03.session II - Lateral Loads

S.E.
Exam Review:
Lateral Loads
Terry Weigel
502.445.8266
taw@louisville.edu
Distribution of the webinar materials outside of your site is prohibited. Reproduction of the materials and pictures without a written permission of
the copyright holder is a violation of the U.S. law
Table
of
Contents
Topic
Slide Numbers
NCEES Topics
3-4
References
5-11
Example buildings
12-22
Seismic Lateral load analysis
23-92
Methods of analysis
24
Equivalent lateral load procedure
25-33
Building period
34-40
Building period examples
41-51
ELF examples
52-92
Wind loads
93-158
ASCE 7-10 versus 7-05
94-96
Chapters 26, 27, 28 and 30
97-101
Definitions
102-108
Example
109-146
Roof design loads
147-158
2
NCEES Topics
NCEES Topics
Wind loads
Earthquake loads, including liquefaction,
site characterization,
and pseudo-static analysis
References
10
11
Building Examples Used Through

Presentation
12
Example Buildings
Building 1 high-rise - symmetrical no
inherent eccentricity dead, roof
live, live, snow, wind seismic roof
and live load reduction
Building 2 low rise large inherent
eccentricity seismic torsion
Building 3 same as Building 2 except that
eccentricity removed torsionally
regular under wind load
13
Building 1
Ten-story
Plan dimensions 75 ft x 125 ft
Bay dimensions 25 ft x 25 ft
12 ft story height
5-ft high parapet
Steel moment resisting frame in both
directions
Roof dead load 10.2 psf
Floor dead load 60 psf
Unreduced roof live load 20 psf
Unreduced floor live load 60 psf
14
Building 1
Located in an area similar to Charleston, SC
Wind Exposure Category C, partially exposed
Seismic Design Category D
Seismic soil site class C
15
Building 1
Slabs span N-S
Building 1
Floor Plan
17
Building 2
Location near Louisville, Kentucky for wind
analysis (not for seismic analysis)
Three-story
Story height - 16 ft
Plan - 80 ft x 160 ft
Gravity frames
Shear walls and moment resisting frame
Concrete roof and floor slabs
18
Building 2
Dead loads are 60 psf, 90 psf and 100 psf for
the roof, third level and second level,
respectively
Cladding weight 70 psf
Roof live load is 16 psf
19
Building 2
20
Building 2
Roof Plan
21
Building 3
Same as Building 2 but with framing adjusted to
make the building torsionally regular for wind
load.
ASCE 7-10 - A building with the MWFRS about
each principal axis proportioned so that the
maximum displacement at each story under
Case 2, the torsional wind load case, of Fig. 27.48, does not exceed the maximum displacement
at the same location under Case 1 of Fig. 27.4-8,
the basic wind load case.
22
Lateral Load Analysis
23
Methods of Lateral Load Analysis

Equivalent lateral force procedure ASCE 7-10
Section 12.8
Modal response spectrum analysis ASCE 7-10
Section 12.9
Seismic response history ASCE 7-10 Chapter 16
Simplified alternate structural design for
simple bearing wall or building frame
systems - ASCE 7-10 Section 12.14 (not
permitted in some jurisdictions)
24
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
25
ASCE 7-10 Notation

W
Cs
effective seismic weight

seismic response coefficient
TL
long-period transition period as defined in
Ie
Section 11.4.5
importance factor
response modification coefficient
Cd deflection amplification factor

SS
mapped MCE R , 5 percent damped, spectral response
S1
acceleration parameter at short periods

mapped MCE R , 5 percent damped, spectral response
acceleration parameter at a period of 1 s

MCE R risk targeted maximum considered earthquake
26
ASCE 7-10 Notation

S MS 5 percent damped, MCE R spectral response
acceleration at short periods, adjusted for site class
S M 1 5 percent damped, MCE R spectral response
acceleration at 1 s, adjusted for site class
S DS 5 percent damped, design spectral response acceleration
parameter at short periods
S D1 5 percent damped, design spectral response acceleration
parameter at at a period of 1 s
27

V = CsW (ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-1)
Cs =
S DS
R Ie
(ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-2)
If T TL , Cs need not exceed
S D1
T ( R Ie )
S D1TL
If T > TL , Cs need not exceed 2
T ( R Ie )
Cs shall not be less than 0.044 S DS I e 0.01
0.5S1
If S1 0.6g Cs shall not be less than
( R Ie )
28
ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2-1
Mixed systems different directions

Mixed systems same direction
29
ASCE 7-10 Figure

22-1
or
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
designmaps/us/application.
php
30

S M 1 = Fv S1
S MS = Fa S S
2
SM 1
3
2
S DS = S MS
3
Fa and Fv taken from ASCE 7-10 Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2,
S D1 =
or IBC 2009 Tables 1613.3.3(1) and 1613.3.3(2)
31
ASCE 7-10 Tables 11.4-1,2
32
ASCE 7-10 Site Classes
33
Building Period
34
Fundamental Period
ASCE 7-10 Section 12.8.2 The fundamental period of
the structure, T, in the direction under consideration
shall be established using the structural properties
and deformational characteristics of the resisting
elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The
fundamental period, T, shall not exceed the product
of the coefficient for upper limit on calculated period
(Cu ) from Table 12.8-1 and the approximate
fundamental period, Ta, determined in accordance
with Section 12.8.2.1.
35
Approximate Fundamental Period

