0

B NNG NGHIP V PTNT

TRNG H NNG LM THI NGUYN

BO CO TNG KT
KT QU THC HIN TI THUC D N KHOA HC
CNG NGH NNG NGHIP VN VAY ADB

Tn ti: NGHIN CU BIN PHP CI TO, PHC HI V

S DNG T CANH TC SAU KHAI THC KHONG SN
TI THI NGUYN

C quan ch qun d n: B Nng nghip v PTNT

C quan ch tr ti: Trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn
Ch nhim ti: PGS.TS. ng Vn Minh
Thi gian thc hin ti: 9/2009 12/2011

Thi Nguyn, thng 10/2011

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I. T VN
Thi Nguyn l mt trong nhng tnh c tr lng khong sn ln nht
c nc, c bit l cc khong sn phc v cho ngnh luyn kim v ch bin
vt liu xy dng nh: st, ch, km, titan, , st, Vi nhng tim nng ln
v khong sn, trn a bn tnh c rt nhiu c s khai thc, ch bin khong
sn t quy m nh n ln v y l mt trong nhng ngnh chim dng din
tch nng lm nghip ln. Nhng tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng: nhim mi
trng khng kh, nhim mi trng nc, nhim mi trng t... do hot
ng sn xut, khai thc, ch bin khong sn l khng th trnh khi. Kt qu
nghin cu v thc trng mi trng t, nc ti mt s khu vc khai thc
khong sn ca tnh Thi Nguyn cng v ang l nhng vn nhc nhi.
- M st Tri Cau: Nc thi sn xut ca m st Tri Cau ch yu l
nc thi t khu tuyn ra qung. Nh hm lng st (Fe) trong mu vt tiu
chun ti trn 670 ln, hm lng ch (Pb) vt chun cho php xp x 6,7 ln,
hm lng asen (As) vt chun t 3,78 n 3,88 ln, hm lng cadimi (Cd)
vt chun trn 2 ln tiu chun cho php. Cc ch tiu v nhim hu c nh
BOD5, COD cng u xp x cho php.
- X nghip khai thc thic H Thng, i T: Kt qu phn tch cc
mu t khu vc cho thy: Ch s As trong t vt tiu chun, As t 13,10 n
15,48 mg/kg trong khi tiu chun l 12 (TCVN 7209-2002).
- X nghip ch - km lng Hch, ng H: Kt qu phn tch cht lng
nc thi cho thy tt c cc mu, nc thi c du hiu nhim kim loi
nng, c bit l hm lng km trong nc ti cc im quan trc u vt t
2,11 n 7,23 ln so vi tiu chun cho php (TCVN 5045:1995), hm lng
cht l lng trong nc (TSS) rt cao.
Khai thc khong sn a phng thu hp din tch t sn xut
nng nghip. Qu trnh khai thc lm mt kh nng canh tc ca t nng
lm nghip nh: t ln t trng trt, nc thi bn t do qu trnh
tuyn qung vi lp t canh tc, do nhng khu vc sau khai thc t
khng cn kh nng canh tc, b hoang. ng thi, qu trnh khai thc phi
o t ly qung v t thi thnh nhng bi thi cao hng vi
chc mt; nhng bi thi t ny mi khi c ma to, xi mn, st l lm

2
t tri xung v vi lp cy rau mu ca cc h nng dn c rung
gn cc khu bi thi. Mt yu cu cp thit t ra lm th no phc hi
li kh nng canh tc ca t, hn ch xi mn st l, khc phc hu qu do
khai thc khong sn li.
Nhn thc r quan im v ch trng ca ng v Nh nc i vi
cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i
ha, nm 2006, Hi ng nhn dn tnh Thi Nguyn thng qua n "Bo
v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha giai on
2007 - 2010 v nhng nm tip theo trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn". Mc tiu
l: Phng nga, hn ch, khc phc c hiu qu nhim, suy thoi mi trng;
xy dng Thi Nguyn thnh tnh c s pht trin hi ha gia tng trng
kinh t vi thc hin tin b x hi v bo v mi trng. Nhm nng cao hiu
qu s dng t ai sau khi khai thc khong sn, ti: "Nghin cu bin
php ci to, phc hi v s dng t canh tc sau khai thc khong sn
Thi Nguyn" l cn thit phc v cho nhu cu bo v mi trng hin ti v
tng lai.
II. MC TIU TI
1. Mc tiu tng qut
Xy dng bin php ci to, phc hi v s dng t b thoi ha v
nhim sau khai thc khong sn nhm tng din tch t c cht lng tt s dng
cho sn xut nng lm nghip, gp phn lm tng che ph t trn nhng vng
t trng ngho kit v c a hnh phc tp do nh hng ca hot ng khai thc
khong sn .
2. Mc tiu c th
- nh gi thc trng t ai bao gm c din tch v cht lng t ti
nhng vng sau khai thc khong sn.
- Xc nh cc loi cy v bin php k thut s dng cy ci to t h
u, cy c kh nng ht kim loi nng, cy lm nghip trng trn vng t
sau khai thc khong sn.nhm ci to phc hi v tng che ph t
- Xy dng m hnh ci to v s dng t sau khai thc khong sn
bng cc loi cy tuyn chn c.

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III. TNG QUAN TNH HNH NGHIN CU TRONG V NGOI NC
1. Tnh hnh nghin cu trn th gii:
Hot ng khai thc khong sn pht trin mnh t thp k trc
nhiu quc gia giu ti nguyn nh Nga, M, Australia, Campuchia, Indonesia,
Phillipines, Trung Quc, n , ... nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng gia tng
nguyn liu khong ca th gii nh qung st, ch, km, thic, than , ng v
cc loi khong sn khc,... Ngnh khai thc khong sn l ngnh s dng din
tch t rt ln, mt khc a s cc m u nm di nhng cnh rng v thy
vc c chc nng to sinh k cho ngi dn. Hot ng khai thc khong sn
dn n suy thoi ti nguyn t, ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn nc,... l rt ln
(Hiu Anh, 2010), [1]. T chc Bo v mi trng Green Cross ca Thy S v
Vin Blacksmith ca M cng b kt qu nghin cu v a ra 10 nguyn nhn
nhim mi trng gy tc hi nghim trng nht trn th gii, trong c 2
nguyn nhn gy nhim thoi ha mi trng t c lin quan n khai khong.
- Khai thc vng th cng: Vi phng tin n gin nht nh qung
vng trn ln vi thy ngn, hn hp ny s c nung chy, thy ngn bc hi,
cht cn li l vng. Hu qu, ngi khai thc ht kh c, cn cht thi thy ngn
gy nhim, mi trng t t tch t trong cy ci, ng vt v t lan
sang chui thc phm.
- Khai khong cng nghip: Kh khn ln nht l x l cht thi di
dng t v bn. Cht thi ny c th c cc ha cht c hi m ngi ta s
dng tch qung khi t . Cht thi cc m thng c cc hp cht
sulfid-kim loi, chng c th to thnh axt, vi khi lng ln chng c th gy
hi i vi ng rung v ngun nc xung quanh. Bn t cc khu m chy ra
sng sui c th gy n tc dng chy t gy l lt [4].
Theo nghin cu ca Avlio A. Franco and Sergio M. De Faria
(1996). Cc loi cy h u rhizobia hoc bradyrhizobia cung cp khong 12
tn hu c kh v 190 kgN/ha/nm. Cc th nghim vi cc loi cy bn a
v cy h u thnh cng trong vic ci to t, khu vc khai thc m l
thin v d lng axit t khai thc bauxite m khng cn b sung cc cht
hu c. Tuy nhin, cn b sung phosphate, thch cao, vi cht dinh dng v
kali [15].

4
Gn y cc nh khoa hc Trung Quc bt u tin hnh mt d n
th nghim u tin trn th gii l trng cy thu gom As c hi trong t.
Theo Chen Toongbin thuc Vin khoa hc a l v Ti nguyn th d n trn
c thc hin ti ba a im tnh H Nam, Trit Giang v Qung ng. Mi
a im th nghim c din tch 1 ha c trng 30 tn ht Pteris vittata L.,
mt loi dng x c th hp thu c 10% As t t trong vng 1 nm. Cc
nh khoa hc Trung Quc dn dn hon thin k thut trng cy dng x
(Pteris vittata L.) v vetiver ht cc nguyn t kim loi nng trong t nh
thch tn, ng, km Vi k thut ny, h hy vng c th gii quyt v c bn
vn nhim kim loi nng vng h du ca Trung Quc do qu trnh khai
khong gy nn (Shu W. S v cng s, 2002) [17].
Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca cng tc hon th l lp li thm thc vt
nhm lm cho khu vc n nh, bn vng v c th ngn nga, kim sot c
xi mn. Vi nhng c trng sinh l v hnh thi c o, c vetiver (Vetiveria
zizanioides L.) c s dng rt hiu qu khng ch kim sot xi mn m
cn l loi c kh nng chng chu cao i vi nhng loi t b nhim kim
loi nng. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy, loi c ny c th pht trin tt trn nhiu
loi t khc nhau, thm ch c trong iu kin mi trng t khc nghit: rt
chua, kim, hm lng Mn v Al di ng cao. V vy, c vetiver c s
dng rt thnh cng trong phc hi v ci to t vng m nh: m than, vng,
bentonit, bxit Australia; m vng, kim cng, platin Nam Phi; m ng
Chi L; m ch Thi Lan, m ch, km, bxit Trung Quc v.v(
Chantachon S. v cng s, 2003) [16].
mt s nc, ni dung thit lp thm thc vt trong chng trnh
hon th cn bao gm c vic s dng phn bn. Nhng khu vc c xc nh
ci to s dng cho mc ch nng nghip thng phi c chng trnh duy
tr vic b sung phn bn. Ty trng hp c th m ngi ta s dng thch cao
hoc vi iu chnh pH, ty theo loi ging cy trng, loi cy v mt
cy, t l sinh trng m ngi ta s dng thm cc loi phn m, ln hoc
kali. Mt s loi cht thi hu c cng c s dng nh phn, mu, xng
ng vt, bn cng rnh chng va c tc dng nh phn bn va c tc dng

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b sung cht t. C th s dng cc cy ci to t trng trn ngho kit
tng lng cht hu c (Nguyn T Sim, Thi Phin, 2002) [12].
2. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc
Vit Nam c ngun ti nguyn khong sn phong ph v a dng. Cho
n nay, chng ta xc nh c hn 5000 im qung vi trn 60 loi
khong sn c ch vi quy m tr lng khc nhau. Tim nng pht trin ca
ngnh khai thc khong sn kim loi ca Vit Nam l rt to ln, m ra nhiu c
hi pht trin cho cc ngnh cng nghip c lin quan cng nh to cng n vic
lm cho mt lc lng lao ng ng k cc vng c cc hot ng khai thc
khong sn m phn ln nm vng nng thn, min ni, vng su vng xa.
Tuy nhin i i vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip khai thc v ch
bin khong sn nhng thch thc v vn mi trng cng tr nn nghim trng
v cp bch hn. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh khai thc khong sn l s gia
tng tt yu ca cc tc ng mi trng trong c vn ni cm l lm hoang
ha v thoi ha mt din tch ln t dn c, t nng nghip, t lm nghip v
t hu ch ni chung (Lu Th Anh, 2007) [2].
Tc gi Trn Min, Ban mi trng, Tp on Than khong sn Vit Nam
(TKV) bt u trng c vetiver t thng 10/2007 ti cc bi c nguy c st l cao
nh Cc Su - Hng Thi, Nam o Nai, H Tu v Ni Bo. Nm 2009, TKV y
nhanh trng mi 50ha, ti cc bi thi mi nh ng T Bc, ng Cao Sn,
ng Bc Khe R, bi thi Bc, Nam Cao Sn v Khe Chm III; cho thy Do t
bi thi ngho cht dinh dng, ch cn b r c vetiver t di hai n bn mt
nh hin nay th vic st l bi thi s c bn c khng ch. Thi gian ngn ti
y, mu xanh s li v trn cc bi thi, vn l nhng khu t cht ca vng
m trc y [10].
Theo tc gi Trn Minh Hun thuc Hi Khoa hc v Cng ngh M
Vit Nam, (2011), T nm 1963 n nm 2006, cng ty Alcoa khi phc
c 12.594 ha Ty c v thu dn 15.222 ha khc. Khu vc ny c thu
dn sch v c khi phc bng cch s dng nhng k thut khi phc mi,
bao gm chuyn i trc tip lp t b mt kch thch s ny mm tr li
ca thc vt bn a [8].

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GS.TS ng nh Kim, Ch tch Hi ng khoa hc Vin Cng ngh
mi trng, ch nhim ti Nghin cu s dng thc vt ci to t b
nhim kim loi nng ti cc vng khai thc khong sn" cho bit t nm 2007
thu thp 157 loi thc vt trn cc bi thi qung v cc vng ph cn ti mt
s m qung Thi Nguyn v chn lc c 33 loi cy. Kt qu phn tch
cho thy, c 2 loi thuc h dng x (Pteris vittata v Pityrogramma
calomelanos) v c mn tru (Eleusine indica) c kh nng tch ly kim loi
nng, hm lng asen ln n 5.876ppm v trong r l 2.642ppm. Nghin cu
cho thy c vetiver cng c kh nng chng chu vng nhim ch rt cao [7].
Nghin cu mi y cho thy, loi dng x Pteris vittata v Dennstaedtia
scabra, khng nhng c kh nng tch lu cao As m cn c kh nng hp thu
ng thi cc KL khc nhau nh Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn v Pb. khi trong t b nhim c
hm lng As l 3528 ppm, th hm lng As trong r v thn D.scabra tng ng
l 965,47 ppm v 2241,63 ppm (Bi Th Kim Anh v cng s, 2008) [3].
L c v cs. (2005) khi nghin cu v kh nng chng chu kim loi nng
ca ci hoa vng (Brassica juncea) cho thy: Nng gy nhim Pb cho t l
1300 ppm tr ln bt u c nh hng n sinh trng ca ci hoa vng [6].
Bi Cch Tuyn v cs. (2003) tin hnh th nghim trng c Hng Bi
(Vetiver) trn cc nn t b nhim Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd v rt ra nhn xt: c
Hng Bi c kh nng ht thu cc kim loi nng ni trn. S tch t chng
trong c c tng quan thun vi nng cc kim loi nng trn trong t.
Lng Th Thy Vn (i hc Thi Nguyn), M Th Diu i v mt s
nghin cu vin thuc vin Cng ngh Mi trng tin hnh nghin cu s sinh
v kh nng tch ly ch ca c vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) trng trn t
nhim do khai thc khong sn cng c kt lun rt kh quan v kh nng ci
to t nhim ca loi c ny. Sinh trng ca c tng khi trng trn t c
nng 1055,15 ppmPb. Hm lng ch tch ly trong c t l thun vi nng
ch trong t v thi gian trng c [14].
Nghin cu kh nng chng chu v tch ly As ca hai loi dng x thu t
vng khai thc m, Bi Th Kim Anh v cng s ((2008) cho thy, trong khong
nng m cy chng chu c, Pteris vittata tch ly lng As t 307 - 6042
ppm trong thn v r l 131 - 3756 ppm. Loi Pityrogramma calomelanos tch

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ly c lng As trong thn l v trong r tng ng l 885 - 4034 ppm v 483
- 2256 ppm.
Nhn thc r quan im v ch trng ca ng v Nh nc i vi cng
tc bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha,
nm 2006, Hi ng nhn dn tnh Thi Nguyn thng qua n "Bo v
mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha giai on
2007-2010 v nhng nm tip theo trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn". Mc tiu l:
Phng nga, hn ch, khc phc c hiu qu nhim, suy thoi mi trng; xy
dng Thi Nguyn thnh tnh c s pht trin hi ha gia tng trng kinh t
vi thc hin tin b x hi v bo v mi trng. Nhm nng cao hiu qu s
dng t ai sau khi khai thc khong sn, ti: "Nghin cu bin php ci
to, phc hi v s dng t canh tc sau khai thc khong sn Thi
Nguyn" l thc hin ng mc tiu ca n ny.
3. Thng tin v cc loi cy trng lm th nghim
3.1. Cy x l kim loi nng
- C vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides): Sng v pht trin tt trong t ngho
dinh dng, t nhim phn, ngp mn, t b nhim kim loi nng nh Al, As, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, Zn.
- Dng x (Marattiopsida): Cy dng x c kh nng sinh trng v pht
trin bnh thng trong mi trng nhim thch tn (As) v c th ht t n
0,8% As trong cy, cao hn hng trm ln so vi bnh thng m cy vn tt ti.
Thch tn c cy dng x lu trong lp lng t trn thn cy. Cy cng pht
trin th nhu cu thch tn cng ln v chng cn di truyn kh nng n cht c
sang th h sau.
- Cy sy (Phragmites communis): L loi cy c th sng trong nhng
iu kin thi tit khc nghit, chu ng tt. C th sinh trng v hp thu mt
s loi kim loi nng tt.
3.2. Cy ci to t h u:
- Cy ct kh (Tephrosia candida D.C): t trng ct kh sau mt thi
gian hm lng mn trong t tng ln, l rng xung li lp thm mc trn
b mt; r c nhiu nt sn, t r to nhiu r nh tng xp ca t.

