Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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I
I
THE U. OF TEXAS
AUSTIN, TEX.
.
.
,
to the producing interval in a well is due to pressure gradients, resuliing
from the production of
fltiid from the- reservoir; These pressure gradients
The effect of fluid injection to control water
will caus+ a water ccn&ro!rise toward the bottom
cor2ing in oil and gas wells was i~estigated
of the producing interval if a water-oit ok water-gas
Analytical and model techniques
were employed.
contact exists. The tendency of the water to cone
The factors investigated
were the position and
is offset, or partially offset by gravity forces since
length of the completioti itierval,
the point of
the water has a higher specific gravity than the
fluid injection, the viscosity of 4the injected fluid
oil. A bal~ce
then exiets between twq forces,
and the relat iue thickness
of the oil and water
gravitational forces arising from the #ifference in
sect ions; The result ing in~luence; of these factors
specific. gravities
of the oil and water, and the
on the net producing water-oil ratio was determined.
pressure gradients causing the flow of fluids to the
can be drawn {rQrn
Several irnportarzt conclusiys
wellbore.
If the pressure
gradient exceeds
the
the st t+
-in general, it was found that the net
gravitational
force, water coning to the wellb~re
producing watei+-oil3ratio can be reduced, by iluid
occurs arid water production results.
injection. The magni+yde of ibis reduction depended
~ Though
tke years considerable
thoti~ht has .
,)on. #be ~actbs Iist ed ab~ve.. An imPortant, PFaCtica~deen given to the water coning problem, M&e than
consideratio<
is tbat the inject iort fluid may be
50 U.S. Patents have been granted to itiventors on
either oil or wa~eti. [j the injected fluid is. less
the sub ject; A relatively complete literature re~iew
dense than the~c+rzaie water of the reservoir, the
of the water coning problem has been made. 5 A
fluid will not he lost, This fact is reassuring when
number of these Daterits hold considerable Promise
U#luable ofl i~(,be ing injected. Efforts lo suppess
for the solution & the partial solution of th~ water
water p@uctio~
were more kticcessfrd when the
anii/or, the coning problem. Very little has been
, injection fluid was ~qre viscous than the ~reservoir
written describing field tests of techf~i qyes for t,he
oil, or when b zonk -of reduced permeability ekisted
suppression
of water coning. A notable exception
~.,
tiicinity of tbepoint of-[luid ~nject ion. Under
in tbrr
,<
is the paper by West. 6 He reports success in reducing
test conditioti,,
htt]e ~benefit was derived-through
/
gas coning by. a combination of gravel packing and..
.-.
,,.
the use of impermea~le
or :cement *pan. -barriers
.
.
,.
oil injection above--the oil-producing intei%al.- He
cakes 8.
also descri~es ca comparable method to preient
~
water coning, but provides no field example-s.
INTRODUCTION ~ .
This study experimentaIJy
and analy~icallyverifies the benefits of. oil injection as E! means
The occurrence of wate:, coning has been known
of p&tially or completely suppressing
the water
:
., for at leaat,60 years. ITIthin oil or gas pay sections,
!,
...... .. .
..
. .
-+,...:.
...
,,,
<,
POTENTIAL FLOW THEORY Am
APPLICATION TO THE WATERCONING PROBLEM
Most analytical
approaches
to the fluid-flow
problem have been based upon the methods of
classical, hydrodynamics,a branch of applied mathematics
which deals with the perfect or ideal
fluid. This hypothetical
fluid is incompressible
~and non-viscous by definition. In. addition, the
fluid, can slip along its, boundaries without resistance. Despite these very limiting assumptions,
the
Potential flow theory of classic~l hydrodynamics
permits the solu~ion -of many practicai problems in
fluid dynamics. It is possible tgdevelop expressions
for the streamlines
and isopotentipf
lines for a
number .of cases of two-dimensional
fluid flow of
intere sr in the water-coning problem. It is also
possible to add two or more,.flow coning patt&rns
to obtain solutions of more ccmplex systdms. This
procedure has been followed to develop shalytical
expressions
applicable to water coning and to the
injection of fluid to reduce water pioduc ing ratek.
Fig. 2, is a plot of the flow streamlines{ from a
uniform soiuce to a point sink in a two-dimensional
system. The analytical expression for the stream
function is: 7
I
tanb
arctan
*=+
,..
