayat
21. Father loves son.
@!: !?I 8 B
pitaa putre snihyati
22. You trust me.
H)K %B& @)bB,<tva.n mayi vishvasihi
23. Respect father.
@!v' $@LK ?M
pitari bhakti.n kuru
Expressing the
thing on which
one sits or
stands etc.
Expressing the
time of action.
Expressing the
action of one
resulting in the
action of
another.
Comparision in
group.
Expressing part
of body held
separately.
Expressing trust,
fondness, love,
anger, worship
etc., in someone.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing something on which someone or

something
sits
or
stands
will
be
in
locative
case.
In sentence 9 if we ask the question "where is he seating?" or "on what is he
seating?", the answer that comes is on the seat. So, the word "seat" or ,9
(aasand) is in locative case as it is expressing the thing on which someone is seating.
Sentence
10
to
13
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: The word expressing the time of action in response to

the
question
on
verb
as
"when"
will
be
in
locative
case.
In sentence 14 answer to the question "when shall I go?" is "in the evening" or
"evening". So, the word "evening" or ,:&K :( (saaya.nkaala) is inlocative case.
Sentence
15
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: When the action of one results in action of another,

the thing whose action occurs first will be in locative case.
In sentence 16 - lotus blooms when sun rises. In other words the action of sun's
rising results in the action of the lotus blooming. So, the word "sun" or ,U&1 (suurya)
is
in locative
case.
Sentence
17
also
follow
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If a comparision in a group is being made then the

word expressing the group will be in locative case or in genitive
case.
In sentence 18 the word "animal" or :8
(praaNi) is in locative case (or
alternatively genitive case), as it represents the group in which human beings are
the
best.
Grammatical Rule: If a part of body is held separately then the word

expressing
the
part
will
be
in
locative
case.
In sentence 20 - my friend is holding my hand (separately) to make me seat. So, the
word "hand" or ' (kara) is in locative case as this is the part of body which is being
held
separately.
Sentence
19
also
follows
this
rule.
Grammatical Rule: If verbs meaning trust, fondness, love, anger,

worship etc., are used, the person in whom such trust or fondness is
shown
will
be
in
locative
case.
In sentence 21 the verb 8 B (snihyati) is used to express father's love in his son.
So, the word "son" or !? (putra) is in locative case. Sentence 22 and 23 also follow
this
rule.
Locative Case (,t%E @)$@L / saptamii vibhakti)

Word
*>
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(I
baale
#:(&]N
baalayoH
#:(I+?
baaleShu
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(:&:% J
lataayaam
(&]N
latayoH
(:,?
lataasu
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
R:% J
nadyaam
R]N nadyoH
5+?
nadiiShu
"(&]N
phalayoH
"(I+?
phaleShu
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
Vocative Case / ,f#]
!?K
"(I
phale
@)$@L (sambodhana vibhakti):
Vocative Case or ,f#]
@)$@L
(sambodhana vibhakti) of noun-form represents the word used to address or call

someone
or
something.
Study the following sentences. These are in vocative case.
O! Boy
-I #:(
he baala
O! Creeper
-I (I
he late
O! God
-I I )
he deva
Here boy (#:( / baala),

creeper ((: / lataa) and
God (I ) / deva) are in
vocative case or ,f#]
@)$@L (sambodhana vibhakti)
All the above sentences address or call someone. So, the person or thing being
addressed
is
in vocative
case.
Note: I (%S / asmad) and You (&?%S / yusmad) words do not have any
vocative
case.
Vocative Case (,f#]
@)$@L / sambodhana vibhakti)
Word
*>
Gender
B(C
Singular
)
Dual
<Q)
Plural
#-)
?
Similar Words
Boy
#:( / baala
M - !?K
#:(
baala
#:(P
baalau
#:(:N
baalaaH
Creeper
(: / lataa
F - DE
(I
late
(I
late
(:N
lataaH
River
5 / nadii
F - DE
5
nadii
R]
nadyau
RN
nadyaH
"(% J
phalam
"(I
phale
"(:B
phalaani
Fruit
"(% J / phalam
N -
!?K
Verb Forms ( F
F 9! / kRRidantapada):
In chapter 3 we studied B! (tiNâtapada).
We learnt that by adding B! J (tip) suffix to the verb rootwe get :?M! (dhaaturupa)
known as B! or tiNâtapada. The verb forms representing the tenses and
moods of verbs are B! or tiNâtapada. In this chapter we will study F 9!
(kRRidantapada) meaning words ending with F J (kRRit) suffix.
In the following chapters we will study the following verb forms or :?M!
(dhaaturupa).
?%? J H&& (tumun pratyaya)
H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya)
&! J H&& (lyap pratyaya)
&?d H&& (lyuT pratyaya)
L)? H&& (ktavatu pratyaya)
L H&& (kta pratyaya)
E&' J H&& (aniiyar pratyaya)
6& J H&& (tavyat pratyaya)
& J H&& (yat pratyaya)
*F H&& (shatRRi pratyaya)
*: J H&& (shaanach pratyaya)
@L J H&& (ktin pratyaya)
7 J H&& (ghJNj pratyaya)
( J H&& (khal pratyaya)
At the end of each chapter Practice Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and
verbs. Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good vocabulary for day-to-day
conversasion in Sanskrit.
?%? J H&& / tumun pratyaya (Sense Of Wish):
In this chapter we will study the ?%? J H&&
(tumun pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express - the sense of
wish or the intention to do something. In this the verb root gets ?%? J (tumun) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using ?%? J H&& (tumun pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
,K F
Sanskrit
1. The boy goes to

school to read.
#:( N !<?% J @)R:(&K [B

baalakaH paThitum
vidyaalaya.n gachchhati
!Y + ?%? J
paTh +
tumun
2. Father wants to
go to village.
@!: :%K 9?% J [B

pitaa graama.n gantum
ichchhati
% J + ?%? J
gam +
tumun
):(: !<?K @)R:(&% J [ J

3. The girl went to
vaalaa paThitu.n
school to study.
vidyaalam agachchhat
Comments
Verb
+ tumun
:? + ?%? J
dhaatu +
tumun
-
!Y + ?%? J
paTh +
tumun
4. Mother wants to
cook.
%:: L?% J [B

maataa paktum ichchhati
! J + ?%? J
pach +
tumun
5. He goes to city
to work.
,N :&x X?x 'K [B

saH kaarya.n kartu.n
nagara.n gachchhati
F + ?%? J
kRRi +
tumun
!:Y = !Y + 8 J
(paaTh = paTh
+ Nij). It
means "to
make others
read". 8 J
6. The teacher
wants to teach.
B*. N !:B&?% J [B

shikshakaH paaThayitum
ichchhati
!:Y + ?%? J
paaTh +
tumun
H&& (Nij
pratyaya)
will be
covered in
later
chapters. It
expresses the
action being
initiated by
someone.
-K \K
!:?K !:-:'%89'% J
?
7. I went to hotel
to drink milk.
[
aha.n dugdha.n paatu.n
upaahaaramandiram
agachchhata
H)K !? % J I?% J @)!8K [

8. You go to market
tva.n pustaka.n kretum
to buy the book.
vipaNi.n gachchha
9. Both the boys
want to play.
#:( P n<?% J [N

baalakau kriiDitum
ichchhataH
10. Both the girls

want to dance.
):B( I B1?% J [N

vaalike nartum ichchhataH
):K mK p? % J @)R:(&% J
11. Both of us went
[:)
to school to ask
aavaa.n prashna.n
questions.
praShTum agachchhaava
12. Both of you
want to go to
school.
&?):K @)R:(&K 9?% J [N

yuvaa.n vidyaalaya.n
gantum ichchhathaH
13. The girls want

to sing.
):(:N :?% J [89

vaalaaH gaatum ichchhanti
!: + ?%? J
paa tumun
n + ?%? J
krii +
tumun
nl + ?%? J
kriiD +
tumun

F J + ?%? J
nRRit +
tumun
!F[h + ?%? J
pRRichchh
+ tumun
% J + ?%? J
gam +
tumun
G + ?%? J
gaay +
tumun
F @+#(:N p? %
1 J [% J
14. Farmers went to
kRRiShibalaaH karShTum
plaugh.
agachchham
F + J + ?%? J
kraSh
tumun
$L:N !UB&?K bN B%&89

bhaktaaH puujayitu.n
shvaH aagamiShyanti
!U J + ?%? J
puuj +
tumun
15. Worshippers
will come to pray
tomorrow.
%1 :':N :&x ?%

1 J bN
F + ?%? J
kRRi +
tumun
16. Workers will

come to work
tomorrow.
B%&89
karmakaaraaH kaarya.n
kartum shvaH
aagamiShyanti
17. It is time to
read.
&K !<?K ,%&N

aya.n paThitu.n samayaH
!Y + ?%? J
puuj +
tumun
18. It is time to
eat.
&K $]L?K )I(:

iya.n bhoktu.n velaa
$. J + ?%? J
kRRi +
tumun
Use of words
,%&N
(samayaH) and
)I(: (velaa) to
express the
time when the
actions
"read" and
"eat" are due
to take
place.
In setences 1 to 16, the verbs "read", "go", "study", "cook", "teach", "work", "drink",
"buy", "play", "dance", "ask", "sing", "plaugh" and "pray" are suffixed with ?%? J H&&
(tumun
pratyaya).
The setences have multiple verbs besides the ?%? J suffixed ones. These verbs
"went", "go", "want" and "come" are in their respective tenses andnot in ?%? J H&&
(tumun
pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb expressing the wish

something
will
be
suffixed
with
?%? J H&&
or intention to do
(tumun
pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb with ?%? J (tumun) suffix is independent of

number and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the ?%? J (tumun) suffixed verbs are independent of
the subjects. They are not following the number and gender of thesubjects.
Grammatical Rule: If words expressing the time when certain action is
due, are used in the sentence, then the verb representing such action
will
have
?%? J
H&&
(tumun
pratyaya)
suffix.
In the sentences 17 and 18 the words ,%&N (samayaH) and )I(: (velaa) are used to
express the due time of reading and eating. So, the verbs "read" and "eat" are using
?%? J H&& (tumun pratyaya).
Followings are the ?%? J H&& (tumun pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs.
Commonly Used ?%? J H&& (tumun pratyaya) Forms

Verb
:?
dhaatu
?%? J
tumun
Verb
:?
dhaatu
?%? J
tumun
Verb
:?
dhaatu
?%? J
tumun
speak
J
kath
B&?K
kathayitu.n
bow
%J
nam
9?K
nantu.n
abandon
H& J
tyaj
H&L?K
tyaktu.n
sing
G
gai
:?K
gaatu.n
give
:
daa
:?K
daatu.n
listen
?
shru
]?K
shrotu.n
kill
- J
-9?K
hantu.n
accept
i
-5?K
grahiitu.n
sleep
*E
*B&?% J
shayitum
han
cry
9S
krand
know
/:
dnyaa
take
E
nii
89?K
kranditu.n
grah
measure
%:
maa
shii
go
% J
gam
%:?K
maatu.n
9?K
gantu.n
/:?K
dnyaatu.n
worship
!U J
puuj
!UB&?K
puujayitu.n
wear
), J
dhaatu
)B,?% J
ktvaach
I ?K

netu.n
travel
% J
bhram
B%?K
bhramitu.n
stay
:
sthaa
:?% J
sthaatum
H): J H&& / ktvaach pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
In this chapter we will study
the H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya). The verb form with this suffix is used to express
- an action which preceeds another action. In this the verb root gets the H): J
(ktvaach) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
1. The boy wants

to read after
playing.
,K F
Sanskrit
#:(N n<H): !<?% J
[B
baalaH kriiDitvaa
paThitum ichchhati
@!: :<H): :&:1(&% J
2. Father went to
office after
eating.
[ J
pitaa khaaditvaa
kaaryaalayam
agachchhat
Verb
+ ktvaachSuffix
:? + H): J (dhaatu
+ ktvaach)
n<H): = nl +
Comments
H): J
kriiDitvaa =
kriiD + ktvaach
:<H): = :S +
H): J
khaaditvaa =
khaad + ktvaach
%1 :'N :&x F H): *II

3. The worker
sleeps after
working.
4. Mother wants to
cook after taking
bath.
5. The teacher
asked question
karmakaaraH
kaarya.n kRRitvaa
shete
%:: :H): !L?% J
[B
maataa snaatvaa
paktum ichchhati
B*. N !:B&H): mK
F H): = F + H): J
kRRitvaa = kRRi
ktvaach
:H): = : + H): J
snaatvaa = snaa +
ktvaach
!:B&H): = !:Y +
!:Y = !Y + 8 J
after teaching.
!F[ J
shikahskaH
paaThayitvaa
prashna.n
apRRichchhan
H): J
paaThayitvaa =
paaTh + ktvaachn
(paaTh = paTh
+ Nij). It
means "to
make others
read". 8 J
H&& (Nij
pratyaya)
will be
covered in
later
chapters. It
expresses the
action being
initiated by
someone.
*:B&)B = B* +
L
):(: !<H): *:B&)B

6. The girl slept
after reading.
7. I drink water
after eating.
vaalaa paThitvaa
shaayitavati
-K :<H): @!):B%

aha.n khaaditvaa
pivaami
!<H): = !Y + H): J
paThitvaa = paTh
+ ktvaach
:<H): = :S +
H): J
khaaditvaa =
khaad + ktvaach
H)K !? K !<H): X'K

8. You give answer
after reading the
book.
!<H): = !Y + H): J
I <-
paThitvaa = paTh
tva.n pustaka.n
+ ktvaach
paThitvaa uttara.n
dehi
9. Both the girls

dance after
singing.
):(I EH): HF &N

vaale giitvaa
nRRityataH
EH): = G + H): J
giitvaa = gai +
ktvaach
10. Both the boys

play after going
#:(P F-K H): nN
H): = % J + H): J
(shaayitavati
= shi + kta).
L (kta) is an
alternative
of past tense
((C( :' /
laN^lakaara),
using which
past tense
can be
expressed
easily. This
will be
covered in
later
chapters.
-
home.
11. Both of us
read the letter
after writing.
baalau gRRiha.n
gatvaa kriiDataH
gatvaa = gam +
ktvaach
):% J !K B(8H):
B(8H): = B( J +
! J
aavaam patra.n
likhitvaa apaThat
H): J
likhitvaa = likh
+ ktvaach
&?):% J !? K aZ): ' :K

12. Both of you
write the essay
after referring
the book.
B(% J
yuvaam pustaka.n
dRRiShTvaa
rachanaa.n
likhatam
aZ): = a* J + H): J
dRRiShTvaa =
dRRish + ktvaach
F + :N $UB%K F Z): (K

13. Farmers water
the land after
plaughing.
B,789
kRRiShakaaH
bhuumi.n
kRRiShTvaa
siJNcjanti
):B( :N !UB&H): :?% J
14. The girls want

to sing after
worshiping.
[89
vaalikaaH
puujayitvaa gaatum
ichchhanti
F Z): = F + J + H): J
kRRiShTvaa =
kRRiSh + ktvaach
!UB&H): = !U J +
H): J
puujayitvaa =
puuj + ktvaach
%1 :':N :&x F H): )I K