8
- Cy Trinh n khng gai (Mimosa sp): Cy Trinh n khng gai l cy
phn xanh c tc dng che ph t chng xi mn, ln t c di, ng thi lm
phn xanh rt tt, t l m chim 3,32% so vi trng lng cht kh (Trn An
Phong, 1977) [25].
- u cng (Flemingia congesta): u cng c nhp t Innsia sang
cc n in vng Ph Qu (Ngh An). Cy bi cao 2,5 3m, thn mm, tc
ho g chm kh nng ti sinh mnh. c bit c b r n rt su (ti 2m).
Thm l rng dy, ln t c di mnh. Sinh trng nhanh t nm th 2, ct c
3 4 la, nng sut cao. Nhc im l c thi gian ra hoa kt qu keo di. Tuy
nhiu hoa qu nhng t l kt ht rt thp, nhiu su c qu non, rt kh khn
trong vic gi ging. u cng rt thch hp cho vic to bng xanh, trng xen
trong cy lu nm, b r su ht nc v dinh dng ln khng tranh chp vi
cy trng chnh.
- u en (Vigna unguiculata L.): L cy tho mc hng nm, thng
ng, c khi leo; ton thn khng c lng. L kp gm 3 l cht, mc so le, c l
km nh; l cht gia to v di hn cc l cht bn. Chm hoa di 20 30cm;
hoa mu tm nht. Qu u mcthng hay nghing, di 7 13cm, cha 8 10
ht xp dc trong qu, to hn ht u xanh, thng di 5 6mm. Cy thng
c trng vo mu h, thi gian sinh trng t 80 90 ngy. Ging u en c
hoa mu tm, qu u hnh di, vi ht nh, mu en, hnh tr.
- u mo (Mucuna cochinchinensis): Dy leo di ti 10m. Thn trn,
kha rnh dc, c lng trng. L c 3 l cht, di ti 15cm, rng 8cm, l cht ga
hnh tri xoan, 2 l bn khng cn, mt di c nhiu lng trng v di hn
mt trn. Hoa nhiu xp thnh chm lch l, thng xung, mi mu mang tng
cm 2 3 hoa mu tm hay xanh. i hnh u, c lng trng. Cnh trng c
mng. Nh xp 2 b. Bu c lng. Qu cong hnh ch S, trn v sau hi dt, mu
xm en mi bn c 3 ng gn. Ht 4 5, hnh bu dc dt, mu vng nht.
- u xanh (Vigna radiata): Cy tho sng hng nm, mc ng, t phn
nhnh, cao 60cm. L cy lun canh tng v tt v ngn ngy v c tc dng ci
to t (V Vn Chi, 2004) [5]
3.3. Cy lm nghip
- Keo Tai tng (Acacia mangium Willd): l cy g trung bnh, tui
thnh thc thng cao trn 15m, ng knh 40 50 cm, cy non mi mc lc

9
u (khong 1-2 tun tui) c l kp lng chim 2 ln, sau mi ra l tht, l
n mu trng hoc mu vng nht, l keo to rng 10 cm, hoa mu trng hoc
vng, qu xon vn
- Keo l trm (Acacia auriculiformis Cunn): Cy g nh, cao trn 25m,
ng knh c th ti 60cm. Thn trn thng. Cy mc l tn rng v phn cnh
thp. Cy thng phn nhnh i. V dy mu nu en, nt dc su, to thnh
rnh ngon ngho. Cy con di 1 tui c l kp lng chim 2 ln. Cy trng
thnh c l n hnh tri xoan di hoc ngn gio, u t ui men cung, di
10 16cm, rng 1,5 3 cm, phin l dy nhn xanh bng c 3 -5 gn dc dn
song song chm li pha ui l, cc gn nh song song xen gia cc gn chnh.
- Keo lai (Acacia mangium x auriculiformis):l tn gi ca ging lai t
nhin gia Keo tai tng (Acacia mangium) v Keo l trm (Acacia
auriculiformis). y l ging c nhiu c im hnh thi trung gian gia b v
m, ng thi c u th lai r rt v sinh trng nhanh, c hiu sut bt giy,
bn c hc v trng ca giy cao hn hn cc loi b m, c kh nng c
nh m kh quyn trong t nh cc nt sn h r.
IV. NI DUNG, VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
1. Ni dung nghin cu
Ni dung 1: nh gi hin trng t ai sau khai khong, bao gm:
Din tch, phn b, mc thoi ho v nhim ti tnh Thi Nguyn
- c im phn b v hin trng khai thc khong sn trn a bn tnh
Thi Nguyn. Xy dng bn phn b cc im m trn a bn tnh.
- iu tra xc nh din tch, hin trng ci to phc hi mi trng,
hin trng qun l v s dng t ca cc im m sau khai thc khong sn ti
Thi Nguyn nm 2009.
- nh gi cht lng t v kh nng s dng cho sn xut nng, lm
nghip ti cc khu vc sau khai thc khong sn ti Thi Nguyn.
Ni dung 2: Xc nh mt s loi cy ci to t s dng ph hp trn
t sau khai thc khong sn
- Nghin cu tuyn chn mt s loi thc vt kh kim loi nng i
vi vng t b nhim kim loi nng do khai khong trong iu kin t ngho
kit v b nhim kim loi nng (Cd, Pb, Hg, ...).

10
- Th nghim v la chn mt s cy phn xanh h u ci to v
phc hi t ngho kit, t c ph thp; p dng cho t sau khai khong t
b nhim c nhng b thoi ha v ngho kit dinh dng, hoc s dng cng
vi cy kh nhim cho t sau khai khong (nh ni dung 2.1) cho nhng
vng t va b nhim v b ngho kit. y l nhng loi cy che ph t c
kh nng to sinh khi cht xanh ln cho t, b r c kh nng c nh am.
Kt hp cc bin php khc nng cao ph t, s dng EM phn hy
cht hn c tr li t t trng cy h u, s dng bn phn v canh tc hp l
nng cao ph t.
Cc th nghim c b tr theo phng php: Th nghim ng rung
tiu chun, v th nghim c s tham gia nghin cu ca ngi dn. S s dng
v k tha mt s s kt qu v ang nghin cu v cc loi cy kh kim loi
nng v ci to t c nghin cu ti Vit Nam, c bit cc nghin cu
tin hnh ti Thi Nguyn.
- Th nghim v la chn mt s loi cy lm nghip thch hp, trng
ph xanh, ci to v phc hi nhng vng t dc giai on u sau khai khong.
i vi vng t sau khai khong c a hnh phc tp v dc, hoc
vng t sau khai khong khng c hon th. Nhng vng t ny khng c
kh nng s dng cho sn xut nng nghip, ch yu l ph xanh bng cy lm
nghip (cy keo).
S dng phng php ngi dn cng tham gia nghin cu trn ng
rung thc hin cc th nghim ny.
Ni dung 3: Nghin cu cc bin php k pht trin mt s loi cy
ci to t sau khai khong.
- Nghin cu cc bin php k thut thch hp trng c Vetiver x l
nhim t.
- Nghin cu cc bin php k thut trng cy phn xanh h u trn t
sau khai khong. (lm t, o h, bn phn, ti nc, trng xen)
S dng phng php ngi dn cng tham gia nghin cu trn ng
rung thc hin cc nghin cu ny.
- Nghin cu s dng cc loi phn bn hu c, v c lm tng ph
t v tng nng sut cy trng i vi mt s ging cy lng thc thc phm
ngn ngy (ng, khoai lang, u ) ti nhng vng t c a hnh thun li

11
bng phng nhng cht lng t km hoc nhim nh. nh gi tnh hnh
sinh trng, nng sut cy trng, cht lng t.
S dng phng php ngi dn cng tham gia nghin cu trn ng
rung thc hin cc th nghim ny.
Ni dung 4. Xy dng m hnh trnh din
T kt qu nghin cu v kh nng phc hi t ca cc loi thc vt cho
thy hiu qu thit thc ca cc loi, Chng tin hnh xy dng hai mi hnh
trnh din:
- M hnh s dng c vetiver x l nhim v ci to t ti nhng
vng t ngho kit do khai khong.1 m hnh (0.5 ha).
- M hnh nng-lm kt hp, s dng cy ci to t h u v cy lm
nghip trng trn nhng vng t ngho kit do khai khong tng che ph t
v tng ph t. 1 m hnh (0.5 ha).
- M hnh s dng phn hu c vi sinh Qu lm bn cho la trng trn
t sau khai khong t b xo trn, ngho kit v nhim nh.
S dng phng php ngi dn cng tham gia xy dng m hnh trn
ng rung thc hin cc th nghim ny.
2. Vt liu nghin cu
- i tng nghin cu:
+ Cy ci to t h u bn a v nhp ni: Mung l nhn (Cassia
occidentalis L.); u cng (Flemingia congesta); u ren (Rensonic); Trinh n
khng gai (Mimosa sp); Sunnemp (Crotalaria juncea); Xc xc (Sesbania
javaica Mi); Ct kh cao (Tephrosia candida).
+ Cy u ngn ngy: u en (Vigna unguiculata L.); u in Bin
1 (Vigna angularis sp); u in Bin 2 (Vigna angularis sp); u in Bin 3
(Vigna angularis sp); u mo Sapa (Mucuna pruiriens sp); u Xanh (Vigna
radiata).
+ Cy ht kim loi nng, cy chng xi mn, st l t bn a v nhp
ni: c vertiver (Vetiveria zizanioides); cy sy (Phragmites communis); cy
dng x (Marattiopsida); c voi (Panicum sarmentosum Roxb).
+ Cy lm nghip: dng Keo lai 2 dng BV10 v BV16; Keo l trm BVlt84
(c ngun gc trung tm ging cy rng, Vin nghin cu khoa hc lm nghip
Vit Nam); Keo tai tng (c xut x t PGN, k hiu l ht l 20133).
+ t sau khai thc qung st v c hon th.
- a im nghin cu:

12
+ Khu vc khai khong ti m st Tri Cau huyn ng H - tnh
Thi Nguyn.
+ Khu vc khai khong ti m thic x H Thng huyn i T tnh Thi Nguyn.
3. Phng php nghin cu
3.1. Kho st cht lng t vng nghin cu
- a im iu tra: iu tra ti mt s t dn ph c m khai thc khong
sn, phng vn cc h dn.
- Phng vn ngi dn, cn b qun l bng phiu cu hi iu tra:
+ S h phng vn: 30 h
+ Chn nhng h i din: nhng h gn khu vc nghin cu, nhng h
chu nh hng ca hot ng khai thc khong sn.
+ Phng vn bng phiu cu hi thit k sn v cu hi m kt hp
tho lun.
3.2. Phng php theo di
3.2.1. Cy trng
- Chiu cao cy: Dng thc dy o mi thng mt ln v o t gc n
nh sinh trng; mi cng thc o 10 cy vi 3 ln nhc li l 30 cy.
- S nhnh/cy: Tin hnh m s nhnh mi thng 1 ln, m 10 cy vi 3
ln nhc li l 30 cy (cy u ngn ngy theo di theo chu k sinh trng).
- i vi cc ch tiu: Nng sut cht xanh, cht kh, sinh khi cht xanh.
Theo di theo chu k thu hoch.
- i vi cc ch tiu: n su ca r, chiu di r, khi lng r, s
lng nt sn. Theo di 6 thng 1 ln (Vi cy h u ngn ngy theo di theo
chu k sinh trng pht trin).
+ Chiu di r: Sau khi trng c 6 thng tin hnh o chiu di r cy.
Dng xng o ton b r ca cy (ch trong qu trnh o khng lm t r
cy). Sau em ra v tin hnh o: o t phn tip gip gia r v thn tht
ca cy (gc) n nh r di nht. Mi cng thc o 3 cy.
+ S lng nt sn: Mi cng thc xc nh 3 cy (mi ln lp li xc
nh 1 cy).

13
Cch xc nh s lng nt sn: Dng xng o xung quanh gc cy (bn
knh khu vc o ty thuc vo tng loi cy), ly ton b lng t o c em
ra (dng li lc). Sau khi ra sch t ta tin hnh m s lng nt sn thu c.
+ Khi lng r: R cy sau khi o, ra sch v hong kh th tin
hnh cn (dng cn chuyn dng cn), cn 3 khm/ln lp/cng thc (mi
cng thc cn 9 khm), sau ly gi tr trung bnh. Cc khm ly ba v tr
khc nhau ca OTC (nh, gia v chn).
+ Hm lng kim loi nng tch ly trong thn, l, r: c xc nh
bng cch phn tch mu cy sau khi trng 1 nm.
3.2.2. nh gi t
- m t: L lng nc c biu th bng n v phn trm (%) so vi
trng lng t kh kit hay th tch nc so vi th tch t.
Theo di mi thng 1 ln sau trng, theo chu k sinh trng pht trin.
Ly mu t ti, sy nhit 105 1100 n khi trng lng t khng thay
i, tnh m t theo cng thc.
Cng thc:
At ( %) =
Trong :

Wn

x 100

Wd

At: m tuyt i tnh theo trng lng

Wn: trng lng nc trong t
Wd: trng lng t kh kit.
- Dung trng t: Theo di trc v sau khi trng.
Phng php xc nh: dng ng ng; Ly mu sy nhit 105
1100 n khi trng lng t khng thay i. Tnh trng lng t kh kit, th
tch ng tr v tnh dung trng t.
Dung trng t l trng lng ca mt n v th tch t kh kit trng
thi t nhin, n v l g/cm3 hoc tn/m3 (k hiu l d).
P
d=
V
Trong : d: dung trng ca t (g/cm3 ).
P: trng lng t kh kit trong ng tr (g).
V: th tch ng ng (cm3 ).

14
- xp ca t: theo di trc v sau khi trng.
xp l t l % cc khe h trong t so vi th tch t.
xp t c tnh theo cng thc:
P(%) = [1 Trong :

d
D

] x 100 = [1 -

P1
V

] x 100

P: xp (%).
d: Dung trng t (g/cm3).
D: T trng t (g/cm3).
P1: Trng lng nc cng th tch 40C.
V: th tch ng ng (cm3 ).

- Cc ch tiu v dinh dng t (Mn, m tng s, Ln tng s,

Kali tng s, pH). Mu t c phn tch theo cc phng php phn
tch hin hnh.
- Cc ch tiu v kim loi nng (As, Pb, Cd). Hm lng kim loi
nng trong t, phn tch mu t sau khi trng 4 thng, mt nm. V hm
lng kim loi nng trong thn l, phn tch mu thn l.
3.3. Phng php thu thp s liu th cp v s cp
- i vi ni dung iu tra, nh gi hin trng v cht lng t sau khai
khong ti Thi Nguyn.
+ Tng hp theo phiu iu tra (phiu iu tra trnh by ph lc trang).
+ Tham kho cc ngun ti liu lin quan n ti.
+ Quan st thu thp vt liu (mu t).
- i vi th nghim trng cy c kh nng ci to, chng xi mn, st
l t:
+ Thu thp cc s liu ti th nghim theo nh k theo di, phn tch,
nh gi cc ch tiu v cy trng, v tnh cht l ha, dinh dng ca t (phiu
iu tra trnh by ph lc trang).
+ Tham kho cc ti liu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc so snh, nh
gi tnh thch ng v hiu qu vic s dng cc ging cy bn a, i chng
(khng trng cy) v nhp ni ci to, chng xi mn st l t.