.1
2L
,[
,.,
n-y
tan .
2L
. . . ..~l.
., . . .. . . . . . (1)
t,.
*?
---. I
h,
,,
i~T o <
-~
;r
.!.
.,
-ofi
to
re
row.
IRSRS--!
i-
1.
a..
,.,
0..
0..
o.*.,**,,
Q..
I
1
1.2
o..
I..
.1
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., ,,
,.0
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,.
:,.
.....,
.,:;~y;<,\-y
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-..-
L
l.
.... -.:
.:.../
1
~ 1
1..
. ______ .._.
,,.
,..,,
,-,, ~~
.
. . . . .____ .__ ..__ _______________
------- __________ ----
r
1.
:.*1TN
I
O.*
$*
-.
0.
0
..
02
,0.
.-*,
0.6
-.
-.
on
10
091
,,*
:,
LMw
0.-,..,.
;,
:
.$*.
$b
.
,
my
m. S.*.
,,,,,,
--.
04,+s,
~ ,
I
:, ----~:---~o.,k
:
,;:C,*
P*rJ
..-.
0;
O!ayrc-1
-.
.FIG.
5 WATER
-------
---
,.
.
..
..
,,
. +.,,.
,!.,*
,.4!,,,..,
,.*.<.L,**,O
._,
,f+---!
~r;f
A!,
,.
(Cuwmm
.,
-1!:
.,
coti
sx-u4pEs. IN A.. TWO--TARISCIN
OF MOD13LANlI
:.
,,*.
l~r
,..
.,
,:
..
.. .:
,.
.,.
.,,
..:
.J
...
,,!
-..-.
=. .. ..
-.
. ..
r,
.,
,.
respectively,
In sand. re servo~s,
the horizorital
permeability may be fr~m 2 to+ 100 times the permeability in the vertical direction,
In this study, the shape of the water cone., with
and. without fluid injection, has, been. treated by
using a two-dimensional model and a radial model.
The primary advantage of a titodel -study is that
complex flow configurations
may be investigated
and, fluids of differing densities
and viscosities
maybe used. No analytic expressions which permit
a solution of the formulated probIem are availabIe
at the present. time.
.,,
,,
WATER CONING STUDY WITH-THE
HELE - SHAW MODEL
-,.
.
,
. THEORETICAL BASIS AND
.. ,.
Interestingly,
the predicted
cone shape does
not give an exact representationof
the cone shape
observed in the radial model water-coning experiments of this study. The lack of ~greement between
the observed and calculated cone shapes .may be
traced to. a very limiting asstirnption made in the
development of, the cone shape, equation, Eq. 2.
It was asswned that the production of oil was due
,, to the pressure gradient in. . the...-radial direcrion
. . ~.
In the vicinity of the well, where the producing
interval only parriall y penetrates
the oil-bearing
.secrlon, ,the actual flow has an important. vertical
. component.
The exact solution
would, then, of,
course, consider the vertical pressure gradient also.
A di~ect analytical solution may not be possible
where the vertical pre ssute gradient is also considered. :
Karp, et al, have also developed an expression
for the water cone shape in a two-dimensional
system:
f
i,
,
z.
.
(&2 D2)
~2;
b-
,t
SCA~ING
#
!.
<
(re -r)
l.
.
,,
Basically,
the H,ele-Shaw g~l O model consists/
of two closely- s~aced psraIleL-plates.
The analogy
i,s b ased on the corre spdndence bet we en the fIow
of fluid ti-gough a porous media and the Iarninar
flow of s viscotis fluid between the two closelyspaced plates. cThe principles
of viscous flow
an alog~ are well known. For very low fluid, velocities between paralleI plates, the velocity distribution is paritbolic, The, mean velocity across the
interspace;: is proportional to the pressure gradient
.,
so that
3
re -9-W
. . . i.
FACTORS
(3)
.
If the calculated. values in the oil and
interface,
=)
where x ad ~ refer to-tlie rectsrigulsr coordinatewater sections do not Lagree at tlie contact, then
system, - The pressure is then analogous CO the
,,.
. die interface vikxdd be adjusted by trial-and-error
velocity ~potentiZd .of an irrotational flow system.
until the solution for the cone shape resulted.