Moment resisting frames (ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-7):
Ta = Ct hnx
hn - height, in ft, above the base to the highest level of

the structure
Alternate - For moment resisting systems made entirely
of steel or concrete, less than 12 stories in height and
each story height is less than 10 feet (ASCE 7-10 Eq.
12.8-8):
Ta = 0.1N
N number of stories
36

Moment-resisting frame systems in which the
frames resist 100% of the required seismic force
and are not enclosed or adjoined by components
that are more rigid and will prevent the frames
from deflecting where subjected to seismic
forces:
Structure Type
Ct
Steel moment-resisting frames
0.028 (0.0724)
0.80
Concrete moment-resisting frames
0.016 (0.0466)
0.90
Steel eccentrically braced frames
0.030 (0.0731)
0.75
Steel buckling-restrained braced frame
0.030 (0.0731)
0.75
All other structural systems
0.020 (0.0488)
0.75
37

Concrete or masonry shear wall structures (ASCE 710 Eqs. 12.8-9 and 12.8-10):
0.0019
Ta =
hn
CW
2
Ai
100 hn
CW =

2
AB i =1 hi
hi
1 + 0.83
Di
x
38

AB area of the base of the structure, ft 2
Ai web area of shear wall "i", ft 2
Di length of shear wall "i", ft
hi height of shear wall "i", ft
hn height of above the base of the
highest level of the structure, ft
x number of shear walls in the building
effective in resisting lateral forces in the
direction under consideration
39
Limit on period T
T CuTa
40
Building Period Example Problems
41
Building 1
42
Approximate Building Period

Example Building 1
Compute the approximate period of Building 1
ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-7

Ta = C h
x
t n
Ta
0.028 ) (12 ft )(10 )

(=
0.8
1.290 s
43

Example Building 1
Compute the approximate period of Building 1 if the
material is reinforced concrete rather than steel
ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-7

Ta = Ct hnx
Ta
0.016 ) (12 ft )(10 )

(=
0.9
1.189 s
44

Example Building 1
For the steel frame example done previously,
compute the value of T that would be permitted
by ASCE 7-10 if the period computed by an
analysis is (a) 1.515 s and (b) 1.929 s. SD1 =
0.3240.
Part (a)
From Table 12.8-1, Cu = 1.4
T=
1.515 s < 1.4 (1.290 s ) =
1.806 s
Use T = 1.515 s
45

Example Building 1
For the steel frame example done previously,
compute the value of T that would be permitted
by ASCE 7-10 if the period computed by an
analysis is (a) 1.515 s and (b) 1.929 s. SD1 =
0.3240.
Part (b)
T=
1.929 s > 1.4 (1.290 s ) =
1.806 s
Use T = 1.806 s
46
Building 2
47

Example Building 2
Calculate the approximate natural
period in the horizontal
ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-9, direction for the building shown
12.8.10 in the figure. The shear walls
0.0019
are 8 in. thick, made of
Ta =
hn
concrete.
Cw
2
Ai
100 hn
CW =

2
AB i =1 hi
hi
1 + 0.83
Di
x
48
Approximate
Building
Period
Example
49

Example
All walls in the horizontal direction have the same
web area, length and height.
=
Ai
8 in )( 20 ft )
(=
12in ft
Di = 20 ft
13.3 ft 2
hn= h=i 48 ft; hn h=i 1
50

Example
CW
Ta
2
100
13.3 ft
2
0.0539
=
( 3) (1)
2
(160 ft )(80 ft )
48 ft
1 + 0.83

20 ft
0.0019
=
( 48 ft ) 0.393 s
0.0539
51
Equivalent Lateral Force Method

Examples
52

Example Building 1
53
Equivalent Lateral Force Example

Building 1
Use the equivalent force method to determine the
base shear for Building 1. Allocate the base shear
to each of the story levels and then allocate the
story loads to individual frames. Use R = 3.5 and I
= 1. Assume that the earthquake acts NS.
54

Building 1
Building perimeter = 2 ( 75 ft + 125 ft ) = 400 ft
75 ft )(125 ft ) 9375 ft 2
(=
Cladding weight (=
400 ft )( 9.5 stories )(12 ft )( 77 psf ) 1000 k lb
Parapet weight (=
5 ft )( 400 ft )( 40 psf ) 1000 k lb 80 k
=
Building area
3511 k
Approximate frame weight = 915 k

=
Roof dead load
Floor dead load
9375 ft ) (10.2 psf ) 95.6 k

(=
9375 ft ) ( 9 stories )( 60 psf )
(=
2
5062 k
W= 3511 k + 80 k + 915 k + 95.6 k + 5062 k= 9664 k

W also includes weight of demountable partitions, 25% of live load in areas
used for storage, operating weight of permenant equipment and snow loads
under certain conditions.
55

Building 1
ASCE 7-10 Figures 22-1 and 22-2 or USGS tool:
S S = 1.123
S1 = 0.357
Adjustment for site conditions (ASCE Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2)
Fa = 1.0
Fv = 1.443
=
S MS F=
1.123
a SS
S=
F=
0.515
M1
v S1
2
=
S MS 0.749
3
2
=
S D1 =
S M 1 0.343
3
=
S DS
56
57
58
59

Building 1
1.290 s, T=
8s
T= T=
a
L
S DS
0.749
Cs =
=
= 0.214
R I e 3.5 1
0.044 (1)( 0.749