15
3.4. Cc phng php phn tch trong phng th nghim
Phn tch cc ch tiu trong t:
pHKCl: c chit bng KCl 1N, o bng my pH meter.
Mn (MO): Phn tch bng phng php tiu rin.
n tng s (N): Phn tch bng phng php Kieldahl.
Ln Tng s (P2O5): Phn tch bng phng php so mu.
Dung tch trao i cation (mgl/100g t) CEC: Phn tch bng phng
php amoniaxetat.
As v Pb trong t v cy c xc nh bng bng my ASS M6
Thermo.
3.5. Phng php x l v tng hp s liu
- Cc s liu thu c trn tng th nghim, c tnh ton theo phng
php trung bnh s hc, phn tch ANOVA tnh ton cc sai s v chnh
xc ca th nghim.
- Cc s liu sau khi tnh ton c nhp v x l s liu trn EXCEL v
IRRISTAT.
V. KT QU THC HIN TI
1. Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc
1.1. nh gi hin trng t ai sau khai khong ti tnh Thi Nguyn
1.1.1. Phn b im m, im khong sn trn a bn tnh
Tng s cc im m, im khong sn c pht hin trn a bn tnh
Thi Nguyn tnh n nm 2007 l 227 im. C th, cc im m, im khong
sn trong tng loi hnh nh sau [3], [9]:
a. Nhin liu khong
Than l khong sn c tim nng ca tnh Thi Nguyn. Trn a bn tnh
Thi Nguyn pht hin 13 m v im khong sn, trong thm d, khai
thc 6 m. Tng tr lng nh gi cp A + B + C1 t trn 90 triu tn. C 2
loi than: antraxit v than m.
b. Khong sn kim loi
Cc khong sn kim loi trn a bn tnh gm c st, mangan, titan, ng,
ch, km, thic, wolfram, vng, thu ngn. Trong c trin vng hn c l ch,
km, thic.

16
* St: pht hin v iu tra, nh gi, thm d, khai thc 50 m im
khong sn st, ng k hn c l m st Tin B c tr lng 24 triu tn v
Tri Cau 9 triu tn. Phn ln cc m v ang c khai thc cung cp
nguyn liu cho Lin hip gang thp Thi Nguyn. Tng tr lng v ti nguyn
d bo qung st ton tnh khong 45,46 triu tn ch yu phn b trung tm
ca tnh. C 2 loi qung: limonit v magnetit. Hu ht cc m thuc loi st
limonit (st nu), trong m Tin B l m ln nht.
* Mangan-st: Mangan-st c 2 im c pht hin x Ph Tin,
huyn nh Ho v m Bng, x Hng Sn, huyn i T. Qung manganst thuc kiu deluvi (im Ph Tin) v nhit dch (im m bng). Hm lng
Mn thp 3-10%, quy m nh, t trin vng.
* Titan: Trn a bn tnh pht hin 16 m, im qung titan. y l
khong sn c tim nng ca tnh Thi Nguyn. C 2 loi hnh m l sa
khong v gc. Tng tr lng (B+C1+C2 ) tnh qung ilmenit t 11,43
triu tn, qung titan 2,46 triu tn TiO2. Hu ht cc m ang c Cc
a cht v khong sn Vit Nam iu tra nh gi. Duy nht c m Cy
Chm c thm d.
* ng: Khong sn ng trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn mi pht hin 2
im qung quy m nh hm lng thp (Cu = 0,001%, Ni = 0,1%) l bn Rn
(huyn nh Ha) v Sui Cho (huyn V Nhai).
* Ch - km: Ch km l khong sn c trin vng ca tnh Thi Nguyn.
Cc ti liu n nay ghi nhn c 21 m v im khong sn ch km, ch yu
m c tm kim nh gi, thm d gm: M Ba, M Tch, Sa Lung, Cc
ng, Ci K v Lc Ba. Tng tr lng v ti nguyn d bo cp C1+C2+P1 l
354.000 tn Pb, Zn v 601 tn Cd. Ch km tp trung 2 khu vc ng H - V
Nhai v i T.
* Wolfram: Cho n nay mi pht hin mt m wolfram Lin. M
c nh gi tr lng 173.600 tn WO3, 149.100 tn Bi v 38 tn Au.
Qung ho trong vng phin sericit, phin silic, ct kt, vi h tng Ph
Ng (O - Spn) gn tip xc pha ty bc granit Lin thuc phc h Pia Oc (
K2po). Cc thn qung c dng trao i thay th phc tp. Khong vt qung

17
phn b rt khng u, gm ch yu l pyrit, pyrotin, calcopyrit, bismutin,
scheelit, vng, t casiterit.
* Thic: ghi nhn 10 m, im khong sn thic vi 6 m, im
qung gc v 4 im qung sa khong. Trong , m thic sa khong quy m
nh Phc Linh khai thc ht qung. Hai im qung gc La Bng v ty Ni
Pho tnh tr lng C2 = 12.600 tn Sn; 2982 tn Bi.
* Thu ngn: ghi nhn 1 m v 5 im, biu hin khong sn thu
ngn. Tr lng C1 + C2 = 258 tn Hg.
* Vng: Vng l khong sn c tim nng ca tnh Thi Nguyn. ghi
nhn 19 m, im khong sn vng thuc 2 kiu: vng gc 8 dim v vng sa
khong 11 im. Tng TL v TNDB t 20.820kg, trong C1 + C2 = 2350 kg.
c, Khong cht cng nghip
Cc khong cht cng nghip trn a bn tnh c barit, phosphorit,
kaolin, st kaolin, graphit v dolomit, trong , dolomit c qui m ln v trin
vng nht.
* Barit: Cho n nay pht hin 1 im khong sn barit Lc Ba v 4
biu hin khong sn barit.
im barit Lc Ba c 2 mch qung:
- Mch I: phng bc - nam di 150m, dy 3m. Hm lng BaSO4= 90%.
- Mch II: phng ty bc - ng nam di 150m, dy 2m. Hm lng
BaSO4 = 50 - 70%. TNDB khong 124 ngn tn BaSO4.
* Phosphorit: Trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn ghi nhn 1 m v 2
im phosphorit l m Lng Mi thuc x Tn Long, huyn V Nhai; im
K Ph thuc x K Ph v im Ni Vn thuc x Vn Yn ca huyn i T.
Tr lng TNDB cp C2 + P1 = 89.550 tn, trong cp C2 t 11.870 tn.
* Kaolin: Ti nguyn kaolin ca tnh Thi Nguyn khng ln. Cho n
nay mi ch ghi nhn 5 m, im khong sn kaolin. Tr lng t 1.205.270
tn, trong TL cp B + C1 +C2 t 1.115.270 tn.
* St gm s: Trn a bn tnh ng k 2 m qung st gm s gm
Tn Tin v Lng Bu. Cc m c tm kim, thm d, nhn chung c cht
lng mc trung bnh. Tng tr lng l 0,603 triu tn.

18
* Graphit: Kt qu o v a cht t l 1:50.000 ghi nhn 1 im
grapht Khun Ln, Hp Thnh, huyn Ph Lng v 9 biu hin khong sn
graphit. im qung Khun Ln cn c nh gi lm r trin vng.
* Dolomit: Dolomit l khong sn c tim nng ca tnh Thi Nguyn.
ng k 3 m, im khong sn olomot trn din tch ca tnh, trong 2 im La
Giang v Lng Lai c thm d nh gi tr lng. Quy m cc m ln v cht
lng n nh. Dolomit c hnh thnh do bin cht t vi, hm lng MgO
trn 18%, t yu cu lm gch chu la. Tng tr lng cp A+B+C t 108,84
triu tn.
d, Khong sn vt liu xy dng
Khong sn vt liu xy dng ca tnh Thi Nguyn kh phong ph,
trong c tim nng hn c l vi.
* vi xi mng: Trn a bn ca tnh, vi phn b kh ph bin
thuc cc h tng N Qun, Bc Sn, ng ng, chiu dy trn di 100m.
Chng l thnh di ko di khong vi km hoc to thnh khi ni, cht lng
kh tt, hm lng CaO trn 50%, t ch tiu vi xi mng. Mt s ni vi
b hoa ho mnh, c th iu tra khai thc lm p lt.
Hin c 6 m v im vi xi mng c iu tra thm d. Chng a
phn u nm gn trc ng quc l, cht lng t yu cu vi xi mng, qui
m trung bnh, iu kin khai thc thun li, ang c khai thc sn xut xi
mng. Tng tr lng tnh cp B + C1 + C2 t 193 triu tn.
* St xi mng: C 2 m st lm ph gia cho sn xut xi mng c
thm d trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn l Khe Mo v Cc ng. Tng tr
lng cp B + C1 + C2 t 60 triu tn, trong cp B l 5,6 triu tn, C1 l 41,5
triu tn. Tr lng v cht lng p ng cho sn xut xi mng trong tnh.
* p lt: M vi p lt La Hin-Quang Sn nm gia 2 huyn V
Nhai v ng H c nh gi thuc tng carbonat h tng Bc Sn. Kt qu
nh gi xc nh 3 im khong sn vi tr lng 35 triu m3. c cht
lng tt, mu sc p, c th thm d khai thc.
* St gch ngi: Tim nng st gch ngi ca tnh Thi Nguyn kh
phong ph. Cho n nay ghi nhn 11 m v 8 im st gch ngi vi tr
lng 23,8 triu m3. St gch ngi thuc 2 loi ngun gc: phong ho v trm

19
tch: St ngun gc phong ho c cc m Bn m v Cao Ngn; St c ngun
gc trm tch c m c Sn, Bi Ht, c Hin, Tn, Thanh Tr, V
Tranh.
* Ct xy dng: Trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn mi ch ghi nhn 1 im
ct xy dng quy m nh, l im Cao Ngn c tr lng vi chc ngn tn.
* Cui si xy dng: Cui si phn b dc theo cc bi bi 2 bn b v
lng sng ca sng Cu v sng y. Bo co kt qu ca n iu tra lp quy
hoch khai thc ct si sng Cu v sng Cng trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn
khoanh nh c 11 khu vc ct cui si lng sng. Cc im ny u c din
phn b khng ln, di trn di 1 km, rng 100-400m, chiu dy tng cui, si
thng t 1-2m, iu kin khai thc, vn chuyn kh thun li.
* Quczit: ghi nhn 2 im quczit trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn:
Lng Lai v Cy Trm. M Lng Lai c thm d c tr lng C1 + C2 = 25,3
triu tn.
e, Nc khong
Trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn pht hin 1 im nc khong La
Hin. Hin ti im nc khong ang c khai thc.
Ngoi ra v tim nng khong sn, trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn phn
trn mt cn c cc biu hin khong sn nh vng, titan, st ch km cha c
nh gi, thm d lm r tim nng. ng thi hu ht cc m v ang khai
thc cng ch c thm d v giao qun l khai thc phn nng (ch yu
<200m) so vi mt a hnh hin ti, phn di su vn cha c cng trnh thm
d xc nh tr lng. Do vy, v tim nng, hy vng Thi Nguyn trong
nhng nm ti s cn pht hin c cc khu m mi.
Khong sn trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn kh phong ph v chng loi
v s lng, phn b tp trung trong mt s khu vc, mi khu vc li c nhiu
loi khong sn c th khai thc kt hp. y l mt thun li ln ca tnh trong
vic u t thm d, khai thc khong sn.
Danh sch chi tit cc im m, s phn b v c im a cht ca
tng khu m c th hin chi tit ti bng ph lc 1 v km theo bn phn
b cc im m, im khong sn tnh Thi Nguyn.

20
Cc khong sn c trin vng hn c l than, titan, st, ch km, wolfram,
vng, dolomit, vi ximng, st gch ngi.

Hnh 1: Bn ti nguyn t tnh Thi Nguyn

1.1.2. Hin trng qun l v s dng t sau khai thc khong sn ti Thi
Nguyn tnh n nm 2010
Hin nay, trn a bn tnh gn nh cha c im m, im khong sn
no khai thc ht v tin hnh hon th mi trng. C mt s im m,
im khong sn ci to phc hi mi trng tng phn (ch yu l khu vc
bi thi t ), mt s m tm dng khai thc (cha tin hnh phc hi mi
trng) khi cha khai thc ht tr lng.
Bng1.1. Danh sch cc m v din tch hon th
ST
T

Tn cc
im m

a ch

Din tch
Hin
hon th trng s
(ha)
dng t

Ghi ch

M st Tri TT Tri Cau,

Cau
huyn ng H

22,8

Trng keo

ang khai thc,

hon th tng phn

M than
X Phc H, TP
Khnh Ho Thi Nguyn

32,6

Trng keo

ang khai thc,

hon th tng phn

M than

18,5

Trng keo ang khai thc,

X Phn M,

21
Phn M

huyn Ph
Lng

M than
Ni Hng

X Yn Lng,
huyn i T

X An Khnh,
M than
huyn i T v
Gc Thng C Lng, huyn
Ph Lng

M thic
i T

X H Thng,
huyn i T

hon th tng phn

ang khai thc,
hon th tng phn

24,2

Trng keo

19,91

Trng keo Kt thc khai thc

11,2

B khng,
ang hon Kt thc khai thc
th

Ngun: S Ti nguyn v Mi trng Thi Nguyn (2010)

Cc m tin hnh hon th mi trng, din tch t hon th hin ti
thuc quyn qun l ca m, cha trao tr li cho a phng, trn din tch t
ny u c trng keo phc hi mi trng.
1.1.3. nh gi cht lng t v kh nng s dng cho sn xut nng lm
nghip ti cc khu vc sau khai thc khong sn ti Thi Nguyn
1.1.3.1. Cc nguyn nhn tc ng ti mi trng t trong hot ng khai thc
khong sn
Hot ng khai thc khong sn chim dng mt lng ln din tch
t nng nghip, lm nghip, tng din tch t trong hot ng khai thc
khong sn l 3191,52 ha, chim gn 1% din tch t t nhin ca tnh. Vic
thay i c cu s dng t t nng lm nghip sang t phc v cho mc ch
khai thc lm gim qu t nng lm nghip, tc ng ln ti kinh t x hi
ca a phng.
Hot ng khai thc khong sn lm ph v cu trc trng thi ban u
ca t, lm bin i b mt m trong nht l xo trn b mt t, ph hy
thm thc vt ko theo hin tng xi mn, ra tri, t gy suy thoi mi
trng t. Mi trng chu nh hng ln nht trong khu vc m khai trng
khai thc l cht thi rn, cht thi rn khng s dng c cho cc mc ch
khc to nn trn b mt a hnh mp m, xen k gia cc h su v cc
ng t .

22
Trong qu trnh khai thc thi ra mt khi lng ln cht thi rn (t
thi), lm suy gim din tch t, mt t canh tc. Vi khai thc da trn
cng ngh khai thc l thin (vi h s bc t 7,5 - 13 m3/tn qung) thng thi
ra lng t rt ln to thnh nhng bi thi khng l, nh cc bi thi ca
m st Tri Cau (gn 2 triu m3 t thi/nm), m than Khnh Ha (gn 3
triu m3 t thi/nm), m than Phn M (hn 1 triu m3 t thi/nm),
vi cao bi thi t 100 n 250 m. Vi cao ni trn th cc bi thi thng
c d dc ln, khi tri ma hin tng st l t l khng trnh khi, t
gy s vi lp t xung ng i v din tch xung quanh khu vc bi thi
gy ra nhng tc ng khng nh n cuc sng ca ngi dn trong vng. Vic
st l bi thi m st Tri Cau, m than Khnh Ho, Phn M, nh
hng n hng trm ha t nng nghip ca vng ln cn bi thi.
Hot ng khai thc c nhng nh hng rt ln n kh nng canh tc
nng nghip ti cc khu vc gn m khai thc. nhim mi trng ti khu vc
m thic i T, m st Tri Cau, m than Khnh Ho, Phn M lm suy
gim nghim trng cht lng t canh tc nng nghip, nh hng n nng
sut cy trng.
C th ni, hot ng khai thc gy ra nhng nh hng rt ln n mi
trng t ti khu vc m v xung quanh m. Qu trnh khai thc, bc xc lng
ln t v thi lm gim din tch t canh tc nng nghip, gy nhim
l ho t, lm kh nng gi nc v cc cht dinh dng ca t b suy gim. Bn
cnh , mt s tc nhn gy nhim nh KLN c kh nng tch lu trong t, qua
c nh hng trc tip n cht lng nng sn v gin tip nh hng n sc
kho con ngi.
1.1.3.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t ti cc khu vc khai thc khong
sn
nh gi chi tit cht lng mi trng t ti cc khu vc khai thc
khong sn, chng ti tin hnh kho st chi tit v tin hnh ly cc mu
t ti 03 khu vc cho 03 li hnh m khai thc c trng trn a bn tnh,
l khu vc khai thc qung st, khu vc khai thc than v khu vc khai thc
kim loi mu. Kt qu phn tch c so snh vi QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho php ca kim loi nng trong t.