When the position of the cone, had.been established,
The- rxoblem treated in this stuiik Involves the
simult~eous
flow of two liquids -~-segregated by
then relaxation ~techniques
could be applied to
1%
gravity. forces, The permeability
(expressed
in
determine the potent ial and streamlines of the flow
in both the ...
water and oil sections, If req~ed. It : datties) is the same in either of rhe. fluids, w2/12,
.
. . slvitld be possibld to treat the case wliere oil or where w is the plate spacing- irr cenr+neters. The
for flow between two closely-spiced
water i.4 injected in the, same wellbore tb suppress
,, equation
<
parallel
plates may then be written four- times:
water ?coning. The above suggested trial-and-effor
.,.
.,
,.,.)
,,
techjjiq~
has not. beeit used in this study.
~ t
.
.
, ;3m
.; It should glso -be possible -to extend the above
~
Om
. ,~p
,.~v
q Om = 1~.
!.
rrial-and-erior
tecfinique to, the. case where the
:
~
Vm-.
:,..
},._..:..,-:.
;..
. -+4s ~r_
.=..--
->~fi.Q2:~f-fi&&hJi&QKt=~J_&&@ti@<~*+ili.E~,.
.~;~..
~ @:j_..:L& ---- -- --- .-:,=.,
.
is irgt ~uriity. This directional
property may be
~.>
.
-= W3P .
3:
YQ p@
taken @to acco.gntby graphing .witli the horizontal,
~op.
~..>
,J
f: : ,.*
:. &Wmeti,iiori5~reduce$...f?y zhe factor ~kv /kb,
k ~
Jand k.b are-the vertical and horizontal permeabiIities,
...-)*
. . . . . . . .. + .. . . ..-.
(5)
$..: *A.=
., ......-.-.
....
.. ... . . . .. . ... . . . .. . . . . . . ... .. ---- >, ...=,.
{..----.*-. ,..: -. ;,.- . >,-.= & --. --.,------ ...=.. ..,_ /.. .------- --,-:..+
!
..(
(
J
4..
>.
.,
I.
;
1----,
E-
\::.
::{..;:.
DECEMBERj
196S
; ..: . .. . ::._.
._: . ... . . ..._
z
:.; :..- ...:
.7+.2
. .. .
~. ,,. . .. .
_ ?:;...;
.-...
. ;
.- . .. .W.-
., . . *.%=>-~n-=+:-..
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. . .
:.
.,
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. .-..
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.. . . . .. .-
.>
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.... ___
-. ------
. . .. . .
. ...
..=- ~T_
,.
.----- --<,.,
....+=.;
.,.
., ::
.-.= ---.. ... . ;_~ ~::
--::.:..
. : -..-.-,
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.._. -::
; .;..: ,::.::..
.:-.
~ ..:. . .. .. ---------.:. : ;:.::
---- .::
. .,,. ..- .x.... .... ,. . .--, .- :.V -. .--= :. .. -G.- . +.&.-,. , ..?- --, -. - ..., .... ... .. ,-. .. .. .,-.. ti ~ -.. ~.-,,.
. .iGs.-T.--&--..Q_:-
*..
..-.>75----
..-
:------
..=.-
.-.
-----
---- ~
,.
,..
.:
.$/J3
Ym
12
Pwm
vwm
-Ap
qup=
> bD
W3D
12
dp
PWD
.,
must
~) + Ptum g~m
. ,.. . . . . . . . .
..
Pom (rm, z)+
Pm
. . .
(rmt m
= ~j
.. (7)
.*.*
pam g(zm - ZJ
+ pSUm
gZm
pm(fm,
Zm=o) . . . . . . ..l .,
(7?)
P t.- win z
.Zm-zm
Pom
m
Pom
,[
[1
Pop-Pwp
P = 2P. -ZP
. .
for the
, ,
,.
Pop
Plexigas
,(9)
~~ ,;
floes
of the liquids
7
(8)
. . . . .
>
i /4
/4
Pap
equation
,drp
v Wp
,,
In
PS4L
.(Tmi
corresponding
Pwp
c
Imposing the cohdicion that the watkr-oil ratio with the corresponding producing rates be ..equal in the
model and the prototype, it follows directly that:ll
,.,
k~~m
=
u@
.,,,,..
(6).
vQm
~op
..
-,
Similarly,
the
prototype is:
,
drsa
.,
.