15. Workers will
take wages after
working.
I &89
karmakaaraaH
kaarya.n kRRitvaa
vetana.n neShyanti
F H): = F + H): J
kRRitvaa = kRRi +
ktvaach
$L:N :H): !UB&?% J

16. Worshippers
come to pray after
taking bath.
17. The boy went

to school without
reading.
[89
bhaktaaH snaatvaa
puujayitum
aagachchhanti
:H): = : + H): J
snaatvaa = snaa +
ktvaach
#:( N !<H):
Use of 7 J to
express
negative of
H): J
an action.
apaThitvaa = na +
The
(na) is
paTh + ktvaach
replaced with
(a).
F H): =
+ F +
@)R:(&% J [ J
baalakaH
apaThitvaa
vidyaalayam
agachchhat
%1 :'N :&x F H):
18. The worker

went without doing
the work.
F-% J [ J
karmakaaraH
kaarya.n akRRitvaa
gRRiham agachchhat
!<H): =
+ !Y +
H): J
akRRitvaa = na +
kRRi + ktvaach
*F:(N ' & F-I

@)& ($:kI ! J
19. The jackal

fall in the water
tank after
entering the
washerman's house.
shRRigaalaH
rajakasya gRRihe
pravishya
jalabhaaNDe apatat
H)K F-: J !? K E&
20. You give the

book after
bringing from
home.
I <-
tva.n gRRihaat
pustaka.n aaniiya
dehi
Verbs
prefixed with
@)& = + @)* J + preposition
(!,1 /
&! J
pravishya = pra + upasarga).
vish + lyap
E& = +
E +
&! J
aaniiya = aa +
nii + lyap
In setences 1 to 16 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "play",
"eat", "teach", "read", "work", "bath", "sing", "go", "write", "refer", "plaugh" and
"worship" represent the action preceeding another action. So, these are suffixed with
H): J
H&&
(ktvaach
pratyaya).
In setences 3 and 14 the verbs "read", "sing" express the intent to do something.
So, these are in ?%? J (tumun) form. In all other setences the verb representing the
proceeding
action
are
in
their
respective
tenses
or
moods.
Grammatical Rule: If a setence has two verbs then the verb expressing
the earlier action will be suffixed with H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb with H): J (ktvaach) suffix is independent of
number and gender of the subject and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the H): J (ktvaach) suffixed verbs are independent of
Grammatical Rule: If the verb with H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya) is
preceeded with
7 J (naJnj) to express negative of an action then the
7 J (naJnj) can be replaced with (a) and is prefixed to the verb.

In the sentences 17 and 18 the verbs "read" and "do" are used with the
( 7 J /
naJNj) to express the action not being done. So, (a) has been prefixed to the the
H): J
(tvaach)
Grammatical
Rule:
If
form
the
verb
of
is
preixed
these
with
verbs.
preposition
(!,1 /
upasarga) then the verb will follow &! J H&& (lyap pratyaya) instead of
the
H): J
(ktvaach).
In the sentences 19 and 20 the verbs "bring" and "enter" have the prepositions
(!,1 / upasarga) (aa) and (pra) prefixed. So, instead of H): J (ktvaach) the
&! J H&& (lyap pratyaya) has been used.
Followings are the H): J H&& (tvaach pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs.
Commonly Used H): J H&& (ktvaach pratyaya) Forms

Verb
:?
Verb
:?
H): J
ktvaach
dhaatu
laugh
-, J
has
dhaatu
H): J
ktvaach
-B,H):
hasitvaa
serve
,I) J
sev
salute
%J
nam
H):
natvaa
free
%? J
much
%?H):
muktvaa
remember
%F
smRRi
%FH):
smRRitvaa
forgive
.% J
ksham
.B%H):
kshamitvaa
steal
?' J
chur
P'B&H):
chaurayitvaa
go
% J
gam
H):
gatvaa
Verb
:?
H): J
ktvaach
dhaatu
,I@)H):
sevitvaa
protect
'. J
raksh
'8.H):
rakshitvaa
eat
$. J
bhaksh
$8.H):
bhakshitvaa
worship
!U J
puuj
!UB&H):
puujayitvaa
fall
! J
pat
!BH):
pativtaa
&!
&! J H&& / lyap pratyaya (Sense Of Preceeding Action):
beg
&: J
yaach
&:BH):
yaachitvaa
compose
' J
rach
'B&H):
rachayitvaa
In this chapter we will study the
&! J H&& (lyap pratyaya). This verb form is used for the same purpose as H): J
H&& (ktvaach pratyaya). In other words this represents the verb form to express an action which preceeds another action. However, it is used only if the verb is
prefixed with any preposition or !,1 (upasarga) like (pra), (aa), ! (upa), !':
(paraa), ,% J (sam), B
(ni), B$ (abhi), B N (niH), @) (vi), B (adhi), B ' J (nir), J
(ut), !v' (pari), ? (anu) etc. In this the verb root gets the &! J (lyap) suffix.
Study the following sentences. These are using &! J H&& (lyap pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
,K F
Sanskrit
Verb
+ lyap Suffix
:? + &! J (dhaatu
+ lyap)
Comments
1. The boy slept

after coming from
#:( N @)R:(&: J f& f& = + % J +
school.
*II
baalakaH
vidyaalayaat
aagamya shete
B*. N !? % J B&
2. The teacher
taught after
reading the book.
!:& J
shikshakaH
pustakam adhiya
apaaThayat
):(: ,K!U& n<?% J
3. The girl wants

to play after
worshiping.
[B
vaalaa sa.npuujaya
kriiDitum
ichchhati
-K !? % J BH& mK
4. I asked the
question after
reading the book.
!FpN
aha.n pustakam
adhitya prashna.n
apRRiShTaH
H)K B( E% J E& !K
5. You write the

letter after
bringing the pen.
6. Both the boys

play after coming
home.
B(
tva.n likhaniim
aaniiya patra.n
likha
BH& = B + +
&! J
adhitya = adhi +
i + lyap
,K!U& = ,% J + !U&
+ &! J
sa.npuujya = sam
+ puuj + lyap
BH& = B + +
&! J
adhitya = adhi +
i + lyap
E& = +
E +
&! J
aaniiya = aa +
nii + lyap
#:(P F-% J f& nN f& = + % J +
baalau gRRiham
aagamya kriiDataH
):B( I !? % J ? FH&
7. Both the girls

sing referring the
book.
&! J
aagamya = aa +
gam + lyap
:&N
vaalike pustakam
anukRRitya
gaayataH
):K I ):(&K @)&
&! J
aagamya = aa +
gam + lyap
? FH& = ? + F +
&! J
anukRRitya = anu
+ kRRI + lyap
@)& = + @)* J +
8. Both of us
worshipped after
entering the
temple.
!U8): J
aavaa.n
devaalaya.n
pravishya
puujitavaan
&! J
pravishya = pra +
vish + lyap
9. Both of you
write the essay
after reading the
book.
&?):K !? % J B&
BH& = B + +
)9K B(% J
yuvaa.n pustakam
adhiya pravandha.n
&! J
adhitya = adhi +
i + lyap
likhatam
10. The girls
stitched the
garland after
collecting flowers.
11. Students spoak

after going near
the teacher.
):(: !?!:8K ,K

F
,K
F = ,% J + i +
%:(:% J B,): J
&! J
vaalaa puShpaaNi.n
sa.ngRRihya = sam
sa.ngRRihya
+ grah + lyap
maalaam sitavaan
[::N ?M% J !f&
!f& = ! + % J +
)N
chchhaatraaH durum
upagamya avadaH
&! J
upagamya = upa +
gam + lyap
In setences 1 to 11 there are two actions, one following the other. The verbs "come",
"read", "refer", "enter", "collect", and "go near" are suffixed with &! J H&& (lyap
pratyaya), as these represent the action preceeding the other action, and are
prefixed
with
prepositions
(!,1
/
upasarga).
Grammatical Rule: If the verb expressing the action preceeding another
action, is prefixed with preposition or !,1 (upasarga) like (pra),
(aa), ! (upa), !': (paraa), ,% J (sam), B
(ni), B$ (abhi), B N (niH), @)
(vi), B (adhi), B ' J (nir), J (ut), !v' (pari), ? (anu) etc., will be
suffixed
with
&! J
H&&
(lyap
pratyaya).
Grammatical Rule: The verb prefixed with preposition (!,1 / upasarga)

can
have
a
different
meaning,
than
the
original
verb.
In the sentences 1, 5, 7 and 11 the prefixed verbs have a different meaning than the
original
verbs.
Grammatical Rule: The verb with &! J (lyap) suffix is independent of
number and gender of the subject (noun) and is used as indeclinable.
In the above sentences the &! J (lyap) suffixed verbs are independent of
Followings are the &! J H&& (lyap pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs.
Commonly Used &! J H&& (lyap pratyaya) Forms

Verb
:?
dhaatu
get
! J
aap
&! J
lyap
:&
praapya
Verb
:?
dhaatu
go
:
sthaa
&! J
lyap
:&
prasthaaya
Verb
:?
dhaatu
defeat
8
ji
&! J
lyap
!':8H&
paraajitya
save
B
chi
,87H&
saJNchitya
read

i
BH&
adhitya
enter
@)* J
vish
@)&
pravishya
bring
E
nii
E&
aaniiya
collect, accept
i
grah
,K
F
sa.ngRRihya
salute
%J
nam
f&
praNamya
go
% J
gam
!f&
upagamya
&?d H&& / lyuT pratyaya (Verb As Object):
(lyuT
pratyaya).
Using
H&&
this
In this chapter we will study the &?d H&&
(pratyaya)
the verb can
be
expressed
as
an object ( %1 / karma) in the sentence. This helps substituting complex verb

forms with simpler alternatives. The verb "do" ( F / kRRi) is used to express the
action
in
the
sentence.
In other words - the subject, object and verb of a sentence undergoes the following
transformation, when &?d (lyuT) is applied to the verb.
Form With &Ud (lyuT)
Sentence Elements
Normal Form
Subject
:1
Nominative Case
%:@)8zL
Nominative Case
%:@)8zL
kartaa
prathamaavibhakti
prathamaavibhakti
Object
%1
Accusative Case
<QE&:@)$@L
Genitive Case
+cE@)$@L
karma
dvitiiyaavibhakti
ShaShThiivibhakti
Verb
<&:
B!C!
&?ZH&&
tipN^tapada
lyuT pratya
kriyaa
Applied
Study the following sentences. These are using &?d H&& (lyuT pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
1. The boy
will go.
,K F
Sanskrit
#:( N % % J v'&B
Verb
+ lyuT Suffix
:? + &?d
Comments
(dhaatu + lyuT)
% % J = % J + &?d
gamanam = gam +
lyuT
If the sentences
werenot in &?d H&&
baalakaH gamanam
kariShyati
2. She will
sleep.
,: *& % J v'&B
saa shayanam
kariShyati
3. Both of
them will
run.
P :) % J v'&N
tau dhaavanam
kariShyataH
I k? (& : % J
4. They will
donate rice.
v'&89
te taNDulasya
daanam kariShyanti
(lyuT pratyaya) form

the verb forms would
*& % J = *E + &?d have been - B%&B
shayanam = shii (gamiShyati), *&:I
+ lyuT
(shayaate) :@)&N
:) % J = :) J +
(dhaaviShyataH),
&?d
dhaavanam =
dhaav + lyuT
: % J = : + &?d
daanam = daa +
lyuT
5. I will
read the
book.
v'&:B%
aha.n pustakasya
paThanam
kariShyaami
! % J = !Y + &?d
paThanam = paTh
+ lyuT
6. Both of
us will
listen.
):K )% J v'&:)N

aavaa.n shravaNam
kariShyaavaH
)% J = ? + &?d
shravaNam =
shru + lyuT
)&K @)+&& %'% J

v'&:%N
vaya.n viShayasya
smaraNam
kariShyaamaH
!<&:B%
(paThiShyaami),%v'&:%N
(smatiShyaamaH),
B%&B, (gamiShyasi),
!<&N (paThiShyathaH)
and . (drakshatha).
-K !? & ! % J
7. We will
remember the
subject.
:&89 (daasyanti),
%'% J = %F +
&?d
smaraNaani =
smRRi + lyuT
H)K :&:1(&& % % J
8. You will
go to
office.
% % J = + % J +
v'&B,
&?d
tva.n
gamanam = gam +
kaaryaalayasya
lyuT
gamanam kariShyasi
9. Both of
you will
read.
&?):K ! % J v'&N
yuvaa.n paThanam
kariShyathaH
! % J = !Y + &?d
paThanam = paTh
+ lyuT
&?&K I ):(&& *1 % J

10. All of
you will see
the temple.
v'&
yuya.n
devaalayasya
darshanam
kariShyatha
*1 % J = a* J + &?d
darshanam =
dRRish + lyuT
11. You
should not
speak like
) K
B% J
tava kathana.n na
K = J + &?d
kathana.n =
this.
uchitam
kath + lyuT
12. Roaming
in the
evening is
good.
,:&K %K <- '% J

saaya.n bhramaNa.n
hitakaram
%K = % J + &?d
bhramaNa.n =
bhram + lyuT
In setences 1 to 12 the verbs "go", "sleep", "run", "donate", "read", "listen",

"remember", "see", "speak" and "roam" have been substituted with their &Ud (lyuT)
form, converting them into object or %1 (karma) of the setence. To represent the
action or <&: (kriyaa) the appropriate verb form of "do" or F :? (kRRi dhaatu) has
been
used.
Grammatical Rule: The verb form is used as the object or %1 (karma) in

the setence, and has the same form as theaccusative case singular of
word "fruit" ("(*> <QE&:@)$@L )
/ phalashabda dvitiiyaavibhakti
ekavachana).
Grammatical Rule: If the sentence has a %1 (object) then the accusative
case is replaced with the genitive case.
In setences 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 the words "rice", "book", "subject", "office" and
"temple" are the objects. Since, the &?d (lyuT) form of the verbs are used in the
setences, the objects are in genitive case form instade of accusative case form.
Grammatical
as subject.
Rule:
The
&?d
H&&
(lyuT
pratyaya)
can
also
be
used
In setences 11 and 12 the &?d (lyuT) form of the words "speak" and "roam" are
used as subjects.
Followings are the &?d H&& (lyuT pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs.
Commonly Used &?d H&& (lyuT pratyaya) Forms

