S.E.

Exam Review:
Gravity Loads

Terry Weigel
502.445.8266
taw@louisville.edu

Distribution of the webinar materials outside of your site is prohibited. Reproduction of the materials and pictures without a written
permission of the copyright holder is a violation of the U.S. law.

Topic

Slide Numbers

NCEES Topics

3-4

References

5-11

Example Buildings

12-22

Gravity loads

23-107

Dead load

23-24

Live load

25-27

Roof live load

28

Live load reduction

29-50

Live load

30-32

Roof live load

33-36

Examples

37-50

Snow load

51-107

Load combinations

108-128

Table of
Contents

NCEES Topics

NCEES Topics
Dead loads
Live loads
Snow loads
Load paths
Load combinations

References

10

11

Building Examples Used Through

Presentation

12

Example Buildings
Building 1 high-rise - symmetrical no
inherent eccentricity dead, roof
live, live, snow, wind seismic roof
and live load reduction
Building 2 low rise large inherent
eccentricity seismic torsion
Building 3 same as Building 2 except that
eccentricity removed torsionally
regular under wind load
13

Building 1
Ten-story
Plan dimensions 75 ft x 125 ft
Bay dimensions 25 ft x 25 ft
12 ft story height
5-ft high parapet
Steel moment resisting frame in both
directions
Roof dead load 10.2 psf
Floor dead load 60 psf
Unreduced roof live load 20 psf
Unreduced floor live load 60 psf

14

Building 1
Located in an area similar to Charleston, SC
Wind Exposure Category C, partially exposed
Seismic Design Category D
Seismic soil site class C

15

Building 1

Slabs span N-S

Building 1
Floor Plan

17

Building 2
Location near Louisville, Kentucky for wind
analysis (not for seismic analysis)
Three-story
Story height - 16 ft
Plan - 80 ft x 160 ft
Gravity frames
Shear walls and moment resisting frame
Concrete roof and floor slabs

18

Building 2
Dead loads are 60 psf, 90 psf and 100 psf for
the roof, third level and second level,
respectively
Cladding weight 70 psf
Roof live load is 16 psf

19

Building 2

20

Building 2
Roof Plan

21

Building 3
Same as Building 2 but with framing adjusted to
make the building torsionally regular for wind
load.
ASCE 7-10 - A building with the MWFRS about
each principal axis proportioned so that the
maximum displacement at each story under
Case 2, the torsional wind load case, of Fig. 27.48, does not exceed the maximum displacement
at the same location under Case 1 of Fig. 27.4-8,
the basic wind load case.
22

ASCE 7-10 Chapter 3

Dead Load, Soil Loads and
Hydrostatic Pressure
(IBC Section 1606 Dead Load
IBC Section 1610 Soil Lateral
Loads)
23

Dead Load
Dead loads consist of the weight of all
materials of construction incorporated into
the building including, but not limited to,
walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in
partitions, finishes, cladding, and other
similarly incorporated architectural and
structural items and fixed service equipment
including the weight of cranes.

24

ASCE 7-10 Chapter 4

Live Loads
(IBC Section 1607)

25

Live Load
A load produced by the use and occupancy of
the building or other structure that does not
include construction or environmental loads,
such as wind load, snow load, rain load,
earthquake load, flood load, or dead load.

26

ASCE 7-10 Table 4-1

IBC Table 1607.1

27

Roof Live Load

A load on a roof produced (1) during
maintenance by workers, equipment, and
materials and (2) during the life of the
structure by movable objects, such as
planters or other similar small decorative
appurtenances that are not occupancy
related.
Does not include snow or rain, which are
treated separately
28

Live Load Reduction

29

Uniform Live Load Reduction

ASCE 7-10 Section 4.7
(IBC Section 1607.10 IBC also has
alternate provisions)
30

Live Load Reduction

15
L Lo 0.25 +
=

K LL AT

Lo unreduced live load per ft 2

ASCE 7-10
Equation 4.7-1
KLLAT at least 400 ft2

L reduced live load per ft 2

K LL live load element factor ( Table 4-2 )
AT tributary area in ft 2 ( doesn't include roof for columns )
L 0.5 Lo for members supporting one floor
L 0.4 Lo for members supporting two or more floors
Loads that exceed 100 psf shall not be reduced
Assembly loads shall not be reduced
31