=
) 0.0330 > 0.01
S D1
0.0330 Cs
T ( R Ie )
0.343
0.0330 Cs
0.0758
=
(1.290 s )( 3.5 1)
Cs = 0.0758
V 0.0758
=
=
( 9664 k ) 731.6 k
60
Vertical Force Distribution

Building 1
61

ASCE Section 12.8.3
Fx = CvxV (Eq. 12.8-11)
wx hxk
(Eq. 12.8-12)
Cvx =
k
i wi hi
k = 1 for structures with a period less than or equal to 0.5 s
k = 2 for structures with a period at least equal to 2.5 s
Use linear interpolation between 1 and 2 for other period values
62
ASCE 7-10 Section 12.8.3

Fx = CvxV (Eq. 12.8-11)
wx hxk
(Eq. 12.8-12)
Cvx =
k
i wi hi
T = 1.290 s
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
1.290 s 0.5 s )
(
k =1 +
( 2 1) =1.395
( 2.5 s 0.5 s )
Weight of one story of cladding = ( 400 ft )(12 ft )( 77 psf ) (1000 lb k )
= 369.6 k
Dead load assigned to roof =
95.6 k + 80 k + 369.6 k 2 + 915 k 10 =
451.9 k
Dead load assigned to floors other than roof
369.6 k + 915 k 10
( 9375 ft ) ( 60 psf ) 1000 lb k +=
2
1024 k
63
(12 ft )1.395 + ( 24 ft )1.395 + ( 36 ft )1.395 +
1.395
1.395
1.395
1.395
k
1024
k
48
ft
60
ft
72
ft
451.9
k
120
ft
w
h
+
+
+
+
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)(
)
i i i
1.395
1.395
1.395
( 84 ft )
+ ( 96 ft )
+ (108 ft )
= 3357305 k ft
(1024 k )(12 ft )
=
1.395
Cv 2
= 0.00976
3357305 k ft
Cv8
1024 k )( 84 ft )
(=
Cvr
451.9 k )(120 ft )
(=
1.395
3357305 k ft
0.147
1.395
0.107
F2
3357305 k ft
=
0.00976
( 731.6 k ) 7.14 k
F8
=
0.147
( 731.6 k ) 107.5 k
Fr
=
0.107
( 731.6 k ) 78.3 k
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
64
Story Loads
65
Horizontal Force Distribution

Building 1
66
Frame Stiffness Assumptions

Column lines A and F K = 1.0
Column lines B to E K = 1.25
Column lines 1 and 4 K = 1.35
Column lines 2 and 3 K = 1.5
J
2
2
K
d
+
K
d
x y y x
2
2
2
2
2
J = 2 1.5 (12.5 ) + 1.35 ( 37.5 ) + 1.0 ( 62.5 ) + 1.25 ( 37.5 ) + 1.25 (12.5 ) = 15,984
2 and 3
1 and 4
A and F B and E
C and D
67
Slabs span N-S
Building 1
Floor Plan
68
Equivalent Seismic Loads
Torsional shear = T
Torsional moment
Kd
J
Direct shear = FR
Story shear
K
K
69
Distribution to roof
Direct load per frame
2 (1) + 4 (1.25 ) =
7.0
K =
1
=
78.3
k
11.19 k
(
)
7.0
1.25
Frame
78.3 k )
13.98 k
B to E (=
=
7.0
Loads to Frame 1 to 4 = 0
A and F
Frame
=
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
70
Building 1 Roof Seismic Loads
71
Equivalent
= ( 6.25 ft )( 78.3
=
Torsion
k ) 489.4 k ft
Lateral
Load to Frame A =11.19 k + ( 489.4 k ft )(1.0 )( 62.5 ft ) 15,984
Force
= 13.10 k
Load to Frame F =11.19 k ( 489.4 k ft )(1.0 )( 62.5 ft ) 15,984 Example
= 0.05
=
Accidental eccentricity
(125 ft ) 6.25 ft
= 9.276 k (11.19 k )
Load to Frame B =13.98 k + ( 489.4 k ft )(1.25 )( 37.5 ft ) 15,984 =15.42 k

Load to Frame E =13.98 k ( 489.4 k ft )(1.25 )( 37.5 ft ) 15,984
= 12.55 k (13.98 k )
Load to Frame C =13.98 k + ( 489.4 k ft )(1.25 )(12.5 ft ) 15,984 =14.47 k
Load to Frame D =13.98 k ( 489.4 k ft )(1.25 )(12.5 ft ) 15,984
= 13.50 k (14.68 k )
1.550 k
Loads to Frame 1 and 4 =
( 489.4 k ft )(1.35)( 37.5 ft ) 15,984 =
0.5740 k
( 489.4 k ft )(1.5)(12.5 ft ) 15,984 =
72
Building 1 Roof Equivalent Seismic

Loads
73
Distribution to eighth floor

Direct load per frame
2 (1) + 4 (1.25 ) =
7.0
K =
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
1
15.41 k
7.0
1.25
Frame
k)
19.27 k
B to E (107.9
=
=
7.0
Loads to Frame 1 to 4 = 0
Frame
A and F
=
k)
=
(107.9
74
Equivalent
Torsion
k ) 674.4 k ft
= ( 6.25 ft )(107.9
=
Lateral
Load to Frame A =15.41 k + ( 674.4 k ft )(1.0 )( 62.5 ft ) 15,984
Force
= 18.05 k
Load to Frame F =15.41 k ( 674.4 k ft )(1.0 )( 62.5 ft ) 15,984
Example
= 12.77 k (15.41 k )
Load to Frame B =19.27 k + ( 674.4 k ft )(1.25 )( 37.5 ft ) 15,984 = 21.25 k