Verb
:?
dhaatu
&?d
lyuT
Verb
:?
dhaatu
&?d
lyuT
Verb
:?
dhaatu
&?d
lyuT
read
!Y
paTh
! % J
paThanam
do
F
kRRi
'% J
karaNam
drink
!:
paa
!: % J
paanam
sleep
*E
shii
*& % J
shayanam
roam
% J
bhram
%% J
bhramaNam
speak
$:+ J
bhaaSh
$:+% J
bhaaShaNam
run
:) J
:) % J
dhaavanam
listen
?
)% J
shravaNam
see
a* J
*1 % J
darshanam
dhaav
take
E
nii
shru
give
:
daa
& %J
nayanam
dRRish
accept
i
grah
: % J
daanam
-% J
grahaNam
go
% J
gam
% % J
gamanam
speak
) J
vach
) % J
vachanam
serve
,I) J
sev
,I) % J
sevanam
remember
%F
smRRi
%'% J
smaraNam
be
$U
bhuu
$) % J
bhavanam
come
+ % J
aa + gam
% % J
aagamanam
L)? H&& / ktavatu pratyaya (Past Tense):
In this chapter we will study the L)? H&&
(ktavatu pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in active voice ( F)
1 :[& /
kartRRivaachya) sentences to express past tense. This is a simpler alternative to
(Z( :' (laTlakaara) verb-form.
Study the following sentences. These are using L)? H&& (ktavatu pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
1. I went to
temple.
,K F
Sanskrit
-K I ):(&K ): J

aha.n devaalaya.n
gatavaan
2. You went to
school.
H)K @)R:(&K ): J

tva.n
vidyaalaya.n
gatavaan
3. He went to
office.
,N :&:1(&K ): J
saH kaaryaalaya.n
gatavaan
4. The boy
went home.
#:( N F-K ): J

baalakaH gRRiha.n
gatavaan
5. Both of us
went.
):K )9P
aavaa.n
Verb + ktavatu Suffix

(gender, number)
:? + L)? (B(C, ) )
dhaatu + ktavatu
(liN^ga, vachana)
): J = % J + L)? (!?,
K
)
gatavaan = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
): J = % J + L)? (!?,
K
)
gatavaan = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
): J = % J + L)? (!?,
K
)
gatavaan = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
): J = % J + L)? (!?,
K
)
gatavaan = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
)9P = % J + L)? (!?,

K
Q5)
Comments
The sentences
are inactive
voice with L)?
(ktavatu)
suffixed words
expressing past
tense. The
verb-forms are
same
irrespective of
the person (!?M+
/ puruSha).
gatavantau
6. Both of you
went.
&?):K )9P
yuvaa.n
gatavantau
7. Both of
them went.
P )9P
tau gatavantau
gatavantau = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, dvii)
)9P = % J + L)? (!?,
K
Q5)
gatavantau = gam +
)9P = % J + L)? (!?,
K
Q5)
gatavantau = gam +
)9N = % J + L)? (!?K,
8. All of us
went.
)&K )9N
vaya.n gatavantaH
9. All of you
went.
&U&K )9N
yuuya.n
gatavantaH
10. All of
them went.
I )9N
te gatavantaH
)-?)
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, vahu)
):B( : I ):(&K )E
The subject in
)E = % J + L)? (DE, each sentence
is in feminine
)
gender (DEB(C
gatavatii = gam +
ktavatu (strii, eka) / striiliN^ga).
)-?)
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, vahuu)
)9N = % J + L)? (!?K,
)-?)
gatavantaH = gam +
)9N = % J + L)? (!?K,
11. The girl

went to
temple.
vaalikaa
devaalaya.n
gatavatii
):B( I @)R:(&K )H&P
12. Both the

girls went to
school.
vaalike
vidyaalaya.n
gatavatyau
13. All the

girls went
home.
):B( :N F-K )H&N

vaalikaaH
gRRiha.n
gatavatyaH
14. The boy

went to
market.
#:( N @)!8K ): J

baalakaH vipaNi.n
gatavaan
15. Both the
#:( P @)R:(&K )9P
The verb-form
)H&P = % J + L)? (DE, has taken the
form of the
Q5)
word "river"
gatavatyau = gam +
( 5 / nadii).
ktavatu (strii, dvii)
)H&N = % J + L)? (DE,
)-?)
gatavatyaH = gam +
ktavatu (strii, vahu)
): J = % J + L)? (!?,
K
)
gatavaan = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, eka)
)9P = % J + L)? (!?,
K
The subject in
each sentence
is inmasculine
gender (!?B(C /
puliN^ga). The
verb-form has
boys went to
school.
16. All the

boys went
home.
baalakau
vidyaalaya.n
gatavantau
Q5)
gatavantau = gam +
#:( :N F-K )9N

baalakaaH
gRRiha.n
gatavantaH
)9N = % J + L)? (!?K,

)-?)
gatavantaH = gam +
ktavatu (pu.n, vahuu)
) J = % J + L)? ( ,
17. The
vehicle went.
taken the form

of the word
"you" ($) J /
bhavat).
&: % J ) J
yaanam gatavat
)
gatavat = gam +
ktavatu (na, eka)
The subject in
each sentence
is in neuter
gender ( !?KB(C
/
napu.nliN^ga).
The verb-form
Q5)
has taken the
gatavatii = gam +
form of the
ktavatu (na, dvii)
word "sir"
)89 = % J + L)? ( , (E% J /
shriimat).
)-?)
gatavanti = gam +
ktavatu (na, vahu)
)E = % J + L)? ( ,
18. Both the

vehicles went.
&: I )E
yaane gatavatii
19. All the

vehicles went.
&: :B )89
yaanaani
gatavanti
Grammatical Rule: In active voice ( F)

1 :[& / kartRRivaachya) sentences
the verb with L)? (ktavatu) suffix is used to express action in past
tense; and it follows the number ()
/ vachana) and gender (B(C /
liN^ga) of the subject ( :1 / kartaa).

Grammatical Rule: The L)? (ktavatu) suffixed word does not follow
the person (!?M+ / puruSha) of the subject, and has the same verb-form
for first person (X%!?M+ / uttamapuruSha), second person (%W&%!?M+ /
madhyamapuruSha) and third person(%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha).
The sentences 1, 2, 3 and 4 have "I" (%S / asmad), "you" (&?%S / yuShmad),
"he" (S / tad) and "boy" (#:( / baala) as subjects in singular( )
ekavachana) form. The verb-form used for all is ): J (gatavaan). Similarly,
sentences 5 to 7 subjects ( :1 / kartaa) are in dual (Q5)
/ dviivachana) form with
)9H&P (gatavantyau) as the L)? (ktavatu) verb-form. The sentences 8 to

10 subjects ( :1 / kartaa) are in plural ()-)
?
/ vahuvachana) form with )9N
(gatavantaH) as the L)? (ktavatu) verb-form. In all the sentences the L)?
(ktavatu) verb-form is not affected by the persons or !?M+ (puruSha) of
the subject ( :1 / kartaa). This makes L)? (ktavatu) suffix a simpler alternative to
(Z( :' (laTlakaara) where each person or !?M+ (puruSha) follows a different verb-
form.
Grammatical Rule: The L)? (ktavatu) suffixed word follows the noun-form
of "you" ($) J / bhavat), "river" ( 5 / nadii) and "sir" (E% J /
shriimat) words to express masculine (!?B(C /
puliN^ga), feminine (DEB(C / striiliN^ga) and neuter( !?KB(C /
napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
The sentences 1 to 19 are expressing action in past tense. In sentences 1 to 10 and
14 to 16 the subjects are in masculine gender (!?B(C / puliN^ga) and the
corresponding L)? (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form of word "you"
($) J / bhavat). The subjects in sentences 11 to 13 are in feminine gender (DEB(C
/ striiliN^ga), and the respective L)? (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the
form of word "river" ( 5 / nadii). Similarly, in the sentences 17 to 19
the subjects are in neuter gender ( !?KB(C / napu.nliN^ga), and the L)? (ktavatu)
suffixed words are following the form of word "sir" (E% J / shriimat).
Followings are the L)? H&& (ktavatu pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs.
Only
the nominative
case singular (%:@)$@L
)
prathamaavibhakti
ekavachana) form is given following the noun-form of "you" ($) J / bhavat), "river"
( 5 / nadii) and "sir" (E% J / shriimat) words, for each gender.
Commonly Used L)? H&& (ktavatu pratyaya) Forms

Verb
:?
dhaatu
eat
:S
khaad
take
E
nii
L)?
ktavatu
:<): J,
:<)E,
:<) J
khaaditavaan,
khaaditavatii,
khaaditavat
E): J,
E)E,
E) J
niitavaan,
niitavatii,
Verb
:?
dhaatu
L)?
ktavatu
go
% J
gam
): J, )E,
fall
! J
pat
!B): J, !B)E,
) J
gatavaan,
gatavatii,
gatavat
!B) J
patitavaan,
patitavatii,
Verb
:?
dhaatu
sing
G
gai
L)?
ktavatu
E): J, E)E,
E) J
giitavaan,
giitavatii,
giitavat
worship
!U8): J,
!U J
!U8)E, !U8) J
puuj
puujitavaan,
puujitavatii,
niitavat
see
a* J
dRRish
patitavat
ap): J, ap)E,
)
J
|
dRRiShTavaan,
dRRiShTavatii,
dRRiShTavat
know
/:
dnyaa
/:): J, /:)E,
fear
$E
bhii
$E): J, $E)E,
/:) J
dnyaatavaan,
dnyaatavatii,
dnyaatavat
$E) J
bhiitavaan,
bhiitavatii,
bhiitavat
puujitavat
accept F-5): J, F-5)E,

i
F-5) J
grah
gRRihiitavaan,
gRRihiitavatii,
gRRihiitavat
do
F
kRRi
F ): J, F )E,
L H&& / kta pratyaya (Past Tense):
F ) J
kRRitavaan,
kRRitavatii,
kRRitavat
tell
J
kath
ask
[h
prachchh
B): J,
B)E, B) J
kathitavaan,
kathitavatii,
kathitavat
!Fp): J, !Fp)E,
!Fp) J
pRRiShTavaan,
pRRiShTavatii,
pRRiShTavat
In this chapter we will study the L H&& (kta
pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in passive voice and impersonal
voice sentences to express past tense. This is a simpler alternative to (Z( :'
(laTlakaara) verb-form.
Study the following sentences. These are using L H&& (kta pratyaya).
C\($:+:
English
,K F
Sanskrit
1. The school
was gone by
Rama
':%I @)R:(&N N

raameNa
vidyaalayaH
gataH
[:GN X':8
2. The answers
B(8:B
were written
by the
chchhaatraiH
uttaraaNi
students.
likhitaani
3. The girl
was asked by
B*. I ):(: !Fp:

shikshakena
Verb
+ kta Suffix
(gender, number)
:? + L (B(C,
) )
dhaatu + kta
(liN^ga,
vachana)
Comments
N = % J + L (!?,
K Sentences are
inpassive
)
voice ( %1):[& /
gataH = gam +
kta (pu.n, eka) karmavaachya). The L
suffixed words are
B(8:B = B( J + following the number
() / vachana) and
L ( , )-?)
likhitaani =
gender (B(C / liN^ga)
likh + kta (na,
of the objects ( %1 /
vahu)
karma).
!Fp: = !F[h + L
the teacher.
vaalaa
pRRiShTaa
4. The fruit
was eaten by
him.
I "(% J :<% J
tena phalam
khaaditam
5. The two
books were
read by you.
H)&: !? I !<I

tvayaa pustake
paThite
(DE, )
pRRiShTaa =
pRRichchh + kta
(strii, eka)
:<% J = :S + L
&?):z&:% J !?& % J
6. The book
was read by
both of you.
7. The fruits
were eaten by
all of you.
!<% J
yuvaabhyaam
pustakam
paThitam
10. The books

were read by
us.
!<I = !Y + L
( , Q5)
paThite = paTh +
kta (na, dvii)
!<% J = !Y + L
( , )
paThitam = paTh
+ kta (na, eka)
= :S + L
&?%:B$N "(:B
:<:B
:<:B
yusmaabhiH
phalaani
khaaditaani
( , )-?)
khaaditaani =
khaad + kta (na,
vahu)
8. The village %&: :%N N

was gone by
mayaa graamaH
me.
gataH
9. The game
was played by
both of us.
( , )
khaaditam =
khaad + kta (na,
eka)
N = % J + L (!?,
K
)
gataH = gam +
kta (pu.n, eka)
):z&:% J n:
n<: = nl + L
n<:
aavaabhyaam
kriiDaa
kriDitaa
(DE, )
kriDitaa = kriD
+ kta (strii,
eka)
%:B$N !? :B
!<:B
!<:B
asmaabhiH
pustakaani
paThitaani
( , )-?)
paThitaani =
paTh + kta (na,
vahu)
= !Y + L
% J = % J + L
11. Gone by
Rama.
':%I % J
raameNa gatam
12. Laughed by ):(:B$N -B,% J
( , )
gatam = gam +
kta (na, eka)
-B,% J = -, J + L
Sentences are
inimpersonal voice or
($:)):[& /
bhaavavaachya). The L
(kta) suffixed words
are in nominative
girls.
vaalaabhiH
hasitam
13. Written by H)&: B(8% J

you.
tvayaa likhitam
( , )
hasitam = has +
kta (na, eka)
casesingular (%:@)$@L
) /
prathamaavibhakti
ekavachana) of the
B(8% J = B( J + L
neuter word "fruit"
( , )
"( (phala).
likhitam = likh
+ kta (na, eka)
F % J = F + L ( ,
14. Done by
me.
%&: F % J
mayaa kRRitam
)
kRRitam = kRRi +
kta (na, eka)
n<% J = nl + L
15. Played by
us.
%:B$N n<% J
asmaabhiH
kriiDitam
16. I took
money.
-K K EN
aha.n dhana.n
niitaH
):K %G XP

17. Both of us
aavaa.n
tasmai
gave him.
dattau
18. We read
the book.
)&K !? K !<:N

vaya.n pustakam
paThitaaH
19. You took

the book.
H)K !? K EN

tva.n pustaka.n
niitaH
20. Both of
you saw the
moon.
&?):K 9K apP

yuvaa.n
chandra.n
dRRiShTau
21. All of you &U&K (K !E:N

drank water.
yuuya.n jala.n
piitaaH
( , )
kriiDitam =
kriiD + kta (na,
eka)
EN =
E + L (!?,
K
)
niitaH = nii +
kta (pu.n, eka)
XP = : + L (!?,
K
Senences are in active

voice ( F)
1 :[& /
kartRRivaachya). The L
(kta) suffixed words
are following
thegender (B(C /
Q5)
dattau = daa + liN^ga),number ()
kta (pu.n, dvii) vachana)
and case (@)$@L /
!<:N = !Y + L
vibhakti) of
(!?K, )-?)
thesubject ( :1 /
paThitaaH = paTh kartaa).
+ kta (pu.n,
vahu)
EN =
E + L (!?,
K
)
niitaH = nii +
kta (pu.n, eka)
apP = a* J + L (!?,
K
Q5)
dRRiShTau =
dRRish + kta
(pu.n, dvii)
!E:N = !E + L (!?,
K
)-?)
niitaaH = pii +
kta (pu.n, vahu)
22. He went
home.
,N |-K N
saH gRRIha.n
gataH
23. Both of
them went to
school.
P @)R:(&K P
tau
vidyaalaya.n
gatau
N = J + L (!?,
K
)
gataH = gam +
kta (pu.n, eka)
P = % J + L (!?,
K
Q5)
gatau = gam +
kta (pu.n, dvii)
:<:N = :S + L
24. They ate

rice.
I 9 K :<:N
te anna.n
khaaditaaH
(!?K, )-?)
khaaditaaH =
khaad + kta
(pu.n, vahu)
8N = : + L
25. Rama
stayed in
forest.
':%N ) I 8N
raamaH vane
sthitaH
26. The girl

laughed
loudly.
-B,: = -, J + L
):B( : [GN -B,:
vaalikaa
(DE, )
uchchaiH
hasitaa = has +
hasitaa
kta (strii, eka)
(!?K, )-?)
sthitaH = sthaa
+ kta (pu.n,
vahu)
I = , J + L
27. Both the
girls sat on
the seat.
):B( I , I I
vaalike aasane
aaste
28. The girls

were watching
movie.
9&:N (BK ap:N

kannyaaH
chalachitra.n
dRRiShTaaH
(DE, Q5)
aaste = aas +
kta (strii,
dvii)
ap:N = a* J + L
(DE, )-?)
dRRiShTaaH =
dRRish + kta
(strii, vahu)
% J = % J + L
&: K % J
yaana.n gatam
( , )
gatam = gam +
kta (na, eka)
"(I )F.: J !BI