,,
9=wm
4;.
.!
of[po~pw]
. .. .
m is -0.143,
,,
*J
Pla*e
..
,..
,-
f
. -. -..
,
,,,
..
FOP
. .
------~
. -.-
.. . .
. .. .
. ..
. . . ..
. . . ..
VI EW QF
. . . . JNrIt
?O.. ~C-Ol@. ].
-..:.:_.
Adjustable
.
~,
Bult;s
-+kp:&?::EDGUT
; ._
c_c,a&,
ACe90t0<?iDOc&t
,.
PLATES
.To
P,az,
~lLi.c..c;;.
S~UhQE -
p;ec e.>
.
.~-.
.:
.. . ::_..
ik-
..,.-:
:..
.W,i
--
::
,,,wJEcj\~~+60~H+
., k+i+(
~~
;. -._....,.
.,
..
,Oti
,,.
/.(
,.,
,,
,.
.:,
/
-,.y . _ ..7 ._ . -
.,
.(
,,
./
t
reservoir
oil of 4:1,. .Produdtion was at a point. sink at the extrems top M the producing interval.
Curve A outlines the- coae shape for zero oil
injection and a water-oil ratio of 0,682. Curves ,B
through E show the observed .cone shapes for oil
: injection Fates of 4.4, 9.3( 21.8 and 3007 per cent,
respectively,
of the total oil producing rate. Note
that Cuive
E depicts the cone shape witii complete
,,
,,
,,
,.
-PRO.CEiURE
.-.,
.,
,.
&&T~3
>.
.,,
,
OF DATA
--
---
AND
,,
.,
..,,,,1
0..,
I
-
,<
.
,
,.
,>
*O*
-.....
ib-
.-,
made., ,
these
Some,
form,
.
AT
TO
...
4
10
\
l\\.:-
0;2[\
:
, .
. .
,,
,,
----
. .
. .. . ..
-L.<.
...
r.
11k;-
-.:
-0
171G.1-
\i
l+,
CURVES
TO
ILLUSTRATE
-.,I
..... .. . . . ...
.,
.,
/#1c5. 011
011
-.
.,.,:
PRE&N.TATION
-,,....,.
k ,-,,...
/71.1
Netq.
was established, for. a particul,?r
m
inle~:cone height by adjusting tlie incoming oil and
0.?85
water,;rates.- This established a particular water-oil
0.500
0+
ratio, Aft& the cone shape and stsfid-pipq .pre$s we sq
9.764
~,~ . p
bad \stabilized, which required froirr 30 mintites to
-.
:,
2 ,h ~,s, the fIiJw pattern in the model was. photo,,grap13ed, ThS tests.. normally involved injection of
fLui~: at a point below the producing it@~al.
To
rnainiain,jthe inlet-cone heiglk coristantt a specific
. ----... .,,.
THE lNFLUENt33
}. . -.
.
->
. . .- +.,{ ..
.-
.
-y.
.-. .-
-f
As might
be expected,
fluid flows.
injected
BmaNer volumes of oil. are required to reduce
the net, water-oil ratio as the ratio of the viscosity
Df the injected oil to reservoir oil is increased.
The plotted points of Fig. 8 do not follow a smooth
curve. This is probably because of the sensitivity
of the model to small pressure changes.
A second factor of importance in the injection
of fiuid to control ,water coning is the position of
the point of fluid injection. Fig. 9. shows the net ~
producing water-oil rstio for var$,us oil ihjection
rates wit~, the ~osition of the pom~. of injection as
a parameter. Curves A and C Hhiswe tk =1 @ive.
effects of. oil injection rate on the net prqducing
water-oil ratio. where the net oil produci~8 rate
was, held constant, at -lh53 cc/se,c. It was found
that complei~. suppression
of. wate~ cOni& was
not possible ac the net producing rate of 0.63
cc/see with injection at the 7/8th point (Curve C).)
Further increase in injection rate would have inte~
fered With the producing rste. Curve B corresponds
to the lower net oiI producing rate of 0.398 d,;., with in jection of oil at the 3/4th point of, the
formation.
,:
.3
.,:,,
;
~,
iy. .,,
.
>.:.
~
x.ctt intb~
S
Nat
..
cOn*
40 = 0.630
height
cc fsec
---%
.0
,-.