Load to Frame E =19.27 k ( 674.4 k ft )(1.25 )( 37.5 ft ) 15,984
= 17.29 k (19.27 k )
Load to Frame C =19.27 k + ( 674.4 k ft )(1.25 )(12.5 ft ) 15,984 =19.93 k
Load to Frame D =19.27 k ( 674.4 k ft )(1.25 ) (12.5 ft ) 15,984
= 18.61 k (19.27 k )
2.136 k
( 674.4 k ft )(1.35)( 37.5 ft ) 15,984 =
0.791 k
( 674.4 k ft )(1.50 )(12.5 ft ) 15,984 =
75
Building 1 Eighth Floor Equivalent

Seismic Loads
76

Example Building 2
77

Building 2
For the level between the third floor and the
roof, determine the force in each of the
lateral force resisting elements in the building
shown on the next slide. Dead loads are
60 psf, 90 psf and 100 psf for the roof,
third level and second level, respectively.
The shear wall elements are special
reinforced concrete shear walls (R = 5).
Use I = 1.
78
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
Building 2
79

Wall weight
Building 2
=
70 psf ) 89,
600 lb
( 4 walls )( 20 ft )(16 ft )(=
=
Total for=
building 2.5
(89.6 k ) 224 k
60 + 90 + 100 ) psf
(160 ft )(80 ft )(=
+ 224 k 3424 k
W
=
One
story
89.6 k
1000 lb/k
T= T=
0.393 s
a
S DS = 1
S D1 = 0.52
=
C
s
S DS
1
= = 0.2
R Ie 5 1
0.044 ( 0.52 )(1) = 0.0229 > 0.01

0.0229 Cs
0.52
=
0.265
( 0.393 s )( 5 1)
Cs = 0.2
V
=
0.2
( 3424 k ) 684.8 k
80

Building 2
Calculate the load tributary to each story of the building
A
w2
=
ft )( 80 ft ) 12,800 ft 2
(160
(12,800 ft 2 ) (100 psf ) + 4 ( 20 ft )(16 ft )( 70 psf )
= 1370 k
1000 lb k
w3
12,800 ft ) ( 90 psf ) + 4 ( 20 ft )(16 ft )( 70 psf )

(=
1242 k
wr
12,800 ft ) ( 60 psf ) + 4 ( 20 ft )( 8 ft )( 70 psf )

(=
812.8 k
1000 lb k
1000 lb k
81

Building 2
82

Fx = CvxV (Eq. 12.8-11)
wx hxk
(Eq. 12.8-12)
Cvx =
k
i wi hi
k = 1 for structures with a period less than or equal to 0.5 s
k = 2 for structures with a period at least equal to 2.5 s
Use linear interpolation between 1 and 2 for other period values
83

Fx = CvxV (Eq. 12.8-11)
wx hxk
(Eq. 12.8-12)
Cvx =
k
i wi hi
k = 1 (for a period less than or equal to 0.5 s)
w h = (1370 k )(16 ft ) + (1240 k )( 32 ft ) +

i
Cv 2
k
i i
(813 k=
)( 48 ft ) 100, 660 k ft
(1370 k )(16 ft ) = 0.2177
=
100, 660 k ft
Cv 3
1242 k )( 32 ft )
(=
0.3947
Cvr
812.8 k )( 48 ft )
(=
0.3876
F2
100, 660 k ft
100, 660 k ft
=
0.2177
( 684.8 k ) 149.1 k
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
Story Loads
Story
2nd
3rd
Roof
Load (k)
Cvx
0.2177
149.1
0.3947
270.3
0.3876
265.4
Total 684.8
84
Horizontal Force Distribution

Building 2
85

x
ft
ft
Ky
Kx
Kx*y
Ky*x
ft
ft
Wall / Frame
Line A
Line I
Line 1-1
Line 1-2
Line 5
0
160
30
130
10
0
0
20
20
20
60
70
40
0
0
80
xcr
=
x
K=
K
K y
=
K
y
ycr
=
20
0.65
0
0
0
20.7
x cr
0
0
0
0
1600
1600
5.02
0
104
0
0
0
104
ft
ycr
26.7
ft
104
= 5.02
20.7
1600
= 26.7
60
86
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
160 ft
= 80 ft
2
80 ft
=
ycm = 40 ft
2
eix =
80 ft 5.02 ft =
75.0 ft
=
xcm
eiy =
40 ft 26.7 ft =
13.3 ft
=
=
eax 0.05
(160 ft ) 8 ft
=
=
eay 0.05
(80 ft ) 4 ft
( 265.4 k )( 75.0 ft + 8 ft ) =22,028 k ft