30. Two fruits
fall from the phale
vRRikshaat
tree.
patite
!BI = ! J + L
29. The
vehicle went.
( , Q5)
patitam = patite
+ kta (na, dvii)
!? :B
31. The books
were in the
box.
!I< :&:% J
8:B
pustakaani
peTikaayaam
sthitaani
32. The given

book.
XK !? % J
datta.n
pustakam
33. The
written poem.
B(8K E% J
likhita.n
giitam
n:B !? :B
34. The bought
kriitaani
books.
pustaka
8:B
( , )-?)
sthitaani =
sthaa + kta (na,
vahu)
XK = : + L ( ,
)
datta.n = daa +
kta (na, eka)
B(8K = B( J + L
The L (kta) suffixed

words have been used
asadjective (@)*I+ /
visheShaNa) while
expressing sense
ofpast tense.
( , )
likhita.n = likh
+ kta (na, eka)
n:B
= n + L
( , )-?)
kriitaani = krii
+ kta (na, vahu)
!B:B
!B:B !:8
35. The fallen
patitaani
leaves.
patraani
= : + L
= ! J + L
( , )-?)
pat =
itrans_verb +
kta (na, vahu)
:<% J = :S + L
36. The eaten

food.
:<% J :R% J
khaaditam
khaadyam
( , )
khaaditam =
khaad + kta (na,
eka)
Grammatical Rule: The verb with L (kta) suffix follows the noun-form of
"boy" (#:( / baala), "creeper" ((: /lataa) and "fruit" ("( / phala)
words to express masculine (!?B(C / puliN^ga), feminine (DEB(C /
striiliN^ga) and neuter ( !?KB(C / napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
In the sentences above all the verbs with L (kta) suffix are following the noun-form
of these words to express different genders.
Grammatical Rule: In passive voice ( %1):[& / karmavaachya),

the subject ( :1 / kartaa) will be in instrumental case(FE&:@)$@L /
tRRitiiyaavibhakti), the object ( %1 / karma) will be in nominal
case (%:@)$@L / prathamaavibhakti) and theverb with L (kta) suffix
will follow the number ()
/ vachana) and gender (B(C / liN^ga) of
the object ( %1 / karma).

The sentences 1 to 10 are in passive voice, and are following this rule.
Grammatical Rule: In impersonal voice or $:)):[& (bhaavavaachya),

the verb with L (kta) suffix follows the nominative
casesingular (%:@)$@L )
the neuter form.
/ prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) of
The sentences 11 to 15 are in impersonal voice, and are following this rule.
Grammatical Rule: In active voice ( F)

1 :[& / kartRRivaachya) sentence
the verb with L (kta) suffix expressing past tense((C( :' /
laN^lakaara), follows the gender (B(C / liN^ga), number ()
/ vachana)
and case (@)$@L / vibhakti) of thesubject ( :1 / kartaa).

The sentences 16 to 31 are in active voice, and the verb form in each follows the
noun form of the subject ( :1 / kartaa).
Grammatical Rule: The L (kta) suffixed word expressing past tense can be
used as adjective (@)*I+ / visheShaNa).
The sentences 32 to 36 express sense of past tense using L (kta) suffix, and these
words are used as adjective (@)*I+ / visheShaNa).
Followings are the L H&& (kta pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs. Only
the nominative case singular (%:@)$@L )
/ prathamaavibhakti ekavachana)
form is given following the noun form of boy (#:( / baala), creeper ((: /lataa) and
fruit ("( / phala) words, for each gender.
Commonly Used L H&& (kta pratyaya) Forms

Verb
:?
dhaatu
L
kta
Verb
:?
dhaatu
L
kta
Verb
:?
dhaatu
L
kta
do
F
kRRI
F N, F :,
write
B( J
likh
B(8N,
take
E
nii
F % J
kRRitaH,
kRRitaa,
kRRitam
B(8:,
B(8% J
likhitaH,
likhitaa,
likhitam
EN,
E:,
E% J
niitaH,
niitaa,
niitam
see
apN, p:
| , p%
| J
a* J
dRRiShTaH,
dRRish dRRIShTaa,
dRRiShTam
N, :, % J

gataH, gataa,
gatam
read
!Y
paTh
!<N, !<:, !<% J

paThitaH, paThitaa,
paThitam
speak
)S
vad
LN, L:, L% J

ukta, uktaa,
uktam
tell
J
kath
BN, B:, B% J

kathitaH,kathitaa,
kathitam
drink
!:
paa
!EN, @!:,
accept
i
grah
F-5N, |-5:, |-5% J

gRRIhiitaH,
gRRIhiitaa,
gRRIhiitam
be,
happen
$U
bhuu
$UN, $U:, $U% J

bhuutaH, bhuutaa,
bhuutam
give
:
daa
XN, X:, X% J

dattaH, dattaa,
dattam
kill
- J
han
-N, -:, -% J

hataH, hataa, hatam
!E% J
piitaH,
piitaa,
piitam
ask
!FpN, !Fp:, !Fp% J
[h
pRRiShTaH,
prachchh pRRiShTaa,
pRRiShTam
play n<N, n<:,

nl
n<% J
kriiD
kriiDitaH,
kriiDitaa,
kriiDitam
know
/:
dnyaa
go
% J
gam
/:N, /::,
/:% J
dnyaataH,
dnyataa,
dnyatam
stay
:
sthaa
8N, 8:,
listen
?
shru
?N, ?:, ?% J

shrutaH,
shrutaa,
shrutam

? ):' (anusvaara) vs. % J (m):
8% J
sthitaH,
sthitaa,
sthitam
In this chapter we will study about the rules governing the
use of % J (m) in place of ?):' (anusvaara) symbol. In Sanskrit words ending with
?):' (anusvaara) can also end with the letter % J (m). For example the accusative
case of the word "boy" can be written as #:(K (baala.n) as well as #:(% J (baalam).
These end with ?):' (anusvaara) and % J (m) respectively. The substitution of
?):' (anusvaara) with % J (m) is governed by certain rules.
Study the following sentences. These are using ?):' (anusvaara) and % J (m) as
appropriate.
C\($:+: / English
,K F / Sanskrit
Notes
1. He did the work.
,N :&1% J '] J
saH kaaryam akarot
Words :&1% J
2. She read the book.
,: !? % J ! J
saa pustakam apaThat
(pustakam),
3. I went to school.
-K @)R:(&% J [% J

aha.n vidyaalayam
agachchham
(kaaryam), !? % J
@)R:(&% J
(vidyaalayam),
.E'% J (kshiiram)
and % J (uShNam)
are followed by
vowels.
4. Milk is warm.
.E'% J % J 8

kshiiram uShNam asti
5. This is a book.
J !? % J
etat pustakam
Words !? % J
6. Bhubaneswar is a
beautiful city.
$?) I)'N ,?9'K '% J

bhuvanesvaraH sundara.n
nagaram
(nagaram), !% J
7. I read the lesson.
-K !:% J !% J

aha.n paaTham apaTham
8. This fruit is sweet.
J "(% J %?'% J
etat phalam madhuram
-K @)R:(&K [:B%
aha.n vidyaalaya.n
gachchhaami
Words @)R:(&K
9. I am going to school.
10. Blue cloud is

beautiful.
E(K %IK ,?9'% J

niila.n megha.n sundaram
(meghya.n), k? (K
11. Give rice to the

beggar.
B$.? :& k? (K I <-

bhikshukaaya taNDula.n
dehi
12. He will do the work.
,N :&x v'&B
saH kaarya.n kariShyati
(pustakam),
'% J
(apaTham) and
%?'% J (madhuram)
are the last
words of the
sentences.
(vidyaalaya.n),
E(K (niila.n), %IK
(taNDula.n) and
:&x (kaarya.n)
are followed by a
consonant.
Grammatical Rule: If the word ending with ?):' (anusvaara) is followed

by a vowel or )')1 (svaravarNa) then ?):' (anusvaara) is substituted
with
%J
letter
(m).
In sentence 1, 2, 3 and 4 the words :&1% J (kaaryam), !? % J (pustakam), @)R:(&% J

(vidyaalayam), .E'% J (kshiiram) and % J (uShNam) are followed by vowels. So,
letter
%J
(m)
has
been
used
insteade
of
?):'
(anusvaara).
Grammatical Rule: If the sentence ends with a word which itself ends
?):'
with
(anusvaara)
then
?):'
is
substituted
%J
letter
In
(anusvaara)
sentence
5,
6,
and
the
with
(m).
letter
%J
(m)
has
been
used.
Grammatical Rule: If the word ending with ?):' (anusvaara) is followed

by a consonant
remains
6&7 )1
as
or
(vyaJNjanavarNa)
then
it
?):'
In sentence 9, 10, 11 and 12 the words @)R:(&K (vidyaalaya.n),
(anusvaara)
is.
E(K (niila.n), %IK
(meghya.n), k? (K (taNDula.n) and :&x (kaarya.n) are followed by consonants. So,
?):' (anusvaara) has been used.
H)@):
(Natvavidhaana) - :' (nakaara) vs. :' (Nakaara):
about H)@):
In this chapter we will study
(Natvavidhaana) or rules relating to substitution of
with :' (Nakaara). In Sanskrit words ending with letter
:' (nakaara)
(na) can be substituted
with the letter with (Na), if certain rules are satisfied. For example
the instrumrntal case of :':9 (akaaraanta) words "god" and "Rama" are I )I
(devena) and ':%I (raameNa) respectively. In the second case the word ends with
(Na) insteade of
(na).
B B%% J (nimitam): For the H) (Natvaa) to take place atleast one letter anywhere in
the word before the
:' (nakaara) has to be 'I "J (rephaH) or ' (ra), + :'
(Shakaara), :' (RRikaara) or ?):' (anusvaara). This letter is called the B B%% J
(nimitam).
Study the following sentences. These are using
(na) and (Na) as appropriate.
B B%% J
nimitam
)1@)$:
varNavibhaaga
'
ra
'J +
k a r e + na

RRi
) J . J + :% J
v RRi ksh aa + naam
'J
r
J J ' J + :% J
ch a t u r + naam
F N
4.
kRRiShNaH
+J
Sh
J + J + N
k RRi Sh + naH

F :% J
nareNa

RRi
J + :% J
n RRi + naam
*>
shabda
1.
'I
kareNa
2.
)F.::K
vRRikshaaNaa.n
3.
?:1% J
chaturNaam
5.
Notes
The words have
'I "J (rephaH) or '
(ra), + :'
(Shakaara), :'
(RRikaara) or
?):'
(anusvaara)
letters appearing
before the :'
(nakaara).
:' (nakaara)
6.
)
itrans
'J
r
'J ) J +
g a r v e + na
7.
'@):
itrans
'
ra
'J ) J + :
r a v i + naa
8.
9I
itrans
'
ra
J S 'J +
i n d r e + na
-'5:
itrans
'
r
i ' J + :% J
h a r ii + naam
)1 (kavarga),
10.
!?M+I
itrans
'
ra
! J 'J + J +
p u r u Sh e + na
(ha), &(ya), )
11.
5
itrans
'J
r
S 'J J +
d ii r gh e + na
12.
$?:
itrans
'
ra
! J 'J $ J + :
p r a bh u + naa
13.
1
? %I
itrans
'J
r
S 'J J % J +
d u r g a m e + na
14.
)'5)% J
itrans
'
ra
) J S 'J ) J + % J
v a d a r ii v a + nam
15.
':%I
itrans
'
ra
'J % J +
r aa m e + na
16.
'I *I
itrans
'
ra
J 'J * J +
n a r e sh e + na
17.

karNena
'J
r
J ' J J +
k a r N e + na
18.
%-:':I
mahaaraajena
'
ra
% J i 'J J +
m a h aa r aa j e + na
'J
ra
) J 'J J ( J ! J +
v aa r t aa l aa p e + na
'
ra
% J 'J J +
m aa r i ch e + na
9.
)::1(:!I
19.
vaartaalaapena
20.
%:'5I
maariichena
21.
-(I
halena
i (J J
h a l e n a
22.
I ): :K
devaanaa.n
S ) J J K
d e v aa n aa.n
23.
$] I
bhojanena
$J J J J
bh o j a n e n a
and B B%% J
(nimitam) are
intervened by
letters from
)')1
(svaravarga),
!)1 (pavarga), (va), or ?):'
(anusvaara).
:' (nakaara)
and letters '
(ra), ' J (r) are
intervened by
letters * (sha),
(Na), (ja), (
(la), (cha).
The words do not

have any letter
to be the B B%% J
(nimitam).
24.
!:k): :K
paaNDavaanaa.n
! J J l ) J J K
p aa N D a v aa n aa.n
25.
#:(I
baalena
)J (J J
v aa l e n a
:' (nakaara) is preceeded by one of the
Grammatical Rule: If the
letters 'I "J (rephaH) or ' (ra), + :' (Shakaara), :' (RRikaara) or ?):'
(anusvaara)
H)
then
(Natvaa)
will
take
place.
In words 1 to 5 letters ' (ra), (RRi), ' J (r) and + J (Sh) appear immediately before
the
:' (nakaara). So, H) (Natva) has taken place and
substituted
:'
with
+ :'
intervened
(Shakaara),
by
letters
(Nakaara).
:' (nakaara) and letters 'I "J (rephaH) or '

(ra),
:' (nakaara) has been
:'
of
(RRikaara)
)')1
or
?):'
(svaravarga),
(anusvaara)
are
(kavarga),
!)1
)1
(pavarga), - (ha), &(ya) or ) (va) then H) (Natvaa) is not affected and
:'
(nakaara)
is
substituted
:'
with
(Nakaara).
In words 6 to 15 the letters (e), (i), (ii), (u), (ga), and ) (va) appear
between the letters ' J (r), ' (ra), and the
:' (nakaara). So, H) (Natva) has taken
place.
(ra),
+ :'
(Shakaara),
:' (nakaara) and letters 'I "J (rephaH) or '

