UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY II
SKMM 3931

HEAT BALANCE

NAME

: MOHD SYAFIQ BIN MOHD RAFFAE

MATRIC NO.

: A15KM0192

PROGRAM

: 2-SKMT

LECTURER

: DR. MOHD FARID MUHAMAD SAID

INTRODUCTION

In engineering world, the biggest challenge in front of engine manufacturer is to reduce

fuel and increase thermal efficiency. Fuel and air mixture should burn satisfactorily to reduce fuel
consumption so that to active this, new technology has adopted by manufacturer. i.e.
microprocessor controlled fuel system which provides the quantity of fuel according to the load
and speed condition also lot of research work is going on to active less pollution. The direct
conversion of work to heat is possible, but to transform heat to work is only achievable by using a
device called heat engine. A heat engine will not work until both the First and Second Law of
Thermodynamics is satisfied. A heat engine, defines as the energy conversion systems, which
operates according to thermodynamics cycle and generates work to the surrounding. All heat
engine operates between two energy reservoirs, receiving heat ( ) from a high temperature
reservoir at , and rejecting heat ( ) to a low temperature reservoir at . Generally, the high
temperature reservoir as a heat source, obtained from the combustion of fuel while the low
temperature reservoir is the atmosphere (Figure 1). As shown in Figure 2, the schematic of heat
and energy of a heat engine. In this experiment, Lister engine, Dynamometer, and Air box are used
to conduct the experiment. The variety of observations and reading are noted with different number
of experiment and mathematical calculations are carried out.

Figure 1 Heat Engine Processes

Figure 2 Schematic of Heat and Energy Balance

OBJECTIVE & METHOD

Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat balance of a heat engine.

Method:
1. Before conducting the experiment, the lubrication oil of the engine, cooling fluid, and fuel
tank is check.
2. The load indicator is adjusted so that the pointer shows zero reading.
3. The cooling fluid pump is switched on and the steady and consistent flow is observed.
4. The dynamometer coupled to the engine can be used an electric motor or generator depends
on the position of the selector switch. To crank the engine, the selector switch is position
to motor, and the field resistance knob is turn to the maximum. In order to ensure the
motor will produce maximum torque when the engine cranks the ammature is turn for
speed control resistance at minimum position and the engine is start slowly. The ammature
current reading is monitor and make sure the reading does not exceed 60amp at any time.
If the torque is not sufficient, the engine will not start. In this case, the ammature speed and
torque is adjust.
5. After the engine started, the selector switch is put to generator and the field resistance
know is turn to minimum.
6. With the dynamometer acts as generator, the experimental data is take by loading the
dynamometer. Start with low load.
7. For every load change, the engine is stabilized by letting the engine to run for 2-3 minutes
before all reading is taken. The torque reading is take directly from the spring scale.
8. After completing the experiment, the load is lower and the engine is stop.

RESULTS

TABLE 1 : EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Ambient pressure : 1009 mbar

Ambient temperature : 31.5 C

No. of Experiment
Engine

Speed (rpm)

Air

Cooling fluid

2027 2015 2005 1995 1985 1978

Dynamometer Load (N)

Fuel flow
meter

17

23

33

49

63

Time take to consume

25cc of fuel (s)

143

125

110

93

80

68

Head (cm H2O)

2.35

2.30

2.25

2.20

2.15

2.10

Inlet temperature (C)

31

31

31

31

31

30

Outlet temperature (C)

110

125

139

159

183

208

Inlet temperature (C)

40

43

44

47

48

49

Outlet temperature (C)

43

45

47

49

51

53

Flow rate (litre/min)

10

10

10

10

10

10

TABLE 2 : EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

No. of Experiment
Brake power, BP (kW)
Heat from the combustion
of fuel, Qf (kW)
Heat to the cooling fluid,
Q1 (kW)
Heat to the air/exhaust
gases, Q2 (kw)

1
0.374

2
0.789

3
1.062

4
1.517

5
2.241

6
2.871

6.031

6.900

7.841

9.274

10.781 12.684

2.094

1.396

2.094

1.396

2.094

2.791

0.83

0.97

1.10

1.29

1.52

1.76

Other heat loses, Q3 (kW)

2.74

3.74

3.58

5.07

4.93

5.26

Brake thermal efficiency

(%)