N
0.6
,..
j
J
x\
Cur4*
3.
C-.lni*ction
Naf 4. -
01 ?18 Point
0.630
CC/$#C
.\
0,
:
0.;
,.
0.-
.i
..
,-
..
..!
.4
.-.
,-
,.
:.
;.,
.,
,,.
>
.. .
.a.
.-
A-
<\J ..
-.
,{
\
\
\
k
~og}.--Ah?
A
,s
..
,. . . ...
-.
,.
,,,
.,
.:
..
\ \.
.C>i
:.
,; ~{l-ln~*Cl,IOn
.
20.
.,
Rof*,
%-O*
40
Total,
Oi[
,.,
Pce$*cin Q- R<le
-.
r{.,,:**
~<
,,,,,,,
1-
,:
- .
. . ..
.
.,
.s-
t,-/,:
,.
&
,\\\
(.
~~%-k-,
.:
--
.,._
..
. . .
. . ...<..
,,.
7
..
o, .,,
~.
..
,,.
.1 :,..
.,
...-
,r-:..
.>,,<.
--!
,,
,i.
,=
...-.-.
--.-.
. .7
-r
.-
.-
-,
./
>
.,
-,
rates:,
The second geometric paramkter considered
is
Cwves E, D, and C ~f ,Fig. 11 preaenf the cone
the dimensionless
well radius. In the mode!, the
shapes observed for injection rittes of 13.9, 30*9~
G,~A Z< I? ,+ ~hA: ~ viscosity
ratio
oil
as a per
screene+ opening tQ the wellbore of 0.04 in, for the
45 #ie-shaped radial. section, results &_ta Wellborer
cent of the total oil producing rate, The injection
,: .
radius of 0,048 i,n. The dimensionless
expression is
rate- of 35,8 pet cent was sufficient c~ completely
;).
suppress the water production. For ~he kase where recordpi In Table 1. Since the vilue-of h is B in.,
the dimensiotdess
well radius is cakdated
to be
r~e of 47*9
no pancakci was used; a.n injection
-.
-... ,. -,
per cent was ,successful -in reducing the net prmDimensionless
well penetration,
th~ third gee~?
ducing water-oil ratio from 0.597 to f?.111. A slight
metric pitrameter, is 0.0625 for the ?4 in.
broducin~
.*
advantage. over the case without the pancake is
.
,.
interval of the model.
- ~
;
.ob served where the pancake configuration is ua&L
,
The foytth parameter used to describe the gkomefry
:
~~ It can b? observed f?om Fig. 11 that as the injection
of
the system indicated the position, of the paint
. ..
rate was. increased, the water cusp, tended to move
of fluid injection as a fraction of the thickti$as of
-J
upward on tfie producin~ interval thus. making it
~the oil producing interval. This ,has been ,caHed
difficult to suppress the water cone.
lD and is a ratio of c to b where c is the disr~nce
... .. ..:-:,.<:
that no-charifieliiig fluids- acE6A+.the tdp occurred .,
cibie~ the ,rhobi~~y-~atio was directly proporrionsl to
_$Fipg.t.k!..!es!i-.,
~.-%.-2.,=,;2 :.-:-.:. ~.: ~.,: ~L, .-. . .;...:<F,,<:~
+ ~h$::-G&-Cd?+5e&xn-tW$tiodel::~-&"i&:dkx~Cs:?~&zTrom-:-,&-+
::*
_jb . .=. -- . . ...
.@ to .200 rndsh. with an. average. mesh size ~f 110;. ; ; ;;
p+arneter from 0.1 to 10 could be. encputtt&eil. The
apecif;; ;syrface calculated: on a unit .por~;,: .. ~- ;
fluid system..use,d iii the @clel had a ~rnobili$y .. The
.
g~~~o-dfl.zl,
:
,
o.
: _ .,,:
.-volume basis of the- sand was 942 sq cm/cu cm. ,.~~--- ~~~
.~.
,,,.,.
.,
..--. .
. ---- .+.. .....-. . . ..:e, -. . w.... ... .... .... . . . . . .. ... .- -..=..,.- :-:~.m:......,.7 -. .}...-. ..: .,; ......::. .- - ....------- ,. ..--,. :. .. .;. ...?:.x
1963 -L:.- ~,- <-~. -- :
;- ,. ,-IT +
.7-;,--:-:. .--.-;
-t- ::T +1-,;
7-:-.- -:
;= ;--?.;-.:
.+;-? 7 - Z_&: .<-7 -?.2?: .--L .:;+ .+
fi DECEMBEt&
,{ .-...