:'
(RRikaara)
or
?):'
(anusvaara)
are
intervened by letters "other than" of )')1 (svaravarga), )1 (kavarga),

!)1 (pavarga), - (ha), &(ya) or ) (va) then H) (Natvaa) does not take
place.
In words 16 to 20 letters * (sha), (Na), (ja), ( (la), (cha) appear between
:' (nakaara) and the letters ' (ra), ' J (r). So, H) (Natvaa) has not taken
place.
the
Grammatical Rule: If the word does not have any of the letters 'I "J
(rephaH) or ' (ra), + :' (Shakaara), :' (RRikaara) or ?):' (anusvaara)
anywhere
place.
before
the
:' (nakaara)
then
H) (Natvaa)
does
not
take
In words 21 to 25 the letters 'I "J (rephaH) or ' (ra), + :' (Shakaara), :'
(RRikaara) or ?):' (anusvaara) do not appear before the
(Natvaa) has not taken place.
:' (nakaara). So, H)
In chapter 1 and 4 we learnt about noun

forms. Each noun has 7 different cases in addition to avocative case. The noun
form is derived by adding special suffix ,?! J (sup) to the root of the word. All such
oun Form Classification (*>o!
*>o! / shabdaruupa):
words are also called ,?#9! (subantapada) meaning "ending with ,?! J (sup)". In this
chapter we will learn about classification of nouns and their respective ,?! J (sup)
suffixes.
In Sanskrit nouns are classified into different categories based on:
their gender and,

ending alphabate. The ending alphabates can be - (a), (aa), (i), (ii),
(u), (uu), (RRi), ' J (r), * J (sh), J (t), J (in), J (j),
(na), (da) and
(o) etc. A word ending with (a) is called :':9N (akaaraantaH) or

"ending with a". Similarly word ending with (i) is called :':9N
(ikaaraantaH) or "ending with i", and so on.
)':9: m - , , , , , , f - , , , , , n - , ,
6&7 :9: m - , , , , J, - J, J, *, +, , f - 'I :9, ), * J, + J, , n -
, J,
, J, , J, , J
The noun form for each category of word is derived by adding pre-defined pattern of
,?! J (sup) suffixes to the word root. All other words in that category follow the same
pattern. For example - the word "boy" or #:( (baala) has a form like #:(N (baalaH),
#:(P (baalau), #:(:N (baalaaH) and so on. The word "God" or I ) (deva) is of the same
category and follows the same pattern as I )N (devaH), I )P (devau), I ):N (devaaH). In
both the cases the suffixes N (aH), (au) and N (aaH) were added to the root
words boy (#:( / baala) and God (I ) / deva) to get the derived form.
Following is a set of over 40+ important nouns with their noun-forms along with the
list of words of same category. Knowing these will help in deriving the noun forms of
other similar words. Note: We are in the process of adding more such nouns.
Boy - #:( - baala
Poet - @) - kavi
Creeper - (:
- lataa
Husband - !B
pati
Friend
Intelligence
%B - mati
River -
nadii
Wife -
DE
strii
Cow - I ?
dhenu
Bride - )U
,8
sakhi
Knowledgable
,?E - sudhii
Army Chief - ,I : E
- senaanii
Teacher
guru
?M
vadhuu
Fruit - "(
I - %S -
asmad
You
&?%S
yuShmad
He (That)
- S - tad
- phala
5 -
Rain - ):v'
- vaari
Eye - 8.
- akshi
Honey
%?
She
(That)
S - tad
That - S
madhu
Name
:% J
- tad
He
(This)
Giver
:F1
datRRi
Father
pitRRi
Cow - ] - go
@!F
Cloud - !&]%? J -
payomuch
Merchant - )8 J -
vaNij
Emperor - ,: J -
samraaj
King, Mountain $U$
F J - bhuubhRRit
Going
Mother - %:F
maatRRi
Danger - @)!S
- vipad
[ J
Direction - <* J
- dish
naaman
Deed
%1 J
karman
Milk - !&, J
- payas
% J
idam
She (This)
- % J idam
This - % J
- idam
gachchhat
King - ': J raajan
Traveller - !B J pathin
Who,
What (m)
- < % J kim
Who,
What (f) < % J - kim
Who,
What (n) < % J - kim
All (m) ,)1

-
sarva
All (f)
,):1
sarvaa
All (n)
,)1
sarva
Boy - #:( - baala

Boy - #:( - baala
( :':9 !?KB(C - akaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
#:(N
#:(P
#:(:N
baalaH
baalau
baalaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
#:(% J
baalam
#:(P
baalau
#:(: J
baalaan
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
baalena
#:(:z&:% J
baalaabhyaam
baalaiH
#:(I
#:(GN
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
#:(:&
#:(:z&:% J
#:(Iz&N
baalaaya
baalaabhyaam
baalebhyaH
#:(: J
#:(:z&:% J
#:(Iz&N
baalaat
baalaabhyaam
baalebhyaH
#:(&
#:(&]N
#:(: :% J
baalasya
baalayoH
baalaanaam
#:(I
#:(&]N
#:(I+?
baale
baalayoH
baaleShu
#:(
#:(P
#:(:N
baala
baalau
baalaaH
#:( , I ),
', ,?', ':%, B,K-, )F., ?, )1, (]$, %:1, m
Poet - @) - kavi
Poet - @) - kavi
( :':9 !?KB(C - ikaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
@)N
)E
)&N
kaviH
kavii
kavayaH
@)% J
)E
kavim
kavii
)E J
kaviin
@) :
@)z&:% J
@)B$N
kavinaa
kavibhyaam
kavibhiH
)&I
@)z&:% J
@)z&N
kavaye
kavibhyaam
kavibhyaH
)IN
@)z&:% J
@)z&N
kaveH
kavibhyaam
kavibhyaH
)IN
6&]N
)E :% J
kaveH
kavyoH
kaviinaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
)P
6&]N
@)+?
kavau
kavyoH
kaviShu
)I
)E
)&N
kave
kavii
kavayaH
%?B , @+, '@), -v', v', )<, W)B , @)B, B B, BB, ,:'B
Husband - !B - pati

Husband - !B - pati
( :':9 !?KB(C - ikaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
!BN
!E
!&N
patiH
patii
patayaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
!B% J
patim
!E
patii
!E J
patiin
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
patyaa
!Bz&:% J
patibhyaam
patibhiH
!H&I
!Bz&:% J
!Bz&N
patye
patibhyaam
patibhyaH
!H&?N
!Bz&:% J
!Bz&N
patyuH
patibyaam
patibhyaH
!H&?N
!H&]N
!E :% J
patyuH
patyoH
patiinaam
!H&]
!H&]N
!B+?
patyo
patyoH
patiShu
!H&:
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
!BB$N
!I
!E
!&N
pate
patii
patayaH
Friend - ,8 - sakhi

Friend - ,8 - sakhi
( :'9N !?KB(C - ukaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,:
,:&P
,:&N
sakhaa
sakhaayau
sakhaayaH
,:&% J
,:&P
sakhaayam
sakhaayau
,E J
sakhiin
,&:
,8z&:% J
,8B$
sakhyaa
sakhibhyaam
sakhbhi
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
,&I
,8z&:% J
,8z&N
sakhye
sakhibhyaam
sakhibhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
,&?N
sakhyuH
,8z&:% J
sakhibhyaam
sakhibhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,&?N
,&]N
sakhyuH
sakhyoH
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,P
,&]N
,8+?
sakhyau
sakhyoH
sakhiShu
,I
,:&P
:&N
sakhe
sakhaayau
sakhaayaH
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
,8z&N
,E :% J
sakhiinaam
Knowledgable - ,?E - sudhii

Knowledgable - ,?E - sudhii
( :':9 !?KB(C - iiakaaraanta pu.nlinga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
Plural
)-)
?
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
ekavachana
dvivachana
vahuvachana
,?EN
,?B&P
,?B&N
sudhiiH
sudhiyau
sudhiyaH
,?B&% J
,?B&P
,?B&N
sudhiyam
sudhiyau
sudhiyaH
,?B&:
,?Ez&:% J
,?EB$N
sudhiyaa
sudhiibyaam
sudhibhiH
,?B&I
,?Ez&:% J
,?Ez&N
sudhiye
sudhiibhyaam
sudhiibhyaH
,?B&N
,?Ez&:% J
,?Ez&N
sudhiyaH
sudhiibhyaam
sudhiibhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,?B&N
,?B&]N
,?B&:% J
sudhiyaH
sudhiyoH
sudhiyaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,?BB&
,?B&]N
,?E+U
sudhiyi
sudhiyoH
sudhiiShuu
,?EN
,?B&P
,?E&N
sudhiiH
sudhiyau
sudhiiyaH
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Army Chief - ,I : E - senaanii

Army Chief - ,I : E - senaanii
( :':9 !?KB(C - iiakaaraanta pu.nlinga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,I : E
,I :9&P
,I :9&N
senaanii
senaanyau
senaanyaH
,I :9&% J
,I :9&P
,I :9&N
senaanyam
senaanyau
senaanyaH
,I :9&:
,I : Ez&:% J
,I : EB$N
senaanyaa
senaaniibhyaam
senaaniibhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
,I :9&I
senaanye
,I : Ez&:% J
senaaniibhyaam
,I : Ez&N
senaaniibhyaH
,I :9&N
,I : Ez&:% J
,I : Ez&N
senaanyaH
senaaniibhyaam
senaaniibhyaH
,I :9&N
,I :9&]N
,I :9&:% J
senaanyaH
senaanyoH
senaanyaam
,I :9&:% J
,I :9&]N
,I : E+?
senaanyaam
senaanyoH
senaaniiShu
,I : EN
,I :9&P
,I :9&N
senaaniiH
senaanyau
senaanyaH
E, :%E
Teacher - UM - guru

Teacher - UM - guru
( :':9 !?KB(C - ukaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
?MN
?o
?')N
guruH
guruu
guravaH
?M% J
?o
gurum
guruu
?o J
guruun
?M:
?Mz&:% J
?MB$N
guruNaa
gurubhyaam
gurubhiH
?')I
?Mz&:% J
?Mz&N
gurave
gurubhyaam
gurubhyaH
?']N
?Mz&:% J
?Mz&N
guroH
gurubhyaam
gurubhyaH
?']N
?)N
?M:% J
guroH
gurvoH
guruNaam
?'P
?)N
?M+?
gurau
gurvoH
guruShu
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
?']
?o
?')N
guro
guruu
guravaH
$: ?, @)?, ,:?
Giver - :F1 - datRRi

Giver - :F1 - datRRi
( :':9N !?KB(C - ukaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
::
::'P
::'N
daataa
daataarau
daataaraH
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
::'% J
::'P
daataaram
daataarau
:F J
daatRRin
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
::
daatraa
:Fz&:% J
daatRRibhyaam
daatRRibhyaH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
daatre
:Fz&:% J
daatRRibhyaam
daatRRibhyaH
:?N
:Fz&:% J
:Fz&N
daatuH
daatRRibhyaam
daatRRibhyaH
:?N
:]N
:F:% J
daatuH
daatroH
daatRRiNaam
:v'
:]N
:F+?
daatari
daatroH
daatRRiShu
:N
::'P
::'N
daataH
daataarau
daataaraH
:I
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
XF,1 I,F pF , pF , :F, ,@)F
Father - @!F - pitRRi
:Fz&N
:Fz&N
Father - @!F - pitRRi

(' :':9N !?KB(C - ukaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
@!:
@!'P
@!'N
pitaa
pitarau
pitaraH
@!'% J
@!'P
pitaram
pitarau
@!F J
pitRRin
@!:
@!Fz&:% J
@!FB$
pitraa
pitRRibhyaam
pitRRibhi
@!I
@!Fz&:% J
@!Fz&N
pitre
pitRRibhyaam
pitRRibhyaH
@!?N
@!Fz&:% J
@!Fz&N
pituH
pitRRibhyaam
pitRRibhyaH
@!?N
@!]N
@!F:% J
pituH
pitroH
pitRRiNaam
@!v'
@!]N
@!F+?
pitari
pitroH
pitRRiShu
@!N
@!'P
@!'N
pitaH
pitarau
pitaraH
:F, :%:F, <-F

? , I ),F
Cow - ] - go
Cow - ] - go
( :':9N !?KB(C - ukaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
PN
:)P
:)N
gauH
gaavau
gaavaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
:% J
:)P
:N
gaam
gaavau
gaaH
):
]z&:% J
]B$N
gavaa
gobhyaam
gobhiH
)I
]z&:% J
]z&N
gave
gobhyaam
gobhyaH
]N
]z&:% J
]z&N
goH
gobhyaam
gobhyaH
]N
)]N
):% J
goH
gavoH
gavaam
@)
)]N
]+?
gavi
gavoH
goShu
PN
:)P
:)N
gauH
gaavau
gaavaH
Cloud - !&]%? J - payomuch

Cloud - !&]%? J - payomuch
( :':9 !?KB(C - chaakaaraanta pu.nlinga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
!&]%? J
!&]%?P
!&]%?N
payomuk
payomuchau
payomuchaH
!&]%?% J
!&]%?P
!&]%?N
payomucham
payomuchau
payomuchaH
!&]%?:
!&]%?\z&:% J
!&]%?8\$N
payomuchaa
payomugbhyaam
payomugbhiH
!&]%?I
!&]%?\z&:% J
!&]%?\z&N
payomuche
payomugbhyaam
payomugbhyaH
!&]%?N
!&]%?\z&:% J
!&]%?\z&N
payomugaH
payomugbhyaam
payomugbhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
!&]%?N
!&]%?]N
!&]%?:% J
payomuchaH
payomuchoH
payomuchaam
!&]%? J
!&]%?PN
!&]%?.?
payomuch
payomuchauH
payomukshu
!&]%? J
!&]%?P
!&]%?N
payomuch
payomuchau
payomuchaH
: J, H& J, J, ): J, ]&1 J, (%? J, ,H&): J
Merchant - )8 J - vaNij

Merchant - )8 J - vaNij
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
)8 J
)8P
)8N
vaNij
vaNijau
vaNijaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
)8% J
vaNijam
)8P
)8N
vaNijau
vaNijaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
)8:
)8\z&:% J
)88\$N
vaNijaa
vaNigbhyaam
vaNigbhiH
)8I
)8\z&:% J
)8\z&N
vaNije
vaNigbhyaam
vaNigbhyaH
)8N
)8\z&:% J
)8\z&N
vaNijaH
vaNigbhyaam
vaNIgbhyaH
)8N
)8]N
)8:% J
vaNijaH
vaNijoH
vaNIjaam
)88
)8]N
)8.?
vaNiji
vaNIjoH
vaNikshu
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
)8 J
)8P
)8N
vaNij
vaNijau
vaNijaH
B$+ J, 8H) J
,%M! *>
Emperor - ,: J - samraaj

