Solution for Section A

1.
Answer: (d).
With twice the force, the object will experience twice the acceleration. Because the force is constant, the
acceleration is constant, and the speed of the object (starting from rest) is given by v = at. With twice the
acceleration, the object will arrive at speed v at half the time.
2. (b)
v

dv a t dt ktdt dv ktdt v k

0
2

t2
2

kt
2kt
; v2 t
kt 2
2
2
kt 2
v1 t1 v 1 ; v2 t2 v kt2 2
2
kt12

kt2 2 t2 t1 / 2
2
v1 t

3. (b) 0, 0.
k
2

4. (b) = xmax 2 . The work done by spring force by definition does not depend on the presence or absence
of frictional force.
5. (c) E K U 0 if frictional force is represent.
6. Answer: (c). The brakes and the roadway are warmer, so their internal energy has increased. In addition,
the sound of the skid represents transfer of energy away by mechanical waves. Some of the KE is still
retained in the car in the form of internal energy, so we cant say all of the KE has been transferred away
from the car (d) is not the right answer.
7. Answer: (a). The more massive rock has twice as much gravitational potential energy associated with it
compared to the lighter rock. Because mechanical energy of an isolated system is conserved, the more
massive rock will arrive at the ground with twice as much kinetic energy as the lighter rock.
8. Answer: (c). The friction force must transform four times as much mechanical energy into internal
energy if the speed is doubled, because kinetic energy depends on the square of the speed. Thus, the force
must act over four times the distance.
9. b (i, iii, iv)
10. b.

11. C
12. B
13. D
14. A
15. B
16. C
17. E
18. E
19. B
20. A

1
2

gt2

L2 W

Solution to structural questions (Section B)

1.
y
Ui, Ki
yi=2R

R
yf y i = -2R

yf = 0

Uf, Kf

First, define the ball + Earth as a non-isolated system. With this choice of system, the gravitational force is
considered an internal force; the work done on the ball by the women during the swinging process is
considered the work done by an external force F.
According to conservation of energy, the work done on the system by the external force equals to the
change of mechanical energy of the system, namely
E mech WF

The distance traveled by the ball from the top of the arc to the bottom is R . The work done by the force
exerted by the lady is
WF F R .

We shall assign the gravitational energy of the ball-Earth system to be zero with the ball at the bottom of
the arc. Then the change in mechanical energy of the system is given by
E mech

1 2 1 2
1
1
mv f mvi mg ( y f yi ) mv 2f mvi2 mg 2 R
2
2
2
2

Equating Emech WF , we get

1 2 1 2
mv f mvi mg 2 R F R
2
2

or

v f vi2 2 g 2 R
vf 26.5 m s

2F R

15.0 2 2 9.80 1.20

2 30.0 0.600
0.250

2. Define x , y as unit vector as indicated in the figure.

y

(a) By definition, work done by a force F along a displacement is WF F s . In this case, the work done
by the force F is simply
WF F s F s 130N 5.00m 650 J

(b) By definition, work done by the gravitational force mg along a displacement r is mgr = 0 because
the direction of gravity force mg = mgy is perpendicular to the displacement, r sx
(c) Consider the box as an isolated system, external force F and frictional force fk as external forces.
The frictional force is given by f k N mg .
Ignore no internal energy change, ie. Ein 0 , conservation of energy says
W f k s E .
Here, the change of energy of the system E = K only. Energy transferred across the system
boundary, W, is contributed only by work done by the external force, W = WF. Put in everything,
we have
W f k s E F s f k s K
K Kf Ki Kf ;
K F mg s Kf

(d)

vf

2K f
m

1 2
mv f [130N -(0.3)(40kg)(9.81m / s2 )] 5m 62.0 J
2

2 62.0 J
1.76 m s
40.0 kg

3.
Since it has a larger mass, we expect the 8.00-kg block to move
down the plane. The acceleration for both blocks should have the same
magnitude since they are joined together by a non-stretching string.
Define up the left hand plane as positive for the 3.50-kg object and
down the right hand plane as positive for the 8.00-kg object.

