HIN TRNG MI TRNG

lu vc SNG CU
I. Gii thiu lu vc sng Cu
1.1 c im t nhin
Sng Cu l ph lu ca sng Hng; LVS Cu c din tch 6.030 km2 l mt phn
ca LVS Hng-Thi Bnh (chim khong 8% din tch LVS Hng-Thi Bnh trong lnh
th Vit Nam). Lu vc c tng chiu di cc nhnh sng khong 1.600 km. Lu vc
bao gm gn nh ton b cc tnh Bc Kn, Thi Nguyn v mt phn cc tnh Bc
Ninh, Bc Giang, Vnh Phc, Hi Dng v H Ni (huyn ng Anh, Sc Sn).
Lu vc sng Cu c c 3 vng sinh thi: ng bng, trung du v min ni. a
hnh chung ca lu vc theo hng Ty Bc - ng Nam.
Mng li sng sui trong lu vc sng Cu tng i pht trin. Cc nhnh sng
chnh phn b tng i u dc theo dng chnh, nhng cc sng nhnh tng i ln
u nm pha hu ngn lu vc, nh cc sng: Ch Chu, u, Cng, C L... Trong
ton lu vc c 68 sng sui c di t 10 km tr ln.
Tng lng nc trn LVS Cu khong 4,5 t m3/nm, trong ng gp ca sng
Cng, sng C L l khong 0,9 t m3/nm. dng chy cc sng thuc LVS Cu c
phn bit thnh hai ma r rt l ma l v ma kit. Ma l thng bt u t thng
VI n thng X; lng dng chy trong ma l khng vt qu 75% lng nc c
nm. Ma kit di 7 n 8 thng, chim khong 18-20% lng dng chy c nm. Ba
thng kit nht l I, II, III dng chy ch chim 5,6-7,8%.
Trong lu vc c VQG Ba B v VQG Tam o, khu BTTN Kim H, v cc khu
vn ha - lch s mi trng vi gi tr sinh thi cao. Lu vc sng Cu kh giu cc
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin: ti nguyn rng a dng, ti nguyn nc di do, ti
nguyn khong sn phong ph... che ph ca rng trong lu vc sng Cu c
nh gi l trung bnh, t khong 45%. Tuy nhin, rng b ph hy mnh m cng
nhng hot ng pht trin kinh t, x hi khc nh cng nghip, khai thc m, lng
ngh th cng v hot ng nng nghip gy p lc ln ln mi trng trong lu vc.
Khung 1.1. Tm tt c im t nhin LVS Cu:
Cc tnh trong lu vc sng Cu: Bc Kn, Thi Nguyn, Bc Ninh, Bc Gia ng, Vn h Phc, Hi
Dng v H Ni.
Din tch t nhin ca lu vc: 6.030 km2.
Mt li sng: ( di sng trn mt n v din tch) trong lu vc bin i trong phm vi 0,7 1,2 km/km2.
H s tp trung nc: t 2,1 (thuc loi ln trn min Bc).
Tng lng nc hng nm: khong 4,5 t m3
Cc nhnh sng chnh: Chu, Nghin h Tng, u, Cng, C L, Ng Huyn Kh.

Hnh 1.1. Bn cc tnh nm trong LVS Cu

Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng

1.2. c im kinh t, x hi
Lu vc chim khong 47% din tch ca 6 tnh. Tng dn s 6 tnh thuc lu vc
nm 2005 khong 6,9 triu ngi. Trong , dn s nng thn khong 5,9 triu ngi; dn
s thnh th khong 1 triu ngi. Mt dn s trung bnh khong 427 ngi/km2, cao
hn 2 ln so vi mt trung bnh quc gia.
Vng ni thp v trung du l khu vc c mt dn c thp nht trong lu vc, chim
khong 63% din tch ton lu vc nhng dn s ch chim khong 15% dn s lu vc.
Mt dn s cao vng trung tm v khu vc ng bng.
Thnh phn dn c trong lu vc c s an xen ca 8 dn tc anh em: Kinh, Ty,
Nng, Sn Du, Mng, Sn Chay, Hoa, Dao trong ngi Kinh chim a s.
C cu kinh t da trn nng nghip,
lm nghip, cng nghip; thy sn ng
gp khng ng k vo c cu ny. GDP
tng trng mnh m, tng gn gp i
trong vng 5 nm ti hu ht cc tnh;
Hi Dng c GDP tng cao nht.
Tc tng trng ngnh cng
nghip cao hn t l trung bnh quc gia.
Sn phm t nng nghip, lm nghip,
thy sn chim khong 26% v c xu
hng gim. Cc tnh Thi Nguyn, Bc
Ninh v Vnh Phc tng trng nhanh v
cng nghip, xy dng v dch v.

T ng
16000,0
14000,0
12000,0
10000,0
8000,0
6000,0
4000,0
2000,0
0,0
B c Kn

T hi Nguyn
2001

2002

Bc Giang
2003

V nh P hc

2004

B c Ninh

Hi Dng

S b 2005

Hnh 1.2. GDP mt s tnh thuc

LVS Cu
Ngun: Nin gim thng k, 2005

Bng 1.1. Tm tt c im kinh t x hi ca LVS Cu

Tnh
Bc Kn
Thi Nguyn
Bc Ninh
Bc Giang
Hi Dng
Vnh Phc

Din tch
(km2)
4.857,2
3.542,6
807,6
3.822,7
1.648,4
1.371,4

Dn s
(nghn
ngi)
289,9
1.109,0
998,4
1.581,5
1.711,4
1.169,0

Mt
(ngi/km2)
60
313
1.236
414
1.038
852

GDP (t
ng)
1.032,7
6.459,0
8.356,8
7.559,8
13.664,7
9.565,3

Thu nhp bnh

qun (nghn
ng/thng)
1.050,2
1.229,1
1.099,4
1.095,3
1.242,7
1.025,9

Tc tng
trng so v i
2004 (%)
114,5
117,8
121,5
123,0
118,2
122,0

II. Hin trng cht lng nc lu vc sng Cu

Lu vc sng Cu tip nhn nc thi ca 6 tnh nm trong lu vc v mt phn nc
thi ca H Ni (huyn Sc Sn, ng Anh), cht lng nc hin ang b nh hng bi
cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip, sinh hot, khai khong... ca cc tnh
thnh ny.
Cht lng nc sng Cu hu ht cc a phng u cng khng t tiu chun
cht lng l ngun nc cp cho mc ch sinh hot (TCVN 5942-1995, loi A).
Nc mt ti vng trung lu v h lu ca lu vc sng Cu hin ang b nhim
cc b bi mt s cht gy nhim hu c, cht rn l lng (SS) v du m (c ni ang
b nhim trm trng).

2.1. Thng ngun lu vc sng Cu

Thng ngun sng Cu nm trn a bn tnh Bc Kn, ngoi dng chnh l sng
Cu cn c ph lu l sng Ch Chu. Cht lng nc sng Cu v sng Ch Chu tng
i n nh,

mg/l

mg/l

Sng Cu qua tnh Bc Kn bt u b nhim nh mt vi v tr: Theo s

liu quan trc, khu vc cu Ph v cu Thc Ring (Bc Kn), mt s gi tr BOD5 v SS
vt TCVN 5942-1995 i vi ngun loi A (Hnh 2.1 v hnh 2.2).
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

100
80
60
40

Cu Ph

Thc Ring

T hng 10/2005

Thng 11/2006

T hng 12/2007

TCVN 5942-1995 (A)

T CVN 5942-1995 (B)

Hnh 2.1. Gi tr BOD5 trn sng Cu on chy

qua tnh Bc Kn
Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

20
0
Cu Ph
Thng 10/2005
Thng 12/2007
TCVN 5942-1995 (B)

Thc Ring
Thng 11/2006
TCVN 5942-1995 (A)

Hnh 2.2. Gi tr SS trn sng Cu on chy

qua tnh Bc Kn
Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

2.2. Trung lu Lu vc sng Cu (qua tnh Thi Nguyn)

Lu vc sng Cu on chy qua Thi Nguyn gm dng chnh l sng Cu, v 3 ph
lu: sng Nghinh Tng, sng u, sng Cng.
on sng Cu trc khi chy vo thnh ph Thi Nguyn, bt u chu tc ng
do cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip, khai thc khong sn, sn xut nng nghip dc
bn b sng. Ngoi ra, on sng ny tip nhn hai ph lu l sng Nghinh Tng v
sng u nn cht lng nc sng Cu b nh hng bi ngun nc t hai ph lu ny
sang. Sng Nghinh Tng chu tc ng ca hot ng khai thc vng, on cui sng
u tip nhn nc thi ca m than Phn M, tuy nhin mc nhim nc i vi hai
dng sng ny cha ng k.
on sng Cu chy qua thnh ph Thi Nguyn nhn nc thi ca cc nh my sn
xut giy, nhit in, gang thp; cc bnh vin; khu dn c th nh nh my giy Hong
Vn Th, nhit in Cao Ngn, khu cng nghip gang thp Thi Nguyn, nc thi sinh hot.
ng thi, on sng cng chu tc ng ca nc sui Phng Hong chy sang.
Ti phng Tn Long, nc rt c, c mu en nu v mi. on sng Cu chy qua
khu cng nghip gang thp Thi Nguyn, gi tr cc thng s SS, BOD5 , COD vt TCVN
5942-1995 (loi A) t 2- 3 ln; nc sng c mi du cc r rt (hnh 2.3 v 2.4).