23
Bng 1.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t ti mt s m
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Tn ch
tiu
pH
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cd
Pb
As
Cu
Mn (OM)
N
P2O5
K2 O

M st Tri Cau
M than Phn M
n
v MTC1 MTC2 MTC3 MPM1 MPM2 MPM3
5
4,8
5
5
5
5,5
mg/kg 94965 30955 32250
9138
8001
24244,5
mg/kg 1149
1810
1018
645
372
199,5
mg/kg 692
281
312,5
540
47
62,5
mg/kg
3,8
1,2
0,4
9,6
2,25
1,3
mg/kg 405
225,2 111,15
31,8
43,2
28,3
mg/kg 13,9
35,15
21,25
<0,5
<0,5
8,7
mg/kg 139,25
58,9
63,9
13,2
33,8
55,6
%
1,646
3,380
2,100
0,22
0,43
1,02
%
0,080
0,146
0,096
0,04
0,05
0,07
%
0,06
0,08
0,08
0,02
0,03
0,06
%
0,162
0,245
0,193
0,09
0,14
0,19

M thic i T
QCVN
MT1 MT2 MT3 03:2008
3,5
5
4,5
23144,5 6496
4059
62
222,5
156
46,5
<9
87,5
200
2,1
1,8
0,4
2
148,25
8,75
37,8
100
162,5
19,4
22,75
12
1040,15 117,5
39,25
70
0,348
0,366
2,89
0,03
0,038
0,116
0,06
0,28
0,34
0,19
0,231
0,365
-

Ghi ch:
MTC1:Khu vc bi thi t ca m st Tri Cau

MPM3: Cch chn bi thi 150m m than Phn M (t rung)

MTC2: t rung cch bi thi ca m st Tri Cau 150m MT1: t c ly ti khu vc bi thi m thic i T
MTC3: Vn nh B Phm Th Lan - t 5, TT Tri Cau

MT2: t mu gip vi h cha nc thi m thic i T

MPM1: Khu vc bi thi ca m than Phn M

MT3: t mu ven sui tip nhn nc thi m thic i T

MPM2: Cch bi thi m than Phn M 100m (t rung)

24
a/ Ti khu vc m st Tri Cau
pH ca t: Qua bng 1.2 ta thy: pH trong cc mu t
nghin cu u rt thp, trong thp nht l mu M2 (pH = 4,80), hai mu
cn li pH cng khng cao hn nhiu (pH = 5). Nh vy t ai khu vc
nghin cu mang tnh axit. Xt theo c im v tnh cht t ti khu vc th
t ti khu vc th trn Tri Cau c c im ngho nn v thnh phn v c
pH thp. Tuy nhin so vi c im ca t trung du min ni th pH ca t
ti khu vc thp hn kh nhiu. iu ny cho thy hot ng khai thc qung
st ti khu vc nh hng n nng pH ti y, lm pH gim i ng
k. Ring vi mu M2 pH thp hn, hay t rung chua nht l do con ngi
bn phn sinh l chua lm t chua dn qua cc v.
Hm lng mn (OM): Kt qu nhn c cho thy, hm lng mn
trong cc mu t nghin cu chnh lch nhau kh ln. Trong , mu M1 l
mu c t l OM thp nht (1,646%), so vi thang nh gi th mu M1 c hm
lng mn mc ngho; mu M2 v M3 u c hm lng mn mc trung
bnh (M2 = 3,38% v M3 = 2,1%). iu ny c th gii thch nh sau: Mu M1
c hm lng thp nht l do y l khu vc bi thi t ca khu m, do
n b nh hng trc tip ca hot ng khai thc qung st, t ai ngho
cht dinh dng. Mu M2 - t rung c hm lng mn cao hn so vi t cc
khu vc khc l do n cch xa khu vc khai thc nn mc b nh hng t
hn, li thng xuyn c b sung hm lng cht hu c ng k t phn
chung v cc sn phm ph nng nghip t hot ng canh tc. Nhn chung,
t ai ti khu vc th trn Tri Cau do nh hng ca hot ng khai khong
sn nn hm lng mn khng cao, ch t mc ngho v trung bnh.
Hm lng Nit tng s: Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng Nit
tng s trong cc mu c s chnh lch khng ng k. C 3 mu t nghin
cu u c hm lng NTS mc trung bnh. Trong hm lng NTS trong
t khu vc thi thp nht vi NTS = 0,08%; hm lng NTS trong t
rung cao hn c (0,146%). iu ny cng c th gii thch l do t
rung c nhn thm NTS t sn xut nng nghip nn hm lng NTS s cao
hn. Mt khc, do hm lng NTS ph thuc phn ln vo hm lng cht

25
hu c, hp cht mn trong t; hay ni cch khc do trong t hm lng
NTS t l thun vi hm lng mn nn hm lng NTS mc trung bnh v
thay i tng ng vi hm lng mn l ph hp.
Hm lng Pht pho tng s: Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng
PTS trong cc mu t nghin cu dao ng t 0,06% n 0,08% v nm
mc trung bnh so vi thanh nh gi. Hm lng PTS trong mu t rung v
t vn (PTS = 0,08%) cao hn so vi t khu vc bi thi (PTS = 0,06%).
Qua bng 3.5 ta thy, khng ch c ring NTS m c PTS cng ph thuc vo
hm lng mn trong t. Tc l, hm lng mn cng cao th hm lng PTS
cng nhiu v ngc li. Hn na, do pH thp, t chua nn cng nh hng
nhiu n hm lng ln d tiu trong t. Nhn chung, mi trng t ti cc
khu vc ly mu u c hm lng PTS n nh v mc trung bnh.
Hm lng Kali tng s: Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy, KTS trong
mu t nghin cu mc ngho, dao ng trong khong t 0,162% n
0,245%. Trong , mu M2 - mu t rung c t l KTS cao nht; mu M1 c
hm lng KTS thp nht (0,162%). Hm lng Kali trong t t l thun vi
hm lng mn trong t, do vy KTS trong cc mu t nghin cu thp l
iu d hiu.
nh gi chung v hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong t khu
vc m st Tri Cau: Qua nhng kt qu phn tch v nh gi trn ta thy:
Do nh hng ca hot ng khai thc qung st, t ai cc khu vc nghin
cu c thnh phn dinh dng tng i ngho. pH thp (pH = 4,8 : 5),
t mang tnh cht chua nh; hm lng mn (OM = 1,646% : 3,38%), m
tng s (NTS = 0,08 : 0,146), ln tng s (PTS = 0,06% : 0,08%), kali tng s
(KTS = 0,162% : 0,245%) cng ch mc ngho v trung bnh. S suy gim
v cht lng t lm nh hng ln n i sng ca nhn dn trn a
bn th trn ni chung v nh hng trc tip n hot ng sn xut nng
nghip ca ngi dn ti y ni ring.
Hm lng Asen tng s: Hm lng As tng s trong t nghin
cu bin i khng ging nhau ty thuc tng loi t v u cao hn so vi
QCCP (QCVN 03: 2008/BTNMT). Trong , hm lng As trong mu M2

26
l cao nht tng ng vi mc 35,15 mg/kg, vt 2,93 ln QCCP; mu M3
c hm lng As l 21,25 mg/kg, vt 1,77 ln QCCP. Hm lng As trong
mu M1 thp nht vi mc tng ng l 13,9 mg/kg, vt 1,56 ln QCCP.
Nh vy c 3 mu t nghin cu u cho thy, t ai ti khu vc b
nhim kim loi As kh nng. Mu M2 c hm lng As rt ln vt QCCP
l do mi trng t rung ti y trng, gn khu vc chn bi thi, khu vc
khai thc nn cc loi cht thi v nc thi chy t khu bi thi xung,
cun theo lng ln As vo mi trng t l nguyn nhn gy nhim mi
trng t ti y, vic s dng thuc BVTV trong nng nghip cng l
nguyn nhn lm tng hm lng As trong t rung. Kt lun: Nh vy
mi trng t ti khu vc m st Tri Cau b nhim As nghim trng, c
bit l t rung.
Hm lng Pb tng s: Hm lng Pb tng s trong cc mu nghin
cu u rt ln. Trong , mu c hm lng Pb cao nht l mu M1 vi Pb =
405 mg/kg, vt QCCP 5,8 ln; mu M2 vi Pb = 225,2 mg/kg, vt QCCP
3,2 ln; mu M3 c hm lng Pb thp nht song cng vt 1,6 ln QCCP.
Nh vy, mi trng t ti khu vc bi thi t b nhim Pb nghim
trng. C th gii thch s khc nhau v hm lng Pb cc mu nghin cu
nh sau:
- Mu M1 c hm lng Pb cao nht (405 mg/kg t) l do y l khu
vc bi t thi, ni tip nhn ngun thi trc tip t m, do vy b
nh hng trc tip t hot ng khai thc qung st.
- Mu M2 v mu M3 mc d hm lng Pb thp hn mu M1 nhng
kt qu phn tch cho thy t khu vc ny b nhim ch vi mt lng rt
ln. Hin tng nhim ch ny l do t ti khu vc ny b nh hng mnh
bi hot ng khai thc khong sn, mt phn na l do trong qu trnh sn
xut nng nghip b con nng dn s dng mt lng thuc BVTV c
cha hm lng Pb nhng cy trng cha hp th ht, do vy vn tn d mt
lng nh trong t.
Hm lng Cd tng s: Hm lng Cd tng s trong t nghin cu
c s chnh lch kh ln, dao ng trong khong t 0,4 mg/kg n 3,8 mg/kg.

27
Trong , mu M1 c hm lng Cd cao nht, vt QCCP 1,8 ln; mu M3 c
hm lng Cd thp nht (Cd = 0,4 mg/kg) v thp hn QCCP. Kt qu ny c
th c gii thch nh sau: Mu M1 b nhim Cd kh ln l do t ai ti
khu vc b nh hng bi hot ng khai thc qung st. Mu M2 v M3
cng c du hiu nhim Cd l do t ai ti y cng b nh hng mt phn
nh do hot ng khai thc.
Hm lng Zn tng s: Hm lng Zn tng s trong t nghin cu
dao ng rt ln t 281mg/kg n 692 mg/kg. C 3 mu t nghin cu u
c hm lng Zn vt QCCP. Trong , mu M1 l mu b nhim Zn ln
nht, vi Zn = 692 mg/kg, vt QCCP 3,46 ln; mu M3 cng b nhim Zn
mc kh cao (Zn = 312,5 mg/kg), vt QCCP 1,56 ln; mu M2 cha hm
lng Zn thp nht trong 3 mu (Zn = 281 mg/kg), vt QCCP 1,4 ln. Kt
qu phn tch c th c gii thch nh sau: t ai ti cc khu vc nghin
cu u b nhim Zn l do n b nh hng ca hot ng khai thc qung
st. Mu M1 c hm lng Zn cao nht l v: trong cc dng km th Zn tn
ti dng lin kt vi st v mangan l ln nht, do hm lng Zn ch yu
tp trung vc bi thi. Km tn ti dng linh ng l Zn tc ng trc tip
n i sng cy trng, c hm lng thp hn v dng ny s tp trung t
vn; trong t rung t hn. Mi trng t ti cc khu vc ly mu nghin
cu u b nhim Zn.
b/ Ti khu vc m than Phn M
pH ca t: Kt qu phn tch pH ca t thp cho thy t c
biu hin chua ho. Mu c pH thp nht l mu MD1 v MD2, mu c pH
cao nht l mu MD3. Vic t b chua ho c nh hng xu n s sinh
trng v pht trin ca thc vt ti vng. Nguyn nhn pH thp c th do 2
l do chnh: bn cht a cht ca vng v do s axt ho t t thi ca
m gy ra.
Hm lng mn (OM): Kt qu phn tch hm lng OM ca t sau
khai thc thp. Nu so snh hm lng OM trong mu t vi thang nh gi th
mu MD1 = 0,22%, MD2 = 0,43% v MD3 = 1,02% c hm lng OM mc
rt ngho. Hm lng OM trong 3 mu t c s chnh lch, trong mu MD3

28
(khu vc cch chn bi thi 150m v pha Ty) c hm lng OM cao nht do
khu vc ly mu MD3 l t rung phc v cho hot ng nng nghip. Khu
vc ly mu MD1 (khu vc bi thi) ang hoang, thc vt ch c c, lau, sy
nn hm lng mn rt thp.
Hm lng nit tng s (NTS): Kt qu phn tch hm lng NTS ca
t sau khu vc m cho gi tr thp. Nu so snh hm lng NTS ca 3 mu
t nghin cu vi thang nh gi th mu MD1 = 0,02%, MD2=0,05% v
MD3 = 0,07% c hm lng NTS mc ngho. Hm lng NTS trong 3 mu
t c s chnh lch khng ng k. Trong , mu MD3 c hm lng NTS
cao nht do khu vc ly mu t l t rung. Mt khc, do hm lng NTS
ph thuc phn ln vo hm lng OM trong t nn mu MD3 c hm
lng NTS cao nht trong 3 mu.
Hm lng pht pho tng s (PTS): Kt qu phn tch hm lng PTS
ca t tng i thp. Nu so snh hm lng PTS trong mu t vi thang
nh gi th mu MD1 = 0,02%, MD2 = 0,03% c hm lng PTS mc
ngho v mu MD3 = 0,06% c hm lng PTS mc trung bnh. Nh vy,
hm lng PTS trong 3 mu t c s chnh lch ng k. Trong , mu
MD3 c hm lng PTS cao nht do y l khu vc t nng nghip. Mt
khc, kt qu phn tch cho thy PTS ph thuc vo OM, khi hm lng OM
trong t cng cao th hm lng PTS cng nhiu v ngc li.
Hm lng kali tng s (KTS): Kt qu phn tch hm lng KTS ca t
thp. Nu so snh hm lng KTS trong mu t vi thang nh gi th mu MD1
= 0,09%, MD2 = 0,14% v MD3 = 0,19% c hm lng KTS mc ngho. Hm
lng KTS trong 3 mu t c s chnh lch ng k. Trong , mu MD3 c
hm lng KTS cao nht do y l khu vc t nng nghip. Mt khc, kt qu
phn tch cho thy KTS ph thuc vo OM, khi hm lng OM trong t cng cao
th hm lng KTS cng nhiu v ngc li.
Hm lng As: Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng As trong mu
t thp hn Quy chun cho php trong t nng nghip, lm nghip rt nhiu.
Ti M1, M2 hm lng As nh hn 0,5 mg/kg, ch c M3 pht hin As
vi hm lng 8,7 mg/kg (Quy chun cho php l 12mg/kg). Hm lng As

29
trong t thi m than Phn M gn nh khng pht hin thy, do vy vic
tc ng ca m v ngun nhim As trong t gn nh khng c.
Hm lng Pb: Kt qu phn tch hm lng Pb trong cc mu t
thp hn so vi QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT i vi t nng nghip v lm
nghip. Hm lng Pb trong cc mu t dao ng t 28,2 n 43,2 mg/kg,
trong khi mu t thi ca m hm lng Pb l 31,8 mg/kg thp hn
hm lng Pb ti khu vc t rung ln cn (hm lng Pb t 43.2 mg/kg).
Tc ng trong hot ng ca m v nhim Pb trong t l khng ln.
Hm lng Cd: Kt qu phn tch hm lng Cd trong cc mu
t dao ng t 1,3 n 9,6 mg/kg, trong mu t thi ca m c
hm lng Cd l 9,6 mg/kg, cao hn QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT i vi
t nng nghip v lm nghip 4,8 ln, mu t M 2 hm lng Cd
vt 1,1 ln. Hot ng ca m c biu hin gy nhim Cd trong
t ti khu vc.
Hm lng Zn: Kt qu phn tch hm lng Zn trong cc mu t
dao ng t 47 n 540 mg/kg, trong mu t thi ca m c hm
lng Zn l 540 mg/kg, cao hn QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT i vi t nng
nghip v lm nghip 2,5 ln. Cc mu t khu vc ln cn, hm lng Zn
nh hn so vi QCVN, hot ng ca m c nh hng nh n nhim Zn
trong t.
c/ Ti khu vc m thic i T
pH ca t: Kt qu phn tch pH ca t thp cho thy t c
biu hin chua ho. Mu c pH thp nht l mu M1 c pH = 3,5 (ti khu
vc bi thi), tip n l mu M3 v M2. Vic t b chua ho nh
hng xu n s sinh trng v pht trin ca thc vt ti vng. Hot ng
khai thc v ch bin thic tc ng r rt n cht lng t ti khu vc.
Hm lng cht hu c, dinh dng (mn, tng N, tng P, tng K):
Kt qu phn tch hm lng cht hu c, cht dinh dng trong t cho thy
t ti khu vc bi thi l thp nht, hm lng cht hu c, cht dinh dng
mc rt ngho, tip n l t khu vc ln cn M2 v M3. Cc hot
ng khai thc, ch bin lm cho t c du hiu thoi ho.