Live Load Element Factor

ASCE 7-10
Element
Table
Interior columns
4-2
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs

KLL
4
4

Edge columns with cantilever slabs

Corner columns with cantilever slabs

Edge beams without cantilever slabs
Interior beams

2
2
2

All other members not identified

including:
Edge beams with cantilever slabs
Cantilever beams
One-way slabs
Two-way slabs
Members without provisions for continuous
shear transfer normal to their span

32

Roof Live Load Reduction

ASCE 7-10 Section 4.8
(IBC Section 1607.12.2)

33

Roof Live Load Reduction

Ordinary pitched, flat and curved roofs are
permitted to be designed for a reduced live load
In structures where scaffolding is used for
maintenance and repair operations, use of
reduced live load less than that given by Equation
4.8-1 requires approval of the authority having
jurisdiction. Roof live load may not be taken as
less than 12 psf in these structures
Roof live load reduction applies to Lr, not S or R
34

Roof Live Load Reduction

ASCE 7-10
Equation 4.8-1

Lr = Lo R1 R2
12 Lr 20
R1 , R2 reduction factors
R1 accounts for tributary area
R2 accounts for roof slope

1
for AT 200 ft 2

2
2
R1 =
1.2
0.001
A
for
200
ft
<
A
600
ft

<

T
T
2

0.6
for
A

600
ft
T

35

Roof Live Load Reduction

1
for F 4

1.2

0.05
for
4
<
<
12
R2 =
F
F

0.6
for

12
F

F = 1 for flat roof

F = number of inches rise per foot for pitched roof
F = rise-to-span ratio multiplied by 32 for arch or dome roof

36

Live Load Reduction Example

Building 1

37

Beam Tributary Area

38

Roof Beam Live Load Reduction

Beams on Lines 1 and 4
Lr = Lo R1 R2
=
AT 156 ft 2 < 200 ft 2
R1 = 1
=
F 1;=
R2 1

Lr = ( 20 psf )(1)(1)
= 20 psf

Other beams
Lr = Lo R1 R2
=
AT 313 ft 2 < 600 ft 2

1.2 0.001AT =
1.2 0.001( 313 ft 2 )
R1 =

= 0.887
=
F 1;=
R2 1

=
Lr

20 psf )( 0.887 )(1)

(=

17.7 psf
39

Floor Beam Live Load Reduction

Element

Beams on Line 1 and 4

15
=
L Lo 0.25 +

K LL AT

AT 156 ft 2

K LL 2

KLL

Interior columns
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs

4
4

Edge columns with cantilever slabs

Corner columns with cantilever slabs

Edge beams without cantilever slabs
Interior beams

2
2
2

All other members not identified

including:
Edge beams with cantilever slabs
Cantilever beams
One-way slabs
Two-way slabs
Members without provisions for continuous
shear transfer normal to their span

2
2
=
<
K
A
312
ft
400
ft
LL T

No reduction permitted

40

Floor Beam Live Load Reduction

Other beams

15
L Lo 0.25 +
=

K LL AT

K LL 2

AT 313 ft 2
K LL AT 626 ft 2 > 400 ft 2
=

L=
( 60 psf ) 0.25 +

use 51.0 psf

15
=
51.0 psf > 0.5 Lo
( 2 ) ( 313 ft 2 )

41

Column Tributary Area

42

Roof Column Live Load Reduction

Corner columns
Lr = Lo R1 R2

Interior columns
Lr = Lo R1 R2
=
AT 625 ft 2 > 600 ft 2
R1 = 0.6

=
AT 156 ft 2 < 200 ft 2
R1 = 1
=
F 1;=
R2 1
=
Lr

20 psf )(1)(1)
(=

20 psf

=
F 1;=
R2 1

Lr = ( 20 psf )( 0.6 )(1)

= 12 psf
Absolute minimum roof live load is 12 psf, so Ok
43

Roof Column Live Load Reduction

Perimeter columns
Lr = Lo R1 R2
AT 313 ft 2 > 200 ft 2
=

R1 =
1.2 0.001( 313 ft 2 ) =
0.887

=
F 1;=
R2 1
Lr
=

20 psf )( 0.887 )(1)