mg/l

mg/l
0,35
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00

50
40
30
20
10
0
Vn Lang Ha Bnh Sn Cm Cu Gia
By
2003

p
Thc
Hung
2004

Trung bnh 2004

Trung bnh 2005

2005

TCVN 5942-1995 (A)

TCVN 5942-1995 (A)

TCVN 5942-1995 (B)

T CVN 5942-1995 (B)

Vn
Lang

Ha
Bnh

Sn
Cm

Cu
Gia
By

p
Thc
Hung

Cu
My

Hnh 2.3. Din bin du m trn sng Cu on

chy qua Thi Nguyn

Cu My

Hnh 2.4. Din bin COD trn sng Cu on

chy qua Thi Nguyn

Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

Sau khi ra khi thnh ph Thi Nguyn: do khng c cc khu cng nghip v t cc
hot ng sn xut nn nng cc cht nhim trong nc sng gim. Ti khu vc
Thun Thnh pht hin d lng thuc bo v thc vt nhng vn nm trong gii hn
cho php loi A.
Sui Phng Hong (nhnh sui nh chy trn a bn phng Tn Long - Tp Thi
Nguyn), nc sui b nhim hu c nghim trng do nc thi ca nh my sn xut
Giy thi trc tip, hm lng cc hp cht hu c cha nit rt cao. Cc thng s c
trng nhim l BOD5, COD, phenol... (hnh 2.5)
Sng Cng l sng ln th hai trong lu vc, chy qua a phn Thi Nguyn v nhp
lu vi sng Cu ti a Phc. Nc sng bt u b nhim hu c, du m. D lng
thuc bo v c pht hin mt s im. Hnh 2.6 biu din gi tr hm lng du m
trung bnh nm 2004 v 2005 trn ton tuyn sng. y l khu vc chu nh hng bi
hot ng ca cc thuyn du lch trn H Ni Cc, tu thuyn khai thc ct trn sng,
nc thi ca hot ng khai thc khong sn v nc thi ca KCN Sng Cng.
mg/l 80
60
40
20
0
BOD5

COD

Thn g 10/2005

Thng 11/2005

Thn g 12/2005

TCVN 59 42-1995 (A)

TCVN 5942-1995 (B)

Hnh 2.5. Din bin BOD5, COD ti sui Phng

Hong, Thi Nguyn
Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

mg/l
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
Ph
Cng

Cu
Huy
Ngc

H Ni Ca x
Cc
h Ni
Cc

Tx.
Sng
Cng

Cu a
Phc

Trung bnh 2004

Trung bnh 2005

TCVN 5942-1995 (A)

TCVN 5942-1995 (B)

Hnh 2.6. Din bin du m ti trn sng Cng

on chy qua Thi Nguyn
Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

2.3 H lu Lu vc sng Cu (t Cu Vt n Cu Ph Li )
Cht lng nc sng ti vng h lu (chy qua Bc Giang v Bc Ninh) ca sng
Cu b nhim hu c tng i nghim trng (hnh 2.7). on cui sng Cu ti Ph
Li, nc sng c nhiu vng du do hot ng giao thng ng thy. Vng h lu ca

lu vc cn tip nhn nc ca sng C L ti Bc Giang v sng Ng Huyn Kh ti Bc

Ninh. Trong , nhim nc sng Ng Huyn Kh l vn ng lu , gp phn lm
gia tng nhim nc trong lu vc.
Sng C L chy qua nhiu khu, cm cng nghip v th trn a bn tnh Vnh
Phc v mt phn ca thnh ph H Ni (Huyn Sc Sn, ng Anh). Nc sng c du
hiu nhim hu c do nc thi sinh hot, th, du lch v nhim du m t cht thi
cng nghip. Hm lng cc cht hu c v cc cht dinh dng cng ln hn tiu chun
cho php loi A. nhim du m th hin r ti im cu L Cang, Bnh Xuyn.

(mg/l)

Sng Ng Huyn Kh l mt trong nhng in hnh nhim nghim trng ca lu

vc sng Cu do hot ng ca cc c s sn xut v c bit l cc lng ngh tri sut t
ng Anh, H Ni, cho n cng Vn An ca Bc Ninh. Sng Ng Huyn Kh chy qua
th x Bc Ninh v huyn T Sn, Yn Phong trn a bn tnh Bc Ninh. Dc hai bn b
sng c nhiu lng ngh ch bin thc phm, chn nui gia sc, ti ch giy, ph liu, c
kh... Hu ht nc thi ca cc lng ngh ny u x trc tip vo sng. Nc sng b
nhim hu c, hm lng cc cht dinh dng cao hn TCVN 5942-1995 loi A hng
chc ln (hnh 2.8).
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

(mg/l)
50.0

2004
TCVN 5942-1995 (A)

2005
TCVN 5942-1995 (B)

40.0
30.0
X Hp
Thnh Bc
Giang

X
Hng
Lm Bc
Giang

X Vn X Ho
Th x
Phc Long - Bc Ninh
Bc Ninh Bc Ninh

20.0
10.0
0.0

Nm 2005

Nm 2006

TCV N 5942-1995 (A)

TCVN 5942-1995 (B)

Hnh 2.7: Din bin BOD5 ti on sng

Cu qua Bc Giang, Bc Ninh trong cc nm
2004 v 2005
Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

Cu Lc H

Cu Song Cu Tn Bo
Tht

Vn Mn

Cu o X

Hnh 2.8: Din bin COD ti sng

Ng Huyn Kh qua cc nm 2004 v 2005
Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

III. Cc ngun gy nhim i vi LVS Cu

Hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi trn LVS Cu tc ng rt ln n cht lng
nc sng. C cu kinh t LVS Cu c s khc bit gia cc tnh vng ni, trung du v
ng bng trong lu vc. cc tnh Bc Kn, Bc Giang v cc vng thun nng khc
trn LVS Cu, tc nhn gy nhim mi trng ch yu do nc thi sinh hot v cc
hot ng sn xut nng nghip. Ngc li, cc huyn gip sng Cu thuc tnh Bc
Ninh, Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc (huyn M Linh), H Ni (huyn ng Anh)... tc nhn
gy nhim mi trng t hot ng sn xut cng nghip, lng ngh v th.
3.1. Hot ng cng nhip
Theo thng k n nm 2004, ton b
lu vc sng Cu c hn 2.000 doanh
nghip sn xut cng nghip, trong Bc

Giang chim t l cao nht 28%, sau l

Hi Dng 23% v Bc Ninh 22%.
Cc ngnh sn xut LVS Cu bao
gm: luyn kim, ch bin thc phm, ch

bin lm sn, vt liu xy dng, sn xut

phng tin vn ti Cc KCN v nh
my ln tp trung ch yu Thi Nguyn
v Hi Dng, Bc Ninh v Bc Giang.
Hin ti, Thi Nguyn c 27 KCN - nhiu
nht trong s 6 tnh thuc lu vc sng.
Trong c 12 KCN i vo hot ng.

Lng); khai thc st (V Nhai, Ph

Yn, Sng Cng) v cc loi khong sn
khc 2 tnh.