30
nhim kim loi nng trong t: Kt qu phn tch cho thy, t ti
khu vc m thic i T b nhim nghim trng v kim loi nng, c
bit l nhim v As, Cu. t ti khu vc bi thi c hm lng As t 162,5
mg/kg vt QCVN cho php l 13,5 ln, tip n l mu t M2, M3 ln
lt vt QCVN l 1,6 v 1,9 ln; hm lng Cu trong mu t rt cao, c
bit mu M1 hm lng Cu t 1040,15 mg/kg, vt QCVN 14,86 ln, mu
M2 vt 1,68 ln. Vi cc kim loi nng khc (Cd, Pb), ch t ti khu vc
bi thi l b nhim nh.
Hot ng khai thc, ch bin ti m thic i T gy nhim kim
loi nng nghim trng t ti khu vc, c bit l nhim As v Cu.
1.1.3.3. nh gi kh nng s dng t sau khai thc khong sn cho mc
ch nng lm nghip
Hot ng khai thc khong sn lm suy gim cht lng t
nghim trng, kt qu phn tch nh gi cht lng t cho thy t rt
ngho cc cht hu c, dinh dng, hm lng kim loi nng trong t vt
rt nhiu ln so vi quy chun cho php. Vic t b thoi ho nh hng
xu ti hot ng sn xut nng lm nghip. Qua kho st thc t cng vi
phng vn ti cc h dn ln cn cc khu vc m cho thy r iu ny.
Bng 1.3. Biu hin do hot ng khai thc khong sn ti t v cy trng

STT

Biu hin

1
2
3
4

t xu hn, mu m gim
t b xi mn, ra tri, trt l
t khng c kh nng canh tc
Nng sut cy trng gim
Biu hin khc (t b nhim
du m, b chua)

T l phiu ng /tng s phiu

iu tra (%)
M st
Tri Cau

M thic
i T

M than
Phn M

100
93,33
66,67
86,67

100
6,67
83,33
100

40,00

73,33

100
72,33
73,33
66,67
1
30

(Ngun: Tng hp t phiu iu tra 2009)

31
Qua phng vn cc h dn ln cn cc khu vc m, h dn b nh
hng t hot ng ca m cho thy r cc hot ng khai thc khong
sn tc ng ln ti cht lng t v nng sut cy trng. Gn nh tt
c cc h dn c phng vn ti 03 khu vc m u c nh gi t ti
khu vc xu i, mu m gim, cy chm tng trng, nng sut cy
trng gim,

Bng 1.4. Cc loi cy trng, cy hoang di mc trn vng t sau

khai thc
% phiu ng ti cc khu vc m
STT

Loi cy

Loi cy trng

M st
Tri Cau

M thic
i T

M than
Phn M

Keo

100

26,67

100

Bch n

20,00

40,00

63,33

Sn

6,67

6,67

6,76

Ch

0,00

16,67

6,67

Cy n qu

10,00

6,67

3,33

C chn b

40,00

20,00

3,33

II

Loi cy hoang di

Lau

100

100

100

Sy

100

100

100

Xu h

83,33

93,33

60,00

Ch

26,67

40,00

20,00

C om m

3,33

3,33

10,00

C ranh

6,67

20,00

3,33

(Ngun: Tng hp t phiu iu tra 2009)

t ti cc khu vc sau khai thc khong sn hin ti u do m qun
l v ang trong qu trnh ci to, phc hi trc khi bn giao li cho a
phng qun l, s dng. Hin trng t ti cc khu vc ch yu c trng

32
keo v trn khu t c mt phn nh din tch c ngi dn trng bch n,
sn, ch v cng vi l c rt nhiu cy hoang di mc.
1.2. Xc nh mt s loi cy ci to t s dng ph hp trn t sau
khai thc khong sn ti tnh Thi Nguyn
1.2.1. Nghin cu tuyn chn mt s loi thc vt kh kim loi nng
1.2.1.1. Sinh trng ca cy trng
Trong mi cng thc, mi loi cy c trng trn mt lung vi kch
thc 10m x 5m, trng theo hng thnh 10 lung. Sau 12 thng trng, kt
qu theo di v cho thy cc loi cy sinh trng, pht trin bnh thng.
S liu theo di tng trng chiu cao ca cc cy th nghim trng trn
t sau khai thc thic (bng 1.5) cho thy ng thi sinh trng chiu cao
cy l bnh thng theo c tnh ca cy.
Bng 1.5. ng thi sinh trng ca cy trng sau khi trng 1 nm
Ch tiu
Cng
thc

Sinh khi thn l

(g/khm)

Chiu
cao
(cm)

Ti

Kh

Ct1

146,833

82,700

32,333

Ct2

27,167

33,167

Ct3

180,500

58,83

Chiu di
r (cm)

Sinh khi r
(g/khm)
Ti

Kh

34,333

84,333

42

7,007

27,000

53,667

24,433

24,200

33,667

78,667

34,333

CT1: C vetiver; CT2: dng x.

CT3: Cy sy;
Sau 12 thng chiu cao tng ln trung bnh sau 3 ln nhc li ca c
vetiver t 146,833 cm lch tiu chun nm trong khong 4,646, cy dng
x 27,167 cm lch tiu chun nm trong khong 3,329; ca sy t 180,5
cm, lch tiu chun nm trong khong 3,775. Sau 12 thng c s tng
ln vt tri cng thc trng sy tng 129,6 cm, cy dng x tng ln khng
ng k ch khong 6 cm, cy vetiver tng ln 67,33 cm so vi 6 thng trng cy.
iu ny phn nh ng vi qu trnh kho st thc a trc khi thc hin th
nghim. Sy l loi cy pht trin cn tng i tt v d thch nghi.
Ghi ch:

33
Sinh khi thn l th hin s sinh trng nhanh hay chm ca cy trng
trong khong thi gian nht nh. Bng 1.5 th hin sinh khi ca thc vt th
nghim sau 12 thng nghin cu. Cng thc trng c vetiver trung bnh khi
lng ti t 82,7 g/khm, khi lng kh t 32,33 g. Cng thc dng x
khi lng ti t 33,167 g/khm, khi lng kh t 7,007 g. Cng thc
trng sy khi lng ti t 58,833 g/khm, khi lng kh t 24,2
g/khm. Khi lng ti v khi lng kh u t cao nht cng thc
trng vetiver ln lt l (82,7 g/khm) v (32,333g), thp nht l cng thc
trng dng x (33,167 g/khm) v (7,007g).
Kt qu o m trn ph hp vi mt s kt qu nghin cu v ng thi
sinh trng chiu cao v chiu di r ca c vetiver, dng x v cy sy trc
y. Qua cho thy kh nng sinh trng ca c vetiver v cy sy cao hn so
vi dng x. Sinh khi ca cy ngoi vic th hin kh nng thch nghi sinh
trng ca mnh m cn nh hng n kh nng hp thu KLN mi trng
t b nhim.
Sau 12 thng chiu di r trung bnh c 3 ln nhc li trung bnh t
34,333 cm, chiu di r dng x t 27cm, chiu di r cy Sy t 33,667 cm.
Chiu di r ca c vetiver t gi tr cao nht: iu ny cho thy c
vetiver c b r sinh trng rt mnh k c trong diu kin t xu. i vi
cy dng x, kh nng sinh trng ca loi cy ny l rt chm. C th do
t qu kh so vi yu cu ca cy dng x trong giai on cy con.
i vi sinh khi r, kt qu nghin cu thu c cng tng t nh kt
qu nghin cu sinh khi thn l. Sinh khi r ca 3 loi cy nghin cu c
th hin ti bng 1.5 cho thy c vetiver v cy sy c sinh khi r ln nht.
Qua bng s liu trn cho thy kt qu v lng r ti v kh ca
mt s loi cy trng th nghim trn t sau khai thc thic. Kt qu cho
thy: r ti trung bnh c 3 ln nhc li cng thc trng vetiver t
lng 84,333g; cng thc trng dng x t trung bnh 53,667g; cng thc
trng sy sinh khi r ti nng 78,667g. t sinh khi ti cao nht l r
ca cy vetiver v nh nht l cy dng x, cn li l cy sy.

34
R kh trung bnh c 3 ln nhc li cng thc trng vetiver t
lng 42g; cng thc trng dng x t trung bnh 24,433g; cng thc
trng sy sinh khi r ti nng 34,333g.
c bit khi so snh vi sinh khi thn l, th sinh khi r ca cc loi
cy ny u cho gi tr ln hn. B r pht trin rt mnh chng t kh nng
tn ti v thch nghi cao ca cy c vetiver v sy trn t sau khai thc thic
vn rt ngho kit v c chua cao.
1.2.1.2. Kh nng hp thu KLN
nh gi lng hp thu kim loi nng ti vng t nhim sau khai
thc thic ca vetiver, dng x v cy sy. Cc mu thc vt c tin hnh
ly cc v tr khc nhau mi cng thc trng vetiver, dng x v sy
trong 3 ln nhc li v x l v phn tch phng th nghim. Bng 1.6 cho kt
qu v lng hp thu ba nguyn t kim loi nng Pb, Cd v As ca cc loi
cy th nghim.
Bng 1.6. Lng KLN hp thu c ca mt s loi cy
trn t bi thi sau khai thc thic
n v: mg/kg
Thi
im
Sau 12
thng
trng

Loi cy
KLN

Vetiver

Dng X

Lau sy

Thn l

Thn l

Thn l

Pb

6,78

21,47

7,14

39,41

5,63

30,36

Cd

0,36

0,5

0,61

0,8

0,73

1,63

As

16,42

26,43

11,54

22,31

18,97

59,37

(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Khoa hc S sng Trng H NL Thi Nguyn)

Qua bng s liu phn tch hm lng KLN c hp thu trong ba cy
vetiver, dng x v sy sau 12 thng trng cy trn t sau khai thc thic:
* cng thc trng Vetiver
Hm lng Ch (Pb) c tch lu trong thn l l 6,78 mg/kg, tch lu
trong r l 21,47 mg/kg, c vetiver hp thu ch trong t 28,25 mg/kg. Hm
lng Cadimi hp thu trong thn l 0,36 mg/kg, hp thu trong r l 0,5 mg/kg,
vetiver hp thu Cd trong t 0,86 mg/kg. Hm lng Asen (As) hp thu trong

35
thn l 16,42 mg/kg, hp thu trong r l 26,43 mg/kg, tng lng hp thu As trong
c cy l 42,85 mg/kg.
* cng thc trng Dng x
Hm lng Ch (Pb) c tch lu trong thn l l 7,14 mg/kg, tch lu
trong r l 39,41 mg/kg. Dng x hp thu ch trong t 46,55 mg/kg. Hm
lng Cadimi hp thu trong thn l 0,61 mg/kg, hp thu trong r l 0,8 mg/kg,
tng lng hp thu Cd trong t ca dng x 1,41 mg/kg. Hm lng Asen (As)
hp thu trong thn l 11,54 mg/kg, hp thu trong r l 22,31 mg/kg, tng lng
hp thu As trong c cy l 33,85 mg/kg.
* cng thc trng Sy
Hm lng Ch (Pb) c tch lu trong thn l l 5,63 mg/kg tch lu
trong r l 30,36 mg/kg. Sy hp thu ch trong t 35,99 mg/kg. Hm lng
Cadimi hp thu trong thn l 0,73 mg/kg, hp thu trong r l 1,63 mg/kg, cy sy
hp thu Cd trong t 2,36 mg/kg. Hm lng Asen (As) hp thu trong thn l
18,97 mg/kg, hp thu trong r l 59,37 mg/kg, tng lng hp thu As trong c cy
l 78,34 mg/kg.
mg/kg
20

18.97

18

16.42

16
14
11.54

12

Pb

10
8

Cd
7.14

6.78

As

5.63

6
4
2

0.36

0.61

0.73

0
vetiver

dng x

sy

Hnh 1.1a. Lng KLN hp thu trong thn l ca cc loi cy th nghim

Qua hnh 1.1a cho ta thy lng hp thu KLN trong thn l ca ba loi
cy: vetiver, dng x v sy trng trn t nhim sau khai thc thic. Hm
lng Pb hp thu nhiu nht trong thn l cy dng x (7,14mg/kg), t nht l
trong cy sy (5,83mg/kg). Hm lng Cd hp thu nhiu nht trong thn cy
sy (0,73mg/kg). Hm lng As hp thu nhiu nht trong cy sy
(18,97mg/kg), t nht l cy dng x (11,54mg/kg).

36
m g/kg
59.37

60
50
39.41

40

30.36
30

26.43

Pb
Cd

22.31

21.47

As

20
10
0.8

0.5

1.63

0
vetiver

dng x

sy

Hnh 1.1b. Lng KLN hp thu trong r ca cy th nghim

Qua biu 1.1b trn cho ta thy lng hp thu KLN trong r ca 3
loi cy: vetiver, dng x v sy trng trn t nhim sau khai thc thic.
Hm lng Pb hp thu nhiu nht trong r cy dng x (39,41mg/kg), t nht
l trong cy vetiver (21,47mg/kg). Hm lng Cd hp thu nhiu nht trong r
cy sy (1,62mg/kg), t nht trong r cy vetiver (0,5mg/kg). Hm lng As
hp thu nhiu nht trong cy sy (59,37mg/kg), t nht l cy dng x
(22,31mg/kg).
Lng hp thu KLN trong thn l v r ca vetiver, dng x v sy
nghin cu l khng ging nhau. Cc b phn r tch ly nhiu KLN hn so
vi thn l i vi tt c cc loi cy nghin cu. C ba loi cy nghin cu
u hp th Pb, As v Cd. Tuy nhin theo kt qu phn tch, Pb v As c
tch ly trong cy nhiu hn nhiu so vi Cd, c th do nng Pb v As
trong t cao hn.
1.2.1.3. nh gi v t
a, nh gi s thay i dung trng t
Dung trng ph thuc vo thnh phn khong vt, hm lng cht hu c
v kt cu t. S thay i dung trng t (bng 1.7) qua cc thi im theo di
phn no nh gi c s khc bit trc v sau khi trng cy hp thu kim loi
nng trn t sau khai thc thic.