Eccentricities and Torsion, V = 265.4 k
Inherent + Inherent Inherent Accidental
Torsion + Torsion Accidental Accidental
(ft)
x
y
75
13.3
(ft)
(ft)
8
4
(ft)
83
17.3
67
9.3
(k-ft)
22028
4591
(k-ft)
17782
2468
87
CM and
CR
88
Wall Locations Relative to CR
89
=
J
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
2
2
+
K
d
K
d
x y y x
Direct shear force = Story force
K
K
20
265.4
k
(
)
= 256.4
20.7
Torsional shear = Torsional moment
Kd
J
100 ft
22,
028
k
ft
=
21.6 k
(
)
2
102, 000 ft
3rd Floor to Roof Level Distribution, V = 265.4 k
Wall / Frame
Line A
Line I
Line 1-1
Line 1-2
Line 5
Ky
Kx
0
0
20
20
20
20
0.65
0
0
0
dx
dy
(ft)
-5.02
155
25
125
4.98
(ft)
43.3
13.3
-26.7
-26.7
53.3
Kxdy or Kydx
Kx*dy2
Ky*dx2
Direct Shear
(ft)
(ft2)
(ft2)
(k)
-100
101
-534
-534
1070
0
0
14300
14300
56800
J
504
15600
0
0
0
256.4
8.33
0
0
0
102000
265
Torsional
Total Shear
Shear
(k)
-21.6
21.8
-115
-115
231
(k)
256.4
30.1
115
115
231
90
J
=
K d +K d
2
y
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
2
x
K
Direct shear force = Story force
K
( 265.4 k )
20
= 256.4
20.7
Torsional shear = Torsional moment
Kd
J
100 ft
=
21.6 k
2
102, 000 ft
( 22, 028 k ft )
3rd Floor to Roof Level Distribution, V = 265.4 k

Wall / Frame
Line A
Line I
Line 1-1
Line 1-2
Line 5
Ky
Kx
0
0
20
20
20
20
0.65
0
0
0
dx
dy
(ft)
-5.02
155
25
125
4.98
(ft)
43.3
13.3
-26.7
-26.7
53.3
Kxdy or Kydx
Kx*dy2
Ky*dx2
Direct Shear
(ft)
(ft2)
(ft2)
(k)
-100
101
-534
-534
1070
0
0
14300
14300
56800
J
504
15600
0
0
0
256.4
8.33
0
0
0
102000
265
Torsional
Total Shear
Shear
(k)
-21.6
21.8
-115
-115
231
(k)
256.4
30.1
115
115
231
91
Include torsional shear only if

it increases total shear
Equivalent
Lateral
Force
Example
3rd Floor to Roof Level Distribution, V = 264 k

Wall / Frame
Line A
Line I
Line 1-1
Line 1-2
Line 5
Kx
0
0
20
20
20
Ky
dx
dy
20
0.65
0
0
0
(ft)
-5.02
155
25
125
4.98
(ft)
43.3
13.3
-26.7
-26.7
53.3
Kxdy or
Kydx
(ft)
-100
101
-534
-534
1070
Kx*dy2
Ky*dx2
(ft 2 )
(ft 2 )
504
15600
0
0
0
102000
0
0
14300
14300
56800
J
Direct Shear
(k)
255
8.29
0
0
0
263
Torsional
Total Shear
Shear
(k)
-21.5
21.7
-115
-115
230
(k)
255
30
115
115
230
92
ASCE 7-10 Chapters 26 to 31

Wind Loads
(IBC Section 1609.1.1
incorporates ASCE 7-10 by
reference)
93
ASCE 7-10 versus ASCE 7-05

Chapter 6 - reserved for future use
Chapter 26 - General Requirements
Chapter 27 - MWFRS (Directional Procedure)
Chapter 28 - MWFRS (Envelope Procedure)
Chapter 29 - MWFRS - Other Structures and
Building Appurtenances
Chapter 30 - Components and Cladding (C&C)
Chapter 31 - Wind Tunnel Procedure
94

Three wind speed maps versus one. Called
wind hazard maps in ASCE 7 and ultimate
wind speed maps in 2012 IBC.
Wind speeds vary with risk category.
Revised load factors for wind in allowable
stress design (ASD) and load and resistance
factor design (LRFD) load combinations
Removal of the Occupancy Factor for wind (I)
95

Reinstatement of the applicability of Exposure
D in hurricane prone regions
Revised wind speed triggers for definition of
hurricane prone region and wind-borne debris
region
Revised pressure values for minimum design
loads
96
Chapter 26 General
Requirements
Wind speed
Wind directionality
Exposure category
Topographic effect
Gust effect factor
Enclosure classification
Wind-borne debris regions

Internal pressure coefficients
Symbols
Definitions
97
Chapter 27 MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
Part 1 Analytical procedure
Enclosed, partially enclosed or open
buildings (buildings of any height)
Windward, leeward, and side walls and
roof pressures, including internal
pressures
98
Chapter 27 MWFRS
(Directional Procedure)
Part 2 Simplified procedure
Roof height less than or equal to
160 feet
Enclosed buildings
Simple diaphragms
99
Chapter 28 MWFRS (Envelope

Procedure)
Low-rise buildings roof height less than or
equal to 60 feet, height does not exceed
lesser horizontal dimension
Part 1 Analytical procedure
Windward, leeward, and side walls and
roof pressures
Part 2 Simplified procedure
Horizontal and design pressures in tabular
form
100
Chapter 30 Components and