.
i
:-----=-.
.:.:-::,,
------
:2,
,-.. .-,.---*
. . .J=;
.. . .:
+~-- -----
:..-..:,
---
;.:
. .. .
.,
~~.- .. -Lz.
,.--..+,
~
.-:.
.:.:
..-
. .,....
:..:::,:.:-.:.
--. .. . , -..
:
!1
-.-,,.:.
,..
.,..
--.= -----
.,
..=. ._.
.-:.:
:-.
.,
*. .: . ... ....- -c ..:.6,...4-.
~...
.--;..
..
-...-=.-
,=.-5 T.-
..
----
,..~.
.
.>.-.
....:
.-~... .......
-. ....
..
~_..
.,:
.~ .
. .:
.,
r>
,,,
.,>,
l!~
,-,
,,
,. -,,,.
,>-.
,
?.
,,
.T
,,-
$,
.~
TABLk
j
Dynamic
(i)
1-
PARAM~TERS
Rock
& Fluid
RADIAL
MODEL
Redid
AND
Modal
THE
Force
.*
Ratio
.,
,)..
...
Propwty
.. .
.+.
...> -. . . . . . . .. .. .
.
,.
.s
.
. .
..
,
Parameter
.,
kp
..
=
.
-1,21
fwb....-,
Parameters
,.
(i)
(ii)
Dimensionless
Well
Spicing,
UD=
f
r
rw- kv.:
.,5 .-
WiliRa&u%-rWD= ~
.-
Dimensionless
~..
4.5
Ii
... .
. .
..!
,
(iti)
P!mensianlass.
(IV)
Dimensionless
Prototype**
WOII
Penetrathr;
brJ =
, ,.-,..... .,.,-.-- e
Iniect!on,
In =
-%---
--
..
,.
--
... . .
,,
,,
o to lrooo
.,
-J
. 4s
q~of %.fi
. . ..
(i}
,.-.. -. . -.
.. ..
Possible
,,-
.>,
.!
Gestiefrie
.,
PROTOTYPE
..
_., ,,
z
FOR
q(pw-po)
Rx=
To
will
..
to W8eeus
,
PROCEDURE
. :,
SCALING
Parameters
Gravity
EXPERIMENTAL
. . ... ..
Ih06~5
.. -
0,:156
-.
to
.-..
0.469
. ...=
,
2,
,:
,
.,
..
-.
.
..
.....
__,
-..
.
--.--.
.
..
.--.
-----.
-
.
..=
..
-.
?
,:
,~
0
.
..,,
...
$/
,..
-,
,,
EXPERIMENTS
~GENERAL DISCUSSION
OF RESULTS
A striking, and very important fluid flow feature
The purpose of this rest series was to determine
can be obs&ed
by ~omp-aring the cone shapea of
the shape of the stable water cone for the model,
Figs. 5 and 13. A marked similarity- ia evident in
to determine the change in cone shape with fluid
c?ne shapes and injection profiles in the einalyticall y
injection;. andto ascert~ln the re~u~ing net waterderived and experimentally determined flow systems.
oil ratios for various oil injection rates. Fig, 13
It might have been expected thar the cone in the radial
ahowa theresulting
cone shapes. Curve A represents
sya tern wouldha?e been very steep ih slope near the
the interface between the oil and water for stable
producing interval. ~ii was not observed. The above
of analytical
obse~ation
indicates thatthd results
fibw conditions with zero oiI injection and a net.
oil producing rate of 0.13 cc/aec. Curves B, C and
Of thd water coning problem in twotreatments
D show the resulting cone ahapea for injection rates.
dimen~io;s have qualitative application to the radial
system most often encountered in the field prototype.
ok 11.43 .34.4 and 50.7 per ~entj respectively,
of the
total oil producing rate,
~~
The, situation ia a fortuitous one since a ~adial
The upper curve of Fig, 14 is a plot of the net
system is most difficult. to treat either, in the labproducing wat r-oii ratio ~S the oil injection Jrate
oratory or by analytical means. The positioning of
as a per cent i~f the total oil producing rate correi impermeable barriers or pancakes -is very difficult
spending ~o the ,mc+l configuration
of Fig. 12.
in a radial .syatem. The system muse be unpacked,
h can be observ~d that while a significant reduction
rhen repacked.
