7 NguyenThiHuyen MT1202

Kha lun tt nghip
LI CM N
T tri tim mnh em xin chn thnh gi li cm n ti:
C gio TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung, c rt nhit tnh, tn tm gip em
trong sut qu trnh hc tp cng nh thi gian lm kha lun. Em chn thnh
cm n c!
Em xin gi li cm n ti cc thy c trong B mn k thut mi trng.
Thy c to mi iu kin tt nht chng em c th hon thnh kha hc
mt cch nhanh nht v cht lng.
Em xin gi li cm n ti anh Tuyn, anh gip em rt nhiu trong qu
trnh tm qung apatit. Khng c s gip ca anh chc em khng thc hin
c ti ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Xin gi li cm n ti cc bn, nhng ngi bn cng mnh hc, cng
nhau chia s, gip nhau trong sut 4 nm qua. Xin cm n!
Thc s con xin cm n b m, to mi iu kin cho con hc tp. Sau
bao nm vt v hm nay con c th hon thnh kha lun ny. D c cm n
trm vn ln cng khng ht n tnh . Con ch bit: Con xin cm n!
Xin chn thnh cm n tt c mi ngi!
GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

SV: Nguyn Th Huyn MSV: 121017
Kha lun tt nghip
MC LC
LI M U ...................................................................................................... 1
Chng I. TNG QUAN .................................................................................... 2
1.1. Gii thiu chung ...................................................................................... 2
1.1.1. Gii thiu s lc v kim loi nng ................................................... 2
1.1.2. Tc dng sinh ha ca kim loi nng i vi con ngi v mi
trng ............................................................................................................ 3
1.1.3. Mt vi nt v nc thi c cha kim loi nng ................................ 3
1.1.4. ng ................................................................................................... 5
1.1.4.1. Ngun gc pht sinh........................................................................ 5
1.1.4.2. c tnh ca ng ........................................................................... 6
1.1.5. Ch ...................................................................................................... 6
1.1.5.1. Ngun gc pht sinh........................................................................ 6
1.1.5.2. c tnh ........................................................................................... 7
1.2. Cc phng php x l kim loi nng .................................................... 8
1.2.1. Phng php kt ta ........................................................................... 8
1.2.1.1. C ch ca phng php ................................................................. 9
1.2.1.2. Qu trnh oxi ha- kh .................................................................... 9
1.2.1.3. Qu trnh kt ta ............................................................................ 10
1.2.1.4. u nhc im ca phng php ................................................. 11
1.2.2. Phng php hp ph v trao i ion .............................................. 11
1.2.2.1. Phng php hp ph.................................................................... 11
1.2.2.2. Phng php trao i ion .............................................................. 15
1.2.3. Phng php sinh hc. ..................................................................... 17
1.2.3.1. Phng php hp thu sinh hc ...................................................... 18
1.2.3.2. Gii thi phng php vi to trong x l kim loi ..................... 18
1.2.4. Phng php in ha ...................................................................... 20
1.3. Gii thiu vt liu hp ph qung apatit ................................................ 21
1.3.1. c im........................................................................................... 21
1.3.2. Phn loi qung apatit Lo Cai ........................................................ 22
1.3.3. Gii thiu v vt liu hp ph qung apatit loi II........................... 24
1.3.3.1. Thnh phn ha hc ...................................................................... 24
1.3.3.2. Thnh phn khong vt ................................................................. 24
1.3.3.3. Tnh cht vt l.............................................................................. 25
Chng II. THC NGHIM ........................................................................... 26
Kha lun tt nghip
2.1. Chun b vt liu hp ph ....................................................................... 26

2.2. Phng php xc nh Cu(II) v Pb(II) .................................................. 26
2.2.1. Phng php xc nh Cu(II) ........................................................... 26
2.2.1.1. C s ca phng php ................................................................. 26
2.2.1.2. Nguyn tc phng php .............................................................. 26
2.2.1.3. Thit b v dng c........................................................................ 26
2.2.1.4. Ha cht......................................................................................... 27
2.2.1.5. Xy dng ng chun Cu (II) ..................................................... 27
2.2.2. Phng php xc nh Pb(II) ........................................................... 28
2.2.2.1. Nguyn tc ca phng php ........................................................ 28
2.2.2.2. Thit b v Dng c ....................................................................... 28
2.2.2.3. Ha cht s dng ........................................................................... 29
2.3. Kho st cc iu kin ti u hp ph cc ion Cu(II) v Pb(II) ca vt
liu ................................................................................................................ 29
2.3.1. Kho st cc iu kin ti u hp ph ion Cu (II) ........................... 29
2.3.1.1. Kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Cu(II) ca vt liu ..
....................................................................................................... 29
2.3.1.2. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph Cu(II) ca
vt liu ....................................................................................................... 30
2.3.1.3. Kho st xc nh ti trng hp ph ca vt liu .......................... 30
2.3.2. Kho st cc iu kin ti u hp ph ion Pb (II)............................ 31
2.3.2.1. Kho st nh hng ca pH ti kh nng hp ph Pb (II) ca vt
liu
....................................................................................................... 31
2.3.2.2. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph Pb(II) ca
vt liu ....................................................................................................... 32
2.3.2.3. Kho st xc nh ti trng hp ph.............................................. 32
2.4. Kho st kh nng gii hp Cu (II) v Pb (II) ca vt liu ..................... 33
2.4.1. Chun b ct hp ph ........................................................................ 33
2.4.2. Qu trnh hp ph ng trn ct ....................................................... 33
2.4.3. Kho st qu trnh gii hp Cu (II)bng dung dch NaCl 10% ........ 33
2.4.4. Kho st qu trnh gii hp Pb (II) bng dung dch NaOH 1M ....... 33
Chng III. KT QU V THO LUN ..................................................... 34
3.1. Kt qu xc nh mt s thng s c l ca vt liu .............................. 34
3.1.1. Kho st bn ca vt liu cc pH khc nhau ............................... 34
3.2. Kt qu kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Cu(II) ca vt
liu ................................................................................................................ 34
Kha lun tt nghip
3.3. Kt qu kho st nh hng thi gian n kh nng hp ph Cu(II)..... 35

3.4. Kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Cu(II) ca vt liu .......................... 37
3.5. Kt qu kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Pb(II) ca vt liu
................................................................................................................ 39
3.6. Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph Pb(II)
ca vt liu. ...................................................................................................... 40
3.7. Kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Pb(II) ca vt liu........................... 41
3.8. Kt qu nghin cu kh nng gii hp thu hi Cu (II) v Pb (II).......... 43
3.8.1. Kt qu nghin cu kh nng gii hp thu hi Cu (II) bng dung
dch NaCl 10%. ............................................................................................. 43
3.8.2. Kt qu nghin cu kh nng gii hp thu hi Pb (II) .................... 44
KT LUN ........................................................................................................ 46
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 47

Kha lun tt nghip
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 2.1. ng chun Cu (II)...28
Hnh 3.1. th biu din nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Cu(II) ca vt
liu...35
Hnh 3.2. th biu din nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph Cu(II)
ca vt liu...36
Hnh 3.3. th biu din nh hng ca nng u..38
Hnh 3.4. th biu din kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph cc i ca vt
liu...38
Hnh 3.5. th biu din nh hng ca thi gian n hiu sut hp ph Pb (II)
ca vt liu .....41
Hnh 3.6. th biu din nh hng ca nng u..42
Hnh 3.7. th biu din kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Pb (II) cc i ca
vt liu.43

Kha lun tt nghip
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1. Hm lng mt s kim loi nng trong nc thi ca mt s lng
ngh ti ch kim loi (mg/l)...5
Bng 1.2. pH ti im bt u kt ta ca cc kim loi..10
Bng 2.1. Xy dng ng chun Cu (II)...27
Bng 3.1. Kt qu kho st bn ca vt liu hp ph ca Cu (II)..34
Bng 3.2. Kt qu kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Cu (II) ca vt
liu...34
Bng 3.3. Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian n hp ph Cu (II) ca vt
liu.......................................................................................................................36
Bng 3.4. Kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Cu (II) cc i ca vt
liu...37
Bng 3.5. Kt qu kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Pb (II) ca vt
liu...39
Bng 3.6. Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph
Pb(II) ca vt liu....40
Bng 3.7. Kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Pb(II) cc i ca vt liu..41
Bng 3.8. Bng kt qu gii hp ca Cu (II) bng NaCl 10% ...44
Bng 3.9. Kt qu gii hp Pb(II) bng NaOH 1M.45

Kha lun tt nghip
LI M U
Vi mc tiu hng ti nm 2020 Vit Nam c bn tr thnh mt nc
cng nghip, v vy vic pht trin ngnh cng nghip, m rng u t ang
c nh nc v cc nh u t quan tm. Bo v mi trng khng i i vi
tc pht trin l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n tnh trng
nhim mi trng ngy cng gia tng, c bit l mi trng nc. Nc thi t
cc khu cng nghip cha c x l ng mc cng l nguyn nhn lm tng
thm lng cht nhim vo ngun tip nhn. ng trc thc trng , cc
doanh nghip cng p dng mt s phng php x l nc thi nhm ci thin
mi trng nc.
Hp ph l mt trong nhng phng php c ng dng rng ri bi
mt s u im ca phng php ny mang li. Do c kh nng loi b c
nhng cht nhim c c tnh cao, c mu, c mi kh chu m cc phng
php khc khng x l hoc x l khng trit . Hn na, phng php hp
ph cn c u im l quy trnh x l n gin, cng ngh x l khng i hi
thit b phc tp, chi ph x l thp. Tm ra mt vt liu hp ph mi cng l xu
hng c cc nh nghin cu quan tm. Chnh v vy ti em chn l:
Nghin cu kh nng hp ph Cu(II) v Pb(II) ca qung apatit. Vi
mong mun bc u tm c mt s iu kin ti u cho s hp ph ca vt
liu.