Cladding
Part 1 low-rise buildings
Part 2 simplified approach for low-rise
buildings
Part 3 buildings of any height
Part 4 simplified approach for buildings with
roof height less than or equal to 160
feet
Part 5 open buildings
Part 6 building appurtenances, parapets
101
Definitions
102
MWFRS
Main wind force resisting system (MWFRS)
An assemblage of structural elements
assigned to provide support and stability for
the overall structure. The system generally
receives wind loading from more than one
surface.
103
Components and Cladding (C&C)

Components and Cladding
Elements of the building envelope that
do not qualify as part of the MWFRS
Examples roof decking, roof trusses, girts,
steel wall panels, masonry walls
104
Element Classification
Some elements may comprise MWRFS for
one loading and comprise C&C for another
loading (for example, a masonry wall)
105
Basic Wind Speed (V)

Three-second gust speed at 33 feet (10 m)
above the ground in Exposure Category
C
Determined as specified in Section 26.5.1
Use maps in figures 26.5-1A, 26.5-1B, 26.51C
Exposure categories are defined in Section
26.7.3
106
Basic wind speed
Special wind zone
ASCE 7-10
Figure 26.5-1A
Wind Hazard
Map Basic
Wind
Speed (V)
107
http://www.atcouncil.org/windspeed/
108
Example
Building 3
Directional Procedure
Part 1
109
Design Parameters
Analytical procedure Chapter 27

Enclosed building
Risk Category II
Basic wind speed Fig. 26.5-1A 115 mph
Exposure C (consider B?)
G = 0.85 (gust-effect factor)
110
Design Parameters
Kzt = 1 (topographic factor Section 26.8)
Kd = 0.85 (directional factor Table 26.6-1)
(GCpi) = + / - 0.18 (internal pressure coefficient
- Table 26.11-1)
Cp external pressure coefficient
111
Basic
Wind
Speed
Figure 6-1
112
MWFRS
113
Velocity Pressure (qz)
Eq. 27.3-1
qz
0.00256
=
K z K zt K dV 2
0.00256 ( 0.85 )(1)(115 ) K z = 28.78 K z

2
Height
q (psf)
0-15
24.46
15-20
25.90
20-25
27.05
25-30
28.20
30-40
29.93
40-48
31.37
114
External Pressures Coefficients

(Cp)
(Figure 27.4-1)
115
Figure 27.4-1
116
Figure 27.4-1
117
External Pressure Coefficients

(Cp) - Walls
Windward wall = 0.8
Sidewalls = -0.7
Leeward walls a function of L / B
L / B (160 / 80 = 2) is -0.3
L / B (80 / 160 = 0.5) is -0.5
118
External Pressure Coefficients (Cp) Roof
119

(Cp) - Roof
A function of slope (0o) and h / L (48 / 160
= 0.3), (48 / 80 = 0.6)
h / L = 0.3, 0 to h, -0.9 and -0.18
h to 2h, -0.5 and -0.18
> 2h, -0.3 and -0.18
120

(Cp) - Roof
h / L = 0.6, interpolate:
(160 )( 48 / 2 ) = 3840
1.04
( 1.3)( 0.8) =
0 to h 2
0.6 0.5 )
(
0.9 +
1.04 ( 0.9 ) ) =0.93
(
(1.0 0.5)
>h 2
0.6 0.5 )
(
0.5 +
( 0.7 ( 0.5) ) =0.54
1.0
0.5
(
)
121
Design Pressures - MWFRS

ASCE 7-10 Eq. 27.4-1
=
p qz GC p qh ( GC pi )
=
p015
=
( 24.26 )( 0.85)( 0.8) ( 31.37
)( 0.18)
16.33 5.647 psf
Height
q (psf)
0-15
24.46
15-20
25.90
20-25
27.05
25-30
28.20
30-40
29.93
40-48
31.37
Windward Wall
Height
p (psf)
0-15
16.33 +/- 5.647
15-20
17.61 +/- 5.647
20-25
18.39 +/- 5.647
25-30
19.18 +/- 5.647
30-40
20.35 +/- 5.647
40-48
21.33 +/- 5.647

122
Design Pressures
=
p qhGC p qh ( GC pi )
=
p
( 31.37 )( 0.85)( 0.7 ) ( 31.37=

)( 0.18)
18.67 5.647 psf
Element
p (psf)
Sidewall
-18.67 +/- 5.647
Leeward wall (-0.5)
-13.33 +/- 5.647
Leeward wall (-0.3)
-8.00 +/- 5.647
123
Design Pressures
=
p qhGC p qh ( GC pi )
=
p
( 31.37 )( 0.85)( 0.9 ) ( 31.37=

)( 0.18)
24.0 5.647 psf
p
=
0.18 )
( 31.37 )( 0.85)( 0.18) ( 31.37 )(=
4.80 5.647 psf
Roof
h / L = 0.3
Distance
h / L = 0.6
Distance
0-h
Cp
Cp
-24.0/ -4.80
0 h/2
-24.8 / -4.80
h - 2h
-13.3 / -4.80
> h/2
-14.4 / -4.80
> 2h
-8.0 / -4.80
-----
----124
Design Pressures
125
Design Pressures
126
Load Cases
If the building is
torsionally
regular under
wind load,
only Cases 1
and 3 must be
considered
127
C&C
128
Effective Wind Area