Invaria+{y, the system would be
in the producing water-oil rat~o was effected by the
substantially
altered and correlation
of the tesr
injection of a 1:1 ~iacosity ratio of injected and
reservoir oils, the point of oil injection was roo
,1O*.
!
The middIe and lover curves of Fig. 14 corre- :
spend to model configiirations
where the point of
oil injection haa been moved closer to the pr~ucing
interval. It can be observed that injection at the
+
,Mgher points has been more effective in reducing
the water-oil ratio for a. given rate of oil injections
In addition, the cross-sectional
area through which
e,!.!
1
the water must. move
has been.../
reduced with increased
.>
.
2
.,.
i.
:, ,.,,
oil. injection rates.
1.
02
-..
swims
01
.q
4S-
1/4..
1- Pl, xTaldS
,L.- -
.\\
POWS
SK-
.*-
/..
:
.,
Press.w
-,
mLh
ghtsr
-.-,
,,
inmkir
Sr?oce
-- \
,0.30
.
0.?.5
2J.
TOP VfE*,
(L!d
Re! novea 1
.6
z-
... .
.,
~~
?4
,,,.
.
,:
..
, ,.?.,,
0.10
,.
i.
L
. ,}
,,-
\wl-
..
,m.,
0.33
fw.amma
-iA_....&...~-l
..-,.,
RADIAL FLOW.
FIG. 13 wATER CONE SHAPES MODEL,
f n =,, 0,469, NET OIL
PRODUCING RATE
0.13 CCX3EC, VISCOSITY RATIO OF ~JECTED
To
>.. .
RESERVOIR OIL = 1.
~.
..
. .
-.,
..,
CONDUCTED AND
ANALYSIS
.,
..-:..
\..
\]
. 0.09
-..
~.-.
...
.__.
.-1
so=
to
>.,10
30
40
(a).
...
: ,
z-plane
.,., -
-.
.,
of presenting or partially preventing y?$er coning
,.
in oil wells.
1. The use of two-dimensions 1 model techniques
,permits
qualitative
conclusions
regarding
water
coning behavior in a radial system.
2. ,The smallest water-oil ratio will reauh when
the smallest possible producing interval, consistent
with the required fIuid producing capability,
is
plpced at the top of the oil zone.
3. The net producing water%il ratio for a given
oii, producing rate can be reduced by the injection
of fluid. More benefit is derived if the injection fluid,
is more ~iscous than the reservoir oij, or if a zone
of reduced. permeability exists in the vicinity of the
#oiiit of fluid injection.
4. For a given-net oil producing rate, theoptimum
, point of fluid injection will be the point closest to
the bottom of the producing irteervkl that does not
interfere with the desired oil producing ratei This
means that for higher net oil producing races, the
point of injection shotild be moved downward for
maximum efficiency
in water cone suppression+
5. The same cone shapes,yand
net producing
water-oil ratios will result regardless
of the se.
quence of operations foilowed, as long as sufficient
time has elapsed for steady-state
conditions to be
reached.
This meatis that no advantage resulted.
from irritating fluid injection before the water cone
was developed or vice versa (see Re f, 5).
6. When no fluid is injected,
the water cone
shape is virtually
independent
, rate (See Ref; 5),
,.
;
..(b)
i-
plane
. .
..
.,
.:
....;..
. :___
..
-..
_Q
,.
d,<.-::.
,,. .
, .- -
,.; -
-.
/
:/
.
7. The reduction in the net producing water-oil
ratio, attributable to the use of simulated pancakes,
waa minor in the model studies conducted.
8. The injected fluid will not be Ioat if the
fluid~s
less dense than the connate dater of the
reservoir.
9, The. conformal mapping technique used for
the aitalytical treatment of the zero fluid density.
difference casp with fluid injection, should permit
qualitative - determination of the fluid injection behavior and theaccruing
benefits to be realized in
a rsdial system.
,.