Kha lun tt nghip
Chng I. TNG QUAN

1.1.
Gii thiu chung
1.1.1. Gii thiu s lc v kim loi nng [1, 3]

Kim loi nng l nhng kim loi c khi lng ring ln hn 5g/cm3. Cc
kim loi quan trng nht trong vic x l nc l Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr,
AsMt vi kim loi trong s ny c th cn thit cho c th sng khi chng
mt hm lng nht nh nh Zn, Cu, Fetuy nhin khi mt lng ln hn
n s tr nn c hi. Nhng nguyn t nh Pb, Cd, Ni khng c li ch no cho
c th sng. Nhng kim loi ny khi i vo c th ng vt hoc thc vt ngay
c dng vt cng c th gy c.
Trong t nhin kim loi tn ti trong 3 mi trng: mi trng khng kh,
mi trng nc, mi trng t v mi trng nc. Trong mi trng nc
th kim loi nng tn ti di dng ion hoc phc chtTrong ba mi trng th
mi trng nc l mi trng c kh nng pht tn kim loi nng i xa nht v
rng nht. Trong nhng iu kin thch hp kim loi nng trong mi trng
nc c th pht tn vo trong mi trng t hoc kh. Kim loi nng trong
nc lm nhim cy trng khi cc cy trng ny c ti bng ngun nc
c cha kim loi nng hoc t trng cy b nhim bi ngun nc c cha
kim loi nng chy qua. Do kim loi nng trong mi trng nc c th i
vo c th con ngi thng qua con ng n hoc ung.
Cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, qu trnh khai khong, qu trnh tinh
ch qung, kim loi, sn xut kim loi thnh phm l cc ngun chnh gy
nhim kim loi nng trong mi trng nc. Thm vo , cc hp cht ca kim
loi nng c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc nh qu trnh
to mu v nhum, cc sn phm ca thuc da, cao su, dt, giy, luyn kim,
m in v nhiu ngnh khc cng l ngun ng k gy nhim kim loi
nng. Khc bit so vi nc thi ngnh cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot thng
2

Kha lun tt nghip
c cha trong mt lng kim loi nht nh bi qu trnh tip xc lu di vi

Cu, Zn hoc Pb trong ng ng hoc b cha.
1.1.2. Tc dng sinh ha ca kim loi nng i vi con ngi v mi trng
[2]
Cc kim loi nng nng vi lng l cc nguyn t dinh dng cn
thit cho s pht trin bnh thng ca con ngi. Tuy nhin nu nh vt qu
hm lng cho php chng li gy ra cc tc ng ht sc nguy hi ti sc khe
con ngi.
Cc kim loi nng xm nhp vo c th thng qua cc chu trnh thc n.
Khi , chng s tc ng n cc qu trnh sinh ha v trong nhiu trng hp
dn n nhng hu qu nghim trng v mt sinh ha. Cc kim loi nng c i
lc ln vi cc nhm - SH, - SCH3 ca cc nhm enzim trong c th. V th cc
enzim b mt hot tnh, cn tr qu trnh tng hp protein ca c th.
1.1.3. Mt vi nt v nc thi c cha kim loi nng
Nc thi ca ngnh xi m [3]
Nc thi ca ngnh xi m pht sinh khng nhiu, nng cc cht hu
c thp nhng hm lng cc kim loi nng
nc, to ra s tch t sinh hc ng lo ngi theo chiu di chui thc n. Ngoi
ra cn nh hng n ng ng dn nc, gy n mn, xm thc h thng
cng rnh, nh hng n cht lng cy trng, vt nui, canh tc nng nghip,
lm thoi ho t do s chy trn v thm ca nc thi.
Nc thi t cc qu trnh xi m kim loi, nu khng c x l, qua thi
gian tch t v bng con ng trc tip hay gin tip s tn ng trong c th
con ngi v gy cc bnh nghim trng nh vim lot da, vim ng h hp,
ung th,
3

Kha lun tt nghip
Nc thi t qu trnh xi m c thnh phn a dng v nng v pH

bin i rng t 2 3 n 10 11.
c trng chung ca nc thi ngnh xi m l cha hm lng cao cc
mui v c v kim loi nng. Tu theo kim loi ca lp m m ngun nhim
c th l Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, v cng tu thuc vo loi mui kim loi c s
dng m nc thi c cha cc c t nh xianua, sunfat, amoni, crmat, Cc
cht hu c t c trong nc thi xi m, phn ch yu l cht to bng, cht hot
ng b mt nn BOD, COD thng thp v khng thuc i tng x l.
i tng x l chnh l cc ion v c m c bit l cc mui kim loi nng
nh Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe,
Nc thi ca lng ngh ti ch kim loi [8, 10]
Hin nay cc c s ti ch kim loi nm trong khu dn c nn cc cht
thi trong qu trnh sn xut, gy nh hng trc tip n cng ng, lm suy
gim cht lng cuc sng ca ngi dn.
T l ngi mc bnh cc lng ngh ang c xu hng tng. Tui th
cng gim i, thp hn 10 nm so vi tui th trung bnh ton quc. T l ngi
mc bnh thn kinh, phi, h hp, ngoi da, ic v ung th chim ti 60% ti
cc lng sn xut kim loi, ti ch ph thi.
Cht thi t cc lng ngh v ang trc tip hoc gin tip lm nh
hng n mi trng t nng nghip, ch yu l t trng la. Mc nh
hng ca cc hot ng ti ch ny n cht lng mi trng t v s tch
ly ca cc kim loi nng trong cy trng. Hm lng cc kim loi (Cd, Zn, Pb,
v Cu) trong t vng nh hng ca nc thi t lng ngh c xu hng
c tch ly cao hn nhiu so vi t khng b nhim. V lu di nhng tc
ng ny s nh hng ti sc khe ngi dn.

Kha lun tt nghip
Ti cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi lng nc s dng khng nhiu, ch

dng cho nc lm mt, v sinh thit b, nh xng v nc thi t qu trnh ty
ra v m kim loi nn c hm lng cc cht c hi kh cao, c bit l cc
kim loi nng. Kt qu nghin cu v hm lng mt s kim loi nng trong
nc thi ca mt s lng ngh ti ch kim loi thu c cho thy tnh trng bo
ng ca cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi.
Bng 1.1. Hm lng mt s kim loi nng trong nc thi ca mt s lng
ngh ti ch kim loi (mg/l)
Stt
Ni ly mu
Cr2+
Fe
Pb2+
Cu2+ Zn2+ Al3+
0.04
0.4
0.35
0.1
0.6
Ch o Bc Ninh
Vn Chng Nam nh
63
12
0.9
1.5
8.7
10.4
Phc Kiu Qung Ninh
0.2
7.6
0.6
1.5
1.8
2.1
Xun Tin Nam nh
0.8
0.3
0.44
3.1
2.15 0.32
0.1
3.25
TCVN 5845 - 1995
nhim t cc lng ngh ti ch thuc mc nhim nng. Do vic thu

gom v thi b ba bi, nn nh hng n mi trng sinh thi v sc kho
ngi dn rt nghim trng. Hu ht cc ao h trong cc lng ngh khng th
nui c c, do tip nhn mt lng nc thi kh ln t hot ng sn xut
vi nng nhim cao, vt qu kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng v do
rc thi ba bi gy bi lng v cn tr dng chy ca nc sng h.
1.1.4. ng [1, 6]
1.1.4.1. Ngun gc pht sinh
Ngun thi chnh ca ng trong nc thi cng nghip l nc thi ca
qu trnh m v nc thi ca qu trnh ra, ngm trong b c cha ng. Trong
cc qu trnh cha, ng cc dung dch, hin tng oxi ha lm ng tan vo
trong dung dch. Cn trong cc qu trnh m, ng c s dng lm nguyn
liu chnh hoc ch l lp ph cho cc kim loi nh vng, bc
5

Kha lun tt nghip
ng trong nc thi thng tn ti di cc dng: cc mui Cu2+ hoc

tn ti di cc dng mui phc. V d nh khi ng c kt hp vi NaOH
to ra Na2[Cu(OH)4].
1.1.4.2.
c tnh ca ng
ng c c tnh cao i vi hu ht cc thc vt thy sinh, nng

thp 0.1 mg/l, n gy ra c ch cho cc loi thc vt khng pht trin.
Ngoi ra ng cn c kh nng lm mt mui bi vy lm gim kh nng thm
thu ca t bo.
i vi con ngi th ng khng qu c bi s kt hp trung gian ca
ng gia cc axit mnh v axit yu. Cng khng c bng chng no chng t
ng l cht gy ung th cho con ngi. Tuy nhin cng nh cc kim loi nng
khc, khi nng cao , ng c th tch ly vo cc b phn trong c th nh
gan, thn v gy tn thng cho cc c quan .
1.1.5. Ch [1,6]
1.1.5.1. Ngun gc pht sinh
Ngun gc t nhin:
Hm lng ch trong v tri t 10 20 mg/kg.
Trong nc ngm v nc mt nng ch khng vt qu 10g/l
Trong khng kh lng ch a vo kh quyn khong 330.000 tn/nm.
Ngun gc nhn to:
Lng ch tiu th trn th gii ngy mt tng do vy lng ch thi ra mi
trng ngy cng ln. Cc ngun thi ra ch chnh l:
+ Khai thc qung c cha ch nh: m ch sunfit (PbS), ch cacbonat
(PbCO3) v ch sunfat (PbSO4)
6

Kha lun tt nghip
+ Tinh luyn ch
+ Sn xut pin, acquy c s dng in cc ch
+ S dng xng c pha ch
+ Qu trnh luyn thp
+ Sn xut cht mu, thuc tr su c s dng ch v mt s qu trnh sn
xut khc.
1.1.5.2. c tnh
Cc tc ng ca ch ln qu trnh sinh ha, c bit ln qu trnh tng
hp heme (heme l nhm thay th cha nguyn t st mu C34H32N4O4Fe ca
hemoglobin v myoglobin) c ngi ln v tr em. Khi nng ch trong mu
cao ngi ta thy:
+ Tng t l protoporphyrin hng cu
+ Tng o thi coproporhyrin v axit - aminolevulinic trong nc tiu, v
vy axit ny khng c tch ly trong c th.
+ Do thiu heme tng hp hemoglobin nn gy bnh thiu mu khi nng
ch ln ti 1.92mol/l (40g/dl)
+ Ch nh hng n h thn kinh, h sinh sn v mu ca con ngi v
ng vt, ch c tch ly trong xng, m v mu.
+ Tr em d b ng c ch hn ngi ln v c th ca tr em hp th ch d
dng hn v t c kh nng o thi chng.