(=

17.7 psf

44

Columns Supporting 8th Floor

Interior columns

15
=
L Lo 0.25 +

K LL AT

KLL

Element
Interior columns
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs

4
4

Edge columns with cantilever slabs

Corner columns with cantilever slabs

Edge beams without cantilever slabs
Interior beams

2
2
2

AT 3=
=
( 625 ft 2 ) 1875 ft 2
K LL = 4

1
L ( 60 psf ) 0.25 +
=

= 25.4 psf

All other members not identified

including:
Edge beams with cantilever slabs
Cantilever beams
One-way slabs
Two-way slabs
Members without provisions for continuous
shear transfer normal to their span

( 4 ) (1875 ft 2 )
15

25.4 psf > 0.4 Lo =

0.4 ( 60 psf )
= 24 psf
45

Columns Supporting 8th Floor

Perimeter columns

15
L Lo 0.25 +
=

K LL AT

K LL = 4

AT 3=
=
( 313 ft 2 ) 939 ft 2

L=
( 60 psf ) 0.25 +

15
=
29.7 psf > 0.4 Lo
( 4 ) ( 939 ft 2 )

46

Columns Supporting 8th Floor

Corner columns

15
L Lo 0.25 +
=

K LL AT

K LL = 4

AT 3=
=
(156 ft 2 ) 469 ft 2

L=
( 60 psf ) 0.25 +

15
=
35.8 psf > 0.4 Lo
( 4 ) ( 469 ft 2 )

47

Reduced Live Load Interior

Columns
Column
Live load Live load
Reduced live
Tributary
reduction reduction
Supporting
2
load (L - psf)
area (AT - ft )
(unlimited) (limited)
Floor
Roof
625
****
0.600
12
10
625
0.550
0.550
33.0
9
1250
0.462
0.462
27.7
8
1875
0.423
0.423
25.4
7
2500
0.400
0.4
24
6
3125
0.384
0.4
24
5
3750
0.372
0.4
24
4
4375
0.363
0.4
24
3
5000
0.356
0.4
24
2
5625
0.3500
0.4
24

48

Reduced Live Load Perimeter

Columns
Column
Supporting
Floor
Roof
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

Live load
Tributary area
reduction
(AT - ft2)
(unlimited)
313
****
312.5
0.674
625
0.550
938
0.495
1250
0.462
1563
0.440
1875
0.423
2188
0.410
2500
0.400
2813
0.391

Live load
reduction
(limited)
0.888
0.674
0.550
0.495
0.462
0.440
0.423
0.410
0.400
0.400

Reduced
live load
(L - psf)
17.8
40.5
33.0
29.7
27.7
26.4
25.4
24.6
24.0
24.0
49

Reduced Live Load Corner

Columns
Column
Live load
Tributary
Supporting
reduction
area (AT - ft2)
Floor
(unlimited)
Roof
156
****
10
156
0.850
9
313
0.674
8
469
0.596
7
625
0.550
6
781
0.518
5
938
0.495
4
1094
0.477
3
1250
0.462
2
1406
0.450

Live load Reduced

reduction live load
(limited) (L - psf)
1.000
20
0.850
51.0
0.674
40.5
0.596
35.8
0.550
33.0
0.518
31.1
0.495
29.7
0.477
28.6
0.462
27.7
0.450
27.0

50

ASCE 7-10 Chapter 7

Snow Loads
(IBC Section 1608 incorporates
ASCE 7-10 by reference)

51

Snow Load Methodology

52

Snow Load Background

Starting value is ground snow load (pg) not
roof snow load
Much more data for ground snow load as
opposed to roof snow load
Much of the ground snow data is snow
depth not snow load must be
converted to load
Ground snow load must be converted to
roof snow load
53

ASCE 7 Background
Roof snow load is usually but not always
less than ground snow load (wind,
slope, roof warmth)
CS areas and elevation limits
In Midwest (roughly to the west of Indiana
and east of Nebraska), ground snow
load is function of latitude only

54

ASCE 7 Background
In the east, ground snow load increases with
latitude but elevation and distance from
the Atlantic Coast shoreline are also
significant
Lake effect snow
In the west terrain is more rugged, variation of
pg is more complex