4%

Khai thc m, c h bin

khong s n

7%

Luyn kim, c n thp, c h to

my (nhm ngnh kim kh)

Xt v tng lng, nc thi ca ngnh

khai thc m, ch bin khong sn chim
t l cao nht 55%, tip n l ngnh kim
kh 29%, ngnh giy 7%, ch bin nng
sn, thc phm 4%.
Cng nghip khai thc v tuyn qung:
tp trung pht trin 2 tnh thng ngun
sng Cu l Bc Kn v Thi Nguyn.
Hot ng khai thc vng din ra ti Bc
Kn (Nar, Ngn Sn.), Thi Nguyn
(ng H, V Nhai, Bc Ph Lng);
khai thc st, ch km (ng H, i T,
Ph Lng); khai thc than (i T, Ph

3% 2%

Giy

55%

Ch bin nng s n, thc

phm v s n x ut r u, bia
Sn x ut vt liu xy dng

29%

Dt may , bao b

Hnh 4.2. T l nc thi ca mt s nhm

ngnh sn xut chnh
Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2005

a s cc m khai thc LVS Cu khng c h thng x l nc thi (ch c m st

Tri Cau, m thic Phc Linh c h thng x l nc thi s b), nc thi trong v sau
khi khai thc, tuyn qung c x thng vo ngun nc mt.
Bng 3.1. Lng nc thi ca mt s m khai thc khong sn ti Thi Nguyn
Cng sut
M khai thc
thit k (tn)
Lng nc thi (nghn m3)
Nm 2001
Nm 2002
Nm 2003
Nm 2004
M than Phn M
80.000
335
453
580
937
M st Tri Cau
35.000
8.120
13.460
19.852
15.971
M thic i T
200
696
629
636
629
M st Cc ng
15.000
4
71
138
79
M ch km Lng Hch
15.000
710
939
1.093
796
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng Thi Nguyn, 2005

Luyn kim, cn thp, ch to thit b my mc: tp trung ch yu Thi Nguyn

vi tng lng nc thi khong 16.000 m3/ngy. Trong , nc thi ca KCN gang thp
Thi Nguyn c nh hng ln nht ti cht lng nc sng. Nc thi ca KCN qua hai
mng dn ri chy vo sng Cu vi lu lng c tnh 1,3 triu m3/nm. Hot ng sn
xut gang thp pht sinh nc thi c cha nhiu cht nhim c hi nh du m,
phenol v xianua t qu trnh cc ho. n nay, KCN u t xy dng h thng x l
nc thi nhm hn ch mc nhim. KCN ln th hai ca Thi Nguyn l KCN Sng
Cng nm trn th x Sng Cng vi cc nh my sn xut c kh, ch to my ng lc.
KCN ny hot ng t nm 2001 nhng n nay vn cha c h thng x l nc thi
tp trung, hu ht cc nh my trong KCN cng cha c h thng x l nc thi, hoc
ch c h thng x l lng cn s b ri thi thng ra sng Cng. Nc thi ca khu cng
nghip ny cha nhiu du m, kim loi nng do tnh c th ca ngnh sn xut c kh.

Sn xut giy: l ngun thi gy nhim ng k i vi lu vc vi tng ti lng

khong 3.500 m3/ngy. Trong , nc thi ca Nh my giy Hong Vn Th (Thi
Nguyn) c nh hng ln nht ti cht lng nc sng. Nc thi ca nh my ra
sng Cu cha cc cht nhim v c, COD, x si kh lng, nc c mu en, kim
cao v bc mi. T nm 2005, cng ty chuyn i cng ngh sn xut v nm 2006
u t h thng x l nc thi nhm gim thiu nhim. Ngoi ra, Nh my sn xut
Giy xut khu cng trc tip thi nc thi vo sui Phng Hong - Thi Nguyn.
Ch bin thc phm: Hot ng sn xut, ch bin thc phm ti cc tnh thuc lu
vc vi lng nc thi khong 2.000 m3/ngy, khng c x l v thng vo cc
cng, mng, knh, rch v sng. Thnh phn nc thi ch yu l cc hp cht hu c,
gluxit, lipit, vi khun, Coliform... lm cho ngun nc mt bc mi hi thi.
Ngoi cc ngun thi chnh nu trn, cc nh my, c s sn xut thuc cc ngnh
ngh khc cng nc thi sn xut vo LVS Cu. Bao gm cc c s sn xut dc
phm, may mc, sn xut vt liu xy dng, bao b, lp rp t, bao b... thuc cc khu cm cng nghip ca Vnh Phc thi nc thi cha qua x l hoc mi x l s b vo
sng C L; nc thi ca mt s cm cng nghip v nh my sn xut ca Bc Giang
(nh KCN nh Trm, cm cng nghip Song Kh - Ni Hong, Cng ty phn m v
ho cht H Bc...) ch qua x l s b nh lng lc c hc ri thi trc tip vo cc thu
vc xung quanh; mt s nh my quy m ln nh nh my knh p Cu, nh my thuc
l Bc Sn (Bc Ninh) u x nc thi sn xut vo sng Ng Huyn Kh.
Khung 3.1. Ngnh sn xut tm lp fibr ximng
Ngnh sn xut tm lp fibr ximng gm 6 c s sn xut, trong c 4 c s Ti Thi Nguyn v 2
c s ti Hi Dng vi tng khi lng sn phm c tnh khong 5.200.000 m2/nm. Hin ti cc c s
ch tun hon mt phn nc sau khi lng c hc s b, phn cn l i c x thng ra ngun nc mt
bn ngoi khng qua x l. Tng lng nc thi ca cc c s theo thng k khong 55.300 m3/nm.
(Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng Vit Nam, 2005)

3.2. Hot ng lng ngh

Trn lu vc sng Cu c hn 200 lng ngh nh cc lng ngh sn xut giy, nu
ru, m kim loi, ti ch ph thi, sn xut gm tp trung ch yu Bc Ninh v
mt s lng ngh nm ri rc Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc, Bc Giang. Lu lng nc thi
lng ngh ln, mc nhim cao, khng c x l v thi trc tip xung cc ngun
nc mt. Ti mt s lng ngh c cc d n u t xy dng h thng x l nc thi
tp trung, song hiu qu t c khng cao.
Bc Ninh l tnh c s lng lng
ngh nhiu nht (hn 60 lng ngh,
chim 31%). Cc lng ngh ti Bc Ninh
v Bc Giang tp trung ch yu dc hai
bn sng, do nh hng rt ln n
mi trng nc mt trong lu vc.

Bc Kn,
Thi
Nguyn
27%

Hi
Dng
21%

Bc Ninh
30%

Bc
Giang
13%

Vnh
Phc
9%

Hnh 3.3. T l cc lng ngh thuc

tnh/thnh ph trong lu vc sng Cu
Ngun: Cc Bo v mi trng, 2006

Cc lng ngh truyn thng Bc

Ninh vi nhiu ngnh ngh sn xut
phong ph, a dng v ch yu nm dc
theo sng Ng Huyn Kh. Phn ln cc
c s tiu th cng nghip ti cc lng
ngh u c h thng thit b lc hu,

quy m mang tnh gia nh, kh nng u

t h thng x l nc thi hn ch. Hu
ht nc thi t cc lng ngh u trc
tip xung sng Ng Huyn Kh m
khng qua h thng x l.

Bng 3.3. Mt s lng ngh tiu biu trong

tnh Bc Ninh
Tn cc lng ngh

S c s / h
sn xut

Lng ngh sn xut giy Phong Kh

64

Lng ngh sn xut st thp a Hi

Lng ngh c nhm ch Vn Mn

450
80 - 120

Lng ngh c ng i Bi
Lng ngh ch bin g ng K

600 - 700
1000

Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng

Bc Ninh, 2005

Khung 3.2. Hin trng sn xut ti mt s lng ngh tnh Bc Ninh

Lng ngh sn xut giy ti ch Phong Kh v Ph Lm sn xut 18 20 nghn tn sn phm/nm v
thi ra 1.200 1.500 m3 nc thi/ngy. Nc thi sn xut giy cha rt nhiu ho cht c hi nh xt,
thuc ty, phn kp, nha thng v phm mu cc loi. Hm lng BOD5= 130 mg/l vt 4,3 ln, COD =
617 mg/l vt 6 ln tiu chun cho php.
Lng ngh rn, cn, ko thp a Hi c tng sn lng khong 500 700 tn sn phm/ngy v thi ra
3.500 4.000 m3 nc thi/ngy. Thnh phn nc thi cha rt nhiu axit hoc kim, du, r st,... thi
vo mi trng v vt qu tiu chun cho php: mu vt 3,1 ln, Fe vt 3,3 ln, Cr VI vt 8,6 ln,
CN- vt 2 l n.
Cc h sn xut ch bin lng thc, thc phm thuc x Tam a huyn Yn Phong sn xut 1,2- 1,3
triu lt ru/nm. Nc thi ca ngh ny cha nhiu cht hu c cng khng c x l v thi trc tip
ra sng Ng Huyn Kh.
Ngun: Bo co kt qu KHCN cp Nh nc : Mi trng LVS Cu, 2003

Bc Giang c 25 lng ngh tp trung, trong in hnh l lng ngh Vn H vi

ngnh ngh chnh l chng ct ru, lm bnh a nem v chn nui gia sc; lng ngh
Phc Lm git m gia sc. Nc thi ca hai lng ngh ny u thi trc tip ra ao h
xung quanh lng ri chy vo lu vc sng Cu gy nhim hu c.
Khung 3.3. Hin trng sn xut ti mt s lng ngh tnh Bc Giang
Lng ngh nu ru Vn H mi ngy s dng n 40 50 tn sn kh nu ru, sn phm ph dng
chn nui ln. Cht thi rn, lng thi vo mi trng khong 5.000 m3/ngy.
Lng ngh git m Phc Lm trung bnh mi ngy git 300 400 gia sc Mi mt h gia n h lm ngh
git m s thi ra khong 3 4 m3 nc thi/ngy; 80 100kg phn/ngy. Ton b nc thi v phn u
thi trc tip vo ngun nc mt xung quanh lng. Ngoi ra, lng mui sau khi mui da tru b thi ra
cng gy nhim mi trng nghim trng
Ngun: Bo co kt qu KHCN cp Nh nc : Mi trng LVS Cu, 2003

Thi Nguyn c cc lng ngh th cng m ngh nh my tre an, lm min dong, sn
xut gch nung. Ngoi ra, Thi Nguyn cn c 12 c s c gang v cn thp th cng,
trn 30 bn tuyn qung ch thic nh v trn 100 bn tuyn vng ln nh. Tt c cc c
s sn xut tiu th cng nghip ny u cha c h thng x l nc thi. Nc thi ca
cc c s ny cha nhiu kim loi nng, ho cht c hi v c thi trc tip vo cc
mng thot nc ri chy vo sng Cu.
Vnh Phc c 16 lng ngh vi cc ngh nh c kh, mc, gm s, my tre an, ch
bin lng thc. Hu ht nc thi t cc lng ngh u khng c x l, thi vo cc ao,
h, cng thi, knh mng ri vo sng C L gp phn gy nhim ngun nc.
3.3. Nc thi sinh hot
Mt dn s trung bnh trong lu vc
l 874 ngi /km2. Dn s trong cc tnh

thuc LVS Cu ngy cng tng, c bit l

dn s cc th.