Kha lun tt nghip
Du hiu v triu chng:

+ Sau vi thng tip xc vi ch nng thp: km thng minh, mt tr, da
ti do thiu mu , chn n, au u, nn, au bng, mt mi, c v kim loi
trong ming.
+ Vi nng cao c th b nn d di, au khp, c tay, bn chn r ri, co
git, au bng.
Tm li cc kim loi tn ti v lun chuyn trong mi trng nc thng c
ngun gc hu ht t cc ngnh cng nghip trc tip hoc gin tip c s dng
cc kim loi trong qu trnh cng ngh hoc t cht thi sinh hot ca con
ngi. Sau khi pht tn vo mi trng, chng lun chuyn, chuyn ha thnh
cc hp cht t c hoc c hi hn. T , chng c cc loi thc vt v
ng vt hp th. Con ngi hp th cc ng thc vt ny qua ng tiu ha
v ngoi ra con ngi cn hp th qua ng nc ung t gy ra nhim c
kim loi nng trong c th con ngi. Cc nh hng ca kim loi nng ln c
th con ngi l rt nguy him, n c th gy ra cc ri lon trong c th con
ngi ngay c khi nng nh, v c th gy ra nhng bnh khng c kh
nng phc hi, thm ch c th gy t vong nu nng ln. Do vy gim
thiu v trnh nh hng tiu cc ca kim loi nng ln c th con ngi v mi
trng sng th phi lm cho mi trng trong sch khng b nhim kim loi
nng. Mun vy ta cn c nhng bin php hn ch, gim thiu, x l cc ngun
thi c cha kim loi nng trc khi a chng ra mi trng xung quanh.
1.2.
Cc phng php x l kim loi nng
1.2.1. Phng php kt ta [5,7]

Phng php x l kim loi nng bng phng php kt ta l phng php
ph bin v thng dng nht Vit Nam hin nay. Vi u im l r tin, kh
nng x l nhiu kim loi trong dng thi cng mt lc v hiu qu x l kim
8

Kha lun tt nghip
loi nng mc chp nhn c th phng php ny ang l la chn s mt

cho cc nh my cng nghip Vit Nam.
1.2.1.1. C ch ca phng php
Mn+ + Am- = MmAn (kt ta)
[M]m.[A]n T (MmAn)
Trong :
Mn+ : ion kim loi
Am-: tc nhn gy kt ta
T: tch s tan
Trong phng php ny ngi ta c th s dng nhiu cc nhn to kt ta
vi kim loi nh: S2-, PO43-, SO42-, Cl-, OH- nhng trong S2-, OH- c s
dng nhiu nht v c th to kt ta d dng vi hu ht cc kim loi, cn cc
ion PO43-, SO42-, Cl- ch to kt ta vi mt s cc ion kim loi nht nh do
vy chng ch c dng khi dng thi cha n kim loi hoc mt vi kim loi
nht nh.
i vi mi kim loi khc nhau c pH thch hp kt ta khc nhau ty
thuc vo kh nng to kt ta ca M(OH)n v ty thuc vo nng cc kim
loi c trong nc thi cn x l.
1.2.1.2. Qu trnh oxi ha- kh
Nh ni trn, x l kim loi nng trong nc bng phng php kt
ta c hiu qu th ta cn phi chuyn cc kim loi kh c kh nng kt ta vi
tc nhn lm kt ta v c tnh cc c v dng d kt ta v t c hn.
C ch:
9

Kha lun tt nghip
M (ha tr n) + tc nhn oxi ha (kh) = M (ha tr m) + cht mi (nu c)

M: kim loi di dng hp cht hoc ion.
Cc tc nhn s dng phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:
+ C tnh oxi ha hoc kh m bo c th chuyn ha ht c kim loi v
dng mong mun.
+ Khng to ra cc cht mi c c tnh hoc kh x l.
+ Kim loi sau qu trnh oxi ha phi ph hp, d x l cho qu trnh tip
theo (qu trnh to kt ta).
+ Cc tc nhn d kim, d s dng v r tin.
+ Cng to ra t cht mi cng tt.
1.2.1.3. Qu trnh kt ta
Sau khi dng phng php chuyn cc kim loi v dng d x l v t
c hn th ta tin hnh phng php kt ta.
Kt ta dng OH mt vng pH nht nh (pH > 7) cc kim loi kt hp vi OH- to thnh
cc hidroxit kim loi kt ta:
Cu2+ + 2OH- = Cu(OH)2
Nguyn tc to kt ta l [Mn+].[OH-]n > TM(OH)n
Bng 1.2. pH ti im bt u kt ta ca cc kim loi
Ion
Fe (III)
pH
2.0
Ion
Cd (II)
pH
6.7
Cu (II)
5.3
Ni (II)
6.7
10

Kha lun tt nghip
Ion
Cr (III)
pH
5.3
Ion
Zn (II)
pH
7.0
Fe (II)
5.5
Mg (II)
7.3
Pb (II)
6.0
Mn (II)
8.5
pH trong qu trnh phi m bo qu trnh c th to kt ta d dng,

thun li. to pH > 7 ta c th dng cc cht c tnh kim nh NaOHTuy
nhin phng php ny thng khng hiu qu i vi cc kim loi kt ta khc
nhau ln, c bit l i vi cc kim loi c kh nng to phc khi pH ln.
y l mt trong nhng nhc im ln nht ca phng php kt ta dng OH1.2.1.4. u nhc im ca phng php
u im:
+ n gin, d s dng
+ R tin, nguyn vt liu d kim
+ X l c cng lc nhiu kim loi
+ X l c nc thi ca cc nh my c quy m ln
Nhc im:
+ Vi nng kim loi cao th phng php ny x l khng trit
+ To ra bn thi kim loi
+ Tn kinh ph nh vn chuyn, chn lp khi a bn thi i x l
+ Khi s dng tc nhn to kt ta l OH- th kh iu chnh pH i vi nc
thi c cha kim loi nng lng tnh Zn.
1.2.2. Phng php hp ph v trao i ion [2,5, 9]
1.2.2.1. Phng php hp ph
11

Kha lun tt nghip
Hp ph l s tch ly trn b mt phn cch cc pha ( kh- rn, lng- rn, kh

lng, lng lng).
Cht hp ph l cht m phn t lp b mt c kh nng ht cc phn t
ca pha khc nm tip xc vi n.
Cht b hp ph l cht b ht ra khi pha th tch n tp trung trn b mt
cht hp ph.
Thng thng qu trnh hp ph l qu trnh ta nhit.
Ty theo bn cht ca lc tng tc gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph,
ngi ta phn bit hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc.
Hp ph vt l gy ra bi lc Vander Waals gia phn t cht b hp ph v
b mt cht hp ph, lin kt ny yu, d b ph v. Chnh v lin kt ny yu
m qu trnh gii hp ph hon nguyn vt liu hp ph v thu hi cc kim
loi din ra thun li.
Hp ph ha hc gy ra bi lc lin kt ha hc gia b mt cht hp ph v
phn t cht b hp ph, lin kt ny bn kh b ph v. Do vy rt kh cho qu
trnh gii hp ph.
Trong thc t, s phn bit gia hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc ch l
tng i v ranh gii gia chng khng r rt. Mt s trng hp tn ti c qu
trnh hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc. vng nhit thp xy ra qu trnh hp
ph vt l. Khi nhit tng th kh nng hp ph vt l gim v kh nng hp
ph ha hc gim.
Gii hp hp ph l qu trnh cht b hp ph ra khi lp b mt cht hp
ph. Gii hp da trn nguyn tc s dng cc yu t bt li i vi qu trnh
hp ph. Gii hp l phng php ti sinh vt liu hp ph c th tip tc s
dng li nn n mang c trng v hiu qu kinh t.
12

Kha lun tt nghip
Phng php ha l l mt trong nhng phng php gii hp. Phng php
ny thc hin ti ch ngay trong ct hp ph nn tit kim c thi gian cng
tho d, vn chuyn, khng v vn cht hp ph v c th thu hi cht b hp
ph trng thi nguyn vn.
Cn bng hp ph: hp ph vt l l mt qu trnh thun nghch. Cc phn t
cht b hp ph khi hp ph trn b mt cht hp ph vn c th di chuyn
ngc li pha mang ( hn hp tip xc vi cht hp ph ). Theo thi gian, lng
cht b hp ph tch t trn b mt cht hp ph cng nhiu th tc di chuyn
ngc tr li pha mang cng ln. n mt thi im no , tc hp ph
bng tc phn hp ph th qu trnh hp ph t cn bng.
Dung lng hp ph cn bng (ti trng hp ph) l khi lng cht b hp
ph trn mt n v khi lng cht hp ph trng thi cn bng v iu
kin xc nh v nng v nhit .
Dung lng hp ph c tnh theo cng thc:
q=
(2.2)
Trong :
q
: dung lng hp ph cn bng (mg/g)
Co
: nng dung dch u (mg/l)
Cs
: nng dung dch sau hp ph (mg/l)
: th tch dung dch sau hp ph (l)
: khi lng vt liu (g)
Xc nh ti trng hp ph cc i theo phng trnh ng nhit Langmuir:
q = Cm
q
: ti trng hp ph ti thi im cn bng (mg/g)