NOi@NCLATURE
.
a = Well-to~well distance, in. or ft,
c = Diatande from top of oil pay to centerline
of rejection, poiht, in. or ft,
D=
Production interval, in. or ft,
lb = Diinensionleas injection depth,
,
u, v, w.= Velocity ,componenta in the. x; y, z dire% .
,,
tiona, respectively,
f ~
v = Fluid specific gtavity,
Q = Dimenaiordess flow rate,
L = Height of the system.
\
,.
.;.
,..
. .
l ,
1:
.
l.
,. ....
We~t,
IT.
CORNER
To
IN A CHANNEL
Ltd., London
- 1960} il.
..
12..<Geerj:rnaEJ.., Croes,A.-and_Sc@.w&z~.
~.~ !!~W~Y4?f.
--UT-:-=-L=:&~-mDlfienaionafly:~ Scaled- hT6diJ&6f~-PetroieurRake-sif->,f~.,i.
,-:. ~oirat$ Truns., MME (S956) Vo~ 207,118,
13; -Rapoport,L. A:: %calfng Laws for ULsein Design tid
... .. .. . ., : CYmWn .&Wate@U.F1oy
!@dels.!i. Ttatis.,.-;A~,
(1955) Vol; 204, 143.
[ ;:<:;;:;.::..:.,;g:-
--7:z;:2z;:2
.::.:;;:?.-::;::
;L:::3.
CEXBJ$E, -X965 .
. .. .. . -..,
,.-
-. ..:.-,.-:- -.:.
L......
A-----:.~.
<.- .::.. ~.-.
....... ............
:..
.:>---, , -,.
....
.1
1
.-.-, .1
.!
.,
.s
U=E
dt,
trqlsformqtion
.-
t=cosidy,.
,
..
.,
(11)
.,
in increasing.
, ,
.,
. :K : ~ f
et@atiori:
.
~..<-
.,+~
(d-f)~rf
(MM,
(c-@~
(&t)~/~,
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . .
(1959j.
Using
poiygon
S.:
A Gravel Pack Completion for, ,Bxchmiofi of Gaa and Water$, Trans., AIME (1~51)
.,.
.. .
.
vilL 192,. 183.,
.7. l?allentine, H. R..: ApplLsd Hydrodynamics, %utter6.
~_..-,
.-:.
-..
. . .,
l.:~~...
..
,.
. . ..-
(Jan.,
EJ&(
.?F.
>
Tech
1,Muskat,
REFERENCES
. ...)j
..
:. I
. ..
,.
;:. . .6
... .
, ;
:.... .
. . ..- =.
...I
. .-
(13)
-... .
- I
..
.
t-plane to w-plane:
The point I = O is regarded as, -a source with a - ;
total flow .of 2Q of which half goes to. the upper half . .
of the t-plan~.~irnilarly,
t =- 1 a-sink of the total
-.
flow 2 Q. For this source-sink combination:
,
: ~~
.:.+ +,
,,
..
,
_+L=___..
,, ,
>, .
___
.-
..
. . . . . . . . . .._.
..___
-.
. ..
i,
. . -.
.:..
. . . ..
_ -..._
._
.1:
,/
.
cosh
4=~,ln [COS2 ~
W=glnL
. . ..o.
..
(15)
-Q
~.in
cosh E~+1
.,
.)
W=++
i$=$.h
~
1
cos
~
..
.1
+ I
}.
>.
iy
~Lsin2
......
,1 L
+ sinh2
. . ;17)
1
...,{
cosh[?
+%1
~osh[;+
~]+
!..
\ 16)
Equating
;-Q arctan
e. quat
. ion after some algebraic
.,
[{
cosh
+sinh2
. (m}
-,
***
,
.,
t
.,
;.
..
>
,-
.-,
.
,.
.,
.,
.,
, i,
.,.
.,,
,
,..
x: .:.,.,
,.
,$
.-
!.
-,
,,.
...
,-
.,
..7
..
,--
..
,
.
-,
.1
.,
..-~.
...-.2.
. .. . . .
,..
~----a
.. . ..
. . ..
,.,
.
\-
.,,
,
-,. ..
i.
.....
.7
,,,
..
-.,
,.. ,
. ..-
..-
..
,.,,,
-,
t.
,.,
.,-
i-j
..-,
~..
..,..,
.
.. -,. . .. ..
.
,,,
. .. ...
.,
.. .
. .,. .,
..:,
...
,.,. .-
St
---