Emperor - ,: J - samraaj
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,:d
,:P
,:N
samraaT
samraajau
samraajaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
,:% J
,:P
,:N
samraajam
samraajau
samraajaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
,::
samraajaa
,:z&:% J
samraaDbhyaam
samraaDbhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
samraaje
,:z&:% J
samraaDbhyaam
samraaDbhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
samraajaH
,:z&:% J
samraaDbhyaam
samraaDbhyaH
,:N
,:]N
,::% J
samraajaH
samraajau
samraajaam
,:8
,:]N
,:Z,?
samraaji
samraajauH
samraaTsu
,:d
,:P
,:N
samraaT
samraajau
samraajaH
,:I
,:N
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
King, Mountain - $U$

F J - bhuubhRRit
King, Mountain - $U$
F J - bhuubhRRit
( :':9 !?KB(C - takaaraanta pu.nlinga)
,:8$N
,:z&N
,:z&N
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
$U$
F J
$U$
F P
$U$
F N
bhuubhRRit
bhuubhRRitau
bhuubhRRitaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
$U$
F %J
$U$
F P
$U$
F N
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
$U$
F :
$U$z
F &:% J
$U$BF $N
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
$U$
F I
$U$z
F &:% J
$U$z
F &N
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
$U$
F N
$U$z
F &:% J
$U$z
F &N
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
$U$
F N
$U$
F ]N
$U$
F :% J
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
$U$BF
$U$
F ]N
$U$HF ,?
$U$
F J
$U$
F P
$U$
F N
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Going - [ J - gachchhat

Going - [ J - gachchhat
(*F !?KB(C - ukaaraanta pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) ekavachana
<Q)
Dual
- dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
[ J
gachchhan
[9P
[9N
gachchhantau
gachchhantaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
[9% J
[9P
[9N
gachchhantam
gachchhantau
gachchhantaH
Instrumental
[:
[qz&:% J
[@N
FE&: - tRRitiiya
gachchhataa
gachchhadbhyaam
gachchhadbhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
[I
[z&:% J
[z&N
gachchhate
gachchhadbhyaam
gachchhadbhyaH
[N
[z&:% J
[z&N
gachchhataH
gachchhadbhyaam
gachchhadbhyaH
[N
[]N
[:% J
gachchhataH
gachchhatoH
gachchhataam
[B
[]N
[,?
gachchhati
gachchhatoH
gachchhatsu
[ J
gachchhat
[9P
[9N
gachchhantau
gachchhantaH
Ablative
!9%E paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
?)1 J, :& J, Bc J, :) J,
HF & J, !& J, @!) J, $) J, B%& J, v'& J,
-, J
Big - %- J - mahat

Big - %- J - mahat
( :':9 !?KB(C - takaaraanta pu.nlinga)
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
%-: J
%-:9P
%-:9N
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
%-:9% J
%-:9P
%-N
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
%-:
%-z&:% J
%-B$
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
%-I
%-z&:% J
%-z&N
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
%-N
%-z&:% J
%-$
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
%-N
%-]N
%-:% J
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
%-B
%-]N
%-H,?
%- J
%-:9P
%-:9N
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
from instrumental case, same as gachchhat
King - ': J - raajan

King - ': J - raajan
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
'::
':: P
':: N
raajaa
raajaanau
raajaanaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
':: % J
':: P
':/N
raajaanam
raajaanau
raadnyaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
':/:
raadnyaa
'::z&:% J
raajaabhyaam
raajabhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
radnye
'::z&:% J
raajaabhyaam
raajabhyaH
':/N
':z&:% J
':z&N
raadnyaH
raajabhyaam
raajabhyaH
':/N
':/]N
':,?
raadnyaH
raadnyoH
raajasu
':/]N
':,?
raadnyi, raajani
raadnyoH
raajasu
': J
raajan
':: P
':: N
raajanau
raajaanaH
':/I
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
':8/, ':B
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
':B$N
':z&N
Traveller - !B J - pathin

Traveller - !B J - pathin
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
!9:N
!9: P
!9: N
panthaaH
panthaanau
panthaanaH
!9: % J
!9: P
!N
panthaanam
panthaanau
pathaH
!:
!Bz&:% J
!BB$N
pathaa
pathibhyaam
pathibhiH
!I
!Bz&:% J
!Bz&N
pathe
pathibhyaam
pathibhyaH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
!N
!Bz&:% J
!Bz&N
pathaH
pathibhyaam
pathibhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
!N
!]N
pathaH
pathoH
!:% J
pathaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
!B
!]N
!B+?
pathi
pathoH
pathiShu
!9:N
!9: P
!9: N
panthaaH
panthaanau
panthaanaH
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Creeper - (: - lataa

Creeper - (: - lataa
( :':9 DEB(C - aakaaraanta striiliN^ga)
Case
Singular
Dual
Plural
@)$@L - vibhakti
)
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
<Q)
ekavachana
dvivachana
)-)
?
vahuvachana
(:
(I
(:N
lataa
late
lataaH
(:% J
(I
(:N
lataam
late
lataaH
(&:
(:z&:% J
(:B$N
latayaa
lataabhyaam
lataabhiH
(:&G
(:z&:% J
(:z&N
lataayai
lataabhyaam
lataabhyaH
(:&:N
(:z&:% J
(:z&N
lataayaaH
lataabhyaam
lataabhyaH
(:&:N
(&]N
(: :% J
lataayaaH
latayoH
lataanaam
(:&:% J
(&]N
(:,?
lataayaam
lataayoH
lataasu
(I
(I
(:N
late
late
lataaH
Intelligence - %B - mati

Intelligence - %B - mati
( :':9N DEB(C - aakaaraanta striiliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%BN
%E
%&N
matiH
matii
matayaH
%B% J
%E
%EN
matim
matii
matiiH
%H&:
%Bz&:% J
%BB$N
matyaa
matibhyaam
matibhiH
%&I, %G
%Bz&:% J
%Bz&N
mataye, matai
matibhyaam
matibhyaH
%IN, %H&]N
%Bz&:% J
%Bz&N
mateH, matyoH
matibhyaam
matibhyaH
%IN, %H&:N
%H&]N
%E :% J
mateH, matyaaH
matyoH
matiinaam
%P, %H&:% J
%H&]N
%B+?
matau
matyoH
matiShu
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
River -
%I
%E
%&N
mate
matii
matayaH
) B, !B, 9 B, H!@X, B%1, :89, F B, .B, B, BB
5 - nadii
River -
5 - nadii
( :'9N DEB(C - aakaaraanta striiliN^ga)

Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
5
RP
RN
nadii
nadyau
nadyaH
5% J
RP
5N
nadiim
nadyau
nadiiH
R:
5z&:% J
5B$N
nadyaa
nadiibhyaam
nadiibhiH
RG
5z&:% J
5z&N
nadyai
nadiibhyaam
nadiibhyaH
R:N
5z&:% J
5z&N
nadyaaH
nadiibhyaam
nadiibhyaH
R:N
R]N
5 :% J
nadyaaH
nadyoH
nadiinaam
R:% J
R]N
5+?
nadyaam
nadyoH
nadiiShu
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
5
RP
RN
nadii
nadyau
nadyaH
Wife - DE - strii
Wife - DE - strii
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
DE
8D&P
8D&N
strii
striyau
striyaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
8D&% J, DE% J
8D&P
8D&N, DEN
striyam, striim
striyau
striyaH, striiH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
8D&:
striyaa
DEz&:% J
striibhyaam
striibhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
striyai
DEz&:% J
striibhyaam
striibhyaH
8D&:N
DEz&:% J
DEz&N
striyaaH
striibhyaam
striibhyaH
8D&:N
8D&]N
DE:% J
striyaaH
striyoH
striiNaam
8D&:% J
8D&]N
DE+?
striyaam
striyoH
striiShu
8D
8D&P
8D&N
stri
striyau
striyaH
8D&G
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Cow - I ? - dhenu
DEB$N
DEz&N
Cow - I ? - dhenu
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
Plural
)-?) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
I ?N
I U
I )N
dhenuH
dhenuu
dhenavaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
I %
? J
dhenum
I U
I UN
dhenuu
dhenuuH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
I9):
I ?z&:% J
I ?B$N
dhenvaa
dhenubhyaam
dhenubhiH
I9)G, I )I
I ?z&:% J
I ?z&N
dhenvai, dhenave
dhenubhyaam
dhenubhyaH
I9):N, I ]N
I ?z&:% J
I ?z&N
dhenvaaH, dhenoH
dhenubhyaam
dhenubhyaH
I9):N, I ]N
I9)]N
I U :% J
dhenvaaH, dhenoH
dhenvoH
dhenuunaam
I9):% J, I P
I9)]N
I ?+?
dhenvaam, dhenau
dhenvoH
dhenuShu
I ]
I U
I UN
dheno
dhenuu
dhenuuH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
?, 'I ?, '?
Bride - )U - vadhuu

Bride - )U - vadhuu
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
)UN
)W)P
)W)N
vadhuuH
vadhvau
vadhvaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
)U% J
)W)P
)UN
vadhuum
vadhvau
vadhuuH
)W):
)Uz&:% J
)UB$N
vadhvaa
vadhuunaam
vadhuubhiH
)W)G
)Uz&:% J
)Uz&% J
vadhvai
vadhuubhyaam
vadhuubhyam
)W):N
)Uz&:% J
)Uz&N
vadhvaaH
vadhuubhyaam
vadhuubhyaH
)W):N
)W)]N
)U :% J
vadhvaaH
vadhvoH
vadhuunaam
)W):% J
)W)]N
)U+?
vadhvaam
vadhvoH
vadhuuShu
)?
)W)P
)W)N
vadhuu
vadhvau
vadhvaH
%U, bU
Mother - %:F - maatRRi

Mother - %:F - maatRRi
( :':9N DEB(C - RRikaaraanta striiliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%::
%:'P
%:'N
maataa
maatarau
maataraH
%:'% J
%:'P
%:|
maataram
maatarau
maatRRI
%::
%:Fz&:% J
%:FB$N
maatraa
maatRRibhyaam
maatRRibhiH
%:I
%:Fz&:% J
%:Fz&N
maatre
maatRRibhyaam
maatRRibhyaH
%:?N
%:Fz&:% J
%:Fz&N
maatuH
maatRRibhyaam
maatRRibhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
%:?N
%:]N
%:|:% J
maatuH
maatroH
maatRRINaam
%:v'
%:]N
%:F+?
maatari
maatroH
maatRRiShu
%::
%:'P
%:'N
maataa
maatarau
maataraH
<-:
, &::
?
Danger - @)!S - vipad

Danger - @)!S - vipad
( :'9N DEB(C - dakaaraanta striiliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
@)! J
@)!P
@)!N
vipat
vipadau
vipadaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
@)!% J
vipadam
@)!P
@)!N
vipadau
vipadaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
@)!:
@)!z&:% J
@)!@N
vipadaa
vipadbhyaam
vipadbhiH
@)!I
@)!z&:% J
@)!z&N
vipade
vipadbhyaam
vipadbhyaH
@)!N
@)!z&:% J
@)!z&N
vipadaH
vipadbhyaam
vipadbhyaH
@)!N
@)!]N
@)!:% J
vipadaH
vipadoH
vipadaam
@)!<
@)!]N
@)!H,?
vapadi
vipadoH
vipatsu
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
@)! J
@)!P
@)!N
vipat
vipadau
vipadaH
%?S, !S, ,f!S, *'S, !v'+S, !B +S
,%M! *>
Direction - <* J - dish

Direction - <* J - dish
(* J :':9N DEB(C - sh kaaraanta striiliN^ga)
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
< J
<*P
<*N
dik
dishau
dishaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
<*% J
<*P
<*N
disham
dishau
dishaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
<*:
dishaa
<\z&:% J
digbhyaam
digbhyaH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
dishe
<\z&:% J
digbhyaam
digbhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
dishaH
<\z&:% J
digbhyaam
digbhyaH
<*N
<*]N
<*:% J
dishaH
dishoH
dishaam
<B*
<*]N
<.?
dishi
dishoH
dikshu
< J
<*P
<*N
dik
dishau
dishaH
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
<*I
<*N
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Fruit - "( - phala

Fruit - "( - phala
( :':9
!?KB(C - akaaraanta napu.nliN^ga)
<\z&N
<\z&N
<\z&N
Singular
) -
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
ekavachana
Nominative
%: prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: dvitiiyaa
Dative
?1E chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
)-)
?
Plural
- vahuvachana
"(I
phalam
phale
"(% J
"(I
phalam
phale
phalaani
"(:z&:% J
"(GN
phalena
phalaabhyaam
phalaiH
"(:&
phalaaya
"(:z&:% J
phalaabhyaam
phalebhyaH
"(: J
phalaat
"(:z&:% J
phalaabhyaam
phalebhyaH
"(&
"(&]N
"(: :% J
phalasya
phalayoH
phalanaam
"(I
"(&]N
"(I+?
phale
phalayoH
phaleShu
"(% J
"(I
phalam
phale
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
Dual
- dvivachana
"(% J
"(I
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
<Q)
"(:B
phalaani
"(:B
"(Iz&N
"(Iz&N
"(:B
phalaani
Note: Except the nominative and accusative cases the noun form is
same as "boy".
9 , ,
F , 9, (E , , , 89&, ', R: , H: , , (,
, %(, :'% J, :R, , E, F-, ], F, etc.
Rain - ):v' - vaari

Rain - ):v' - vaari
( :':9N
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
):v'
):v'8
):'58
vaari
vaariNi
vaariiNi
):v'
):v'E
):'58
vaari
vaariNii
vaariiNi
):v':
):v'z&:% J
):v'B$N
vaariNaa
vaaribhyaam
vaaribhiH
):v'I
):v'z&:% J
):v'z&N
vaariNe
vaaribhyaam
vaaribhyaH
):v'N
):v'z&:% J
):v'z&N
vaariNaH
vaaribhyaam
vaaribhyaH
):v'N
):v']N
):'5:% J
vaariNaH
vaariNoH
vaariiNaam
):v'8
):v']N
):v'+?
vaariNi
vaariNoH
vaariShu
):v'
):v'E
):'58
vaari
vaariNii
vaariiNi
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Eye - akshi - phala

( :':9N
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Eye - akshi - phala

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
8.
8.E
.E8
akshi
akshiNii
akshiiNi
8.
8.E
.E8
akshi
akshiNii
akshiiNi
:
8.z&:% J
8.B$N
akshNaa
akshibhyaam
akshibhiH
I
8.z&:% J
8.z&N
akshNe
akshbhyaam
akshibhyaH
N
8.z&:% J
8.z&N
akshNaH
akshibhyaam
akshibhyaH
N
]N
:% J
akshNaH
akshNoH
akshNaam
8, .8
]N
8.+?
akshNi, akshaNi
akshNoH
akshiShu
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
8., .I
E
.E8
akshi, akshe
akshNii
akshiiNi
B, 8, ,8
Honey - %? - madhu