37
Bng 1.7. S thay i dung trng t sau thi gian
12 thng trng cy th nghim
n v: (g/cm3)
Cng thc
Mi trng t
Trc khi trng

Vetiver

Dng x

Sy

t i
chng

1,58

Sau 12 thng trng cy 1,428 0,029

1,50 01

1,64

1,533 0,038

(Ngun: Theo di th nghim nm 2010-2011)

Qua bng trn cho thy v c bn dung trng t khc nhau trn
t trng cy v t i chng. Kt qu th hin nh sau: th nghim
trng c vetiver dung trng (D) dao ng trong khong 1,428g/cm3 vi
lch tiu chun trong khong 0,029. th nghim trng dng x D
nm trong khong 1,50 g/cm3. th nghim trng sy D nm trong
khong 1,533 g/cm3 vi lch tiu chun trong khong 0,038. i
chiu vi dung trng t v tr i chng cho thy dung trng cao
hn D = 1,64 g/cm3. T thy c hiu qu lm tng xp cho t
sau khi trng cy so vi vic t trng. Khi vic s dng vetiver,
dng x v cy sy hp thu KLN l c hiu qu trong vic ci to t
nhim, bc mu.
b, nh gi s thay i hm lng KLN trong t trc v sau th nghim
Bng 1.8. Kt qu phn tch t sau khai thc thic
trng mt s loi cy th nghim
n v: mg/kg
QCVN
Trng Trng
Trng
03/2008/BTNMT
vetiver dng x
sy

Pb

310

298,4

145,3

299,32

300

Cd

12

3,32

8,29

3,32

10

As

162,5

29,2

49,36

11,19

12

Thi im KLN
Sau khi 12
thng
trng cy

t sau TN

t
ban
u

(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Khoa hc S sng Trng H NL Thi Nguyn)

38
Qua bng trn cho thy hm lng KLN trong t sau 12 thng nghin
cu th nghim trng vetiver, dng x, sy. Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Khoa
hc S sng c so snh vi QCVN 03:2008 ca b TNMT dnh cho t s
dng trong mc ch cng nghip cho thy:
* cng thc trng c Vetiver
Sau 12 thng nghin cu th nghim trng cy, hm lng ch (Pb) t
298,4 mg/kg gim cho vi cht lng t ban u (310mg/kg) l 11,6
mg/kg v nm trong gii hn cho php theo QCVN; hm lng cadimi (Cd)
trong t l 3,32 mg/kg nm trong gii hn cho php QCVN (10 mg/kg),
gim 8,68 mg/kg so vi cht lng t ban u khi cha trng cy l 12
mg/kg; hm lng asen (As) trong t trng vetiver l 29,2 mg/kg gim 5,56
ln so vi hm lng kim loi nng trong t ban u (162,5 mg/kg).
* cng thc trng Dng x
Hm lng ch (Pb) t 145,3 mg/kg gim cho vi cht lng t
ban u (310mg/kg) khong 2,133 ln v nm trong gii hn cho php theo
QCVN; hm lng cadimi (Cd) trong t l 8,29 mg/kg nm trong gii hn
cho php QCVN (10 mg/kg), gim 3,71 mg/kg so vi cht lng t ban
u khi cha trng cy (12 mg/kg); hm lng asen (As) trong t trng
dng x l 49,36 mg/kg gim 3,29 ln so vi t ban u khi cha trng cy.
* cng thc trng Sy
Hm lng ch (Pb) t 299,32 mg/kg gim cho vi cht lng
t ban u (310mg/kg) khong 10,68 mg/kg v nm trong gii hn cho
php theo QCVN; hm lng cadimi (Cd) trong t l 3.32 mg/kg nm trong
gii hn cho php QCVN (10 mg/kg), gim 6,68 mg/kg so vi cht lng
t ban u khi cha trng cy (12 mg/kg); hm lng asen (As) trong t
trng sy gim xung cn 11.19 mg/kg gim 14,52 ln so vi lng t
ban u. Qua y cho thy kh nng ht Asen ca sy l rt tt.
Kt qu phn tch hm lng KLN trong t sau 12 thng trng c
vetiver, dng x, cy sy trn t nhim do khai thc thic cho thy hm
lng KLN gim ng k so vi ban u. Tuy nhin, cng c th cc KLN
ny mt phn c tch ly trong cy (r v thn l), mt phn b ra tri do
t c chua cao, cc kim loi nng dng ha tan nhiu hn. t khi trng
cy c cy ba nhiu ln nn tng kh nng ra tri v chuyn ha KLN.

39
c, S thay i thnh phn dinh dng trong t qua qu trnh th nghim
trng cc loi thc vt hp thu KLN
- pH l ch s c trng cho chua ca t, n c nh hng rt ln
ti qu trnh l ha sinh hc ca t v c tc ng khng nh n h thng
cy trng. Mi loi cy trng khc nhau thch nghi vi cc pH khc nhau,
nhng nhn chung a s cy trng thch nghi pH trung tnh hoc kim yu.
- Mn l ngun cung cp thc n cho cy v c nh hng ln n
tnh cht ha l, sinh hc t. T l mn cng nhiu th t cng tt.
- Nit tng s trong t tn ti cc dng hp cht hu c v trong thnh
phn mn l ch yu (90-95%), ch c mt phn nh tn ti dng khong ha
tan nh NO3-, NH4+. Hm lng NtS trong t th hin kh nng tim tng ca t
c th cung cp cht dinh dng cn thit cho cy trng khi cy trng thiu. Ni
chung hm lng NtS trong t cng cao th t cng mu m.
- Trong t, pht pho c th tn ti hai dng in hnh l pht pho
hu c v pht pho v c. Pht pho l thnh phn quan cht dinh dng quan
trng i vi s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng, nu thiu pht pho cy
trng c th ngng sinh trng v nng sut cy trng gim.
Cht lng t th hin qua cc ch tiu nh pH, mn tng s, nit,
pht pho tng s nh sau:

Bng 1.9. Kt qu phn tch pH, OM v N, P tng s ca t sau th nghim

Cng thc

Thi im

Dng x

P2O5 (%)

1,02

0,08

0,06

Sau 6 thng TN

1,22

0,116

0,08

Sau 12 thng TN

5,5

1,30

0,12

0,14

Trc TN

3,5

1,01

0,08

0,05

Sau 6 thng TN

4,5

1,02

0,085

0,07

Sau 12 thng TN

1,20

0,18

0,14

3,5

1,09

0,08

0,04

Sau 6 thng TN

1,30

0,095

0,07

Sau 12 thng TN

5,5

1,55

0,10

0,10

Trc TN
Cy sy

N (%)

3,5

Trc TN
C vetiver

pHKCl OM (%)

(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Khoa hc s sng Trng H NL Thi Nguyn)

40
Nhn vo bng 1.9 nhn thy hot ng khai thc thic nh hng
khng nh ti pH ca t (pH = 3,5) v pH ny gy bt li cho s sinh
trng v pht trin ca sinh vt, gy nh hng xu ti tnh cht t. Th
nghim trng c Vetiver, pH ca t nghin cu c s tng ln ng k,
dao ng t 4 5,5. iu ny cho thy pH t c ci thin v dn l
iu kin thch nghi cho mt s loi cy trng a t chua nh cy ch.
Hm lng mn ban u cha thc hin th nghim l 1,01% theo
nh gi l kh ngho mn. Th nghim trng Vetiver sau 12 thng th
nghim trn t tng ln (1,30%) t c hm lng mn nm trong khong
1 2% v mc ngho mn so vi thang tiu chun.
Hm lng nit tng s sau khi trng cy sau 6 thng (0,116%)
tng ln so vi t ban u khi cha trng (0,08%) v sau 12 thng trng cy
l (0,12%) so vi thang tiu chun t loi kh giu (0,15-0,2%).
Hm lng pht pho tng s trong t sau khai thc trn bi thi
mc ngho pht pho (0,06%). Sau 6 v 12 thng th nghim tng ln
0,08% v 0,14%. S thay i, gia tng v hm lng pht pho trong t cng
lm tng dinh dng trong t. iu ny to iu kin thun li cho canh
tc nng nghip sau ny.
Nhn vo bng s liu bng 1.9 th nghim trng Dng x ta thy:
- pH ca t nghin cu thp dao ng t 3,5 5. V pH t sau
th nghim c s tng ln ci thin tnh chua ca t ti khu vc nghin cu.
- Hm lng mn trong t ban u mc thp (1,01%) so vi thang
nh gi rt ngho mn, t l mn th nghim trng dng x sau 12 thng
trng th nghim trn t tng ln 1,2% hm lng mn tng nhng
khng ng k, hm lng mn trong t vn mc ngho.
- Hm lng Nit tng s sau khi trng cy sau 6 thng v 12 thng
l (0,085%) v (0,18%). Hm lng nit tng s tng ln so vi t ban
u khi cha trng (0,080%). i vi hm lng pht pho tng s sau 6
hm lng pht pho trong t tng ln mc giu tng ng l 0,07% v
sau khi trng 12 thng lng pht pho tng ln mc kh giu pht pho
tng ng l 0,14%.
Nhn vo bng s liu bng 1.9 th nghim trng Sy ta thy pH
ca t nghin cu thp dao ng t 3,5 5,5. Hm lng mn trong t

41
sau 12 thng trng th nghim trn t tng ln v dao ng trong
khong 1,3 - 1,55%.
Hm lng nit tng s sau khi trng cy sau 6 thng (0,095%) khng
khc bit ln so vi t ban u khi cha trng (0,08%) v khng chnh lch
nhiu so vi 12 thng trng cy l (0,10%).
Hm lng pht pho tng trong t sau 6 v 12 thng thc hin th
nghim tng ln 0,07% v 0,10% so vi hm lng pht pho trong t ban
u l 0,04%.
Tm li: tnh cht t th nghim thay i sau khi thc hin trng th
nghim vetiver, dng x v cy sy trn t nhim. Cc thng s v ch
tiu pH, OM, nit, pht pho tng s trong t trng cy u tng so vi t
ban u. Tuy nhin, khng th trnh khi nhng sai s k thut. Hm lng
nit v pht pho trong t tng hn so vi t ban u mt phn l do cy
trng ci to v cung cp, phn cn li c th do qu trnh bn phn ha hc
trong quy trnh chm sc cy th nghim b sung vo t mt phn N, P
mt lng nht nh.
Gim chua cho t, tng cng hm lng mn, N v P tng s l
iu cn thit v kt qu mong t c ca th nghim. Bi vy, sau khi x
l t sau khai thc thic mi c th c a vo sn xut nng lm nghip.
Bc u c th a nhng loi cy a t cn chua t, chu c kh hn v
cy ch l loi cy c th bc u p dng c hiu qu.
1.2.2. Th nghim mt s cy u ngn ngy trn t sau khai khong
mi hon th t b xo trn ti m
1.2.2.1. Sinh trng ca cy trng
Kh nng sinh trng ca cy trng c nh gi qua nhiu ch tiu
khc nhau: Chiu cao cy, s lng cnh nhnh cp 1, nng sut cht xanh,
cht kh. Nhng nhn t ny ch ra kh nng thch nghi ca cy trng vi cht
t, iu kin thi tit kh hu ti khu vc nghin cu; ng thi n cng ph
thuc vo tng ging. Chiu cao cy l ch tiu nh gi qu trnh ln ln ca
cy qua tng thi gian sng. Chiu cao cy nh hng n kh nng chng
v lin quan cht ch ti mt s c im nng sinh hc khc ca cy: s

42
qu/cy, s cnh cp 1/thn chnh v n quyt nh nhiu n nng sut sinh
vt ca cy. Th nghim theo di trn 6 ging cy.
Bng 1.10. Sinh trng v nng sut sinh khi ca cy sau trng 1 nm
Ch tiu
Cng
thc

Chiu cao S nhnh

(cm)
(nhnh/cy)

Nt sn
(nt/cy)

NS cht
xanh
(tn/ha)

NS cht kh
(tn/ha)

Ct1

130,24

3,37

44,67

2,91

0,71

Ct2

118,43

3,27

25,33

2,52

0,61

Ct3

107,97

2,80

26,67

1,25

0,24

Ct4

32,18

2,90

30,67

1,49

0,27

Ct5

48,33

2,63

20,67

2,05

0,39

Ct6

25,19

1,63

37,67

0,90

0,07

CV(%)

6,40

11,00

7,10

5,8

6,4

LSD0,05

8,73

0,54

3,91

0,51

0,11

(Ngun:Kt qu theo di th nghim nm 2010 2011)

Ghi ch: CT 1: u en (Vigna unguiculata L.).
CT 2: u in Bin 1 (Vigna angularis sp).
CT 3: u in Bin 2 (Vigna angularis sp).
CT 4: u in Bin 3 (Vigna angularis sp).
CT 5: u mo Sapa (Mucuna pruiriens sp).
CT 6: u Xanh (Vigna radiata).
CT 7: i chng (C) (khng trng cy).
Kt qu theo di cc cng thc th nghim c tin cy (CV=
6,40%). S sai khc v chiu cao cy gia cc cng thc trng l c ngha
mc xc sut 95%, c ngha l 6 ging cy khc nhau, cng mt ch
chm sc c tc tng trng v chiu cao cy l khc nhau. Trong thi k
ny u en l cy sinh trng tt nht (130,24 cm) v thp nht l cy u
xanh (25,19cm). Theo di v sinh trng chiu cao ca cc ging qua cc thi
sinh trng cho thy cy u xanh l cy sinh trng chiu cao km nht, mt

43
phn do nh hng ca ging, tuy nhin cy khng t c sinh trng
chiu cao bnh thng nh trng trn t khng khai khong. Theo tc gi V
Vn Chi cy u xanh c chiu cao trung bnh 60cm (V Vn Chi, 2004,
Trang 2560) [5].
Kh nng phn cnh cp 1 c lin quan cht ch n nng sut.
Cnh l b phn quan trng ca cy trng, n va mang l, va mang qu,
cnh cng vi thn tham gia vn chuyn cc sn phm ng ho v ht.
Kh nng phn cnh ph thuc vo ging. Ging c kh nng phn cnh
mnh th c tim nng cho nng sut cao. Ngoi ra kh nng phn cnh
cn ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh, thi v, k thut canh tc, c
bit l mt gieo trng. Nu gieo qu dy th kh nng phn cnh t,
ngc li nu trng tha cy nhn y nh sng dn n kh nng phn
cnh ln. T s liu bng 1.10 cho thy: u en v u in Bin 1
c kh nng phn cnh tt hn cc ging cn li; u xanh l cy c s
cnh thp nht (1,17 nhnh/cy) mc tin cy 95%.
Qua bng s liu cho thy: S lng nt sn hu hiu tng ln. S
lng nt sn dao ng t 20,67 - 44,67 ci/cy. Trong u en c s
lng nt sn cao nht 44,67 ci/cy v u Mo Sapa c s lng nt sn
thp nht 20,67 ci/cy, s khc nhau v s lng nt sn gia cc cng thc
th nghim c tin cy 95%.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh quang hp l nng sut cht xanh cht kh.
Gia quang hp v khi lng vt cht kh c mi tng quan thun vi
nng sut. Khi lng vt cht kh ca cy ph thuc rt ln vo tnh trng
sinh trng ca cy, iu kin ngoi cnh, ch chm sc, dinh
dngQua bng 1.10 ta thy, nng xut cht xanh cng thc trng u
en vn l cao nht (2,91 tn/ha) v thp nht vn l cng thc trng u
xanh (0,90 tn/ha), vi tin cy l 95%. Nng sut cht kh cc cng
thc th nghim cung khc nhau. Cng thc trng u en c nng sut cht
kh cao nht (0,71 tn/ha) v thp nht l cng thc trng u xanh (0,07
tn/ha). S sai khc v nng sut cht xanh cht kh thi k chc xanh l
kh r rt.