13

Kha lun tt nghip
Cm
: ti trng hp ph cc i (mg/g)
: hng s, ch i lc ca v tr lin kt trn b mt cht hp
ph.
Khi b.C1 << 1 th q = Cm.b.C1 m t vng hp ph tuyn tnh.
Khi b.C1 >> 1 th q = Cm m t vng hp ph bo ha.
Khi nng cht hp ph nm gia 2 gii hn trn th ng ng nhit biu
din l mt ng cong.
xc nh cc hng s trong qu trnh hp ph ng nhit Langmuir, ta c
th s dng phng php th bng cch a phng trnh v phng trnh
ng thng:
Xy dng th s ph thuc ca C1/q vo C1 s xc nh cc hng s trong

phng trnh Langmuir
u im:
+ X l kim loi nng nng thp
+ n gin, d s dng
+ C th tn dng mt s vt liu l cht thi ca cc ngnh khc nh Fe2O3
+ C th gii hp ph ti sinh vt liu hp ph
Nhc im:
+ Thng ch p dng cho x l kim loi nng nng thp
+ Chi ph x l vn cn cao.
14

Kha lun tt nghip
1.2.2.2. Phng php trao i ion

Phng php trao i ion l mt trong nhng phng php ph bin x l
cc ion kim loi nng trong nc thi nh Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, Mncc
hp cht ca As, photpho, xianua v cc cht phng x. Phng php ny cho
php thu hi cc cht c gi tr vi lm sch cao. Qu trnh trao i ion din
ra gia 2 pha lng rn, gia cc ion c trong dung dch v cc ion c trong pha
rn.
C ch ca phng php trao i ion
Thc cht phng php trao i ion cng l mt phn ca phng php hp
ph, nhng qu trnh hp ph c km theo trao i ion gia cht hp ph vi ion
ca dung dch. C th ni trao i ion l mt qu trnh trong cc ion trn b
mt ca cht rn trao i vi ion c cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc
nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc ionit (cht trao i ion), chng hon ton khng
tan trong nc.
C ch trao i ion:
Trao i cation
RA + B+ = RB + A+
i vi trao i kim loi th B+ l cc ion kim loi nh : Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+,
Trao i anion
RA + B- = RB + Ai vi trao i kim loi nng th B- c th l: Cr2O72-
Khi kim loi nng tip xc vi cht trao i ion th s xy ra qu trnh trao
i ion gia dung dch v cht trao i ion.
ng hc ca qu trnh trao i ion c th c m t nh sau:
15

Kha lun tt nghip
+ Khuch tn ion kim loi t dung dch ti lp mng bao quanh ht trao i
ion
+ Khuch tn cc ion qua mng
+ Khuch tn cc ion ti v tr trao i ion
+ Qu trnh trao i ion
+ Khuch tn ca cc ion c gii phng t v tr trao i ion n b mt
ht.
+ Khuch tn ca cc ion c gii phng qua mng
+ Khuch tn cc ion vo dung dch
Qu trnh ng hc ca mt qu trnh c quyt nh bi bc chm nht.
Trong hu ht cc qu trnh th qu trnh phn ng trao i ion l qu trnh
nhanh nht. Ni chung l ch c hai qu trnh nh hng mnh m n ng hc
trao i ion l:
+ Khuch tn ion qua mng
+ Khuch tn ion vo ht trao i ion
Cc cht c kh nng ht v trao i ion dng t dung dch in ly gi l
cation. Nhng cht ny mang tnh axit.
Cc cht c kh nng ht cc ion m gi l anion v chng c tnh kim.
Cc cht ion m c kh nng trao i c ion dng v ion m th gi l ion
lng tnh.
Kh nng trao i ion ca mt cht trao i ion c c trng bi dung
lng th tch, l dung lng c o bng s ion c ht bi mt n v th
tch hay khi lng.
16

Kha lun tt nghip
Dung lng th tch tng c c trng bi nng ca cc ion c nh

khng tham gia trao i ion (c in tch ngc vi ion trao i) trong cht trao
i ion. Dung lng th tch tng m t lng ti a cc ion c th trao i c
khi cc ion c nh c lp y bi cc ion trao i. Nhng trn thc t th hu
nh l khng c kh nng ton b cc ion trao i lp y c. V do vy dung
lng trao i ion thc t c gi l dung lng trao i ion thc. N ph
thuc vo cc iu kin vt l, phn ng trao i, thit b s dng, kh nng ti
sinh
u im:
+ Kh nng trao i ion ln, do vy x l rt hiu qu i vi kim loi nng.
+ n gin, d s dng
+ Thch hp x l nc thi c cha nhiu kim loi
+ Khng gian x l nh
+ C kh nng thu hi cc kim loi c gi tr
+ Khng to ra cht thi th cp
Nhc im:
+ Kinh ph ln, c bit l i vi cc nh my c quy m ln, lng nc
thi nhiu.
1.2.3. Phng php sinh hc [5, 6]
Php sinh hc ang c quan tm bi v nhng u im ni tri ca n so
vi cc phng php khc nh: t to ra nhim th cp c bit l r tin c
th tn dng cc loi sinh vt trong t nhin. Hin nay, nhiu loi sinh vt trong
t nhin c cc nh khoa hc pht hin v ng dng trong x l kim loi
nng.
17

Kha lun tt nghip
1.2.3.1. Phng php hp thu sinh hc

Phng php hp thu sinh hc l phng php s dng cc loi sinh vt
trong t nhin hoc cc sinh vt c ngun gc sinh hc c kh nng gi li trn
b mt hoc thu nhn bn trong cc t bo ca chng cc kim loi nng khi a
chng vo mi trng nc thi cha kim loi nng
Hin nay ngi ta tm ra nhiu loi sinh vt c kh nng hp thu kim loi
nng c bit l cc loi thc vt thy sinh nh bo lc bnh, bo tm, bo ong,
rong xng c v c loi to, vi to, nm,
Nhiu cng trnh khoa hc nghin cu v chng minh hiu qu ca cc
loi thc vt trn trong x l nc thi. V d nh : Bo lc bnh c kh nng
hp th Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Fe trong nc thi cha kim loi m.
Ni chung, phng php x l cc kim loi nng bng phng php hp thu
sinh hc l phng php cn kh mi m v nhiu tim nng.
1.2.3.2. Gii thi phng php vi to trong x l kim loi
C ch ca phng php hp thu kim loi nng s dng vi to
C ch ca phng php hp thu kim loi nng bng phng php vi to kh
phc tp, v c th khc nhau i vi cc loi vi to khc nhau. Nhn chung c
th xy ra theo c ch sau:
Qu trnh hp thu kim loi nng bi vi to c th c chia lm hai pha.
Pha th nht: Gi l hp ph sinh hoc. Tng t nh trong ha hc, hp ph
sinh hc cng tun theo nh lut Langmuir v Freudlic c ngha l nng
kim loi nng trn b mt t bo c mi quan h tuyn tnh vi nng kim loi
nng trong nc thi. V to c cu to t polysaccarit, axit uronic, v cc
protein do vy rt d to lin kt vi kim loi nng, chng ng vai tr nh cc
tm hp ph kt ni kim loi nng vo mch ca chng c bit l polysaccarit
v protein.
Cc lin kt tham gia vo qu trnh ny l lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt ion.
18

Kha lun tt nghip
Cc nhn t nh hng n qu trnh ny l: Cc ion l, pH v mt t bo.

Pha th hai: Gi l hp thu ni bo hay s tch t sinh hc. S hp thu ni
bo rt mn cm vi s thiu nh sng. Thc cht ca s hp thu ni bo ny
cng l lin kt to phc ca kim loi trong nhn t bo. Cc kim loi ny c
gi li trong nhn t bo. Do vy, nng kim loi trong ni bo c th cao gp
nhiu ln nng kim loi nng bn ngoi. Vi s lin kt trong ni bo ny khi
nng kim loi nng trong ni bo tng cao cng c th lm cht mt s loi
vi to, tuy nhin mt s khc vn pht trin tt sau khi hp thu mt lng ln
kim loi nng. Do vy, tc hp thu ni bo ph thuc rt ln vo trng thi t
bo v thnh phn t bo.
Cc nhn t nh hng ti qu trnh hp thu ni bo: Trng thi t bo, thnh
phn cht dinh dng.
Trc khi x l kim loi nng c s dng vi to th nc thi phi c loi
b cc cht c c hi cho vi to.
u nhc im ca phng php vi to:
u im:
+ Nhiu loi vi to c th hp thu kim loi nng, nng kim loi nng bn
trong t bo gp nhiu ln so vi bn ngoi.
+ Din tch b mt ln do vy lm cho chng rt hiu qu trong vic loi tr
v ti thu hi kim loi nng trong nc thi.
+ C kh nng thch nghi trong mt khong pH v nhit rng do vy c
th x l kim loi nng trong mt khong pH rng.
+ C th loi b mt cch chn lc cc ion kim loi c nng thp, trong
nhiu trng hp ch cn 1 ppm.
+ C kh nng x l nc thi c lu lng ln vi tc nhanh.
19

Kha lun tt nghip
+ n gin, d vn hnh, chi ph thp.