Honey - %? - madhu
( :':9N
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
!?KB(C - ukaaraanta napu.nliN^ga)

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%?
%? E
madhu
madhunii
%?
%? E
madhu
madhunii
madhuuni
%? :
%?z&:% J
%?B$N
madhunaa
madhubhyaam
madhubhiH
%? I
%?z&:% J
%?z&N
madhune
madhubhyaam
madhubhyaH
%? N
%?z&:% J
%?z&N
madhunaH
madhubhyaam
madhubhyaH
%? N
%? ]N
%U :% J
madhunaH
madhunoH
madhuunaam
%? ]N
%?+?
madhuni
madhunoH
madhuShu
%?, %]
%? E
madhu, madho
madhunii
%?B
%UB
madhuuni
%UB
%UB
madhuuni
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Name -
f#?, ?, %?, ?, :(?, :M, %M, ),?, )?, ,: ?
:% J - naaman
Name (
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
:':9N
:% J - naaman
!?KB(C - nakaaraanta napu.nliN^ga)

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
:%
:f E,
:% E
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
:%:B
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
naama
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
naama
naamnii, naamanii
naamaani
:f :
:%z&:% J
:%B$N
naamnaa
naamabhyaam
naamaabhiH
:f I
:%z&:% J
:%z&N
naamne
naamabhyaam
naamabhyaH
:f N
:%z&:% J
:%z&N
naamnaH
naamabhyaam
naamabhyaH
:f N
:f ]N
:f :% J
naamnaH
naamnoH
naamnaam
:f ]N
:%,?
naamnoH
naamasu
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
naamnii, naamanii
:%
:8f ,
:f E,
:%B
naamni, naamani
:% J, :%
naaman, naama
:8f ,
:% E
naamni, naamanii
6&]% J, :% J, I% J, (]% J
Deed - %1 J - karman
:% E
naamaani
:%:B
:%:B
naamaani
Deed - %1 J - karman
(
:':9N
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
!?KB(C - nakaaraanta napu.nliN^ga)

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
%1
%1E
%:18
karma
karmaNii
karmaaNi
%1
%1E
%:18
karma
karmaNii
karmaaNi
%1:
%1z&:% J
%1B$N
karmaNaa
karmabhyaam
karmabhiH
%1I
%1z&:% J
%1z&N
karmaNe
karmabhyaam
karmabhyaH
%1N
%1z&:% J
%1z&N
karmaNaH
karmabhyaam
karmabhyaH
%1N
%1]N
%1:% J
karmaNaH
karmaNoH
karmaNaam
%18
%1]N
%1,?
karmaNi
karmaNoH
karmasu
%1 J, %1
karman, karma
%1E
%:18
karmaNii
karmaaNi
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%1 J, $% J, 9% J, )I% J, *%1 J, )%1 J
Milk - !&, J - payas

Milk - !&, J - payas
(, J :':9N
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
!?KB(C - sakaaraanta napu.nliN^ga)

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
!&N
!&,E
!&:KB,
payaH
payasii
payaa.nsi
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
!&N
!&,E
!&:KB,
payaH
payasii
payaa.nsi
!&,:
!&]z&:% J
!&]B$N
payasaa
payobhyaam
payobhiH
!&,I
!&]z&:% J
!&]z&N
payase
payobhyaam
payobhyaH
!&,N
!&]z&:% J
!&]z&N
payasaH
payobhyaam
payobhyaH
!&,N
!&,]N
!&,:% J
payasaH
payasoH
payasaam
!&B,
!&,]N
!&N,?
payasi
payasoH
payaHsu
!&N
!&,E
!&:KB,
payaH
payasii
payaa.nsi
% , J, I, J, &*, J, ], J, B*', J, ), J, f$, J, )., J
I - %S - asmad
I - %S - asmad
( :':9 ,)1 :% - dakaaraanta sarvanaama)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
-% J
):% J
)&% J
aham
aavaam
vayam
%:% J, %:
maam, maa
aavaam, nau
%: J, N
asmaan, naH
%&:
):z&:% J
%:B$N
mayaa
aavaabhyaam
asmaabhiH
%% J, %I
):% J,
):z&:% J,
%z&% J,
mahyam, me
aavaabhyaam, nau
asmabhyam, naH
% J
):z&:% J
% J
mat
aavaabhyaam
asmat
%%, %I
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
%: % J,
mama, me
aavayoH, nau
asmaakam, naH
%B&
)&]N
%:,?
mayi
aavayoH
asmaasu
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
)&]N,
*** I or %S (asmad) does not have vocative case. ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
You - &?%S - yuShmad

You - &?%S - yuShmad
( :':9 ,)1 :% - dakaaraanta sarvanaama)
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
H)% J
tvam
&?):% J
yuvaam
&U&% J
yuuyam
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
H):% J, H):
tvaam, tvaa
&?):% J, ):% J
yuvaam, vaam
&?%: J, )N
yuShmaan, vaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
H)&:
&?):z&:% J
&?%:B$N
tvayaa
yuvabhyaam
yuShmaabhiH
?z&% J, I
&?):z&:% J
&?% J
tubhyam, te
yuvaabhyaam
tuShmat
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
H) J
&?):z&:% J
&?%S
tvat
yuvaabhyaam
yuShmad
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
), I
&?)&]N, ):% J
&?%: % J, )N
tava, te
yuvayoH, vaam
yuShmaakam, vaH
H)B&
&?)&]N
&?%:,?
tvayi
yuvayoH
yuShmaasu
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
*** You or &?%S (yuShmad) does not have vocative case. ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
None
,%M! *>
He - S - tad
He - S - tad
( :':9 ,)1 :% !?KB(C - dakaaraanta sarvanaama pu.nliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,N
P
I
saH
tau
te
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
% J
P
:% J
tam
tau
taam
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
tena
:z&:% J
taabhyaam
taiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
tasmai
:z&:% J
taabhyaam
tebhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
%: J
tasmaat
:z&:% J
taabhyaam
tebhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N
I+:% J
tasya
tayoH
teShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
tasmin
&]N
I+?
tayoH
teShu
Vocative
,f#] -
I
%G
GN
Iz&N
Iz&N
*** He or S (tad) does not have vocative case. ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
She - S - tad
She - S - tad
( :':9 ,)1 :% DEB(C - dakaaraanta sarvanaama striiliN^ga)
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,:
I
:N
saa
te
taaH
:% J
I
:N
taam
te
taaH
&:
:z&:% J
:B$N
tayaa
taabhyaam
taabhiH
&G
:z&:% J
:z&N
tasmai
taabhyaam
taabhyaH
&:N
:z&:% J
:z&N
tasyaaH
taabhyaam
taabhyaH
&:N
&]N
:,:% J
tasyaa
tayoH
taasaam
&:% J
&]N
:,?
tasyaam
tayoH
taasu
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
*** She or S (tad) does not have vocative case. ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
That - S - tad
That - S - tad
( :':9 ,)1 :%
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
!?KB(C - dakaaraanta sarvanaama napu.nliN^ga)

Singular
) -
ekavachana
<Q)
Dual
- dvivachana )-)
?
Plural
- vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
J
I
:B
tat
te
taani
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
J
I
:B
tat
te
taani
Accusative
% J
P
:% J
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
tam
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
I
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E paJNachamii
tau
taam
:z&:% J
GN
tena
taabhyaam
taiH
%G
:z&:% J
Iz&N
tasmai
taabhyaam
tebhyaH
%: J
tasmaat
:z&:% J
taabhyaam
tebhyaH
Iz&N
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N
I+:% J
tasya
tayoH
teShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
tasmin
&]N
I+?
tayoH
teShu
*** That or S (tad) does not have vocative case. ***
Vocative
,f#] -
*** Except nominative and accusative case all other cases are
like He or S (tad). ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
He (This Person) - S - tad

He (This Person) - S - tad
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
&% J
%P
%I
ayam
imau
ime
%% J, % J
%P, P, %: J
imau, enau, imaan
: J
enaan
z&:% J
B$N
anena, enena
aabhyaam
ebhiH
%G
z&:% J
z&N
asmai
aabhyaam
ebhyaH
%: J
z&:% J
z&N
asmaat
aabhyaam
ebhyaH
imam, enam
I , I
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N, &]N
+:% J
asya
anayoH, enayoH
eShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
asmin
&]N, &]N
+?
anayoH, enayoH
eShu
Vocative
,f#] -
*** He (This Person) or S (tad) does not have vocative case.

***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
She (This Person) - S - tad

She (This Person) - S - tad
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
&% J
iyam
%I
%:N
ime
imaaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
%:% J, :% J
imaam, enaam
%I, I
%:N, :N
ime, ene
imaaH, enaaH
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
&:, &:
z&:% J
B$N
anayaa, enayaa
aabhyaam
aabhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
&]
z&:% J
z&N
asyo
aabhyaam
aabhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
&:N
z&:% J
z&N
aasyaaH
aabhyaam
aabhyaH
&:N
&]N, &]N
,:% J
asyaaH
anayoH, enayoH
aasaam
&:% J
&]N, &]N
,?
asyaam
anayoH, enayoH
aasu
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
*** She (This Person) or S (tad) does not have vocative

case. ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
None
,%M! *>
This (n) - S - tad

This (n) - S - tad
( :':9 ,)1 :%
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
% J
%I
idam
ime
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
%:B , :B
imaani, enaani
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
% J, J
%I, I
idam, enat
ime, ene
imaani, enaani
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
anena, enena
z&:% J
aabhyaam
ebhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
asmai
z&:% J
aabhyaam
ebhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
%: J
asmaat
z&:% J
aabhyaam
ebhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N, &]N
+:% J
asya
anayoH, enayoH
eShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
asmin
&]N, &]N
+?
anayoH, enayoH
eShu
Vocative
,f#] -
I , I
%G
%:B , :B
B$N
z&N
z&N
*** This or S (tad) does not have vocative case. ***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Who, What (m) - S - tad

Who, What (m) - S - tad
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
kaH
kau
ke
% J
kam
kau
: J
kaan
:z&:% J
GN
kena
kaabhyaam
kaiH
%G
:z&:% J
Iz&N
kasmai
kaabhyaam
kebhyaH
%: J
:z&:% J
Iz&N
kasmaat
kaabhyaam
kebhyaH
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
&
&]N
I+:% J
kasya
kayoH
keShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
8% J
kasmin
&]N
I+?
kayoH
keShu
Vocative
,f#] -
*** Who, What or < % J (kim) does not have vocative case.
***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Who, What (f) - S - tad

Who, What (f) - S - tad
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
:N
kaa
ke
kaaH
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
:% J
:N
kaam
ke
kaaH
Instrumental
&:
:z&:% J
:B$N
FE&: - tRRitiiya
kayaa
kaabhyaam
kaabhiH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
,PN
:z&:% J
:z&N
kasyauH
kaabhyaam
kaabhyaH
&:N
:z&:% J
:z&N
kasyaaH
kaabhyaam
kaabhyaH
&:N
&]N
:,:% J
kasyaaH
kayoH
kaasaam
&:% J
&]N
:,?
kasyaam
kayoH
kaasu
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Who, What (n) - S - tad

Who, What (n) - S - tad
( :':9 ,)1 :%

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
< % J
:B
kim
ke
kaani
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
< % J
:B
kim
ke
kaani
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
:z&:% J
GN
kena
kaabhyaam
kaiH
%G
:z&:% J
Iz&N
kasmai
kaabhyaam
kebhyaH
%: J
:z&:% J
Iz&N
kasmaat
kaabhyaam
kebhyaH
&
&]N
I+:% J
kasya
kayoH
keShaam
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
8% J
kasmin
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
Vocative
,f#] -
&]N
I+?
kayoH
keShu
***
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
All (m) - S - tad

All (m) - S - tad
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
,)1N
,)
,)
sarvaH
sarvau
sarve
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
,)1% J
sarvam
,)
sarvau
,):1 J
sarvaan
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
sarveNa
,):1z&:% J
sarvaabhyaam
sarvai
,)%G
,):1z&:% J
,)z&N
sarvasmai
sarvaabhyaam
sarvebhyaH
,)1%: J
,):1z&:% J
,)z&N
sarvasmaat
sarvaabhyaam
sarvebhyaH
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
,)
,)
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,)1&
,)1&]N
,)+:% J
sarvasya
sarvayoH
sarveShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,)18% J
sarvasmin
,)1&]N
,)+?
sarvayoH
sarveShu
Vocative
,f#] sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
,)1
,)
,)
sarva
sarvau
sarve
All (f) - S - tad

All (f) - S - tad
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti
Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
ekavachana
dvivachana
Plural
)-)
?
vahuvachana
,):1
,)
,):1N
sarvaa
sarve
sarvaaH
,):1% J
,)
,):1N
sarvaam
sarve
sarvaaH
,)1&:
,):1z&:% J
,):1B$N
sarvayaa
sarvaabhyaam
sarvaabhiH
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
,)1,G
,):1z&:% J
,):1z&N
sarvasai
sarvaabhyaam
sarvaabhyaH
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
,)1&:N
sarvasyaaH
,):1z&:% J
sarvaabhyaam
sarvaabhyaH
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,)1&:N
,)1&]N
sarvasyaaH
sarvayoH
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,)1&:% J
sarvasyaam
,)1&]N
,):1,?
sarvayoH
sarvaasu
Vocative
,f#] -
,)
,)
,):1N
sarve
sarve
sarvaaH
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
,):1z&N
,):1,:% J
sarvaasaam
None
All (n) - S - tad

All (n) - S - tad
( :':9 ,)1 :%
Case
@)$@L - vibhakti

Singular
) -
Dual
<Q) -
Plural
)-)
?
ekavachana
dvivachana
vahuvachana
,)1% J
,)
,):18
sarvam
sarve
sarvaaNi
,)1% J
,)
,):18
sarvam
sarve
sarvaaNi
,)
,):1z&:% J
,)
sarveNa
sarvaabhyaam
sarvai
,)%G
,):1z&:% J
,)z&N
sarvasmai
sarvaabhyaam
sarvebhyaH
,)1%: J
,):1z&:% J
,)z&N
sarvasmaat
sarvaabhyaam
sarvebhyaH
Nominative
%: - prathamaa
Accusative
<QE&: - dvitiiyaa
Instrumental
FE&: - tRRitiiya
Dative
?1E - chaturthii
Ablative
!9%E - paJNachamii
Genitive
+cE - ShaShThii
,)1&
,)1&]N
,)+:% J
sarvasya
sarvayoH
sarveShaam
Locative
,t%E - saptamii
,)18% J
sarvasmin
,)1&]N
,)+?
sarvayoH
sarveShu
Vocative
,f#] -
,)1
,)
,):18
sarva
sarvau
sarvaaNi
sambodhana
Similar Words
,%M! *>
None
Verb Classification (:Mo!