44
* Yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ht
i vi cy trng ni chung v cy u ni ring, nng sut l yu
t quan trng nh gi u th cng nh hiu qu kinh t ca mt ging.
Nng sut l kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy
trng. Ch tiu ny c th phn nh c kh nng sinh trng, pht trin ca
cy tt hay xu. Nng sut l kt qu tng hp ca tt c cc qu trnh sinh l,
sinh ho din ra trong cy v c th hin thng qua cc yu t nh: s qu
chc/cy, s ht chc/qu, khi lng nghn ht (P1000 ht)Cc yu t ny
ph thuc rt nhiu vo c tnh di truyn ca ging, iu kin ngoi cnh, k
thut chm sc, dinh dngTheo di cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v
nng sut ca cc cng thc th ngim qua hai v cho kt qu nh sau:
Bng 1.11. Yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ht
Cng thc

CT 1

CT 2

CT 3

CT 4

CT 5

CT 6

T l ra hoa (%)

100

100

100

100

100

100

T l u qu (%)

48,02 10,03

5,11

7,21

2,12

25,12

Thi gian

V 1

V 2

S qu chc/cy

6,1

0,1

0,33

S ht chc/qu

6,32

2,14

P1000 ht (g)

25,1

12,45

NSLT (t ht/ha)

1,35

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,26

T l ra hoa (%)

100

100

100

100

100

100

T l u qu (%)

63

17,11

9,08

11,1

7,98

49,24

S qu chc/cy

11,23

2,01

4,99

1,12

14,18

S ht chc/qu

7,12

2,11

3,43

3,2

3,01

4,02

P1000 ht (g)

25,15 35,12 36,26 40,67 36,09 12,50

NSLT (t ht/ha)

2,82

0,41

0,35

0,91

0,17

1,14

(Ngun:Kt qu theo di th nghim nm 2010 2011)

Qua bng 1.11 ta thy, cc loi cy khc nhau khi trng trn t
sau khai khong c cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut l
thuyt l khc nhau: Trong v th nht

45
- T l ra hoa: L mt trong nhng yu t nh gi kh nng thch
nghi ca cy trng. Tuy nhin t l ra hoa ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t,
trong c yu t v thi tit kh hu v cht t. Kt qu theo di cho thy
tt c cc loi em trng u t t l 100% trong c hai v trng.
- T l u qu: Yu t ny ph thuc vo thi tit, kh nng
thch nghi ca cy trng, cht t. Kt qu theo di th nghim cho thy
t l u qu cc cng thc th nghim khng cao. Trong cc cng
thc th u en c t l u qu t 48,02% v u xanh c t l u
qu l 25,12%. Cc cng thc cn li khng u qu.
- S qu chc/cy: l mt trong nhng yu t ht sc quan trng to
ln nng sut. S qu chc/cy t l thun vi nng sut. N ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t nh: chiu cao cy, s t/thn chnh, s cnh mang qu v iu
kin ngoi cnh. Qua bng s liu ta thy, v th 1 v v th 2 s qu
chc/cy cc cng thc th nghim l khc nhau. V th 2 s qu chc/cy
dao ng t 1,12 14,18 qu/cy. Trong u xanh c s qu chc/cy l
cao nht v thp nht l u mo Sapa.
- S ht chc/qu ca cc cng thc th nghim ph thuc vo tng
loi, iu kin kh hu ch dinh dng. S ht chc/qu cc cng thc th
nghim trong v th 2 dao ng trong khong t 2,11 7,12 ht.
- NSLT l tim nng cho nng sut ca ging trong iu kin trng
trt c th. N lin quan cht vi cc yu t cu thnh nng sut. NSLT ca
cc cng thc th nghim v th 2 dao ng t 0,17 2,82 t/ha.
Sau trng 2 v trn t sau khai thc khong sn cho thy, cc yu t
cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ca cc cy trng tng ln. Trong cy
u en l cy c nng sut ht cao nht v thp nht l cy u mo Sapa.
Cy u en c nng sut l thuyt cao nht: v y l cy trng c
trng ti a phng, tip l cy u xanh; cc ging cn li (u in
Bin, u mo Sapa) c a v trng th nghim; y l nhng ging
c trng trn vng ni cao v t c mi trng trung tnh n kim; Do
vy khi trng trn t sau khai khong c pH chua khng thch hp cho
cy sinh trng v pht trin. Tuy nhin nng sut ca cy trng vn cn

46
mc thp. ng thi cy u en cng cho nng sut cht xanh, cht kh cao
nht. Cn tip tc trng cc loi cy c kh nng ci to t ci to l tnh,
ha tnh ca t v tng nng sut cy trng cc v sau.
1.2.2.2. nh gi t
* S thay i v l tnh t
Bng 1.12. S thay i v l tnh t trc v sau khi trng 2 v
Dung trng (g/cm3)
Cng
thc

xp (%)

Trc
trng

Sau
trng

Thay i
dung
trng

Trc
trng

Sau
trng

Thay i
dung
trng

Ct1

1,16

1,03

- 0,13

54,69

59,64

+ 4,95

Ct2

1,17

1,08

- 0,09

54,43

57,94

+ 3,52

Ct3

1,17

1,11

- 0,06

54,43

56,51

+ 2,08

Ct4

1,16

1,13

- 0,03

54,56

55,86

+ 1,30

Ct5

1,17

1,12

- 0,05

54,43

56,25

+ 1,82

Ct6

1,17

1,14

- 0,03

54,43

55,47

+ 1,04

Ct7

1,17

1,21

+ 0,04

54,43

52,86

- 1,56

CV(%)

0,6

1,0

0,5

0,8

LSD0,05

0,01

0,02

0,45

0,79

(Ngun:Kt qu theo di th nghim nm 2010 2011)

Trc khi trng dung trng t cc th nghim tng ng nhau,
mc chnh lch khng ng k. Sau khi trng dung trng t c s thay
i cc th nghim. Cng thc th nghim trng u en lm thay i dng
trng t ln nht (-0,13) v u xanh l thp nht (-0,03). Ring i chng,
khng trng cy th dung trng ca t tng ln (+ 0,04).
Sau khi trng 2 v cc th nghim trng cy c xp cao hn
i chng. Mc thay i v xp ca cc cng thc trng cy u
tng ln v dao ng trong khong t + 1,04 n + 4,95 %; cng thc i
chng c xp gim do s thay i l 1,65 %.

47
Nh vy sau khi trng 2 v, l tnh ca t c s thay i c v
dung trng v xp. Trong , cng thc trng u en c mc thay
i v dung trng v xp cao nht.
* S thay i v ha tnh t
Bng 1.13. Ch tiu v dinh dng t sau khi trng 1 nm th nghim 2
Cng thc

Mn (%) P2O5 (%) N (%) K2O (%) pH

CT 1 (u en)

1,345

0,078

0,143

0,191

5,54

CT 2 (u B 1)

1,235

0,045

0,142

0,157

5,48

CT 3 (u B 2)

1,135

0,048

0,133

0,146

5,42

CT 4 (u B 3)

1,195

0,047

0,136

0,147

5,43

CT 5 (u mo Sapa)

1,133

0,042

0,128

0,149

5,40

CT 6 (u xanh)

1,275

0,068

0,117

0,133

5,32

CT 7 (C)

1,096

0,040

0,115

0,124

5,20

(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Khoa hc s sng Trng H NL Thi Nguyn)

Kt qu phn tch t cho thy hu ht cc cng thc c trng cy ci
to th hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong t u cao hn so vi cng thc
i chng khng trng cy.
Hm lng mn trong t sau khi trng hai v dao ng trong khong
t 1,096 n 1,345%. Trong cao nht l lng mn ca cng thc trng
u en (1,345%) v cy u en l cy sinh trng tt nht, lng vt cht
kh tr li cho t l ln nht, s lng nt sn cng ln nht. V thp nht l
cng thc khng trng cy, cng thc khng trng cy c hm lng mn
thp hn cc cng thc khc mt phn v khng c s tr li vt kh cn b
tc ng ca ngoi cnh (ma, gi) lm ra tri cht dinh dng trong t.
Theo s liu ca Agricultural Compendium, 1989, hm lng mn trong t
cc cng thc th nghim u mc thp (1,0 2,0 %).
Ch tiu hm lng ln tng s trong t gia cc cng thc th
nghim l khc nhau, dao ng trong khong 0,040 n 0,078%. Cc cng
thc th nghim c trng cy u cao hn cng thc i chng (khng trng
cy). Trong , hm lng ln tng s trong t trng u en l cao nht
0,078%; thp nht l t khng 0,040%. Theo L Vn Cn (1968), hm lng

48
ln tng s trong t cc cng thc th nghim mc t ngho (<0,06%) n
trung bnh (0,06 0,10 %). Trong cc cng thc trng u en v u
xanh l mc trung bnh cn li cc cng thc khc mc ngho.
Hm lng m tng s trong t cc cng thc th nghim c trng
cy u cao hn cng thc i chng. Cao nht l cng thc trng u en
(0,078%), thp nht l cng thc trng u mo Sapa (0,042%). Theo s liu
ca Agricultural Compendium, 1989, th hm lng m tng s trong cc
cng thc th nghim mc thp (0,05 0,12%) gm cc cng thc trng
u xanh; cn li cc cng thc khc mc trung bnh (0,126 0,225%).
Hm lng kali tng s trong t cc cng thc th nghim l
khc nhau. Sau khi trng c hai v, hm lng kali tng s trong t
trng u en cao nht l 0,191%; u in Bin 1 l 0,1579%; u
in Bin 2 l 0,146%; u in Bin 2 l 0,147%; u mo Sapa
l 0,147%; u xanh l 0,133%. Thp nht l cng thc i chng
0,124%; khng trng cy hm lng Kali tng s thp hn cc cng thc
c trng cy v s tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi cnh lm cho cc cht
dinh dng trong t b ra tri.
Ch tiu pHKCL: pHKCL cc th nghim trng cy u cao hn
cng thc i chng. Kt qu phn tch cho thy pH trong t cng
thc trng u en l cao hn c (4,54) v thp nht l cng thc i chng
(4,20). pHKCL u mc chua, khi t c biu hin chua s lm gim kh
nng hot ng ca cc vi khun phn gii trong t (Sporocytophaga,
Cytophaga, Bacillus, Clostridium), ngoi ra cn nh hng n s lng
nt sn ca cy.
Nh vy, sau hai v trng cc cy h u ngn ngy cho thy cy u
en l cy sinh trng tt nht, c hm lng cht xanh cht kh cao. Tuy
nhin kh nng ci to t ca cc loi cha r. S liu phn tch t cho thy,
tt c cc mu t c hm lng cc cht dinh dng mc trung bnh cho
n ngho v pH mc chua. Do cn tip tc trng cy ci to t
tng ph, tng pH cho t.

49
1.2.3. Th nghim v la chn mt s cy phn xanh h u ci to v
phc hi t ngho kit, t c ph thp trn t sau khai khong mi
hon th
1.2.3.1. Sinh trng ca cy trng
Bng 1.14. ng thi sinh trng ca cy trng sau khi trng 1 nm
Cng
thc

Ch tiu
Chiu cao S nhnh Nt sn NS cht xanh NS cht kh
(cm)
(nhnh/cy) (nt/cy)
(tn/ha)
(tn/ha)

Ct1

164,78

13,27

622,67

44,79

16,99

Ct2

60,40

5,97

34,67

5,25

2,17

Ct3

138,39

7,77

94,67

8,12

3,84

Ct4

210,75

20,27

1077,00

43,35

15,31

Ct5

168,70

4,80

27,33

13,25

5,20

Ct6

104,50

403,67

3,90

1,48

Ct7

98,08

11,83

54,67

8,89

4,60

CV(%)

13,4

4,1

0,7

2,8

1,2

LSD0,05

31,60

0,78

3,91

0,88

0,15

(Ngun:Kt qu theo di th nghim nm 2010 2011)

Ghi ch: Cy Xc xc khng phn cnh do chng ti khng a vo bng
theo di; Cy Trinh n- theo di chiu di thn b.
CT 1: Mung l nhn (Cassia occidentalis L.);
CT 2: u cng (Flemingia congesta);
CT 3: u ren (Rensonic);
CT 4: Trinh n khng gai (Mimosa sp);
CT 5: Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea);
CT 6: Xc xc (Sesbania javaica Mi);
CT 7: Ct kh (Tephrosia candida);
CT 8: i chng (t khng trng cy).
Kt qu theo di th nghim cho thy cy Mung l nhn, Trinh n
khng gai, u ren sinh trng chiu cao tt. Chng ti tin hnh trng th

50
nghim 7 loi cy thuc ging cy h u, sau hn 1 nm cn li c 3 loi
(Mung l nhn, u ren, Ct kh), 4 loi cn li kt thc chu k sinh trng.
Sau mt nm trng: Trinh n khng gai (20,27 nhnh/cy) v Mung l
nhn (13,27 nhnh/cy) c kh nng phn cnh tt hn cc loi cn li;
Sunnhemp l cy c s cnh thp nht (4,80 nhnh/cy)
Sau khi trng mt nm: Tring n khng gai l cy c s lng nt sn
nhiu nht (1.077,00 nt/cy), Mung l nhn (622,67 nt/cy), thp nht vn
l Sunnnhemp (27,33 nt/cy).
Tng sinh khi c nm cc loi khc nhau; Mung l nhn cho nng
sut cht xanh cao nht (44,79 tn/ha); tip theo l Trinh n khng gai (43,35
tn/ha); thp nht l Xc xc (3,90 tn/ha).
Sau khi trng 1 nm tng lng vt cht kh tr li cho t ca Cy
mung l nhn l cao nht (16,99 tn/ha).
1.2.3.2. nh gi t
* S thay i v l tnh t
Bng 1.15. S thay i v l tnh t trc v sau khi trng 1 nm
Cng
thc

Dung trng (g/cm3)

xp (%)

Trc
trng

Sau
trng

Thay i
dung trng

Trc
trng

Sau
trng

Thay i
dung trng

Ct1

1,23

1,17

- 0,06

52,08

54,43

+ 2,34

Ct2

1,22

1,20

- 0,02

52,21

53,26

+ 1,04

Ct3

1,23

1,18

- 0,05

51,82

53,78

+ 1,95

Ct4

1,23

1,16

- 0,07

51,95

54,82

+ 2,86

Ct5

1,22

1,20

- 0,02

52,21

53,13

+ 0,91

Ct6

1,24

1,21

- 0,03

51,56

52,60

+ 1,04

Ct7

1,22

1,18

- 0,04

52,21

53,78

+ 1,56

Ct8

1,21

1,23

+ 0,02

52,60

51,82

- 0,78

CV(%)

0,80

1,10

0,10

0,20

LSD0,05

0,02

0,02

0,09

0,18

(Ngun:Kt qu theo di th nghim nm 2010 2011)

51
Sau mt nm trng s thay i v dung trng trong cc th nghim
c trng cy dao ng trong khong t 0,02 0,07 g/cm3, cc cng thc trng
cy u c dung trng gim, ring i chng tng.
S thay i v xp trong cc cng thc trng cy th nghim
dao ng trong khong t 0,91 2,87%, cc th nghim trng cy u
c xp cao hn i chng. Trong Trinh n khng gai c s thay
i v xp cao nht (2,86%), tip theo l mung l nhn (2,34%).
Cng thc i chng c xp gim (do s tc ng ca yu t ngoi
cnh) lm cho t b cht. Nh vy mc chnh lch dung trng t gia
cc th nghim khng ln v s thay i dung trong t trc v sau khi
trng l khng ng k. V mt l tnh t c s ci thin, tuy nhin cha
r rt. ci to tnh cht t v mt l tnh cn c thi gian; nht l t sau
khai thc khong sn chu s tc ng ca cc yu ngoi cnh.
* S thay i v ha tnh t
Bng 1.16. Ch tiu v dinh dng t sau khi trng 1 nm
Cng thc

Ch tiu dinh dng

Mn (%) P2O5 (%) N (%) K2O (%) pH

Ct1 (Mung l nhn)

2,017

0,069

0,194

0,467

5,45

Ct2 (u cng)

1,131

0,042

0,119

0,167

5,22

Ct3 (u ren)

1,374

0,056

0,150

0,296

5,34

Ct4 (Trinh n khng gai)

1,269

0,059

0,141

0,212

5,38

Ct5 (Sunnhemp)

1,191

0,044

0,099

0,191

5,31

Ct6 (Xc xc)

1,127

0,036

0,129

0,108

5,29

Ct7 (Ct kh)

1,145

0,047

0,133

0,178

5,27

Ct8 (C)

0,946

0,032

0,098

0,143

5,19

(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Khoa hc S sng Trng H NL Thi Nguyn)

Qua bng 1.16 cho thy: Cc cng thc c trng cy ci to t th
hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong t u cao hn so vi cng thc i
chng (khng trng cy).
Hm lng mn trong t sau khi trng mt nm dao ng trong
khong t 0,964 n 2,017%. Trong cao nht l lng mn ca cng thc