6.194

11.438

13.550

16.355

20.785 22.635

TABLE 3 : PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY USAGE

No. of Experiment
Component
Magnitude
Ratio
Percentage

Subjects
Heat from the
combustion of fuel,
Qf

Heat to the
air/exhaust gases,
Q2

Qf

kW

6.03

6.90

7.84

9.27

10.78

12.68

Qf /Qf

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

BP

kW

0.37

0.79

1.06

1.52

2.24

2.87

BP/ Qf

6.19

11.44

13.55

16.35

20.78

22.63

Q1

kW

2.09

1.40

2.09

1.40

2.09

2.79

Q1/ Qf

34.71

20.23

26.70

15.05

19.42

22.01

Q2

kW

0.83

0.97

1.10

1.29

1.52

1.76

Q2/ Qf

13.69

14.08

14.08

13.95

14.09

13.88

Q3

kW

2.74

3.74

3.58

5.07

4.93

5.26

Q3/ Qf

45.41

54.25

45.67

54.64

45.71

41.47

Brake power, BP

Heat to the cooling

fluid, Q1

Other heat loses, Q3

TABLE 4 : PERCENTAGE OF CUMULATIVE ENERGY USAGE

No. of Experiment

BP

6.19

11.44

13.55

16.35

20.78

22.63

BP+ Q1

40.90

31.67

40.25

31.40

40.20

44.64

BP+ Q1+ Q2

54.59

45.75

54.33

45.36

54.29

58.53

100

100

100

100

100

100

Percentage of
cumulative energy usage

BP+ Q1+ Q2+ Q3

GRAPH OF PERCENTAGE OF CUMULATIVE ENERGY USAGE

AGAINST NUMBER OF EXPERIMENT

PERCENTAGE OF CUMULATIVE ENERGY USAGE

PERCENTAGE OF CUMULATIVE ENERGY USAGE VS NUMBER OF EXPERIMENT

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1

NUMBER OF EXPERIMENT
BP

BP+ Q1

BP+ Q1+ Q2

BP+ Q1+ Q2+ Q3

DISCUSSION

Based on the graph plotted, the engine tested in the experiment fulfilled the First and Second Law
of Thermodynamics.

The First Law of Thermodynamics stated that heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamics
processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation energy. The heat energy cannot be
created nor destroyed. However, it can be transferred from one location to another and converted
to and from other form of energy. Based on the graph plotted, we can observe that the total
summation of percentage usage for number of experiment 1 until 6 is equal to 100%. Hence, this
prove that no energy destroyed and it is all been used. As a consequent, the engine tested in the
experiment fulfilled the First Law of Thermodynamics.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a general principle which phases constrain upon the
direction of heat transfer and the attainable efficiency of heat engines. Moreover, the energy is
transferred or transformed more of it is wasted. In order to prove this theory, we can observed
Table 3 : Percentage of energy usage . For an example:
Experiment 1 ;
BP : 6.19 %
Q1 : 34.71 %
Q2 : 13.69 %
Q3 : 45.41%

We can observe that almost half of the energy usage is losses (45.41 %). Hence, the experiment
fulfilled the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Thermal efficiency of a heat engine is a measure of performance that is done by taking the ratio
of the amount of energy out putted to the amount of thermal energy in putted from a source,
typically expressed as a percentage.
Brake thermal efficiency is defined as power of a heat engine as a function of the thermal input
from the fuel. It is use to evaluate how well and engine converts the heat from fuel to mechanical
energy(work). That is why brake thermal efficiency is important.

CONCLUSION

The Heat Balance Experiment is a procedure for determining the efficiency of a combustion
process which all heat losses (expressed in percentage) are added together and their total is
subtracted from 100%, the remaining figure represent the efficiency. Nevertheless, the
establishment of a condition of thermal equilibrium in a space, where in the heat gains is equal to
heat losses.

REFERENCES

1. Sandeep. J. Desai, Dr.S. Shivkumar (2015), Heat Balance Sheet of Single Cylinder
Diesel Engine by Introducing Oxygen in the Air Intake. 2 (8), 183-189
2. V. Ganesan, (2007), "Internal Combustion Engines", Tata McGraw hill publications, pp.
527-528,573- 579.
3. McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Physics. (2002) by The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.
4. Heat Balance. Retrieved from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Heat+Balance
5. engel, Y.A. & Boles, M.A. (2015). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
(8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.