+ Trong qu trnh sinh ha to cn thu nhn mt lng ln CO2 lm gim
hiu ng nh knh. S dng cc cht dinh dng hu c trong nc lm gim
BOD trong nc thi.
Nhc im:
+ Mi loi to ch c kh nng hp thu mt s kim loi nng nht nh, do
vy kh c th x l c nc thi c cha nhiu kim loi.
+ V phng php ny cn mi nn cha pht hin ra nhiu chng to c kh
nng x l kim loi nng.
+ Khi s dng phng php vi to, nh nu trn do kch thc nh ca vi
to dn n kh thu hi sinh khi do vy phi c cht mang. Khu ny l khu
tn km nht.
+ Nc thi cha nhiu thnh phn khc nhau, c th c c tnh cao i vi
vi to, v vy trc khi a nc thi vo x l bng vi to phi c x l s
b trc loi b cht c vi vi to. Do vy phng php s dng vi to ni
ring v phng php sinh hc ni chung ch tham gia c vo giai on x l
cp II v cp III.
1.2.4. Phng php in ha [3, 5]
Nguyn tc chung ca phng php in ha trong x l nc thi ni chung
v nc thi cha kim loi nng ni ring l s dng cc qu trnh oxy ha
anot v kh catot, ng t in, kt ta, khi cho dng in mt chiu i qua
2 cc anot v catot.
C ch chung ca qu trnh in ha nh ta bit l s dng dng in mt
chiu, qu trnh oxi ha v kh s xy ra anot v catot.
Phng php in ha dng x l kim loi nng
20

Kha lun tt nghip
y kim loi s c x l ti hai cc bng cc phn ng oxy ha v kh

ha hai cc
+ catot: Khi cho dng in i qua dung dch th cation v H+ s tin v b
mt catot. Nu th phng in ca cation ln hn ca H+ th cation s thu electron ca catot chuyn thnh cc ion t c hn hoc to thnh kim loi bm vo
in cc.
Mn+ + ne
V d: Cu2+ +
= Mo
2e = Cuo
+ anot: Xy ra cc qu trnh oxy ha cc anion. Do ngoi vic x l

cc kim loi nng trong nc thi phng php ny cn c th x l cc cht
nhim khc trong nc thi.
u nhc im ca phng php
u im:
+ n gin, d s dng.
+ D c gii v t ng ha.
+ Khng s dng ha cht.
Nhc im.
+ Ch x l c nhng nc thi a vo c nng kim loi cao.
+ Mc d hiu sut t c 90% hoc hn nhng nng kim loi vn cn
cao.
+ Tiu hao nng lng ( in nng ) ln.
+ Chi ph cao
1.3.
Gii thiu vt liu hp ph qung apatit [11]
1.3.1. c im
21

Kha lun tt nghip
Apatit l tn gi chung ca nhm cc khong vt c cng thc chung l

Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl).
Apatit c kh nng c nh cc kim loi. Do n c cung cp PO4-3 to phn
ng kt ta vi kim loi nng.
Apatit cng to iu kin cho kim loi kt ta cc dng khc nh cacbonat,
oxit, hydroxit. Cc kim loi nng c th thay th v tr Ca trong cu trc ca apatit.
Qung t nhin ca apatit dng kt tinh kh phn hy, khng tan trong
nc v c tnh kim yu.
Qung apatit Lo Cai l loi qung thuc thnh h metan phosphorit (apatitdolomit), l thnh phn h ch yu c s dng cho ngnh cng nghip sn
xut phn bn cha ln nc ta. Apatit- dolomit c tr lng ln nht phn b
dc theo b phi sng hng thuc a phn Lo Cai. M apatit Lo Cai c chiu
dy 200m, rng t 1-4 km chy di 100km nm trong a phn Vit Nam, t
Bo H pha ng Nam n Bt Xt pha Bc, gip bin gii Trung Quc.
1.3.2. Phn loi qung apatit Lo Cai
Phn loi theo thch hc
Cn c vo c im thch hc ngi ta chia ton b khu m apatit Lo Cai
thnh 8 tng, k hiu t di ln trn (theo mt ct a cht) l tng cc san
(KS) KS1, KS2,... KS7, KS8. Trong , qung apatit nm cc tng KS4, KS5,
KS6 v KS7. Trong tng tng li c chia thnh cc i phong ha ha hc v
cha phong ho ho hc.
Tng KS4 (cn gi l tng di qung) l tng nham thch apatit cacbonat thch anh - muscovit c cha cacbon. Nham thch ca tng ny thng c mu
xm sm, hm lng cht cha cacbon tng i cao, khong vt cha cacbonat
l olomit v canxit trong olomit nhiu hn canxit. Tng ny gm 2 loi
phin thch chnh l dolomit -apatit - thch anh v apatit - thch anh - dolomit,
22

Kha lun tt nghip
cha khong 35-40% apatit, cc dng trn u cha mt lng cacbon nht nh
v cc ht pyrit phn tn xen k nhau, chiu dy ca tng ny t 35-40m.
Tng KS5 (cn gi l tng qung): y l tng apatit cacbonat. Nham thch
apatit cacbonat nm trn lp phin thch di qung v to thnh tng cha
qung ch yu trong khu vc b photphorit. Nm dc theo trung tm khu m
Lo Cai t ng Nam ln Ty Bc chy di 25 km. Qung apatit KS5 hu nh
n khong thuc phn phong ho ca tng qung (KS5) c hm lng P2O5 t
28-40% gi l qung loi 1, chiu dy tng qung dao ng t 3-4m ti 10-12m.
Ngoi ra, cn c cc phin thch apatit - olomit, olomit -apatit - thch anh muscovit.
KS6, KS7 (cn gi l tng trn qung). Nm trn cc lp nham thch ca
tng qung v thng gn lin vi cc bc chuyn tip trm tch cui cng.
Nham thch ca tng ny khc vi loi apatit cacbonat ch n c hm lng
thch anh, muscovit v cacbonat cao hn nhiu v hm lng apatit gim. Phin
thch ca tng ny c mu xm xanh nht, trong i phong ho thng chuyn
thnh mu nu sm. V thnh phn khong vt, khong vt tng trn qung gn
ging nh tng di qung nhng t muscovit v hp cht cha cacbon hn v
hm lng apatit cao hn r rt. Chiu dy ca tng qung ny t 35-40m.
Phn loi theo thnh phn vt cht
Da vo s hnh thnh v thnh phn vt cht nn trong khong sn apatit
Lo Cai phn chia ra 4 loi qung khc nhau.
Qung loi I: L loi qung aptatit hu nh n khong thuc phn khng
phong ha ca tng qung KS5 hm lng P2O5 chim khong t 28-40%.
Qung loi II: L qung apatit-dolomit thuc phn cha phong ha ca tng
qung KS5 hm lng P2O5 chim khong 18-25%.
Qung loi III: L qung apatit-thch anh thuc phn phong ha ca tng
di qung KS4 v trn qung KS6 v KS7, hm lng P2O5 chim khong t
12-20%, trung bnh khong 15%. Qung apatit loi 3 l qung phong ho (th
sinh) c lm giu t nhin nn qung mm v xp hn qung nguyn sinh
23

Kha lun tt nghip
y chnh l t thi trong qu trnh khai thc qung apatit loi 1 v l

nguyn liu cho nh my tuyn qung apatit loi 3 Lo Cai.
Qung loi IV: L qung apatit-thch anh-dolomit thuc phn cha phong
ha ca tng di qung KS4 v cc tng trn qung KS6 v KS7 hm lng
P2O5 khong 8-10%.
1.3.3. Gii thiu v vt liu hp ph qung apatit loi II
1.3.3.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Theo cc ti liu a cht, trong cc loi qung apati loi II, khong vt apatit
u c cu trc Ca5F (PO4)3 thuc loi fluoapatit, trong c khong 42,26%
P2O5; 3,78% F v khong 50% CaO.
Thnh phn ha hc ca qung apatit loi 2:
P2O5
: 28.45%
Cht khng tan
: 5.98%
Fe2O3
: 0.96%
MgO
: 4.71%
Al2O3
: 0.82%
Tng s tp cht/P2O5 (thc t/ cho php):

Fe2O3
: 3.56/8
Al2O3
: 1.17/2
MgO
: 17.45/8
1.3.3.2. Thnh phn khong vt

Thnh phn khong vt ca qung apatit loi II gm:
Apatit
: 50 80%
Thch anh
: 1 10%
24

Kha lun tt nghip
Mutcovit
: 1 2%
Vt cht than
: 1 3%
Cacbonat
: 10 50%
Thnh phn khc
: 0 1%
1.3.3.3. Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l ca qung apatit loi II nh sau:
Th trng (g/cm3)
: 2.95%
m t nhin
: 1.4%
H s n ri
: 1.5%
H s kin c
: 8 12 (13)
25

Kha lun tt nghip
Chng II. THC NGHIM

2.1.
Chun b vt liu hp ph
Tin hnh ra vt liu bng cch cho vt liu vo cc 1000ml v cho nc
ct vo khuy u. Sau lng gn b huyn ph v lp bn trn mt. Ti

khi no nc trong th em gn b phn nc . Sy kh vt liu nhit
150oC.
2.2.
Phng php xc nh Cu(II) v Pb(II)
2.2.1. Phng php xc nh Cu(II) [4]