55

ASCE 7-10 Snow Load

Methodology

56

ASCE 7-10 Snow Load

Methodology
Determine the ground snow load (Section 7.2)
Generate the flat roof snow load considering:
exposure (Section 7.3.1)
thermal condition (Section 7.3.2)
Importance factor (Section 7.3.3)
Consider the roof slope (Section 7.4)
Consider partial loading (Section 7.5)

57

Snow Load Methodology

Consider unbalanced loading (Section 7.6)
Consider drifting (Sections 7.7)
Consider parapets and projections (Section 7.8)
Consider sliding snow (Section 7.9)
Consider load rain on snow (Section 7.10)
Consider ponding (Section 7.11)
Consider existing roofs (Section 7.12)

58

Snow Load Terminology and

Definitions
pg ground snow load, psf, Figure 7-1
p f flat roof snow load, psf
ps sloped roof (balanced) snow load, psf
pm minimum snow load for low-slope roofs, psf
Ce exposure factor, Table 7-2
Cs slope factor, Figures 7-2a, 7-2b and 7-2c
Ct thermal factor, Table 7-3
I s snow load importance factor, Table 1.5-2
= 0.13 pg + 14 30 pcf
snow density
ASCE 7 Equation 7.7-1
59

ASCE 7-10 Terminology and

Definitions

Flat roof slope 5o

Low-slope roof

Monoslope, hip and gable slope < 15o

Curved slope of vertical angle from eave to crown
less than 10o

60

Sloped and Flat Roof Snow Load

Sloped roof snow load
ps C s p f

Flat roof snow load

p f 0.7CeCt I s pg

Cs warm roof or

Ce exposure factor, Table 7-2

cold roof slope factor

Ct 1 warm roof

Ct thermal factor, Table 7-3

Ct > 1 cold roof

pg ground snow load, Figure 7-1

I s importance factor, Table 1.5-2

61

Minimum Snow Load for Low Slope

Roofs
ASCE 7-10 Section 7.3.4
Minimum value for low slope roofs - pm
For monoslope, hip and gable roofs with slope less than 15o ,
and curved roofs where the vertical angle from eave to crown
is less than10o :
pm

I s pg , when pg 20 psf

= 20 I s , when pg > 20 psf

pm is to be treated as an independent load case
and is not be be combined with unbalanced load,
partial load, drift or sliding snow.
62

Minimum Snow Load for Low Slope

Roofs
In most structures the roof snow load is less
than the ground snow loads multiple storms,
ground snow load accumulates, roof slope and
thermal effects cause roof snow load to be less
In areas where ground snow load is low it is
common to have only one storm per season
(ground snow load does not accumulate),
actual roof snow load can be comparable to
ground snow load winds calm and little time
for thermal effects to change roof snow load

63

Figure 7-1
ASCE 7-10
Ground
Snow
Load (pg)
www.groundsnowbyzip.com

64

Figure 7-1
ASCE 7-10
Ground
Snow
Load (pg)

65

ASCE 7-10 Table 7-2, Ce

66

ASCE 7-10 Table 7-3, Ct

A cold roof is one in which air passageways allow sufficient

inflow at eaves and outflow through ridge vents
67

ASCE 7-10 Risk Category and

Importance (I)

*Building categories defined in Chapter 1

68

Roof Slope Factors

69

Warm Roof Slope Factor

Warm roof slope factor
Ct 1.0
Unobstructed slippery surface
allows snow to slide off eaves
Non-ventilated, R 30 Fo h ft 2 /Btu
Ventilated, R 20 Fo h ft 2 /Btu
R-value restriction intended to insure that
roof remains unobstructed from eave ice dams
Cs use dashed line in Figure 7-2a
Otherwise, use solid line
70

ASCE 7-10 Figure 7-2a

5o

30o
All other surfaces

Unobstructed slippery surfaces

with R 30 for unventilated
roofs and R 20 for ventilated

Warm roof
Ct 1.0

roofs
71

Cold Roof Slope Factor

Cold roof slope factor
Ct = 1.1 and unobstructed slippery surface
Cs use dashed line in Figure 7-2b
Other roofs with Ct = 1.1
Cs use solid line in Figure 7-2b
Ct = 1.2 and unobstructed slippery surface
Cs use dashed line in Figure 7-2c
Other roofs with Ct = 1.2
Cs use solid line in Figure 7-2c