Tc gia tng dn s nhanh

(3,5%/nm), trong khi h tng k thut
th khng pht trin tng ng, lm gia
tng vn nhim do nc thi sinh
hot. Hu ht lng nc thi sinh hot
u khng c x l m thng vo cc
sng, h trong lu vc sng.
Theo c tnh, trong cc tnh c lin
quan ca LVS Cu, Hi Dng l tnh
ng gp lng nc thi sinh hot ln
nht (khong 25%), sau l Bc Giang
(23%), Vnh Phc (17%).

Vnh Phc
17,00%

Bc Giang
23,02%

Thi
Nguyn
16,12%

Bc Ninh
14,53%

Hi Dng
24,99%

Bc Kn
4,34%

Hnh 3.4. T l nc thi sinh hot c tnh

theo s dn ca cc tnh trong LVS Cu
Ngun: Tnh ton theo s dn cc tn h - Nin gim
thng k, 2005

Bng 3.4. c tnh ti lng cc thng s nhim t nc thi sinh hot c a vo mi trng
nc lu vc sng Cu nm 2005
Vnh Phc
Bc Ninh
Hi Dng
Bc Kn
Thi Nguyn Bc Giang
COD (tn/ngy)

71-101

122-174

21-30

79-112

112-161

BOD (tn/ngy) 52-62

Tng nit
7-14
(tn/ngy)
Tng pht pho 0,46-4,6
(tn/ngy)

83 119

44-53

76-92

13-16

49-59

70-85

6-12

10-20

1,8-3,5

6,5-13

9,3-19

0,4-4

0,7-7

0,2-1,2

0,4-4

0,6-6

Coliform
(109 con/ngy)

1.155 - 1.155.000

987 - 987.000

1.698 - 1.698.000

295 - 295.000

1.095 - 1.095.000

1.564
1.564.000

Du (tn/ngy)
SS (tn/ngy)

11,43
196,3-254,1

9,78
167,8-217,3

16,81
288,7-373,6

2,92
50,2-64,9

10,84
186,2-240,1

14,48
265,9-344,1

(tnh ton theo phng php tn h ton ti lng nhim ca WHO, 1993 - da theo dn s c tnh nm
2005, Nin gi m thng k, 2005)

c trng ca nc thi sinh hot l c cha nhiu cht dinh dng, hm lng
BOD5 v cc hp cht hu c cha nit rt cao; nc thi c nhiu Coliform, cc vi khun
v mm bnh. Trong LVS Cu, cc th thng nm st ngay cnh sng, nc thi sinh
hot thng thi trc tip vo sng, do khng nhng gy tc ng trc tip n cht
lng nc sng m cn lm cho cng tc qun l ngun thi ny gp rt nhiu kh khn.
3.3. Hot ng y t
Theo s liu thng k nm 2005, cc
tnh thuc LVS Cu c 74 bnh vin vi
khong 15.400 ging bnh, vi lng
nc thi y t c tnh l 5.400 m3/ngy.
Trong , mt s bnh vin c h
thng x l nc thi. Tuy nhin phn
ln cc h thng ny khng hot ng
hoc hot ng khng hiu qu nn hu
ht nc thi c thi trc tip vo
ngun nc mang theo nhiu ho cht
c hi, cht hu c v cc vi khun gy
bnh.
3.4. Hot ng nng nghip

Vnh Phc
13%
Bc Ninh
13%

Bc Giang
22%

Thi
Nguyn
21%

B c K n
7%

Hi Dng
24%

Hnh 3.5. T l nc thi y t c tnh theo s

gng bnh ca cc tnh trong LVS Cu
Ngun: Nin gim thng k, 2005

Sn xut nng nghip vn l mt ngnh quan trng c quan tm pht trin ti cc

tnh thuc LVS Cu. Ngoi cc loi cy lng thc truyn thng, cc tnh cn ch trng
n pht trin cc loi cy c coi l th mnh ca tng tnh. tng nng sut cy
trng, thuc bo v thc vt v phn bn ho hc c s dng ngy cng nhiu. Ngi
dn phun thuc tr su t 3 - 5 ln trong mt v la hoc ch.
Lng thuc BVTV c s dng ti
cc tnh trong lu vc trung bnh l
3kg/ha/nm, trong thuc tr su
chim t l ln nht (68,3%) (hnh 5.6).
Hin ti tt c cc vng sn xut nng
nghip trong lu vc u dng rng ri
cc loi phn ho hc khong 500.000
tn/nm v thuc dit tr su bnh
khong 4.000 tn/nm, lng d tha
vo lu vc c tnh 33% (s liu s b
1999).

Cc lo i
kh c
4,5%

Thuc tr
c
11 ,7%

Th uc t r
bnh
15, 5%

Thu c t r
s u
68,3 %

Hnh 3.6. T l cc loi ho cht dng trong

nng nghip ti LVS Cu
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng Vit Nam,
2005

Khung 3.4. Tnh hnh s dng thuc BVTV ti Thi nguyn

Mt v la, ng hoc ch trung bnh ngi nng dn dng thuc bo v thc vt t 3-3,5 kg/ha t nng
nghi p. c bit l cy ch, ngi dn phun thuc dit su t 3 n 5 ln v phun tng hp rt nhi u loi
thuc khc nhau phng su bnh khng thuc. Nh vy, lng thuc BVTV dng trong 1 v la
khong 175 tn, ng 32 tn, ch 56 tn.
(Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng Thi Nguyn, 2005)

Ngoi sn xut lng thc l cy la, ti Bc Giang cn ch trng pht trin cc cy

n qu lu nm, c bit l cy vi v nhn. Lng thuc bo v thc vt s dng uc tnh
khong 145 tn/nm (Bo co HTMT Bc Giang, 2005).
Lng ha cht bo v thc vt s dng trn a bn tnh Bc Ninh bao gm khong
1.200 tn thuc BVTV v khong 200.000 - 300.000 tn phn N.P.K. Ti cc vng thm
canh rau, t l lng thuc BVTV v phn ho hc c s dng cao gp 3 - 5 ln cc
vng trng la. Hin nay, tnh ang khuyn khch v dn dn s dng cc loi thuc
BVTV c ngun gc sinh hc, thc hin canh tc, phng tr dch bnh tng hp.
Hot ng chn nui gia sc, gia cm
ca cc tnh thuc lu vc sng Cu tng
u qua cc nm (Hnh 3.7). Song, cc
bin php x l cht thi rn, nc thi
t cc chung tri chn nui cn rt hn
ch. Do , hu ht cc cht thi ny, c
bit l nc thi u c xung cc
ngun nc mt.

nghn c on
1200
1000
800
2001
2002

600

2003
2004

400
200

2005

0
Vnh
Phc

Bc
Ninh

Hi
Bc Kn Thi
Dng
Nguyn

Bc
Giang

Hnh 3.7. S lng gia sc (tru, b, ln) ti 6

tnh thuc lu vc sng Cu qua cc nm
Ngun: Nin gim thng k, 2005

3.5. Cht thi rn

Theo s liu thng k, cc tnh trong
lu vc lm pht sinh khong hn 1.500

tn rc thi th cc loi mi ngy,

trong phn ln l rc thi sinh hot.

T l thu gom cht thi rn nhn

chung cn mc thp, trung bnh khong
40-45% trong ton lu vc. cc th,
t l thu gom cao hn, t khong 6070%. Hu ht cc tnh u khng c bi
chn lp hp v sinh v h thng x l
nc rc. Lng rc thi pht sinh khng
c thu gom v x l m thng tp
trung ra ng, cc mng, rnh hoc
xung cc sng, sui. y l ngun
gy nhim tim tng cho nc mt v
nc ngm thuc lu vc sng Cu.
Lng pht sinh cht thi nguy hi
cng nghip v cht thi y t t hn so vi
cht thi sinh hot nhng li l ngun
thi cn phi quan tm nht bi chng
tc ng n mi trng v sc kho rt
ln nu khng c bin php qun l hiu
qu.

tn/ngy
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Thi
Nguyn

Vnh
P hc

Bc
Ninh

Hi
Dng

B c B c Kn
Giang

Hnh 5.7A. Lng rc thi sinh hot th ti

mt s tnh thuc LVS Cu nm 2004
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng cc tnh, 2005

Bng 3.6. Lng rc thi y t ti mt s tnh

thuc LVS Cu nm 2004
Tnh
Kg/ngy
Thi Nguyn
350
Vnh Phc
141
Bc Ninh
438
Hi Dng
613
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng cc tnh,
2005

IV. Cc thit hi do nhim mi trng nc ti LVS

4.1. e da ti sc khe con ngi
Trong LVS Cu, cc tnh Bc Kn (c nc sng Cu v cc ph lu t b nhim) v
Thi Nguyn (s dng ch yu nc h Ni Cc cho nc cp sinh hot), s ngi mc
cc bnh v ng tiu ho t hn so vi cc tnh pha h ngun nh Vnh Phc, Bc Ninh,
Bc Giang v Hi Dng (hnh 4.1).
Ngun nc mt b nhim, trong khi kh nng tip cn vi cc ngun nc sch ca
ngi dn trong lu vc cn hn ch, l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n cc bnh
v ng tiu ho, bnh ngoi da, bnh ph khoa...
Trong s nhng ngi mc bnh lin quan n ngun nc th tr em chim t l kh
cao. y l i tng nhy cm, sc kho d b nh hng bi cc iu kin mi trng.

%
70,00

%
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0

60,00
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00

Bc Kn

Thi
Nguyn

2000

2001

Vnh
Phc
2002

Bc
Giang
2003

Bc Ninh
2004

Hi
Dng

0,00
2001

2005

Hnh 4.1. T l mc bnh tiu chy ti cc tnh

thuc LVS Cu (% mc bnh trn tng dn s)
Ngun: B Y t, 2005

2002

Hi chng l

2003

2004

Tiu chy

Hnh 4.2. T l tr em mc bnh trn tng s

ngi mc bnh ca Thi Nguyn
Ngun: S Ti nguyn v Mi trng Thi
Nguyn, 2006

4.2. nh hng n ngun nc cp

Mc d trong nhng thp nin gn y chnh ph c chnh sch u t cung cp
nc sch nhng vn cha p ng c y nhu cu ca ngi dn ngho. Ngi dn
sinh sng trong khu vc nng thn v vng ni cao khng c tip cn vi h thng nc
sch hoc thiu nc cho sinh hot. Gia cc nhm c thu nhp khc nhau, mc c
tip cn vi nc sch cng khc nhau. V d, ti ng bng sng Hng, ch c hn 50%
s dn ngho c tip cn vi ngun nc sch, trong khi t l ny l hn 90%
nhm ngi dn c thu nhp cao. T l ny cc vng khc cn thp hn nhiu. (Hin
trng h thng cung cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng, sc khe ngi dn nng thn
Vit Nam - Bo co ca DONRNO, 2005).
Ti khu vc th, mc d t l ngi dn c s dng nc sch l cao hn nhng
vi nhng ngi dn ngho, kh nng tip cn vi nc sch vn rt hn ch.
Ti khu vc nng thn, t l ngi dn c s dng nc sch trung bnh ton quc
nm 2005 l 66%, trong khi t l ny LVS Cu l 61% (Trung tm nc sch v v
sinh mi trng nng thn, B NN&PTNT, 2006)
Chi ph u t mt h thng x l nc sinh hot cho mt h gia nh thng cao
hn nhiu so vi mc thu nhp bnh qun v mc sng ca ngi dn nng thn. Do ,
phn ln ngi dn nng thn khai thc v s dng trc tip nc sng hoc cc thu vc
xung quanh phc v cho sinh hot. Mt khi ngun nc mt b nhim th y chnh l
yu t lm gia tng bnh tt ca ngi dn ti cc tnh thuc LVS, c bit l cc tnh pha
h lu.
Tt c nhng iu va trnh by cho thy tc ng mnh v trc tip ca nc
sng b nhim ti vic cp nc cho ngi dn ti ba LVS hin nay, c bit l ngi
dn nng thn v ngi ngho.
4.3. nh hng ti mi trng v h sinh thi
Sng, sui l ngun tip nhn v vn chuyn cc cht nhim trong nc mt. Cht
lng nc mt c lin quan mt thit vi iu kin mi trng v loi hnh s dng t
trong lu vc sng.

S thay i cu trc lng sng, thm thc vt hai bn b sng, kh nng thot l,
dng chy v mi trng sng ca sinh vt cng gy nh hng ti cht lng nc.
Nc thi cha hm lng cht hu c c th thun li cho thc vt pht trin nhng
nu vt qu s gy hin tng ph dng, lm gim lng xy trong nc, cc loi thu
sinh b thiu xy dn n mt s loi b cht hng lot.
S xut hin cc c cht nh du m, kim loi nng, cc loi ha cht trong nc s
tc ng n ng thc vt thy sinh v dn i vo chui thc n trong t nhin.
LVS Cu, vic dng ho cht trong tuyn ra khong sn gy nhim cc cht
c hi, nh hng ti cht lng nc sng. Ti khu vc cc m, hm lng thic v
ch trong nc sng cao. Lng nc thi t cc m than kh ln li cha bi st v bi
than gy nhim nc mt v nhim t canh tc quanh khu vc m. Thm vo ,
cc m than, moong khai thc l thin thng nm thp hn mc nc ngm nn lm
h su mc nc v suy gim tr lng nc ngm quanh khu vc m.
Trc nm 2005, mt s on sng, c bit l sng Ng Huyn Kh, cc cht hu
c v nhiu ho cht c hi nguy him c trong nc sng khin nc sng khng cn
dng n ung, tm git, thm ch cc loi thy sinh vt cng khng th tn ti.
4.4. nh hng ti pht trin kinh t
Trong lu vc sng Cu, vn cha gii quyt c vic cung cp nc cho cc mc
ch s dng khc nhau
LVS Cu c tng lng nc hng nm thuc loi trung bnh kh, nhng do dng
chy phn b khng u trong nm, nn trong ma kh xy ra hin tng thiu nc
nghim trng mt s ni, nht l vo khong thng Ging v thng Ba. Theo tnh ton s
b, cc thng ny thiu khong 36 triu m3 cung cp cho sn xut cng nghip v nng
nghip Thi Nguyn, Bc Ninh, Bc Giang.
p Thc Hung c xy dng Thi Nguyn v phn ln cung cp nc cho Bc
Giang s dng cho ti tiu. m bo vic ti tiu theo cng sut thit k ca p,
Bc Giang phi s dng nc rt tit kim trnh mua nc (vi gi 14 ng/m3). Nh
vy, nhu cu nc ca Bc Giang vn cn thiu, ng thi cht lng nc sng Cng
khng t cht lng.
Pha h lu ca lu vc, lng nc cung cp cho nng nghip thiu. Bc Giang c
15 trm bm ly nc t sng Cu phc v cho hot ng sn xut nng nghip lm cho
mc nc sng h thp, gy kh khn cho cc trm bm ti Bc Ninh cng ly nc h
lu.
H Ni Cc l ngun cung cp nc cho sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip. Cng
sut thit k cp nc cho ti tiu 12.000 ha t canh tc. Nhng hin nay ch cung cp
cho 9.800 ha t nng nghip vng h lu. Trong khi , h cn c khai thc phc v
du lch. Mc nc h Ni Cc lun duy tr mc cao (+42 m) vo ma kh phc v
du lch.
Khung 4.1. Nhu cu s dng nc ti mt s tnh thuc lu vc sng Cu

Nc cho sn xut nng nghip:

Thi Nguyn, Bc Giang, Bc Ninh: ti tiu cho 20.000 ha, cn khong 400 triu m3/nm.
Nc cho sn xut cng nghip:

Gang thp Thi Nguyn: 20 triu m3/nm

Khu cng nghip sng Cng: 10 triu m3/nm
Nc cho sinh hot thnh ph Thi Nguyn: 30 triu m3/nm
Ngun: n tng th Bo v mi trng sinh thi cnh quan lu vc sng Cu, 2005

nhim ngun nc lm gia tng nhng nh hng tiu cc i vi pht trin kinh
t trong LVS Cu
Nhiu lu vc sng hin ang thiu nc vo ma kh. Thm vo , vic khai thc
qu mc v nhim ngun nc lm cho nhiu khu vc v nhiu lnh vc b thiu
nc. iu ny nh hng xu ti tc pht trin kinh t.
S suy gim cht lng nc sng Ng Huyn Kh l mt v d r nt v nh hng
tiu cc ca nhim ngun nc i vi s pht trin kinh t trn LVS Cu. Trc y,
sng Ng Huyn Kh l mt dng sng p, l ngun cung cp nc sinh hot v sn xut
cho cc lng ven sng. Hin nay, nc sng ny b nhim nghim trng, khng th s
dng cho cc mc ch cp nc.

V. KT QU QUN L CHT LNG NC LVS CU

5.1. T chc qun l cp lu vc v a phng
Di s ch o ca Th tng Chnh ph v B TN&MT, Ban ch o lm thi khai
thc v bo v LVS Cu c thnh lp theo tha thun ca 6 tnh trong lu vc.
Tuy nhin, trn thc t, cc T chc/y ban c thnh lp ny hoc n nay khng
cn hot ng hoc hot ng cha thc s hiu qu.
Khung 5.1. M hnh hot ng phi hp bo v mi trng LVS LVS Cu

Ch tch UBND 6 tnh thuc LVS Cu nhm hp nhiu ln, k Tha c v hp tc

bo v v khai thc bn vng LVS Cu, phn u n nm 2010, mi trng sinh thi,
cnh quan sng Cu v lu vc m bo y cc yu t v kinh t, vn ha v mi
trng. Theo tha thun ca 6 tnh trong lu vc, Ban Ch o lm thi LVS Cu c
thnh lp iu phi cc hot ng. Cc tnh trong lu vc phi hp xy dng n
bo v mi trng lu vc v n nay, n Tng th bo v v pht trin bn vng mi
trng sinh thi, cnh quan LVS Cu c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt theo Quyt
nh s 174/2006/Q-TTg. y l quyt nh quan trng nhm tng bc x l nhim, ci
thin v nng cao cht lng mi trng nc ca dng sng ny, phc v mc tiu pht
trin kinh t x hi t nay n nm 2020.

cc a phng, t nm 2003 (sau khi thnh lp B TN&MT), cc c quan qun l

ti nguyn v mi trng c thnh lp. Cc S TN&MT u c Phng qun l mi
trng. Mt s tnh cng thnh lp cc Trung tm Quan trc.
Tuy nhin, s phi hp gia cc c quan B, ngnh v a phng gii quyt cc
vn v lu vc sng cn yu. Gia cc a phng trong cng lu vc cha tm c
ting ni chung, cha thng nht v hp tc cht ch trong cng tc qun l mi trng
lu vc. Quan nim v trch nhim ca a phng, cc ngnh v bo v mi trng LVS

l cha y . Nhiu a phng quan nim khng ng v mc ch bo v mi trng

LVS, v vai tr v trch nhim ca a phng trong t chc bo v mi trng LVS.
5.2. Thc hin cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng v cp php x nc
thi
* Tnh hnh thc hin cng tc TM
Trong nhng nm qua, cng tc TM Vit Nam c trin khai mt cch c h
thng t Trung ng n a phng, u khp mi ngnh trong c nc v ngy cng
mnh m. Tng s bo co TM v bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng c ph
duyt v thm nh trong 10 nm qua ngy cng tng c cp Trung ng v a phng.
Ti cc tnh, thnh ph thuc LVS Cu, t l bo co TM v bn ng k t tiu chun
mi trng c thm nh v ph duyt trn tng s cc d n v c s thuc din phi
lp bo co TM cn thp; s bo co TM v bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng
c ph duyt gia cc tnh/thnh trong LVS cng khng ng u; cha c bo co
TM tng hp cho cc LVS lin tnh no c xy dng v ph duyt; hot ng sau
thm nh bo co TM cn rt yu; nhiu d n c ph duyt nhng sau khng
xy dng cc cng trnh x l nc thi hoc c xy dng nhng khng vn hnh ng
quy cch thit k... Song, cn phi ni rng n lc thc hin cng tc TM ca cc
tnh/thnh ph trong cc LVS thi gian qua l rt ng khch l, gp phn khng nh
bo v mi trng cc LVS.
Khung 4.7. Cng tc thm nh bo co TM ti mt s tnh thuc lu v c sng Cu

- T i Bc Ninh: trong 10 nm qua, Hi ng thm nh bo co T M tnh Bc Ninh thm nh v

cp quyt nh ph chun cho 132 c s hot ng v cc d n u t trn 434 t chc, c nhn
c cp t (chim 30,4%) nm trong v ngoi KCN trn a bn ton tnh.
- T i Vnh Phc: n nay, trn a bn tnh c 48 doanh nghip lp bo co T M v 143 doanh
nghip thc hin vic ng k t tiu chun mi trng, chim khong 56,8%.
Ngun: K yu tng kt 10 nm cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam, thng 12/2004

* Tnh hnh cp php x nc thi 3 LVS

Vic xin v cp php x nc thi vo ngun nc c quy nh ti iu 18,
Lut Ti nguyn nc. quy nh c th vic xin v cp php x nc thi, Chnh ph
ban hnh Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27/7/2004 quy nh vic cp php thm
d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc. B TN&MT cng
ban hnh Thng t s 02/2005/TT-BTNMT ngy 24-6-2005 hng dn vic thc hin
Ngh nh 149 .
Theo bo co ca cc a phng, nhiu ni thc hin vic thng k cc c s x
thi thuc din phi xin cp php, nhng cho n nay trn lu vc sng, s lng giy
php x nc thi vo ngun nc cp c cn rt t so vi s lng cc i tng phi
xin cp php. Tnh n cui thng 6 nm 2006, mi c khong vi chc giy php trong
tng s khong hng trm cc c s sn xut kinh doanh thuc din phi xin cp php x
nc thi cho thy cng tc ny mi ch c bt u v cn trin khai mnh m trong
thi gian ti.

5.3. p dng cc cng c kinh t

Cng c kinh t nh ph, thu, qu ng vai tr quan trng trong qun l mi
trng LVS. Cng c kinh t s dng li ch vt cht v sc mnh ca th trng khin
cho cc t chc v c nhn la chn cch ng x hiu qu trong khai thc, s dng v bo
tn thin nhin, m c th l trong thy nng, cp thot nc th v khc phc nhim
ngun nc, bao gm: nh gi dch v nc, t ch ti chnh ca doanh nghip, thu ti
nguyn nc v cc thu khc, chnh sch huy ng vn u t pht trin, thu ph bo v
mi trng i vi cc h dn, c s sn xut kinh doanhtrn lu vc sng.
* Tnh hnh hot ng ca Qu Bo v mi trng Vit Nam
Qu Bo v mi trng Vit Nam l t chc ti chnh nh nc thc hin chc nng
ti tr ti chnh trong lnh vc Bo v mi trng trn phm vi c nc m khng v mc
ch li nhun. Trong giai on t nm 2004 n nay, qua thc t xt duyt da trn quy
ch cho vay v tiu ch la chn ca Qu, c 13 d n c quyt nh cho vay vn
vi li sut u i trong c 6 d n v xy dng cc trm x l nc thi cc khu
cng nghip v nh my, chim hn 41% s d n c quyt nh cho vay vn. Trong
c 2 d n xy dng trm x l nc thi ca cc cng ty hot ng trn a bn LVS
l Cu: Cng ty Dt Vnh Ph (Vnh Phc) v Cng ty C phn giy xut khu Thi
Nguyn (Thi Nguyn). Mc d s d n lp h s vay vn v s d n c chp thun
cho vay vn ti cc tnh, thnh ph thuc LVS l rt t song y l du hiu rt ng
mng, to cho vic pht trin v p dng cc cng c kinh t khc trong bo v mi
trng lu vc sng.
* Tnh hnh thc hin Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/6/2003 v ph bo v mi
trng i vi nc thi
Tip theo vic bt buc k qu bi hon mi trng trong khai thc khong sn,
Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/6/2003 v ph bo v mi
trng i vi nc thi. n nay, theo bo co ca cc S TN&MT thuc LVS Cu, t
l phn trm s tin thu c so vi d kin tnh ton l rt thp, song iu quan trng l
phn ln cc tnh, thnh ph trong lu vc u thu c ph (tr Hi Dng, Bc
Kn).
5.4. Thc hin quy hoch lu vc sng
* Quy hoch ca cc ngnh khai thc s dng nc
Trong cc quy hach ca ngnh khai thc, s dng nc, quy hoch thy li v quy
hoch thy in l hai ngnh c tc ng ln v trc tip lm thay i ngun nc. Cc
h, p, cng trnh thy li, thy in iu tit li dng nc. Cho n nay, c kh
nhiu quy hoch thy li v thy in trn lu vc sng, l: Quy hoch thy li lu
vc sng Cu;
* Qun l quy hoch v qun l lu vc sng
Cho n nay, nc ta cha thc s c cc t chc hay c quan qun l lu vc
sng, nhng c hnh thc ca c quan qun l quy hoch lu vc sng.
Ngy 09/4/2001, B trng B NN&PTNT k cc Quyt nh s 38 v
39/2001/Q/BNN-TCCB v thnh lp cc Ban qun l quy hoch cc lu vc sng ng
Nai, Hng-Thi Bnh. y l cc c quan s nghip trc thuc B NN&PTNT. V thc cht,

y cha phi l cc T chc qun l lu vc sng m ch l qun l quy hoch vi thnh

phn ch yu l i din cc S NN&PTNT ca cc tnh thuc lu vc sng. Trong thi gian
qua, do nhiu nguyn nhn v c cu t chc v tnh i din nn hat ng ca cc Ban
qun l quy hoch cng cha thc s hiu qu.
Ngy 28/7/2006, Th tng Chnh ph c Quyt nh s 174/2006/Q-TTg ph
duyt n Tng th bo v mi trng sinh thi cnh quan lu vc sng Cu. Trong ,
Th tng Chnh ph giao B TN&MT chun b v kin ngh vi Th tng vic
thnh lp y ban Bo v mi trng lu vc sng Cu vi cc thnh vin l UBND cc
tnh trong lu vc v cc i din c thm quyn ca cc B, ngnh lin quan phi hp
t chc thc hin n.
Khung 4.8. n tng th bo v mi trng sinh thi cnh quan lu v c sng Cu

Quan im ch o:
L nhim v lu di, thng xuyn, cn c quyt tm cao, i hi tp trung cc ngun lc u t ca
chnh quyn v nhn dn a phng trn lu vc, c s h tr ca ngn sch trung ng.
Phi c gii quyt tng th: theo ton lu vc kt hp vi theo a gii hnh chnh; gi gn cht
lng nc i i vi vic bo m khi lng nc.
Khc phc tnh trng khai thc ct si trong sng khng theo quy hoch, bo v mt ct n nh t
nhin ca dng sng.
T ng cng bi ph, bo m rng c cht lng theo tiu chun quy nh nhm khc phc tnh
trng thiu nc cc thng ma kh; gn gi, ti to v pht trin mi trng t nhin trong sch, bo
tn a dng sinh hc trn ton lu vc.
Hnh thnh v tng bc hon chnh m hnh t chc qun l mi trng lu vc; xy dng c ch,
chnh sch cn thit nhm to iu kin thun li tng cng qun l nh nc, thc y x hi ha
bo v mi trng lu vc.
Cc nhim v ch yu:
nh gi y hin trng, ngn chn c bn mc gia tng nhim mi trng lu vc sng
Cu.
T ng cng hiu lc, hiu qu qun l nh nc trn ton lu vc.
a dng ha ngun lc u t thu ht ti a, s dng hiu qu cc ngun lc vi c ch khuyn
khch hp l, nhm khc phc, x l nhim, phc v bo v, ti to v pht trin ti nguyn mi
trng lu vc sng Cu.
y mnh hp tc quc t di cc hnh thc hp tc a phng, song phng vi cc nc, vi cc
t chc quc t v t chc phi chnh ph tranh th s hp tc, h tr v kinh nghim, cng ngh
tin tin, khuyn khch v to iu kin cc B, ngnh, a phng vn ng cc ngun ti tr
quc t v vn ODA ca cc nc v cc t chc quc t khc nhm y nhanh vic thc hin n
tng th ny.
Ngun: Trch Quyt nh s 174/2006/Q-TT g ngy 28/7/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic
ph duyt n Tng th bo v mi trng sinh thi, cnh quan lu vc sng Cu.

5.5. Xy dng ngun lc

5.5.1. i ng cn b
Tnh hnh i ng cn b hin nay
i ng cn b hot ng trong lu vc bo v mi trng LVS bao gm: cn b
qun l (qun l mi trng LVS, kim sot nhim LVS, qun l ti nguyn nc mt,

thanh tra mi trng) v cn b quan trc mi trng (nc mt lc a, nc bin ven

b).
Lc lng cn b ang rt thiu ht v s lng
B my qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng ni chung v bo v mi trng LVS
ni ring tuy c tng cng mt bc, nhng cn thiu v s lng (c bit cp
a phng) v hn ch v nng lc. Theo tnh ton s b, trong tng s khong 1.200 cn
b qun l mi trng Vit Nam th ch c gn 150 cn b qun l mi trng LVS.
Ch s nng lc c tnh theo s lng nhn s cho thy cc ch s nng lc v bo v
mi trng LVS ca Vit Nam rt thp, ch t khong 1,8 cn b/ 1 triu dn. Ch s ny
LVS Cu cng t1,8 cn b/1 triu dn.
i ng cn b lm cng tc qun l m i trng ni chung v qun l mi trng lu
vc sng ni ring gia cc tnh cng khng ng u.
i ng cn b cn nhiu hn ch v nng lc
Cc cn b hin ti ang lm vic trong lnh vc bo v mi trng sng phn ln u
khng c o to chuyn ngnh v mi trng v ti nguyn nc, li phi kim nhim
nhiu lnh vc nn kin thc v bo v mi trng lu vc sng thng khng su.
Nhng k nng truyn thng cng nh trnh hin ti ca i ng cn b hin nay
bt u bc l vic khng ph hp vi iu kin mi, c bit trong lnh vc a ngnh
v tng hp nh bo v mi trng lu vc sng.
5.5.2. u t ti chnh
Ngun chi cho qun l v bo v mi trng lu vc sng t ngn sch nh nc
khng c phn b thnh mc chi ring. Khon chi ny ch yu nm trong ngn sch
ca B TNMT, B NNPTNT (i vi cp trung ng) v S TN&MT, S NN&PTNT
(i vi cp a phng).
- Tng kinh ph u t cho bo v mi trng ni chung khng ngng tng (thc hin cc
ch trng v ch o ca Ngh quyt s 41-NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr, B TNMT ,
ang phi hp B Ti chnh, B KHT lp n, t chc v trin khai chi 1% ngn sch
hng nm cho s nghip mi trng). Tuy nhin, cho n nay u t cho hot ng bo
v mi trng lu vc sng cn t, cha p ng yu cu.
- Ngun vn: Trong thi gian qua, ngun vn cho cng tc qun l v BVMT lu vc
sng tng bc c a dng ho: ngn sch nh nc, ti tr quc t, u t t cng
ng v khu vc t nhn. Mc d vy, hin nay, u t cho bo v mi trng lu vc
sng ch yu l t ngn sch nh nc, cc ngun khc cn chim t l rt nh.
- Hiu qu u t: Tc dng v hiu qu s dng vn cn hn ch; Cha xc nh c
cc u tin u t tp trung c trng im, u t cn trng lp.
5.5.3. Quan trc v thng tin mi trng
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhiu chng trnh quan trc cht lng nc mt phc v
cho cc mc tiu khc nhau c thc hin, vic quan trc cht lng nc mt ngy
cng c t chc mt cch h thng hn, thu c nhiu s liu quan trng theo khng
gian v thi gian i vi tng lu vc. Cc a phng trong lu vc mc d cn hn ch

v kinh ph cng nh kinh nghim trong hot ng quan trc nhng rt n lc u t

mua sm cc thit b, k c xy dng cc phng th nghim quan trc v phn tch cht
lng nc. Tuy nhin, nhng vic lm c nh va k trn cha tng xng vi nhu
cu cn thit.
a. Mng li quan trc
Hot ng quan trc mi trng nc cc lu vc sng cp trung ng hin nay ch
yu do mt s n v trong B TNMT v mt s b/ngnh khc tham gia. Trong quan
trng nht l H thng quan trc mi trng Quc gia do Cc Bo v mi trng qun l.
T nm 2005, Chng trnh quan trc tng th lu vc sng Cu c Cc Bo v
mi trng ph duyt v hot ng quan trc trong cc lu vc sng ny cng bt u
c tin hnh. Tuy nhin, do gii hn v kinh ph, hot ng quan trc cha c tin
hnh vi y s im quan trc v tn sut nh thit k trong Chng trnh.
B TN&MT cn c mng li quan trc thy vn v mi trng nc thuc Trung
tm Kh tng thu vn Quc gia; mng li quan trc ti nguyn nc (bao gm c nc
mt v nc di t) do Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc qun l.
Bn cnh , cc B, ngnh khc cng tin hnh quan trc nc mt lu vc sng,
phc v cc yu cu ca B, ngnh mnh. Chng hn B Thu sn quan trc cht lng
nc nui trng thu sn, B Y t gim st cht lng nc m bo iu kin v sinh,
B NN&PTNT quan trc mi trng nc phc v nng nghip.
Ngoi cc trm quan trc mi trng quc gia, nhiu tnh/thnh trong cc lu vc
sng cng thnh lp Trung tm Quan trc nhm theo di, gim st din bit cht lng
mi trng ni chung, phc v cng tc qun l bo v mi trng ca a phng (nh:
Thi Nguyn, Bc Ninh v Vnh Phc). Hot ng quan trc mi trng nc lu vc
sng ca cc a phng cng ngy cng c tng cng, s im quan trc, tn sut v
thng s quan trc cng ngy cng tng.
Hot ng quan trc cht lng nc mt lu vc sng cn nhiu hn ch nh:
- Kinh ph u t v ngun lc cn b cho cng tc quan trc mi trng nc cn
hn ch do tn sut quan trc cn tha, thng s quan trc cn hn ch v s lng
im quan trc cn t so vi yu cu thc t.
- Cha c cc hot ng quan trc cht lng nc lin tc. Do kh pht hin v
cnh bo kp thi cc vn nhim khi mi xut hin hoc ang tim tng.
- Mt s a phng trang b c cc thit b quan trc v phn tch mi trng,
tuy nhin cha ch trng n pht trin di hn cng nh vn o to ngun nhn lc.
- Hot ng bo m cht lng v kim sot cht lng (QA/QC) trong hot ng
quan trc mi trng cn yu lm nh hng n cht lng v tnh thng nht ca s
liu.
b. H thng thng tin v c s d liu
Hin ti, cha c h thng thng tin mi trng lu vc sng c mc quc gia cng
nh mc lu vc, cng nh cha c chun thng nht cho h thng thng tin v c ch
cp nht thng tin mi trng cc LVS trong c nc

Trong nm 2006, Cc Bo v mi trng phi hp vi cc tnh trong lu vc tin

hnh xy dng v cp nht thong tin cho trang thng tin in t v mi trng Lu vc
sng Cu.
Mt s a phng trn cc LVS tin hnh xy dng c s d liu mi trng ti
a phng mnh. Tuy nhin, cha c cc c s d liu cp lu vc hoc tiu lu vc.
Ngh nh s 162/2003/N-CP ngy 19/12/2003 ca Chnh ph v vic Ban hnh Quy
ch thu thp, qun l, khai thc, s dng d liu, thng tin v ti nguyn nc, y l vn
bn cung cp c s php l cho vic pht trin cc m hnh qun l d liu v ti nguyn
nc cng vi vic xc nh r vai tr, trch nhim ca cc c quan c lin quan trong
vic qun l s liu. Tuy nhin, n nay Quy ch vn cha c thc thi mt cch hiu
qu.
5.5.4. Hot ng nghin cu
Nghin cu v lu vc sng Vit Nam c thc hin kh sm, c bit nhng
nghin cu chuyn su v cc lnh vc: kh tng - thu vn, a hnh - a mo... to nn
tng cho cc nh hng pht trin kinh t x hi trong lu vc sng. Cc nghin cu v
din bin v cht lng mi trng nc trong lu vc sng gn y c pht trin
mnh hn.
Cc cng trnh nghin cu xut mt s gii php thit thc, c nhng ng gp
tch cc trong cng tc bo v mi trng lu vc sng v cung cp cc s liu qu gi
cho cc nghin cu tip theo.
Tuy nhin, hot ng nghin cu vn cn mt s hn ch nh: phn tn, khng tp
trung, mi dng mc khi qut, cha c nghin cu chuyn su v cht lng nc,
phng php lun trong qui hoch, cng c kinh t, cng c thng tin, qun l xung t
trong lu vc sng. Mt s nghin cu khng c tnh thc t, hiu qu ng dng khng
cao.
5.5.5 S tham gia ca cng ng
Thc t nhng nm qua cho thy, thnh cng ca cc hot ng bo v mi trng
ph thuc rt nhiu vo s tham gia ca cng ng.
Khung 4.11.

Bo v mi trng l quyn li v ngha v ca mi t chc, mi gia nh v ca mi ngi, l biu

hin ca np sng vn ho, o c, l tiu ch quan trng ca x hi vn minh v l s ni tip
truyn thng yu thin nhin, sng hi ho vi t nhin ca cha ng ta.
Ngh quyt s 41/NQ-T W ngy 15/11/2004 ca B Chnh tr v bo v mi trng trong thi k y
mnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc

Tuy nhin, s tham gia ca cng ng trong cng tc bo v mi trng lu vc sng

hin vn cn nhiu hn ch:
- Tim nng ca cng ng vn cha c pht huy y , s tham gia ca cng
ng vo cc qu trnh ra quyt nh, hoch nh chnh sch v cc hot ng qun l mi
trng vn cn nhiu hn ch.

- Trch nhim bo v mi trng lu vc sng v tun th php lut ca cc doanh

nghip cng nh cng ng cha cao.
- Nhn thc ca cng ng dn c vi cng tc bo v mi trng lu vc sng cn
l vn cn c quan tm. Vn ny s cn tn ti cho n khi chuyn bin c t
tng c hu vn khng quen coi vic bo v mi trng l trch nhim ca bn thn.

VI. CC GII PHP U TIN BO V MI TRNG NC LVS CU

6.1. Khn trng xy dng n v thnh lp t chc bo v mi trng
lu vc sng
Khn trng thnh lp, vn hnh cc U ban bo v mi trng lu vc sng. Hnh
thnh v tng bc hon chnh m hnh t chc bo v mi trng lu vc ph hp vi
iu kin t nhin, kinh t-x hi ca tng lu vc.
Lu vc sng Cu: Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 174/2006/QTTg ngy 28 thng 7 nm 2006 ph duyt n Tng th bo v mi trng sinh thi,
cnh quan lu vc sng Cu. Cn nhanh chng trnh Chnh ph thnh lp y ban bo v
mi trng lu vc sng Cu. Cc B/ ngnh, c quan lin quan v cc tnh/thnh trong
lu vc, xy dng k hoch v t chc thc hin cc ni dung ca n.
Lm r s phn cng gia cc b/ ngnh v tng cng phn cp cho cc a phng
trong bo v mi trng nc lu vc; Nng cao tnh kh thi, tnh hiu qu ca cc Ban
qun l Quy hoch lu vc sng theo Lut Ti nguyn nc; Thng nht cc ni dung
qun l ti nguyn nc t trung ng n a phng
6.2. X l trit cc ngun gy nhim nc
X l ngay cc ngun gy nhim nc lu vc sng: tp trung thc hin ngay x l
nc thi cng nghip, lng ngh, sinh hot.
Hn ch mt s ngnh ngh sn xut gy nhim nghim trng cho mi trng nc
trn mt s khu vc trong lu vc sng; nghin cu, kin ngh Th tng Chnh ph ra
quyt nh hn ch pht trin mt s ngnh ngh trong cc khu vc b nhim nghim
trng.
Tip tc pht hin cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nghim trng trong lu vc
sng a vo din x l theo tinh thn Quyt nh 64/2003/Q-TTg.
6.3. Kim sot cht ch cc khu vc b nhim nghim trng trong lu vc
i vi lu vc sng Cu, l cc khu vc sng, on sng sau:
Hai on trn sng Cu: on chy qua thnh ph Thi Nguyn (sau nh my giy
Hong Vn Th n cu Tr Vn) v on t cu Vn Phc n cu p Cu;
on cui sui Phng Hong trong thnh ph Thi Nguyn;
on sng Cng chy qua th x Sng Cng;
on cui sng C L;
Sng Ng Huyn Kh.

6.4. Nghin cu cc phng n b sung ngun nc cho lu vc

Nghin cu cc phng n b sung ngun nc cho Lu vc sng Cu: Nghin cu
xy dng cc h cha nc va v nh thng lu b xung nc cho h lu vo
ma kh.
Trong giai on trc mt, xem xt li quy nh vn hnh cc h, cng, trm bm
tng ti a ngun nc trong ma kh nhm pha long nng cc cht nhim.
6.5. y mnh hot ng quan trc v thng tin mi trng
Xy dng trong lu vc 1 trm quan trc mi trng nc theo Quy hoch Mng li
quan trc ti nguyn v mi trng quc gia s c ph duyt.
Lp n xy dng cc trm quan trc t ng cht lng nc: 2 trm trn lu vc
sng Cu
Thng xuyn thng bo cho cng ng v tnh trng nhim mi trng nc trong
lu vc.
Thc hin cng khai ha cc thng tin v cc c s gy nhim mi trng, to p
lc x hi mnh m i vi cc c s ny.
6.6. Nng cao nng lc
V t chc: hnh thnh v xy dng cc c quan/n v chuyn trch bo v mi
trng cc lu vc sng c cp Trung ng v a phng.
V ngun nhn lc: tng cng ngun nhn lc cho cng tc qun l mi trng cc
lu vc sng, c v s lng v cht lng.
V ti chnh: tng ngun ti chnh cho cng tc bo v mi trng lu vc sng, trc
ht l t ngun 1% ngn sch hng nm cho s nghip bo v mi trng; hon chnh c
ch u t, a dng ho ngun ti chnh.
Trn c s p dng cc gii php ny c th rt kinh nghim m rng p dng cho
cc lu vc sng khc trong phm vi c nc.