2.2.1.1. C s ca phng php
Phn tch trc quang l phng php phn tch quang hc da trn s
tng tc chn lc gia cht cn xc nh vi nng lng bc x thuc vng t
ngoi, kh kin hoc hng ngoi. Nguyn tc ca phng php trc quang l da
vo lng nh sng b hp thu bi cht hp thu tnh hm lng ca cht
hp thu.
2.2.1.2. Nguyn tc phng php
- Cho Cu (II) tc dng vi thuc th Nitrozo-R-Sol sinh ra hp cht phc.
- Tin hnh o hp ph quang ca phc Cu (II) v thuc th Nitrozo-R-Sol
ti bc sng 470nm.
- Nng Cu (II) t l vi cng mu ca phc, t l vi hp ph quang
o c.
2.2.1.3. Thit b v dng c
- Cn phn tch
- My trc quang
- My lc
- Cc pipet chia vch: 1ml, 10ml, 20ml
26

Kha lun tt nghip
- Cc thy tinh 100ml

- Bnh tam gic thy tinh
2.2.1.4. Ha cht
- Dung dch CuSO4 10-3M: Cn 0.13g CuSO4.5H2O ha tan v nh mc thnh
500ml bng dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 4.
- Dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 4: Ly khong 0.25ml H2SO4 0.1M ha tan vo
500ml nc ct
- Thuc th Nitrozo-R-Sol10-3M: Cn 0.038g Notrozo-R-Sol ha tan v nh
mc thnh 100ml.
- Dung dch CuSO4 2.10-3M: Cn 0.26g CuSO4.5H2O ha tan v nh mc thnh
500ml bng dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 4.
2.2.1.5. Xy dng ng chun Cu (II)
tin hnh lp ng chun Cu (II) ta tin hnh nh sau:
Cho vo cc thy tinh 100ml mt lng cc dung dch nh bng sau 2.1. Sau
tin hnh o mt quang cc dung dch trn bc sng 470 nm.
Bng 2.1. Xy dng ng chun Cu(II)
Stt
Th tch Cu(II)
(ml)
0.5
1.5
2.5
Th tch thuc
th
3ml
nh mc
50ml
Nng
Cu2+(mg/l)
2.6
5.2
7.8
10.4
13
15.6
Abs
0.084
0.165
0.263
0.348
0.415
0.474
27

Kha lun tt nghip
Abs
0.6
y = 0.031x + 0.007
R = 0.995
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
C (mg/l)
Hnh 2.1. ng chun Cu (II)

2.2.2. Phng php xc nh Pb(II) [4]
2.2.2.1. Nguyn tc ca phng php
Phn tch th tch l phng php phn tch nh lng da trn th tch dung
dch chun ( bit chnh xc nng ) cn dng phn ng va vi cht
cn xc nh c trong dung dch phn tch. y l phng php ha hc dng
xc nh nhanh, n gin cc nguyn t c hm lng ln.
Da vo phn ng to phc bn gia Pb (II) vi Complexon mi trng
pH = 910 vi ch th l ETOO. im tng ng nhn bit khi d 1 git
H2Y2- dung dch s chuyn t nho sang mu xanh.
Pb2+ + Ind- <=> PbInd+
Pb2+ + H2Y2- <=> PbY2- + 2H+
PbInd+ + H2Y2- <=> PbY2- + Hind + H+
( )
(Xanh)
2.2.2.2. Thit b v Dng c

- Cn phn tch
28

Kha lun tt nghip
- Bp in
- My lc
- Cc thy tinh 10ml
- Bnh nh mc 500ml
- Cc pipet c vch chia: 5ml, 10ml, 20ml
- Buret c vch chia 50ml
- Bnh tam gic thy tinh
- Phu v giy lc
2.2.2.3. Ha cht s dng
- Dung dch chun EDTA: 0.01M: Cn 1.861g mui EDTA sau nh mc
500ml bng nc ct.
- Dung dch PbNO3 0.01M: Cn 1.656g mui PbNO3 sau nh mc 500ml
bng nc ct.
- Ch th ETOO: Trn ln 1g ETOO v 100g NaCl sau nghin nh.
- Dung dch m ammoniac: Ha tan 35g mui NH4Cl vo 285ml NH3, sau
nh mc 500ml bng nc ct.
2.3.
Kho st cc iu kin ti u hp ph cc ion Cu(II) v Pb(II) ca vt

liu
2.3.1. Kho st cc iu kin ti u hp ph ion Cu (II)

2.3.1.1. Kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Cu (II) ca vt liu
kho st nh hng ca pH n kh nng hp ph ca vt liu tin
hnh th nghim nh sau:
Bc 1: Chun b 9 bnh tam gic thy tinh loi 250ml v 9 cc thy tinh loi
100ml. Cn chnh xc 3g vt liu cho vo mi bnh.
29

Kha lun tt nghip
Bc 2: Dng pipet ht chnh xc 20ml CuSO4.10-3M cho vo mi cc, tin

hnh iu chnh pH t 2 10.
Bc 3: Sau ln lt cho cc dung dch trn ln lt vo cc bnh tam gic
cha vt liu chun b sn v em lc trong 4 gi.
Bc 4: Lc ly dung dch xc nh li nng Cu(II). Xc nh bng cch ht
10ml dung dch Cu (II) sau khi lc v 1ml thuc th Nitrozo- R- Sol. Tin hnh
o Abs so vi mu trng l 10ml nc ct v 1ml thuc th. Da vo ng
chun ta xc nh c nng cn li ca Cu (II) sau qu trnh hp ph. Da
vo nng u ca Cu (II) ta tnh c nng ca Cu (II) hp ph.
2.3.1.2. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph Cu(II) ca
vt liu
Tip tc tm cc iu kin ti u cho qu trnh hp ph ca vt liu. Tin
hnh kho st thi gian cn bng hp ph nh sau:
Bc 1: Chun b 6 bnh tam gic thy tinh 250ml, cn chnh xc 3g vt liu cho
vo cc bnh trn.
Bc 2: Thm 20ml CuSO4.10-3M iu chnh v gi tr pH ti u kho st
trn.
Bc 3: Tin hnh lc, c sau thi gian khc nhau 30pht, 1gi, 2gi, 3gi,
4gi, 5gi, 6 gi ly ra lc v xc nh nng Cu(II) cn li.
2.3.1.3. Kho st xc nh ti trng hp ph ca vt liu
Sau khi tin hnh tm pH v thi gian ti u cho qu trnh hp ph.
Mt trong nhng iu kin cn kho st c th ng dng vo trong thc t
khi tin hnh x l l tm c ti trng hp ph ca vt liu. Cch tin hnh
nh sau:
Bc1: Chun b 10 bnh tam gic v cn chnh xc 3g vt liu cho vo ln lt
cc bnh .
30

Kha lun tt nghip
Bc 2: iu chnh pH ti u cho qu trnh hp ph v lc trong khong thi

gian ti u kho st trn.
Bc 3: Tin hnh lc ly dung dch v xc nh li nng Cu (II)
Tnh ton c nng Cu (II) trc v sau khi hp ph xc nh ti
trng hp ph theo cng thc 2.2
2.3.2. Kho st cc iu kin ti u hp ph ion Pb (II)
2.3.2.1. Kho st nh hng ca pH ti kh nng hp ph Pb (II) ca vt
liu
Tin hnh kho st pH ti kh nng hp ph Pb (II) ca vt liu thc hin
theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chun b 8 bnh tam gic thy tinh c 250ml, cn chnh xc 2g vt liu
vo mi bnh.
Bc 2: Dng pipet ht 30ml PbNO3 0.01M ln lt vo 8 cc thy tinh 100ml.
Bc 3: iu chnh pH t khong 2 10 v lc trong 1h.
Bc 4: Sau khi lc xong ta tin hnh lc ly dung dch xc nh li nng
Pb(II)
- Ht 10ml PbNO3 cn xc nh vo bnh nn c 250ml, thm 5ml dung
dch m amoniac, 20ml nc ct, 1 t cht ch ch ETOO. em un nng
nh n khong 50oC.
-
em chun dung dch trn bng dung dch EDTA, cho n khi dung
dch chuyn t mu sang xanh. Ghi s ml EDTA chun . V nng
Pb (II) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Trong :
CPb (II)
: Nng ch cn xc nh (mg/l)
31

Kha lun tt nghip
CEDTA
: Nng Complexon (mg/l)
Vo
: th tch ch cn xc nh ( Vo= 10ml=0.01l)
: Th tch Complexon chun (l)
2.3.2.2. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph Pb(II) ca

vt liu
xc nh thi gian cn bng hp ph tin hnh cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Chun b 9 bnh tam gic v cn 2g vt liu cho vo mi bnh.
Bc 2: Sau em lc, sau 15 pht, 30 pht, 1gi, 2gi, 3gi, 4gi, 5gi,
6gi, 7gi ly ra xc nh li nng ca Pb(II).
2.3.2.3. Kho st xc nh ti trng hp ph
Cng tng t i vi xc nh ti trng hp ph ca Cu (II), kho st xc
nh ti trng hp ph i vi Pb (II) nhm tm c ti trng hp ph cc i.
Cch tin hnh nh sau:
Bc 1: Chun b 10 bnh tam gic v cn 2g vt liu cho vo mi bnh.
Bc 2: Tin hnh pha long dung dch PbNO3 0.01M bng cch ht 5ml, 10ml,
15ml, 20ml, 25ml, 30ml, 35ml, 40ml, 45ml, 50ml vo bnh nh mc 50 ml v
nh mc bng nc ct.
Bc 3: iu chnh pH dung dch v pH ti u v lc trong thi gian ti u hp
ph kho st trn.
Bc 4: Sau lc ly dung dch v tin hnh xc nh li nng Pb(II) bng
cch chun bng Complexon nh trn.
Bc 5: Tnh ton nng Pb (II) trc v sau khi hp ph s xc nh ti trng
hp ph theo cng thc 2.2
32