F1 m 1a1 :
F2 m 2a2 :

m 1g sin 35.0 T m 1a
m 2 g sin 35.0 T m 2a

FIG. P5.68

(a) Adding up both equations,

(m2 m1 ) g sin ( m1 m2 )a
a

(m2 m1 )
g sin
(m1 m2 )
(8kg 3.5kg)
9.81m/s2 sin 35 2.20 m s2
(8kg 3.5kg)

(b) The tension can be obtained by substituting a into either of the equations, e.g.,
T m1a m1 g sin g sin

2m1m2
27.4 N
m1 m2

4. (a)
(i) Conservation of linear momentum implies

mAv A mB v B mAv ' A mB v ' B .

Since mA = mB = m = 2.0 kg, the masses divide out and we obtain

m/s (5 i 20 j) m/s
vB v A vB vA (15i 30j) m/s ( 10 i 5j)
(10 i 15 j) m/s .
(ii) The final and initial kinetic energies are

c
c

h
h

1
1
1
mv '2A mv '2B (2.0) ( 5) 2 202 102 152 8.0 102 J
2
2
2
1
1
1
Ki mv 2A mv B2 (2.0) 152 302 ( 10) 2 52 13
. 103 J .
2
2
2

Kf

The change kinetic energy is then K = 5.0 102 J (that is, 500 J of the initial kinetic energy is lost).

4(b)

(i)

Since only conservative forces act within the system of the rod and the Earth,
so

E 0

K f U

K i U i

1 2
I 0 0 M
2
1
3

where I M L2

Therefore,
(ii)

I , so that in the horizontal orientation,

3g
L

L
g
2

2
L M L
M g

2
3

3g
2L

(iii)

3g
L
ax ar r 2 2
2
2

(iv)

Using Newtons second law, we have

R x M ax

3g
L
ay at r
2
4

3M g
2

R y M g M ay

3M g
4

Mg
4

Ry

5(a)
Since the platform is rotating without friction, then no torque acting on the rotation axis and the angular
momentum is conserved.
Given that wi 1 Hz 2 rad s 1
Use the conservation of angular momentum:
I i wi I f w f

Total initial moment inertia,

Iiplatform I iman I ibrick

0.2 1.0 mr 2

0.2 1.0 2 5 0.4 2

2.8 kgm

Total final moment inertia,

I fplatform I fman I fbrick

0.2 1.0 mr 2

0.2 1.0 2 5 0.12

1.3 kgm 2

By using the conservation of angular momentum:

Ii wi I f w f

2.82 1.3w f
w f 4.31 rad s 1

5.(b)

Resolve the forces acting on the beam:

Vertical:
T cos mg
Horizontal:
T sin R
Here T is the tension in the rope and R is the reaction force on the wall.
Take the moment at point B:
mgL
RL cos
sin
2
Hence,

tan

R
1
tan
mg 2

or

sin sin

l
L

For an triangle, it is known that:

And

cos2 1 sin 2 1

L2
sin 2
2
l

By substituting sin and cos into Eq. (1),

L2
sin 2
2
1 sin 2
l

L2
4 cos 2
1 2 sin 2
l

Subsequently,

cos2

L2
3L2

sin 1 sin

cos 2 cos

(1)

6(a)
G m 1m 2
U Tot U 12 U 13 U 23 3U 12 3
r12

(i)

3 6.67 1011 N m
U Tot

(ii)

kg2 5.00 103 kg

0.300 m

1.67 1014 J

Each object will slowly accelerate toward the center of the triangle, where the three will
simultaneously collide.

(b)
(i)
Use the Archimedes Principle and Buoyant Force:

Volume of water displaced by the object Volume of the submerged part of the object
VA 0.6V
Weight of liquid displaced Weight of wooden block
A g 0.6V blok gV

blok 0.6 A 630kgm 3

(ii)
Use the Archimedes Principle and Buoyant Force:

Volume of water displaced by the object Volume of the submerged part of the object
VB V
Weight of liquid displaced Weight of wooden block
B g V blok gV

B blok 630kgm 3