The area used to determine (GCp). For component
and cladding elements, the effective wind area in
Figs. 30.4-1 through 30.4-7, 30.5-1, 30.6-1, and
30.8-1 through 30.8-3 is the span length
multiplied by an effective width that need not be
less than one-third the span length. For cladding
fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be
greater than the area that is tributary to an
individual fastener.
May be different from tributary area.
129
Design Pressures C&C

=
p qh ( GC p ) ( GC pi )
qh = 31.37 psf
( GC ) = 0.18
( GC ) values obtained from Figures 30.4-1
pi
p
and 30.4-2A of the Standard they are a function of effective area and zone
130
Zones and (GCp) for Walls
131
Zones and (GCp) for Roofs
132
Calculation of a
Smaller of:
10% of least horizontal dimension =
0.10 ( 80 =
ft ) 8 ft
0.4h 0.4
=
=
( 48 ft ) 19.2 ft
but not less than
4% of least horizontal dimension =
0.04 ( 80 ft ) = 3.2 ft
or 3 ft
a =
8 ft
133
C&C - Walls
Effective wind area assume that walls are
supported at floor level effective width need
not be less than one-third of the length
16 (16 3) = 85.33 ft 2
134
C&C - Walls
Figure 30.4-1, Note 5

suggests a 10% Zone 4
reduction in
1.1766 0.1766 log A =
( GC p ) =
tabulated values1.1766 0.1766 log (85.33 ft 2 ) =
0.836
for roof slopes ( 0.9 )( 0.836 ) = 0.752
less than 10o ( GC ) =
1.2766 + 0.1766 log A =
p
Equations are 1.2766 + 0.1766 log 85.33 ft 2 =
(
) 0.936
from Mehta & ( 0.9 )( 0.936 ) =
0.842
Coulbourne
135
C&C - Walls
Zone 5
1.1766 0.1766 log A =
( GC ) =
1.1766 0.1766 log ( 85.33 ft ) =
0.836
p
( 0.9 )( 0.836 ) = 0.752
1.7532 + 0.3532 log A =

1.7532 + 0.3532 log ( 85.33 ft 2 )
= 1.07
0.963
( 0.9 )( 1.07 ) =
136
C&C - Walls
p qh ( GC p ) ( GC pi )
=
Zone 4
p =( 31.37 ) 0.842 ( +0.18 ) =32.06 psf
p
=
( 0.18 )
( 31.37 ) 0.752=
29.24 psf
Zone 5
p =( 31.37 ) 0.963 ( +0.18 ) =35.86 psf
p
=
( 0.18 )
( 31.37 ) 0.752=
29.24 psf
137
Roof Zones
138
Effective Wind Area Roof Joists

Roof joists span the 80 ft dimension
and are spaced at 10 ft
Tributary area, interior joist = (10 ft )( 80 ft ) = 800 ft 2
Span = 80 ft
Effective
=
width
tributary
=
width 10 ft
80 ft
but need not be less than
= 26.7 ft
3
Use 26.7 ft
Effective
=
wind area
80 ft )( 26.7 ft )
(=
2136 ft 2
139
C&C Roof Joists

Zone 1, 2, 3
( GC ) = 0.2
p
Zone 1
( GC ) = 0.9
p
Zone 2, 3
( GC ) = 1.1
p
140
C&C =p q (GC ) (GC )
Roof Joists Zone 1 (Interior)

h
pi
p =( 31.37 ) 0.9 ( +0.18 ) =33.89 psf

p
=
( 31.37 ) 0.2 =
( 0.18)
11.92 psf
Zone 2 (End or Eave)

p =( 31.37 ) 1.1 ( +0.18 ) =40.15 psf
p
=
( 31.37 ) 0.2 =
( 0.18)
11.92 psf
Zone 3 (Corner)
p
=
=
p
( 31.37 ) 1.1 ( +0.18) =40.15 psf

( 31.37 ) 0.2 =
( 0.18) 11.92 psf
141
Effective Wind Area Roof Deck

Span = 10 ft
10 ft
Width
= = 3.33 ft
3
Effective
=
wind area (10
=
ft )( 3.33 ft ) 33.3 ft 2
142
C&C Roof Deck

Zone 1
0.4000 0.1000 log A =
( GC ) =
0.4000 0.1000 log ( 33.3 ft ) =
0.247
( GC ) = 1.1000 + 0.1000 log A
= 1.1000 + 0.1000 log ( 33.3 ft )
p
= 0.948
143
C&C Roof Deck

Zone 2
0.4000 0.1000 log A =
( GC ) =
0.4000 0.1000 log ( 33.3 ft ) =
0.247
( GC ) = 2.5000 + 0.7000 log A
= 2.5000 + 0.7000 log ( 33.3 ft )
p
= 1.43
144
C&C Roof Deck

Zone 3
0.4000 0.1000 log A =
( GC ) =
0.4000 0.1000 log ( 33.3 ft ) =
0.247
( GC ) = 4.5000 + 1.7000 log A
= 4.5000 + 1.7000 log ( 33.3 ft )
p
= 1.91
145
C&C =p q (GC ) (GC )
Roof Deck Zone 1 (Interior)

h
pi
p =( 31.37 ) 0.948 ( +0.18 ) =35.39 psf

p
=
( 0.18 )
( 31.37 ) 0.247=
13.39 psf
Zone 2 (End or Eave)

p =( 31.37 ) 1.43 ( +0.18 ) =50.51 psf
p
=
( 0.18 )
( 31.37 ) 0.247=
13.39 psf
Zone 3 (Corner)
p =( 31.37 ) 1.91 ( +0.18 ) =65.56 psf
=
p
( 0.18 )
( 31.37 ) 0.247=
13.39 psf
146
Design Loads for Roof Joists
147
Building 2
Roof Plan
148