Kha lun tt nghip
2.4.
Kho st kh nng gii hp Cu (II) v Pb (II) ca vt liu
2.4.1. Chun b ct hp ph
Chun b 2 ct buret sch, lp di cng mi ct c lt bng lp dy bao
da tc nh, sau nhi 5g vt liu mi ct.
2.4.2. Qu trnh hp ph ng trn ct
Bc 1: Tin hnh hp ph Cu(II) v Pb(II) trn ct. Trn mi ct cho 20ml
dung dch Cu(II) v Pb(II) vo ct hp ph chun b trn.
Bc 2: Xc nh lng Cu(II) v Pb(II) hp ph trn ct
2.4.3. Kho st qu trnh gii hp Cu (II)bng dung dch NaCl 10%
Qu trnh gii hp Cu(II) tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Sau khi cho 20ml dung dch CuSO4 2.10-3M qua ct hp ph v xc
nh c nng Cu(II) b hp ph mc 2.4.2.
Bc 2: Tin hnh gii hp Cu (II) bng dung dch NaCl 10%. C 10ml NaCl
10% i qua ct hp ph vi tc 0,5 ml/p ta li tin hnh xc nh nng Cu
(II) c gii hp. Lm tng t cho n khi Cu (II) c gii hp ht. Cui
cng tnh hiu sut gii hp.
2.4.4. Kho st qu trnh gii hp Pb (II) bng dung dch NaOH 1M
Tng t nh qu trnh gii hp Cu (II) ta cng tin hnh cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Sau khi cho 20ml dung dch PbNO3 0.01M qua ct hp ph v xc nh
nng Pb (II) b hp ph nh mc 2.4.2.
Bc 2: Tin hnh gii hp Pb (II) bng dung dch NaOH 1M. C 10ml NaOH
1M chy qua ct hp ph vi tc 0,5 ml/p ta tin hnh thu hi v xc nh
nng Pb(II) c gii hp. Lm tng t cho n khi Pb(II) c gii hp
ht. Ghi li kt qu v tnh c hiu sut ca qu trnh gii hp.
33

Kha lun tt nghip
Chng III. KT QU V THO LUN

3.1.
Kt qu xc nh mt s thng s c l ca vt liu
3.1.1. Kho st bn ca vt liu cc pH khc nhau

bn ca vt liu l mt trong nhng nhn t c tnh cht quyt nh ti
kh nng ng dng thc t khi s dng vt liu x l cc loi nc thi. Tin
hnh kho st bn ca vt liu cc iu kin pH khc v thu c kt qu
nh sau:
Bng 3.1. Kt qu kho st bn ca vt liu
pH
1.90
2.52
3.63
4.18
5.28
6.46
7.15
9.84
Abs
0.276
0.244
0.233
0.176
0.076
0.074
0.063
0.051
Nh vy vt liu bn khong pH > 5.

3.2.
Kt qu kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Cu(II) ca vt

liu
Tin hnh kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Cu (II) ca vt
liu thu c kt qu nh bng 3.2:

Bng 3.2. Kt qu kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph ca Cu(II)
Stt
Cu(II) ban u
(mg/l)
pH
Cu(II) sau hp
ph (mg/l)
Hiu sut hp
ph (%)
260
2.39
21.55
91.71
260
3.3
8.45
96.75
260
4.24
2.91
98.88
260
5.5
2.45
99.06
260
6.48
11.03
95.76
260
7.31
11.45
95.60
34

Kha lun tt nghip
Stt
Cu(II) ban u
(mg/l)
pH
Cu(II) sau hp
ph (mg/l)
Hiu sut hp
ph (%)
260
8.39
8.81
96.61
260
9.63
15.39
94.08
260
10.41
27.26
89.52
Hiu sut %
100.00
98.00
96.00
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
0
10
12
pH
Hnh 3.1. th biu din nh hng ca pH n kh nng hp ph Cu (II) ca
vt liu.
Kt qu thu c cho thy pH = 5.50 apatit c kh nng hp ph Cu(II)
tt nht, t ti 99.38%.
3.3.
Kt qu kho st nh hng thi gian n kh nng hp ph Cu(II)

Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph Cu (II)
ca vt liu c th hin trn bng 3.3:
35

Kha lun tt nghip

Cu(II) ca vt liu
Cu(II) ban u
(mg/l)
260
Thi gian
(h)
0
Cu(II) sau hp
ph (mg/l)
260
Hiu sut hp
ph(%)
0
260
9.16
96.48
260
7.45
97.13
260
6.97
97.32
260
6.06
97.67
260
7.13
97.26
260
6.55
97.48
Stt
Hiu sut %
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
Thoi gian (h)
Hnh 3.2. th biu din nh hng thi gian n kh nng hp ph Cu(II)

ca vt liu.
Kt qu thu c cho thy ch sau 2h th kh nng hp ph Cu (II) ca
qung apatit gn nh bo ha.
Nh vy trong cc qu trnh kho st tip theo ta s la chn pH = 5.50 v
thi gian hp ph l 2h nghin cu.
36

Kha lun tt nghip
3.4.
Kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Cu(II) ca vt liu

Sau khi kho st nh hng ca pH v nh hng ca thi gian tip tc
tin hnh kho st nh hng ca nng u n kh nng hp ph Cu(II) ca

vt liu pH = 5.50 v trong thi gian 2h.
Kt qu thu c th hin trn bng 3.4:
Bng 3.4.Kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Cu (II) ca vt liu
Stt
Cu(II) ban u
(mg/l)
Cu(II) sau hp
ph (mg/l)
q
(mg/g)
Cs/q
52
1.036
0.849
1.220
104
5.569
1.641
3.395
156
10.398
2.427
4.285
208
22.473
3.092
7.268
260
39.193
3.680
10.650
312
62.534
4.158
15.040
364
97.321
4.445
21.896
416
149.326
4.445
33.597
10
468
196.320
4.528
43.357
11
520
249.327
4.511
55.268
37

Kha lun tt nghip

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
q (mg/l)
100
200
300
400
500
600
Co (mg/l)
Hnh 3.3. th biu din nh hng ca nng u Cu(II)

Kt qu thc nghim cho thy khi nng dung dch ban u (Co) tng
th ti trng hp ph ca vt liu cng tng dn. Khi Co tng n mt gi tri no
th q bo ha khng tng na. Da vo s liu thc nghim thu uc v
th s ph thuc Cs/q vo Cs theo l thuyt hp ph ng nhit ca Langmuir
cho vt liu c m t nh hnh 3.4:
Cs/q
60
y = 0.223x
R = 0.994
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Cs (mg/l)
Hnh 3.4. th biu din kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph cc i ca vt
liu
38

Kha lun tt nghip
S ph thuc ca Cs/q vo Cs c m t theo phng tnh sau:

Y = 0.223x
Ta c tg = 1/qmax qmax = 1/ tg = 1/0.223 = 4.484 mg/g
Nh vy ti trng hp ph cc i ca vt liu i vi Cu (II) l 4.484 mg/g.
3.5.
Kt qu kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Pb(II) ca vt

liu
Kt qu kho st nh hng ca pH ti kh nng hp ph Pb (II) ca vt
liu th hin trn bng 3.5:

Bng 3.5. Kt qu kho st nh hng pH n kh nng hp ph Pb(II) ca vt
liu
Pb(II) ban u
Stt
(mg/l)
pH
Th tch
EDTA
(ml)
Pb(II) sau hp
ph(mg/l)
Hiu sut
hp ph
(%)
3312
2.53
10.5
1302.84
60.66
3312
3.11
9.6
1191.17
64.03
3312
4.38
9.6
1191.17
64.03
3312
5.51
9.6
1191.17
64.03
3312
6.38*
868.56
73.78
3312
7.77
3.7
459.10
86.14
3312
8.46
2.4
297.792
91.01
3312
10.57
0.9
111.672
96.63
Ghi ch: * : bt u xut hin kt ta trng
39

Kha lun tt nghip
Theo thc nghim thu c, khi bt u pH 6.38 dung dch Pb(II)

bt u xut hin kt ta do to kt ta Pb(OH)2. V vy ta chn pH = 5.5 l pH
ti u cho s hp ph ca vt liu.
3.6.
Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian n kh nng hp ph

Pb(II) ca vt liu.
Qua qu trnh thc nghim kt qu kho st nh hng thi gian n kh

nng hp ph Pb (II) ca vt liu thu c kt qu trn bng 3.6:
Pb(II) ca vt liu.
Stt
Pb(II) ban
u (mg/l)
Thi gian
(gi)
Th tch
EDTA (ml)
Pb(II) sau
hp ph
(mg/l)
Hiu sut
hp ph %
3312
0.25
10.2
1265.62
61.79
3312
0.5
9.9
1228.39
62.91
3312
9.8
1215.98
63.29
3312
9.8
1215.98
63.29
3312
9.7
1203.58
63.66
3312
9.6
1191.17
64.03
3312
9.6
1191.17
64.03
3312
9.5
1178.76
64.41
3312
9.5
1178.76
64.41
40

Kha lun tt nghip
Hiu sut %
65.00
64.50
64.00
63.50
63.00
62.50
62.00
61.50
0
Thoi gian (h)
Hnh 3.5. th biu din nh hng ca thi gian n hiu sut hp ph Pb(II)
Kt qu cho thy kh nng hp ph ca vt liu i vi ch xy ra kh
nhanh. Ch sau 30 pht hiu sut tng nhanh ln ti 62.91%. Sau 1 gi hiu sut
ca qu trnh hp ph tng khng nhiu, t 63.29%.
Nh vy trong cc qu trnh kho st tip theo chn pH = 5.5 v thi gian
l 1 gi cho qu trnh hp ph.
3.7.
Kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Pb(II) ca vt liu

tin hnh xc nh ti trng hp ph Pb (II) ca vt liu ta tin hnh
cc iu kin pH = 5.5 v thi gian ti u l 1 gi nh kho st trn. Kt

qu thu c th hin trn bng 3.7:
Bng 3.7. Kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Pb(II) cc i ca vt liu
Stt
Pb(II) ban
u (mg/l)
Th tch EDTA (ml)
Pb(II) sau hp
ph(mg/l)
q
(mg/g)
Cs/q
331.2
0.1
7.44
8.09
0.920
662.4
0.2
14.89
16.19
0.920
993.6
0.5
37.22
23.91
1.557
41