72

ASCE 7-10 Figure 7-2b

Cs versus Roof Slope

10o
1

37.5o

0.9

All other surfaces

0.8
0.7

Cs

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Unobstructed
slippery surfaces

70o

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Roof Slope (degrees)

70

80

90

Cold roof
Ct = 1.1
73

ASCE 7-10 Figure 7-2c

All other surfaces

15o

45o

70o

Unobstructed slippery surfaces

Cold roof
Ct = 1.2
74

Other Roof Slope Factor

Curved roof slope factor
Slope > 70o , Cs = 0 ( no snow )
Roof slope factor for multiple folded plate,
sawtooth and barrel vault roofs
Cs = 1 ( no reduction in snow load )

75

Balanced, Unbalanced and Partial

Loading
Balanced and unbalanced loading (e.g.,
drifting) - snow removed from one
portion of the roof and deposited on
another
Partial load load removed from one portion
of the roof and not re-deposited

76

Balanced and Unbalanced Loading

77

Figure 7-5
ASCE
7-10
For hip and gable roof
unbalanced loads need
not be considered if:
slope > 30.2o
or
slope < 2.38o

78

Partial Loading

79

Continuous Beam Loading

Support will
not
be present
if
overhang

80

Snow Drift

81

ASCE 7-10 Snow Drift Definitions

hc clear height from top of balanced snow load to
(1) closest point on adjacent upper roof,
(2) top of parapet, or
(3) top of a projection on the roof, ft
hd height of snow drift, ft
w width of snow drift, ft
lu length of the roof upwind of the drift, ft

82

ASCE 7-10 Snow Drift

Wind shadow of (1) the higher portion of
the same structure (2) adjacent
structures or terrain features
Leeward and windward drift (leeward drift
usually deeper than windward drift)
Triangular drift surcharge superimposed
on balanced snow load
Drift surcharge not required if hc / hb <
0.2
83

ASCE 7-10 Figure 7-7

84

ASCE 7-10 Snow Drift

For leeward drift, determine hd using Figure 79 and length of upper roof
For windward drift, determine hd using
Figure 7-9 and length of lower roof.
Take hd equal to of value
determined from Figure 7-9
consistent with windward drift usually
smaller than leeward drift
The larger of the two values of hd is used in
the design

85

ASCE 7-10 Snow Drift

If the value determined on the previous

slide is less than or equal to hc, take w
equal to 4hd and use the full value of hd
determined from Figure 7-9 full height
of drift develops
If the value determined on the previous
slide is greater than hc, take w equal
to 4(hd)2 / hc and take the drift height
equal to hc full height of drift does
not develop but volume of snow the
same w lengthens

86

ASCE 7-10 Snow Drift

Drift width w shall not be greater 8hc

wont lengthen more than this value
If w is longer than roof length, truncate
the drift at the roof edge, do not set it
equal to zero
Parapet drift provisions consider windward
drift only
The height of drift at a parapet is taken
as 3/4 the value read from Figure 7-9
and take lu equal to the length of the
roof upwind from the parapet

87

ASCE 7-10 Figure 7-8

pd = hd

0.13 pg + 14 30 psf
=
hb =

ps

88

ASCE 7-10 Figure 7-9

=
hd

( 0.43)

pg + 10 1.5

u = 600 ft
u = 400 ft
u = 200 ft
u = 100 ft
u = 50 ft
u = 25 ft

89

Sliding Snow

90

Sliding Snow
Superimposed on balanced snow load
Slippery roof with slope greater than on
12
Other roofs with slope greater then 2 on
12
Total sliding snow load is 0.4pfW
Distributed uniformly over a distance of
15 ft
If width of lower roof is less than 15 ft,
intensity is reduced proportionally

91

Snow Load Examples

92

Snow Load Example 1

Consider an apartment building located in
Boston, Massachusetts. Its unventilated gable
roof has a slope of 6-on-12. The building length
is 150 feet and the eave to ridge distance, W, is
35 feet. Determine the balanced and unbalanced
design snow load for this building. Use terrain
category B and partially exposed roof. Assume
the roof shingles do not permit snow to slide off
the roof.
93

Figure 7-1
ASCE
7-10
Ground
Snow
Load (pg)

pg = 35 psf

Note: Massachusetts modifies

2009 IBC to require pg to be 40.
94

Snow Load Example 1

pg = 35 psf

0.13 ( 35 psf
=
) + 14 18.6 pcf

Sloped roof snow load

ps = C s p f

Ce = 1

Roof slope = 26.6o

Ct = 1

Cs = 1 ( Figure 7-2a )

Is = 1

ps = 24.5 psf

Flat roof snow load

24.5 psf
p f 0.7 (1)(1)(1)( 35 psf ) =
max(1 2 on 12, 70 35 + 0.5) =
2.5o
Roof slope
= 26.6o > 2.5o
Low slope roof minimum ( pm ) does not apply
95

Snow Load Example 1

All other surfaces

26.6o

Warm roof
Ct 1.0
96

Snow Load Example 1

= 26.6o > 2.5o
Roof slope
Unbalanced snow load must be considered
=
W= 35 ft
u
hd

( 0.43) 3 u 4

p=
g + 10 15

( 0.43) 3 ( 35 ft ) 4 35 psf + 10 15

=
=
Or from Figure
7-9 for pg 35
psf and u 35 ft
hd 2.14 ft

97

Snow Load Example 1

u = 600 ft
u = 400 ft
u = 200 ft
u = 35 ft
2.14 ft

u = 100 ft
u = 50 ft
u = 25 ft

35 psf
98

Snow Load Example 1

12
=
S = 2
6
hd
= =
Drift surcharge intensity
S

( 2.14 ft )(18.6 pcf=)

2

28.1 psf

8 S hd
Horizontal extent of drift surcharge= w=
3
8 2 ( 2.14 ft )
= 8.06 ft
3
Rain on snow surcharge need not be considered because pg > 20 psf

99

Snow Load Example 1

Note: load is applied to
horizontal projection

100

Snow Load Example 2

Calculate the snow load for the roof of Building
1, wind blowing in the N-S direction. Use a
ground snow load of 40 psf. The roof is heated
and unventilated. This problem involves partial
loading. Because the roof is flat, unbalanced
load need not be considered.

101

Ce = 1 ( Table 7-2 )

Snow Load Example 2

Ct = 1 ( Table 7-3)
I s = 1 ( Table 7-4 )
pg = 40 psf
0.7
=
CeCt I s pg 0.7 (1)(1)(=
1)( 40 psf ) 28 psf

pf

C=
p=
1; p=
28 psf
s
s
f
Determine if low slope minimum applies
Monoslope roof with slope < 15o and pg = 40 psf
=
pm

20 psf ) I s ( 20 psf )(1) = 20 psf

(=

Separate load case with 20 psf applied uniformly must

be considered

102

Snow Load Example 2

Check if drift must be considered
=
0.13 ( 40 =
psf ) + 14 19.2 pcf
=
28 psf 19.2=
pcf 1.46 ft
hb p=
s
5 ft 1.46 ft =
3.54 ft
hc =
hc hb = 3.54 ft 1.46 ft = 2.42 > 0.2 drift must be considered
Drift at parapet
u = 75 ft

hd 0.75 ( 3.2 ft ) = 2.40 ft ( Figure 7-9 )

hd < hc w= 4hd = 4 ( 2.4 ft )= 9.6 ft
=
pd h=
d

( 2.40 ft )(19.2 pcf=)

46.1 psf
103

Snow Load Example 2

104

Snow Load Example 2

105

Snow Load Example 2

106

Load Case for Minimum Load on

Low Slope Roof

107

ASCE 7-10 Load Combinations

Section 2.3
(IBC Section 1605)
Strength Design

108

ASCE 7-10 SD Load Combinations

Preface each LC number with 16- to
get IBC LC numbers IBC also
1 1.4D
include F and H
21.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 ( Lr or S or R )
31.2 D + 1.6 ( Lr or S or R ) + ( L or 0.5W )
41.2 D + 1.0W + L + 0.5 ( Lr or S or R )
51.2 D + 1.0 E + L + 0.2 S
60.9 D + 1.0W
70.9 D + 1.0 E

Load combinations apply to load effects

(axial force, shear, moment) not
loads (dead, live, earthquake)
109

ASCE 7 Load Combinations

D = dead load
L = floor live load
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
R = rain load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load (must
be expanded)
110

Load Combinations
Each load combination represents a situation
where one of the loads is at its maximum or
minimum lifetime value and the other loads
are at their respective arbitrary point in
time(APT) values.
LC2

1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 ( Lr or S or R )

L is at its maximum lifetime value
D and ( Lr or S or R ) are at APT values
111

Load Combinations
In ASCE 7-10, for combinations (3), (4) and (5)
the load factor on L is 1. Except for garages or
areas occupied as places of public assembly,
when Lo taken from ASCE 7-10 Table 4-1 is less
than or equal to 100 psf, the load factor on L
in these combinations may be taken as 0.5. In
Part 2 of the Steel Construction Manual, the
same load factor in those combinations is
given as 0.5, and a footnote describes
situations where it must be taken as 1.
112

Load Combinations
In IBC, for those combinations the load factor
on L is represented as f1, where f1 takes a
value (either 0.5 or 1) consistent with ASCE 710 provisions.

113

Load Combination Example 1

(correct result wrong
procedure)

114

Load Combination Example 1

A 20-ft-long simply supported beam is
subjected to a dead load of 1 k/ft and a live
load of 1.5 k/ft. Determine the maximum
moment for which this beam must be
designed.
Correct result but technically incorrect
procedure
1.4 (1k ft ) = 1.4 k ft
1.2(1k ft) + 1.6 (1.5 k ft ) =
3.6 k ft controls
=
M

( 3.6 k ft )( 20 ft )
8

= 180 k ft
115

Load Combination Example 1

Correct procedure same result
(1.0 k ft )( 20 ft )
M
=
= 50 k ft
D
8
2

M
=
L

(1.5 k ft )( 20 ft )

= 75 k ft

8
1.4 ( 50 k ft )= 70 k ft

1.2(50 k ft) + 1.6 ( 75 k ft=

) 180 k ft controls

116

Load Combinations Involving W

and E
Load combinations involving W or E require
special attention
In the context of a plane frame, wind load can
act from right to left or left to right
In the context of a plane frame, earthquake
load can act horizontally from right to
left or left to right and vertically up or
down
117

Earthquake Load
E Eh + Ev ASCE 7-10 Equation 12.4-1
=
E Eh Ev ASCE 7-10 Equation 12.4-2
=
Eh = QE

ASCE 7-10 Equation 12.4-3

QE horizontal earthquake effect

redundancy factor whose value depends

on lateral load resisting system, = 1 or 1.3
Ev vertical load effect
= 0.2 S DS D ASCE 7-10 Equation 12.4-4
118

Earthquake Load
When use of system overstrength factor is required:
=
E E=
Emh + Ev LC-5
m
=
E E=
Emh Ev LC-7
m
Emh =
oQE

( o

ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1)

o system overstrength factor

QE horizontal earthquake effect
Ev vertical load effect = 0.2 S DS D

119

Load Combinations Example 2

120

Using the analysis

results given on
the next slide,
evaluate the
ASCE 7-10 load
combinations for
the right column
using:
SDS = 1
o = 2.5
= 1.3

Load Combinations
Example 2

121

Load Combinations Example 2

Load

Results from frame analysis first story

column on right axial compression
is
positive
Axial
Shear
Moment
(k)

(k)

(k-ft)

115

12.7

112

17.9

1.96

17.4

Lr

2.81

0.40

3.57

47.9

34.5

474

8.38

5.21

70.7

122

Axial load
=
=
1 1.4D 1.4
(115 k ) 161 k

Load Combinations
Example 2

=
Lr 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.6 (17.9 k ) + 0.5 ( 2.81
=
21.2D + 1.6L + 0.5
k ) 168 k
Lr + L 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.6 ( 2.81 k ) + 1(17.9
=
3a1.2D + 1.6=
k ) 160 k
=
W 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.6 ( 2.81 k ) + 0.5 ( 8.38 k )
3b1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5
= 147 k
=
W 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.6 ( 2.81 k ) + 0.5 ( 8.38 k )
3c1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5
= 138 k
4a1.2D + 1.0W + L +=
0.5Lr 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.0 ( 8.38 k ) + 1(17.9 k )
+ 0.5 ( 2.81 k ) =
164 k
4b1.2D + 1.0W + L +=
0.5Lr 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.0 ( 8.38 k ) + 1(17.9 k )
+ 0.5 ( 2.81 k ) =
149 k
6a0.9D + 1.0
=
W 0.9 (115 k ) + 1.0 ( 8.38=
k ) 112 k
6b0.9D +=
1.0W 0.9 (115 k ) + 1.0 ( 8.38
k ) 95.1 k
=
123

Load Combinations
Example
Shear
=
1 1.4D 1.4
=
(12.7 k ) 17.8 k
21.2D + 1.6L + =
0.5Lr 1.2 (12.7 k ) + 1.6 (1.96 k ) + 0.5 ( 0.40
=
k ) 18.6 k
=
3a1.2D + 1.6
Lr + L 1.2 (12.7 k ) + 1.6 ( 0.40 k ) + 1(=
1.96 k ) 17.8 k
=
3b1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5
W 1.2 (12.7 k ) + 1.6 ( 0.40 k ) + 0.5 ( 5.21 k )
= 18.5 k
4 1.2D + 1.0W + L=
+ 0.5Lr 1.2 (12.7 k ) + 1.0 ( 5.21 k ) + 1(1.96 k )
+ 0.5 ( 0.40 k ) =
22.6 k
=
W 0.9 (12.7 k ) + 1.0 ( 5.21
=
60.9D + 1.0
k ) 16.6 k

124

Moment

Load Combinations
Example 2

1 1.4D= 1.4 (112 k ft=

) 157 k ft
21.2D + 1.6L + 0.5
Lr 1.2 (112 k ft ) + 1.6 (17.4 k ft ) + 0.5 ( 3.57 k ft )
=
= 164 k ft
3a1.2D + 1.6Lr + L= 1.2 (112 k ft ) + 1.6 ( 3.57 k ft ) + 1(17.4 k ft=
) 158 k ft
3b1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5W =
1.2 (112 k ft ) + 1.6 ( 3.57 k ft ) + 0.5 ( 70.7 k ft )
= 176 k ft
4 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5
Lr 1.2 (112 k ft ) + 1.0 ( 70.7 k ft ) + 1(17.4 k ft )
=
+ 0.5 ( 3.57 k ft=
) 224 k ft
60.9D + 1.0W= 0.9 (112 k ft ) + 1.0 ( 70.7 k ft=
) 172 k ft

125

Load Combinations Example 2

Earthquake
o >
LC 5

(1.2 + 0.2S DS ) D + L + o QE
Axial
299 k
1.2 + 0.2 (1) (115 ) + 1.0 (17.9 ) + 2.5 ( 47.9 ) =
Shear
106 k
1.2 + 0.2 (1) (12.7 ) + 1.0 (1.96 ) + 2.5 ( 34.5 ) =
Moment
1359 k ft
1.2 + 0.2 (1) (112 ) + 1.0 (17.4 ) + 2.5 ( 474 ) =
126

Load Combinations Example 2

LC 7

( 0.9 0.2S DS ) D + o QE
Axial
39.3 k (tension)
0.9 0.2 (1) (115 k ) + 2.5 ( 47.9 k ) =
Shear
95.1 k
0.9 0.2 (1) (12.7 k ) + 2.5 ( 34.5 k ) =
Moment
=
0.9 0.2 (1) (112k ft ) + 2.5 ( 474k ft
) 1263 k ft

127

Load Combinations Example 2

Load
Combination

Axial Force (k)

Shear (k)

161

17.8

168

18.6

3a

160

17.8

3b

147

18.5

4a

164

22.6

4b

149

22.6

299

106

6a

112

16.6

6b

95.1

16.6

-39.3

95.1

Column must be
Moment
designed
(k-ft)
to resist
157
164
these
158
combi176
224
nations
224
of
1359
172
loads
172

1263
128

Thank You
Questions?

129