Joists adjacent to walls (Joists A) are in Zones
2 and 3
Next joists toward interior of building (Joists B)
are in all three zones
All other joists (Joists C) are in Zones 1 and 2
149
150
Design Loads Roof Joists

Load Combination 1
1.4 D 1.4
=
=
( 60 psf ) 84.0 psf
Joists A
(84.0 psf )( 5 ft ) = 420 lb ft

Joists B and C
(84.0 psf )(10 ft ) = 840 lb ft
151

Load Combination 2
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 ( Lr or S or R )
= 1.2 ( 60 psf ) + 0.5 (16 psf ) = 80.0 psf
Joists A
(80.0 psf )( 5 ft ) = 400 lb ft

Joists B and C
(80.0 psf )(10 ft ) = 800 lb ft

152

Load Combination 3
The downward acting wind load is 11.92 psf in all zones
1.2 D + 1.6 ( Lr or S or R ) + 0.5W
= 1.2 ( 60 psf ) + 1.6 (16 psf ) + 0.5 (11.92 psf )
= 103.6 psf
Joists A
(103.6 psf )( 5 ft ) = 518lb ft

Joists C
(103.6 psf )(10 ft ) = 1040 lb ft

153

Load Combination 4
1.2 D + 0.5 ( Lr or S or R ) + 1.0W
= 1.2 ( 60 psf ) + 0.5 (16 psf ) + 1.0 (11.92 psf )
= 91.9 psf
Joists A
( 91.9 psf )( 5 ft ) = 460 lb ft

Joists B
( 91.9 psf )(10 ft ) = 919 lb ft

154

Load Combination 5
1.2 D + E + L 1.2 D
Load Combination 7
0.9 D + E + L 0.9 D
155

Load Combination 6
0.9 D + 1.0W ( )
Joists A - Zones 2 and 3
Pressure is 40.15 psf for both zones
0.9 ( 60 psf ) + 1.0 ( 40.15 psf ) =
( 5 ft ) 69.25 lb/ft ( )
Note: net force is down because of the large dead load.
If the dead load was only 40 psf or less,
the net force would be up (suction).
156

0.9 D + 1.0W ( )
Load Combination 6
Upward acting wind pressure varies with zone

Joists C - Zones 1 and 2
Pressure is 33.88 psf for Zone 1 and 40.15 psf for Zone 2
10 ft ) 201.2 lb/ft ( )
0.9 ( 60 psf ) + 1.0 ( 33.88 psf ) (=
0.9 ( 60 psf ) + 1.0 ( 40.15 psf=
) (10 ft ) 138.5 lb/ft ( )
Net force is down.
157
Controlling Loads Roof Joist

Design
LC 4 controls for downward load (includes
Joists must be designed to resist downward
wind)
load and potentially upward acting load. LC

3 controls over LCs 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 for
downward acting load. LC 6 involves
upward acting wind load. Net loads are
down on the joists for this LC. Therefore,
LC 3 controls for joist design.
158
Thank you
Questions?
159

03.session II - Lateral Loads

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03.session II - Lateral Loads

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S.E.

Seismic Lateral load analysis

Equivalent lateral load procedure

Building period examples

ASCE 7-10 versus 7-05

Chapters 26, 27, 28 and 30

Roof design loads

Building Examples Used Through

Slabs span N-S

Lateral Load Analysis

Methods of Lateral Load Analysis

Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

ASCE 7-10 Notation

effective seismic weight

long-period transition period as defined in

response modification coefficient

Cd deflection amplification factor

mapped MCE R , 5 percent damped, spectral response

acceleration parameter at short periods

acceleration parameter at a period of 1 s

ASCE 7-10 Notation

Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

(ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-2)

If T TL , Cs need not exceed

ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2-1

Mixed systems different directions

ASCE 7-10 Figure

Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

or IBC 2009 Tables 1613.3.3(1) and 1613.3.3(2)

ASCE 7-10 Tables 11.4-1,2

ASCE 7-10 Site Classes

Approximate Fundamental Period

hn - height, in ft, above the base to the highest level of

ASCE 7-10 Table 12.8-2

Steel moment-resisting frames

Concrete moment-resisting frames

Steel eccentrically braced frames

Steel buckling-restrained braced frame

All other structural systems

Approximate Fundamental Period

Approximate Fundamental Period

ASCE 7-10 Table 12.8-1

Building Period Example Problems

Approximate Building Period

ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-7

0.028 ) (12 ft )(10 )

Approximate Building Period

ASCE 7-10 Eq. 12.8-7

0.016 ) (12 ft )(10 )

Approximate Building Period

Approximate Building Period

Approximate Building Period

Approximate Building Period

hn= h=i 48 ft; hn h=i 1

Approximate Building Period

Equivalent Lateral Force Method

Equivalent Lateral Force Method

Equivalent Lateral Force Example

Equivalent Lateral Force Example

Approximate frame weight = 915 k

9375 ft ) (10.2 psf ) 95.6 k

W= 3511 k + 80 k + 915 k + 95.6 k + 5062 k= 9664 k

Equivalent Lateral Force Example