:Mo! / dhaaturuupa):
In chapter 1 and 3 we learnt about verb
forms. Each verb has:
10 tenses or ( :' (lakaara). We have seen out of the 10 tenses 5 are enough
for all our day-to-day needs;

3 persons or !?M+ (!?M+) - 3rd person (%!?M+ / prathamapuruSha), 2nd
person (%W&%!?M+ / madhyamapuruSha) and 1st person (X%!?M+ /
uttamapuruSha);
and 3 numbers - singuar ( )
and plural ()-)
?
/ ekavachana), dual (8Q)
/dvivachana)
/ vahuvachana)
The verb form is derived by adding special suffix B! J (tip) to the root of the word. All
such words are also called B)9! (tivantapada) meaning "ending with B! J (tip)". In
this chapter we will learn about classification of verbs and their respective B! J (tip)
suffixes.
The verb form for each category of word is derived by adding pre-defined pattern of
B! J (tip) suffixes to the word root. All other words in that category follow the same
pattern. For example - the verb "be" or $U (bhuu) has a form like $)B (bhavati),
$)N (bhavataH), $89 (bhavanti) and so on. The verb "read" or !Y (paTh) is of the
same category and follows the same pattern as !B (paThati), !N (paThataH),
!89 (paThanti). In both the cases the suffixes B (ti), N (taH) and 89 (nti) were
added to the root words be ($U / bhuu) and read (!Y / paTh) to get the derived
form.
In Sanskrit verbs are classified into different categories based on:
the receiver of their result. If the result of the action represented by the verb
is for the doer (Subject), then it is H% I!5 (aatmanepadii) meaning "for
self". All other verbs are !'%G!5 (parasmaipadii) or "for others". The B! J (tip)
suffix used in these are different. Following table has the B! J (tip) suffixes, for
both.
for others
!'%G!5 -
for self
H% I!5 -
parasmaipadii
aatmanepadii
! - !?M+
pada - puruSha
3rd Person
%!?M+ - prathamapuruSha
B! J
, J
8
:% J
tip
tas
jhi
ta
aataam
jh
B,! J
, J
:, J
:% J
W)% J
sip
thas
tha
B%! J
), J
%, J
d
mip
vas
mas
iT
2nd Person
%W&%!?M+ madhyamapuruSha
1st Person
X%!?M+ - uttamapuruSha
thaas aathaam dhvam

)<-
%<-
vahiN^ mahiN^
their group or (gaNa). The verbs can belong to one of the 10 pre-defined
groups or (gaNa). The groups are o
z):< - bhvaadigaNa
:< - adaadigaNa
?-]H&:< - juhotyaadigaNa
<):< - divaadigaNa
):< - svaadigaNa
?:< - tudaadigaNa
M:< - rudhaadigaNa
:< - tanaadigaNa
&:< - krayaadigaNa
?':< - churaadigaNa
Following is a set of important verbs with their verb-forms along with the list of verbs
of same category. Knowing these will help in deriving theverb forms of other similar
words. Note: We are in the process of adding verb-forms of more such verbs.

!'%G!5
H% I!5
$&!5
gaNa
parasmaipadii
aatmanepadii
ubhayapadii
$U - bhuu, !Y - paTh, % J gam, a* J z):<

bhvaadigaNa
dRRish, , J - ($ J - labh, ,I) J -
sthaa:, )S - vad, ? - shru, sev, #? J -
budh,
'. J - raksh, '. - raksha, !: %FS- mRRid, ,i - paa, : - ghraa, ,I) J - sev, sah, )F J - vRRit,
! J - pach,
&: J - yaach,
E -
nii, )i - vah
% J - nam, F - . J - iiksh
skRRi, ), J - vas
S - ad, , J - as, MS - rud,
:<
,U! J - suup, ? - stu, &: -
adaadigaNa
yaa, !: - paa, *:, J - shaas,

@)S - vid
?-]H&:<
- hRRi, $E - bhii, -: -
juhotyaadigaNa haa, 5 - hrii

<) J - div,
<):<
divaadigaNa

F J - nRRit,
, J -
shii, ? - bru, B

+ - adhi + i
%: - maa
$U - bhuu, : - daa,
: - dhaa
*J -
nash, % J - bhram, % J - !S
shram, ,] - so,
aas, *E
pad, ,? J -
] - no, ?! J sudh, J - jan
- kup
):<
svaadigaNa
?:<
tudaadigaNa
M:<
rudhaadigaNa
! J - aap, * J - shak, B * J - ash

chi
,? - su
+ J - iSh, [h - prachchh,
? J
B( J - likh, !F* J - spRRish

BS - chhid, B$S - bhid, <-K , J
- hi.ns, $: J - bhaaj, $U J bhuuj, &? J - yuj
:<
% - ma, B,! J - sip
$U J - bhuuj, &? J yuj
tuk, %?7 J -
muJNch
M J - rudh
J - tan, F - kRRi
tanaadigaNa
n - krii, ?7 J &:<

krayaadigaNa
#9 J - bandh, %9 J - mantr
skuJNj, Fi - gRRih,

!U7 J - puuJNj, /: dnyaa,
*E7 J
shiiJNj,
%E7 J
miiJNj, @) J - vij

MS
?':<
churaadigaNa
rud, B9 J -
chint, J -
?' J - chur
gaN,
J - kath, $. J bhaksh
be - $U - bhuu
be - $U - bhuu
((Z( :'
(Z( :' z):< !'%G!5
!5 - laTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
Third
% / prathama
$)B
$)N
$)89
bhavati
bhavataH
bhavanti
Second
%W&% / madhyama
$)B,
$)N
$)
bhavasi
bhavathaH
bhavatha
$):B%
$):)N
$):%N
bhavaami
bhavaavaH
bhavaamaH
First
X% / uttama
be - $U - bhuu
((C( :'
(C( :' z):< !'%G!5 - laN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
$) J
$):% J
$) J
abhavat
abhavataam
abhavat
$)N
$)% J
$)
abhavaH
abhavatam
abhavata
$)% J
$):)
$):%
abhavam
abhavavaava
abhavavaama
be - $U - bhuu
((F
(FZ( :' z):< !'%G!5 - lRRiTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
$@)&B
$@)&N
$@)&89
bhaviShyati
bhaviShyataH
bhaviShyanti
$@)&B,
$@)&N
$@)&
bhaviShyasi
bhaviShtathaH
bhaviShyatha
$@)&:B%
$@)&:)N
$@)&:%N
bhaviShyaami
bhaviShyaavaH
bhaviShyaamaH
be - $U - bhuu
(@)G
@)GB(C( :' z):< !'%G!5 - vidhailiN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
$)I J
$)I:% J
$)I&?N
bhavet
bhavetaam
bhaveyuH
Second
%W&% / madhyama
$)IN
$)I% J
$)I
bhaveH
bhavetam
bhaveta
First
X% / uttama
$)I&% J
bhaveyam
$)I)
$)I%
bhaveva
bhavema
be - $U - bhuu
(&:K
&:K(]Z( :' z):< !'%G!5 - aadnyaa.nloTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
$)?
$):% J
$)9?
bhavatu
bhavataam
bhavantu
$)
$)% J
$)
bhava
bhavatam
bhavata
$):)
$):%
bhavaava
bhavaama
$):B
bhavaani
Similar Words
,%o!:? /
!Y - paTh, )S - vad, ? - shru, '. J - raksh, '. - raksha, !: paa, : - ghraa, ,I) J - sev, ! J - pach,
samaruupadhaatu
% J - nam, ), J - vas, % J
- gam, a* J - dRRish, : - sthaa
get - ($ J - labh
get - ($ J - labh
((Z( :'
(Z( :' z):< H% I!5 - laTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
($I
($II
($9I
labhate
labhete
labhante
($,I
($II
($W)I
labhase
labhethe
labhadhve
($I
($:)-I
($:%-I
labhe
labhaavahe
labhaamahe
get - ($ J - labh
((C( :'
(C( :' z):< H% I!5 - laN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
($
($I:% J
($9
alabhata
alabhetaam
alabhanta
($:N
($I:% J
($W):% J
alabhathaaH
alabhethaam
alabhadhvaam
($I
($:)-G
($:%<-
alabhe
alabhaavahai
alabhaamahi
get - ($ J - labh
((F
(FZ( :' z):< H% I!5 - lRRiTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
/ vachana
puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
(&I
(&II
(&9I
lapsyate
lapsyete
lapsyante
(&,I
(&II
(&W)I
lapsyase
lapsyethe
lapsyadhve
(&I
(&:)-I
(&:%-I
lapsye
lapsyaavahe
lapsyaamahe
get - ($ J - labh
(@)G
@)GB(C( :' z):< H% I!5 - vidhailiN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ /
Number / )
puruSha
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
($I
($I&::% J
labheyaataam
($I' J
labheran
($I&::% J
labheyaathaam
($IW):% J
labhedhvaam
Third
% / prathama
labheta
Second
%W&% / madhyama
labhethaaH
First
X% / uttama
($I&
($I)<-
($I%<-
labheya
labhevahi
labhemahi
($I:N
get - ($ J - labh
(&:K
&:K(]Z( :' z):< H% !
I 5 - aadnyaa.nloTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / !?M+ / puruSha
Third
% / prathama
Second
%W&% / madhyama
First
X% / uttama
Similar Words
Number / )
/ vachana
Singular
) /
Dual
Q5) /
ekavachana
dviivachana
Plural
)-)
/
?
vahuvachana
($:% J
($I:% J
($9:% J
labhataam
labhetaam
labhantaam
($)
($I:% J
($W):% J
labhasva
labhethaam
labhadhvaam
($G
($:)-G
($:%-G
labhai
labhaavahai
labhaamahai
,I) J - sev, )? J - vudh, %FS - mRRid, ,i - sah, )F J - vRRit,
,%o!:? /
samaruupadhaatu
. J - iiksh

Introduction to Sanskrit language elements

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Introduction to Sanskrit language elements

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Introduction: Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for writing, and grammatical

In Sanskrit language Devanagari Script is the mostly

Alphabets & Their Classification:

Vowels or )')1 (svaravarNa):

Alphabets starting from (a) till (au) are the

Consonants or 6&7 )1 (vyaJNjanavarNa):

Alphabets starting from (k) till /

In Sanskrit just like any other language (English for

Sentence Formation Overview:

Now study the following statement.

Subject is called -> :1 / kartaa

-> <&: / kriyaa

Transitive Verb is called

Intransitive Verb is called -> %1 / akarmaka

So, in the above statements:

In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories. Following is a

|--------------- Noun Root (*> / shabda)

Noun is the word that represents someone or something in a

Noun in Sanskrit is called *> (shabda) or noun-root. It is also called F!

This classification is based on the gender, number and

Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" (B(C / liN^ga)

Each noun also has three "numbers" ()

/ vachana) and 7 "cases"

In this classification special suffixes are added to the

(to the boy)

(to two boys)

Girl / ):(: / vaalaa (Femenine / DEB(C / striiliN^ga)

(to the girl)

(to two girls)

(to the girls)

Examples of noun form (*>M! / shabdarupa):

-> #:( % J / baalakam

To the boys -> #:( : J / baalakaan

-> ):(:% J / vaalaam

To the girls -> ):(:N

Book / !? / pustaka (Nuter /

!?K, B(C / napu.nsakaliN^ga)

*** In :':9 / akaaraanta nuter ( !?K, B(C / napu.nsakaliN^ga), both

Me / %S / asmad (All Genders / @B(C / triliN^gaka)

You / &?%S / yusmad (All Genders / @B(C / triliN^gaka)

Words like he, she, this, that, these etc., are

Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence etc.

This classification is based on the tense and mood of the

suffix. In this classification:

Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular ( )

/ dviivachana) and Plural ()-)

Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third (% / prathama),

Each verb can belong to categories !'%G!5 (parasmaipadii), H% I!5

In this classification special suffixes are added to the

Followings are the B! (tiN^atapada) verb-forms (:?M! / dhaatutupa) of READ

(both are reading)

(many are reading)

(you are reading)

(you two are

(you all reading)

the boy is reading

- #:( N !B / baalakaH paThati

the boys are reading - #:( :N !89 / baalakaaH paThanti

- ):(: !B / vaala paThati

the girls are reading - ):(:N !89 / vaalaaH paThanti

- H)K !B, / tvam

you all are reading - &?&K ! / yuyam paThata

- -K !:B% / aham paThaami

Vowels or )')1 (svaravarNa):

Consonants or 6&7 )1 (vyaJNjanavarNa):

Subject is called -> :1 / kartaa

|--------------- Noun Root (*> / shabda)

Noun in Sanskrit is called *> (shabda) or noun-root. It is also called F!

Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" (B(C / liN^ga)

Each noun also has three "numbers" ()

Girl / ):(: / vaalaa (Femenine / DEB(C / striiliN^ga)

Examples of noun form (*>M! / shabdarupa):

Book / !? / pustaka (Nuter /

!?K, B(C / napu.nsakaliN^ga)

*** In :':9 / akaaraanta nuter ( !?K, B(C / napu.nsakaliN^ga), both

Me / %S / asmad (All Genders / @B(C / triliN^gaka)

You / &?%S / yusmad (All Genders / @B(C / triliN^gaka)

Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular ( )

/ dviivachana) and Plural ()-)

Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third (% / prathama),

Each verb can belong to categories !'%G!5 (parasmaipadii), H% I!5

Followings are the B! (tiN^atapada) verb-forms (:?M! / dhaatutupa) of READ

- #:( N !B / baalakaH paThati

the boys are reading - #:( :N !89 / baalakaaH paThanti

- ):(: !B / vaala paThati

the girls are reading - ):(:N !89 / vaalaaH paThanti

- H)K !B, / tvam

you all are reading - &?&K ! / yuyam paThata

- -K !:B% / aham paThaami

we are reading - )&K !:%N / vayam paThaamaH

puruSha) of the "Verb" (<&: / kriyaa) match number ()

(!?M+ / puruSha) of the "Subject" ( :1 / kartaa).

and person (!?M+ / puruSha) of the noun (*> / shabda).

(avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa 6&&! / avyayapada do not

Few sample statements using indeclinable (6&&! / avyayapada):

- #:( N ? [B / baalakaH kutra

- #:( N [B / baalakaH tatra

and number ()

white cloud - )IN %IN / svetaH meghaH

1. Active voice or F)

-K @)R:(% J [:B%

#:( N !? % J !B the boy

-K !? % J !:B%

1 :[& (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or :1 (kartaa) is

/ vachana) in which the Subject or :1 (kartaa) is. Verb

&:K(]Z( :' / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara

@)GB(C( :' / vidhailiN^lakaara

forms or :?M! (dhaaturupa) in it.

/ ekavachana), dual (Q5)

/ dviivachana) and plural ()-)

/ vachana) of the :?M! (dhaaturupa) always follows the number

/ vachana) of the Subject or *>M! (shabdarupa) in the sentence. The gender

B(@! :':N !89

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( :1 / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (%!?M+ ) /

prathamapuruSha vahuvachana). Similarly the verb (!89 / paThanti) is also in %!?M+

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (%W&%!?M+ ) /

plural (%W&%!?M+ )-)