Kha lun tt nghip
Stt
Pb(II) ban
u (mg/l)
Th tch EDTA (ml)
Pb(II) sau hp
ph(mg/l)
q
(mg/g)
Cs/q
1324.8
0.7
52.11
31.82
1.638
1656
0.9
67.00
39.72
1.687
1987.2
1.3
96.78
47.26
2.048
2318.4
2.9
215.90
52.56
4.107
2649.6
5.1
379.68
56.75
6.691
10
2980.8
9.5
707.26
56.84
12.443
11
3312
13.7
1019.94
57.30
17.799
q (mg/g)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Co (mg/l)
Hnh 3.6. th biu din nh hng ca nng u Pb(II)

Kt qu thu c cho thy khi nng dung dch Pb(II) ban u tng th ti
trng hp ph ca vt liu cng tng dn. V khi nng u tng n mt gi
tr no th khng tng na. Da vo s liu thc nghim thu c v th s
ph thuc Cs/q vo Cs theo l thuyt hp ph ng nhit ca Langmuir cho vt
liu c m t nh hnh 3.7:
42

Kha lun tt nghip

Cs/q
y = 0.017x
R = 0.991
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Cs (mg/l)
Hnh 3.7. th biu din kt qu xc nh ti trng hp ph Pb (II) cc i ca

vt liu
S ph thuc ca Cs/q vo Cs c m t theo phng tnh sau:
Y = 0.017x
Ta c tg = 1/qmax qmax = 1/ tg = 1/0.017 = 58.823 mg/g
Nh vy ti trng hp ph cc i ca vt liu i vi Pb (II) l: 58.823 mg/g.
3.8.
Kt qu nghin cu kh nng gii hp thu hi Cu (II) v Pb (II)
3.8.1. Kt qu nghin cu kh nng gii hp thu hi Cu (II) bng dung dch

NaCl 10%.
Tin hnh hp ph Cu (II) vi nng ban u l 520mg/l trn ct cha
vt liu theo tng bc nh mc 2.4.1 v 2.4.2. Thu c kt qu nh sau:
Nng Cu (II) cn li: 230 mg/l
Nng Cu (II) hp ph: 290 mg/l
Sau ta tin hnh gii hp Cu (II) bng NaCl 10% theo cc bc nh
mc 2.4.3. Kt qu thu c th hin trn bng 3.8:
43

Kha lun tt nghip
Bng 3.8. Bng kt qu gii hp ca Cu (II) bng NaCl
Stt
Th tch
NaCl 10%
(ml)
Abs
Cu (II) cn li
(mg/l)
Cu (II) gii
hp (mg/l)
Hiu sut
gii hp
(%)
10
0.132
80.645
209.355
72
10
0.101
60.645
20
10
0.034
17.419
43.226
15
272.581
94
Tng
Nh vy qua thc nghim cho thy qu trnh gii hp Cu (II) bng NaCl 10%
t kt qu kh tt. Vi 30ml NaCl 10% gii hp c Cu (II) t hiu sut
94%.
3.8.2. Kt qu nghin cu kh nng gii hp thu hi Pb (II)
Tin hnh hp ph Pb (II) vi nng ban u ca l 3312 mg/l trn ct
vt liu theo tng bc nh mc 2.5.1 v 2.5.2. Thu c kt qu nh sau:
Th tch Pb (II) cho hp ph: 20ml
Th tch Complexon cn xc nh Pb (II): 4 ml
Nng cn li ca Pb (II) sau hp ph: 744.48 mg/l
Nng Pb (II) hp ph: 2567.52 mg/l
Sau tin hnh gii hp Pb (II) trn ct bng dung dch NaOH1M. Kt
qu thu c trn bng 3.9:
44

Kha lun tt nghip
Bng 3.9. Kt qu gii hp Pb (II) bng NaOH 1M
Stt
Th tch
NaOH
1M(ml)
Th Tch
EDTA (ml)
Pb(II) cn
li (mg/l)
Pb(II) gii
hp (mg/l)
Hiu sut
gii hp
(%)
10
0.9
335.02
2232.5
87
10
0.3
111.68
223.34
10
0.1
37.23
74.45
2530.29
98
Tng
Nh vy qua kt qu thc nghim cho thy qu trnh gii hp Pb(II) bng

NaOH1M t kt qu rt tt. Vi 30 ml NaOH1M gii hp c Pb(II) t
hiu sut l 98%.
45

Kha lun tt nghip
KT LUN
Nghin cu kh nng hp ph Cu(II) v Pb(II) ca vt liu hp ph i t
qung apatit loi II thu c mt s kt qu sau:
1. Kho st c bn ca qung apatit loi II
Vt liu bn trong khong pH > 5.
2. Kho st cc iu kin hp ph Cu (II) ti u ca qung apatit loi II
Apatit loi 2 hp ph Cu (II) pH = 5.5 v trong thi gian 2h l tt nht.
p dng iu kin ti u trn cho qu trnh kho st xc nh ti trng
hp ph Cu(II) ca vt liu. Kt qu ti trng hp ph cc i ca vt liu i
vi Cu (II) l 4.484mg/g.
3. Kho st cc iu kin hp ph Pb (II) ti u ca qung apatit loi II
Apatit loi II hp ph Pb(II) pH = 5.5 v thi gian l 1h l ti u nht.
p dng iu kin hp ph Pb(II) ti u ca vt liu cho qu trnh kho
st xc nh ti trng hp ph. Kt qu ti trng hp ph cc i ca vt liu i
vi Pb(II) l 58.823 mg/g.
4. Kho st kh nng gii hp Cu(II) v Pb(II)
Tin hnh gii hp Cu(II) bng NaCl 10%. Vi 30ml NaCl 10% gii
hp c Cu(II) t hiu sut l 94%.
Tin hnh gii hp Pb(II) bng NaOH 1M. Vi 30 ml NaOH 1M gii
hp c Pb(II) t hiu sut l 98%.
46

Kha lun tt nghip

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]
PGS.TS. Trn T An, Mi trng v c cht mi trng, Trng i hc
Dc H Ni, 2000.
[2]
TS. L Vn Ct, Hp ph v trao i ion trong k thut x l nc v nc
thi, Nh xut bn thng k H Ni, 2002.

[3]
Phm Cng Hot, Bi bo v cng ngh x l nc thi cng nghip cha kim
loi nng, Bo sc khe v i sng, s 24, 2001.

[4]
GS.TSKH T Vn Mc, Nguyn L Huy, Hng dn th nghim ha phn
tch, Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni B mn ha phn tch.

[5]
Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga, Gio trnh x l nc thi, Nh xut bn
KHKT, 2002.
[6]
PGS.TS . ng nh Kim, PGS.TS L Vn Ct v cc cng s, 2000, ti:
Nghin cu cng ngh x l nc thi cng nghip cha kim loi nng (Pb, Cu, Hg,
Ni, Cr) bng phng php ha hc v sinh hc.
[7]
L Hong Vit, Phng php kt ta, Trung tm k thut mi trng v nng
lng mi.
[8]
hoinongdan.org.vn, nhim lng ngh - bnh dch tng nhanh.
[9]
tailieu.vn, Qu trnh hp ph.
[10]
xulymoitruong.com, Cng ty mi trng Ngc Ln, X l nc thi cc lng
ngh.
[11]
Vi.wikipedia.org/ Qung apatit Lo Cai
47


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Kha lun tt nghip

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

Kha lun tt nghip

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2.1. Chun b vt liu hp ph ....................................................................... 26

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3.3. Kt qu kho st nh hng thi gian n kh nng hp ph Cu(II)..... 35

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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Chng I. TNG QUAN

Gii thiu chung

1.1.1. Gii thiu s lc v kim loi nng [1, 3]

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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c cha trong mt lng kim loi nht nh bi qu trnh tip xc lu di vi

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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Nc thi t qu trnh xi m c thnh phn a dng v nng v pH

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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Ti cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi lng nc s dng khng nhiu, ch

Cu2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Phc Kiu Qung Ninh

Xun Tin Nam nh

TCVN 5845 - 1995

nhim t cc lng ngh ti ch thuc mc nhim nng. Do vic thu

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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ng trong nc thi thng tn ti di cc dng: cc mui Cu2+ hoc

ng c c tnh cao i vi hu ht cc thc vt thy sinh, nng

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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Du hiu v triu chng:

Cc phng php x l kim loi nng

1.2.1. Phng php kt ta [5,7]

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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loi nng mc chp nhn c th phng php ny ang l la chn s mt

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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M (ha tr n) + tc nhn oxi ha (kh) = M (ha tr m) + cht mi (nu c)

GVHD: TS. Nguyn Th Kim Dung

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pH trong qu trnh phi m bo qu trnh c th to kt ta d dng,

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Hp ph l s tch ly trn b mt phn cch cc pha ( kh- rn, lng- rn, kh

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: dung lng hp ph cn bng (mg/g)

: nng dung dch u (mg/l)

: nng dung dch sau hp ph (mg/l)

: th tch dung dch sau hp ph (l)

: khi lng vt liu (g)

Xc nh ti trng hp ph cc i theo phng trnh ng nhit Langmuir: