SUTD Term 3 10.

011 (2016)
Lesson 1:

Review Sheets for week 1 & 2

Page 1 of 4

Review on characterizing the atom and how atoms interact

Review discovery of electrons, protons, neutrons
Experiment done by JJ Thomson
Oil drop Experiment measured the mass to charge ratio on the electron
Experiment done by Milliken
Discovery of the nucleus Gold Foil experiment
Experiment done by Rutherford and coworkers
Inadequacies of Classical Atomic Models
Characterizing wave behavior
Speed of radiation is c = Remember that only light can travel at the speed of light
Period of wave is =

1
, units of are Hz or s-1.
v

Visible light ranges from 400 nm to 700 nm, Human eye is most sensitive to green light (
= 500 nm). Yellow light is 580 nm, unable to produce this color from a single material.
2-slit experiment Youngs demonstration of the wave-like properties of light since we
see an interference pattern:
General condition for constructive interference R 2 R 1 = n

General condition for destructive interference is R 2 R 1 = n +

Lesson 2:

Characterizing Particle Behavior

Wave Particle Duality
Photoelectric effect put forth by Einstein.

We can also relate E = h =

Einstein was the first to show that

E = h , that directly related energy to
frequency.
Einstein also called the packets of light
photons.

hc

For electrons to be ejected, a threshold frequency must be exceeded

E incident = + KE ejected electron

==> h i = h 0 +

1
me v2
2

power =

Photon can have momentum, even though it does not have mass: p =
Remember that photoelectrons are particles.

Energy J
= = Watt
Time
s

Matter as a wave: Davisson and Germer Experiment

condition for constructive interference :

a sin = n
Kinetic Energy of the electrons is : KE =
We can calculate their wavelengths by:

h
p

= =
Why do we not see matter waves? is too small
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

h
mv

1 2
mv
2

SUTD Term 3 10.011 (2016)

Lesson 3
and 4:

Review Sheets for week 1 & 2

Page 2 of 4

Schrdinger equation:
e

r
nucleus

nlm (r,,) = R nl (r) Ylm (,)

Solving the Schrodinger equation:
1. gives you the binding energies
2. gives you the wave function

Wavefunctions for H atoms:

Principal Quantum number, n=1,2,3,, tells us the energy level
Angular Quantum number, =0, 1, 2, n-1, if =0, s orbital, , if =1, p orbital,
if =2, d orbital, if =3, f orbital, if =4, g orbital
Magnetic Quantum number, m= 0, 1, 2, , tells us the angular momentum in
the Z direction
Spin Quantum number, ms= 1
2

Useful relationships: at any given n energy level, there are n2 orbitals. There are 2n2
electrons in those orbitals.
To identify a wavefunction: Remember that the equation is given as:
nlm (r,,) = R nl (r) Ylm (,)
Wavefunction=(radial component)(angular component)
1. Identify if there is an angular dependence if there is an angular dependence,
then it is a p or d function; No angular dependence, s function
2. If it is a p or d function, identify where the angular node is
For example, for the p orbitals
if the angular node is in the xy plane, it is a pz orbital,
if the angular node is in the yz plane, it is a px orbital
if the angular node is in the xz plane, it is a py orbital.
3. Look at the number or radial nodes. Remember that # of radial nodes is
n-1-. Since we know the value from above, solve for n. To identify the
radial nodes, determine the number of non-zero values of r (i.e. r 0) that make
the radial component of the wavefunction equal to zero.

SUTD Term 3 10.011 (2016)

Review Sheets for week 1 & 2
For H atom wavefunctions (single electron):
Max Born gave us the probability density function
probability
2 = probability density function =
unit volume
2
2
2
nlm (r,,) = [R nl (r)] [Ylm (,)]

Page 3 of 4

plotting 2 in 3 dimensions,
gives you the shape of the
orbitals
If you want to know the
probability of finding an electron
in a given volume centered at the
nucleus, you need to : first
calculate the value of r, then take
[ putting in the calculated value
of r]2 and multiply it by the given
volume of dV = r 2 sin drdd
Radial Probability Distribution

plots (RPD= RPD = r 2 [R nl (r)]

1s function:
2 s function
2

total # of nodes = 0
# of radial nodes = 0

total # of nodes = 1
# of radial nodes = 1

3 s function

total # of nodes = 2
# of radial nodes = 2

For s functions, there is no angular dependence and at r = 0 , there is a non-zero

value for the wavefunction.
1s
2s
3s

Rmp is 6 a0
Radius most probable
Rmp is 11.5 a0
(Rmp) is a0
Remember the formula: # of nodes = n-1
# of radial nodes = and the # of radial nodes is n-1-
The RPD for the Bohr atom is a single point (or line) at a0

SUTD Term 3 10.011 (2016)

Review Sheets for week 1 & 2
The p orbitals have angular dependence:

rmp

R 2
P
D 1

2s
n = 2, l = 0

rmp

n = 3, l = 0

10a0

5a0

Page 4 of 4

3s
r

20a0

15a0

In summary,

5a0

10a0

rmp

2p

n = 2, l = 1

0
3

5a0

10a0

rmp(2p) < rmp(2s)

n = 3, l = 1
5a0

rmp

10a

rmp
0

1
0

R 2
P
D 1

R 2
P
D 1
0

5a0

10a0

3p

15a

20a r

3d

n = 3, l = 2
15a0

20a0

rmp(3d) < rmp(3p) < rmp(3s)

Electron configurations:
Element [inert gas] & follow the periodic table, but you need to know 4 exceptions:
Cr [Ar] 4s1 3d5, Mo [Kr] 5s1 4d5, Cu[Ar] 4s1 3d10, Ag [Kr] 5s1 4d10
Lesson 4

Multielectron atom:
E= the binding energy of the electron to the nucleus
For a H atom, or 1 electron ion:

(Z)
=

En

v=

n2

RH

E E i E f
For emission (nf < ni): v = R H 12 12
=
h
h
h n f n i

For absorption (nf > ni): v = R H 12 12
h n i n f

Remember that the energy levels are dependant on both n and :

The ordering of the energy levels are:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p
Shielding the electrons shield out electrons from nuclear
charge.
Penetration stabilization of electrons due to the penetration
effect of orbital shape
We can now calculate the Zeff (which is the effective nuclear
charge), from the ionization energy: E nl = (

Z eff )
RH
n2
2

Photoelectron Spectroscopy: application of the photoelectric effect:

E i = IE + KE , the incident energy is sufficient to be removed both the core and the
valence electrons.
Each pair of electrons in an orbital will be ejected with the same kinetic energy, so
the number of lines in the Kinetic energy of ejected electron equals the number of
orbitals present in the atom.
You then use the IE to calculate the Zeff for a given orbital.