52
trng Mung l nhn (2,017%), Mung l nhn l cy sinh trng tt, lng
vt cht kh tr li cho t l ln nht. Cng thc khng trng cy c hm
lng mn thp nht, v khng c s tr li vt kh v b tc ng ca ngoi
cnh (ma, gi) lm ra tri cht dinh dng trong t. Theo s liu ca
Agricultural Compendium, 1989, hm lng mn trong t cc cng thc
th nghim mc thp (1,0 2,0 %) n rt thp (<1,0%). Trong cc cng
thc trng cy ci to t u c hm lng mn mc thp, ring cng thc
khng trng cy mc rt thp.
Ch tiu hm lng ln tng s trong t gia cc cng thc th
nghim l khc nhau, dao ng trong khong 0,032 n 0,069%. Cc cng
thc th nghim c trng cy u cao hn cng thc i chng (khng trng
cy). Theo L Vn Cn (1968), hm lng ln tng s trong t cc cng
thc th nghim mc t ngho (<0,06%) n trung bnh (0,06 0,10 %).
Nh vy ch c cng thc trng Mung l nhn l c hm lng ln mc
trung bnh (0,069%), cc cng thc cn li u mc ngho.
Hm lng m tng s trong t cc cng thc th nghim c trng
cy u cao hn cng thc i chng v dao ng trong khong 0,098
0,194%. Theo s liu ca Agricultural Compendium, 1989, th hm lng
m tng s trong cc cng thc th nghim mc thp (0,05 0,12%) gm
cc cng thc trng u cng, Sunnhepm v Xc xc; cn li cc cng thc
khc mc trung bnh (0,126 0,225%). Trong cao nht l cng thc
trng Mung l nhn (0,194%).
Hm lng kali tng s trong t cc cng thc th nghim l khc nhau.
Sau khi trng mt nm, hm lng kali tng s trong t trng Mung l nhn
cao nht l 0,467%; tip n l cng thc trng u ren (0,296%); trong s cc
cng thc trng cy th cng thc trng Xc xc c hm lng ln thp nht
(0,108%).
Ch tiu pHKCL: Cc th nghim trng cy pHKCL u cao hn
cng thc i chng. Kt qu bng 1.16 cho thy pH trong t cng thc
trng Mung l nhn l cao nht (5,45) v thp nht l cng thc i chng
(5,19). pHKCL u mc chua, khi t c biu hin chua s lm gim kh

53
nng hot ng ca cc vi khun phn gii trong t (Sporocytophaga,
Cytophaga, Bacillus, Clostridium), ngoi ra cn nh hng n s lng nt
sn ca cy.
1.2.4. Th nghim v la chn mt s loi cy lm nghip thch hp,
ph xanh, ci to v phc hi nhng vng t dc giai on u mi hon
th sau khai khong
1.2.4.1. Cy lm nghip ci to t
* Sinh trng ca cy trng:
Bng 1.17. ng thi sinh trng ca cy trng sau khi trng 15 thng
Trng trn t sau khai

Trng trn t khng

khong

khai khong

Cng
thc

Chiu cao ng knh Chiu cao ng knh

(m)

gc (cm)

(m)

gc (cm)

Keo lai BV16

2,03

3,98

2,27

4,37

Keo lai BV10

1,98

3,92

2,24

4,29

Keo l trm BVlt84

1,85

3,88

2,10

3,98

Keo tai tng 20133

1,81

3,83

2,19

4,05

(Ngun:Kt qu theo di th nghim nm 2010 2011)

- Loi Keo lai dng BV16: Cy sinh trng nhanh, ng u v vt
tri hn c. Trn t sau khai thc khong sn chiu cao trung bnh ln o
cui t gi tr 2,03 m, ng knh gc l 3,98 cm. C hai ch tiu ny u t
gi tr cao nht so vi cc loi Keo khc. Nhng trn t trng i chng cy
sinh trng vt tri hn c v c chiu cao trung bnh ln o cui t
2,27m v ng knh gc l 4,37cm, ln hn trng trn t sau khai khong,
iu ny chng t t sau khai khong c nh hng ti qu trnh sinh trng
pht trin ca cy.
- Loi Keo lai dng BV10: Cy sinh trng tt, ng u v ng
knh gc trung bnh v chiu cao trung bnh ln o cui trn t sau khai
khong ln lt l 1,98 m v 3,92 cm, trn t trng i chng ln lt l
2,24m v 4,29cm.

54
- Loi Keo l trm BVlt84: Cy sinh trng tt, gi tr chiu cao trung
bnh v ng knh gc trung bnh ln o cui trn t sau khai khong ln lt
l 1,85 m v 3,88 cm cao hn Keo tai tng (20133) ng sau loi Keo lai dng
BV16 v BV10 nhng vn c th xp vo loi c kh nng sinh trng tt. Nhng
trn t trng i chng Keo l trm c gi tr chiu cao trung bnh v ng knh
gc trung bnh ln o cui ln lt l 2,10m v 3,98cm thp hn Keo tai tng
2,19m v 4,05cm.
- Loi Keo tai tng c s hiu 20133: Trn t sau khai khong cy
sinh trng trung bnh, tc sinh trng km nht, c ng knh gc trung
bnh v chiu cao trung bnh ln o cui ln lt l 3,83cm v 1,81 m,
nhng trn t trng i chng th cy c tc sinh trng km nht li l
Keo l trm BVlt84.
Qua cc kt qu phn tch c th thy kh nng sinh trng ca cc loi
Keo c ngun gc khc nhau trng trn t sau khai thc khong sn trong giai
on u rng trng kho nghim c s khc nhau. Chnh lch v gi tr chiu
cao trung bnh gia loi c kh nng sinh trng tt nht Keo lai dng BV16
c kh nng sinh trng tt nht, loi Keo tai tng c s hiu 20133 c kh
nng sinh trng km nht.
* nh gi v t trng trn t sau khai khong:
Bng 1.18. Kt qu phn tch t sau khi trng 15 thng
Mu KH Mu

Ch tiu dinh dng

pH

Mn (%)

N (%)

P2O5 (%) K2O (%)

T8-39

4,49

0,257

0,007

0,04

0,08

T8-40

4,53

0,286

0,058

0,08

0,19

T8-41

4,72

0,54

0,068

0,09

0,42

T8-42

4,87

0,514

0,064

0,07

0,25

T8-43

4,68

0,379

0,600

0,06

0,13

(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Khoa hc S sng Trng H NL Thi Nguyn)

Ghi ch:

Mu 1 l mu t ly trn t khng trng Keo

Mu 5 l mu t ly trn t trng loi cy Keo L trm

55
Mu 4 l mu t ly trn t trng loi cy Keo Lai dng BV16
Mu 3 l mu t ly trn t trng loi cy Keo Lai dng BV10
Mu 2 l mu t ly trn t trng loi cy Keo tai tng
* Ch tiu pH
Nhn chung ch tiu pH ca c 5 mu t u tng ng nhau,
rt thp dao ng t 4,49 n 4,87. Vy t ai khu vc nghin cu mang
tch axit. Mu 4 t trng Keo lai BV16 c pH cao hn c l 4,87 sau
l mu 5 t trng Keo l trm v thp nht l mu 2 c pH l 4,53
trng Keo tai tng, nh vy cc loi Keo sau khi trng 15 thng c nh
hng ti pH trong t, loi Keo lai BV16 c nh hng nhiu nht
trong cc loi Keo.
* Ch tiu hm lng mn (OM)
Hm lng mn mu 3 trng Keo lai BV10 l cao nht 0,54 % tip l
mu 4 trng Keo lai BV16 l 0,514% , mu 5 trng Keo L trm l 0,379%, mu
2 trng Keo tai tng l 0,286%, mu 1 trn t khng trng cy c hm lng
mn l 0,257%.
* Hm lng nit tng s, pht pho tng s v kali tng s
Sau khi phn tch kh nng ci to t ca cc loi Keo sau 15
thng trng th nghim th Keo lai t ra c kh nng bo v t, chng xi
mn cao hn c th hin hm lng dinh dng pH, NTS, KTS, PTS trong
mu t trng Keo lai BV16 cao nht sau l Keo lai BV10, tip n l
Keo l trm v cui cng l Keo tai tng.
Vy phc hi mi trng t, nc sau khai thc khong sn la
chn loi cy trng ph hp ta c th trng loi Keo lai dng BV16 hoc
BV10, loi Keo ny t ra thch nghi cao vi mi trng t sau khai thc
khong sn c kh nng sinh trng pht trin nhanh, nhanh nht trong 4 loi
trng th nghim, c kh nng bo v t trong thi gian di lng vt cht ri
rng tr li cho t s phc hi c mi trng t, hm lng mn tng, N,
P, K tng s tng v ci thin phn no pH trong t ng thi em li
hiu qu kinh t cho ngi dn ni y.

56
1.2.4.2. Kh nng chng xi l ca mt s loi c
* Sinh trng ca cy trng
nh gi kh nng sinh trng ca cy trng ti tin hnh theo di
mt s ch tiu, kt qu c tng hp vo bng.
Bng 1.19. Sinh trng ca cy trng sau khi trng 1 nm
Ch tiu
Cng thc

n su Chiu di Khi lng

ca r (cm) r (cm)
r (g/cy)

Sinh khi cht

xanh (tn/ha)

C Vetiver

93,33

114,67

128,33

9,33

C voi

64,00

103,67

109,33

38,86

Cy sy

101,33

125,00

21,00

10,48

CV (%)

0,8

1,7

4,9

1,10

LSD0,05

1,51

4,30

9,59

0,48

(Ngun:Kt qu theo di th nghim nm 2010 2011)

Tng sinh khi cht xanh ca c nm ca cy c voi l cao nht
(38,86 tn/ha/nm) trong cc cng thc th nghim. C Vetiver c nng sut
cht xanh thp nht t 9,33 tn/ha/nm.
Sau khi trng mt nm kh nng n su ca cy sy l 101,33cm, c
Vetiver (93,33cm).
Sau khi trng c mt nm th c Voi li c chiu di r thp nht
(103,67 cm), cao nht vn l cy Sy (125,00 cm).
Sau khi trng c mt nm t 128,33 g/khm, thp nht l cy
sy, sau khi trng c mt nm ch t 21g/khm.
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

C Vetiver
C voi
Cy sy

n su ca
r (cm)

Chiu di r
(cm)

Khi lng r
(g/cy)

Sinh khi cht

xanh (tn/ha)

Ch tiu

Hnh 1.2: ng thi sinh trng ca cy sau mt nm trng

57
* nh gi t sau ma ma
- Lng t b xi mn ra tri
Xi mn v ra tri l nhng mi e da thng xuyn i vi t dc
vng nhit i m, gy nn s mt dinh dng v ph ca lp t mt, dn
n s axt ha trong t. Nu khng c thm thc vt che ph th nhng tc
ng do xi mn ra tri t s nh hng rt ln n sn xut nng nghip
v i sng dn sinh. i vi nhng loi c sinh khi ln ngoi vic chng
xi mn st l cn lm thc n cho gia sc.
Vi th nghim o h by t ti cc th nghim c trng c v
i chng khng trng c. Sau khi theo di, cn lng t b ra tri qua
nhng trn ma ln trong giai on t thng 3 n thng 7 nm 2011 cho kt
qu nh sau:
Bng 1.20. Lng t b xi mn trong cc thng ma
n v: tn/ha
Cng thc

Thi gian (thng ma nm 2011)

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

Tng

CT1 (C Vetiver)

0,28

0,43

0,96

1,46

3,13

5,24

CT2 (C voi)

0,47

0,71

1,60

3,06

5,84

9,34

CT3 (Cy sy)

0,68

0,87

1,89

3,59

7,04 11,06

CT4 (i chng)

0,96

1,18

4,87 15,60 22,62 39,52

CV (%)

7,0

7,2

3,8

7,9

5,4

6,0

LSD0,05

0,08

0,12

0,18

0,93

0,71

1,95

(Ngun:Kt qu theo di th nghim nm 2010 2011)

Tng khi lng t b ra tri tng t mt t thng 3 n thng 7
cc th nghim ln lt nh sau: i chng khng trng cy lng t b xi
mn l ln nht 39,52 tn/ha; sau n th nghim trng cy Sy 11,06 tn/ha;
c Voi 9,34 tn/ha; thp nht l c Vetiver 5,24 tn/ha.
Kt qu nghin cu v cc loi chng xi l cho thy: C Vetiver l
loi c khi lng r ln nht ng cng l loi c kh nng chng xi l tt
nht so vi cc loi em trng th nghim.

tn/ha

58

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

CT1 (C Vetiver)
CT2 (C voi)
CT3 (Cy sy)
CT4 (i chng)

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

Tng

Thi gian (thng ma nm 2011)

Hnh 1.3: Lng t b xi mn trong cc thng ma

- Lng dinh dng t b xi mn ra tri
Bng 1.21. Ch tiu v dinh dng t ti cc h by t
Ch tiu

K hiu
mu

Mn (%)

P2O5 (%)

N (%)

K2O (%)

T8 - 136

0,721

0,014

0,086

0,101

(Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Khoa hc S sng Trng H NL Thi Nguyn)

Kt hp bng 1.20 v bng 1.21 (ct tng lng t xi mn trong ma
ma), ti tnh c lng cht dinh dng trong t b xi mn cc cng thc
th nghim trong ma ma.
Bng 1.22. Tng lng dinh dng trong t b xi mn ra tri trong cc
thng ma
n v: tn/ha
Cng thc

Lng dinh dng b mt

CT1 (C Vetiver)

Mn
0,0378

P205
0,0007

N
0,0045

K2O
0,0053

CT2 (C voi)

0,0673

0,0013

0,0080

0,0094

CT3 (Cy sy)

0,0797

0,0015

0,0095

0,0112

CT4 (i chng)

0,2849

0,0055

0,0340

0,0399

Kt qu theo di tng lng t xi mn trong cc thng ma ma v

kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu v t c tng hp trong bng cho thy:

59

t/ha

Cc cng thc trng cy u c lng dinh dng b ra tri thp hn

so vi cng thc i chng.
Lng mn cc cng thc dao ng trong khong t 0,0378
0,2849 tn/ha, trong cng thc i chng c lng mn b mt nhiu nht
(0,2849 tn/ha) v thp nht l cng thc trng c Vetiver (0,0378 tn/ha). V
y l hai cng thc c lng t xi mn nhiu nht v t nht. Vy t dc
khng trng cy sau mi ma ma s b mt i mt lng mn kh ln
(0,2849 t/ha), gp 7,53 ln lng t b mt ca cng thc trng c Vetiver,
iu ny lm cho t ngy cng b thoi ha, bc mu.
Lng P205, Nit, K2O cng thc khng trng cy cng b mt nhiu
nht ln lt l 0,0055; 0,0340; 0,0399 tn/ha v thp nht l cng thc trng
c Vtiver; lng dinh dng b mt ln lt l 0,0007; 0,0045; 0,0053 tn/ha.
1.4
1.2
1
0.8

CT1 (C Vetiver)
CT2 (C voi)
CT3 (Cy sy)
CT4 (i chng)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Mn

P205

Nit

K2O

Lng dinh dng b mt

Hnh 1.4: Tng lng dinh dng trong t b xi mn ra tri trong cc

thng ma
Nh vy hng nm sau mi ma ma mt lng t kh ln b xi l
(39,52 tn/ha). Lng t xi l ny ngoi vic lm bi lp dng chy cn
lm nhim mi trng cnh quan. Bn cnh hin tng xi mn hng
nm vo ma ma lm cho t b mt i mt lng dinh dng kh ln,
cha k n cc cht khong cht quan trng gip cho qu trnh sinh trng
v pht trin ca cy trng. l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho t

60
b thoi ha, bc mu. Suy thoi mi trng t, nhim ngun nc. Vi
nghin cu trng cc loi c bn a v nhp ni gim thiu ng k
lng t b xi mn, v hn ch mt dinh dng t, bo v mi trng t,
mi trng nc.
1.3. Nghin cu cc bin php k thut, m hnh ci to t sau khai thc
khong sn
1.3.1. Nghin cu cc bin php k thut thch hp trng c Vetiver x
l nhim t
1.3.1.1. Bin php k thut nhn ging c veiver
C vetiver c trng th nghim cho thy kh nng vt tri v kh
nng ht kim loi nng v kh nng gi t (kh nng chng xi l), v vy
chng ti tin hnh nhn ging c vetiver m rng m hnh. c ngun
cy con m bo khi trng, cn c nhng bin php nhn ging, tuy nhin cc
bin php k thut cng phi m bo v hiu qu kinh t, n gin c th
p dng rng ri. Chng ti tin hnh th nghim k thut nhn ging c
Vetiver.
Bng 1.23. Kt qu theo di t l sng
Giai on

Ch tiu so snh

Bin php k thut

Gim hom trong bu Gim hom ngoi

Tng s hom (hom)

1000

1000

Gim hom S hom sng (hom)

980

920

98,00

92,00

980

920

960

870

97,96

94,56

T l sng (%)
Trng Tng s cy (cy)
ngoi thc S cy sng (cy)
a
T l sng (%)

(Ngun: Kt qu theo di th nghim m hnh nm 2010 2011)

Kt qu theo di cho thy: Vi bin php k thut nhn ging c Vetiver
bng gim hom trong bu cho t l sng (98,00%) cao hn nhn gim hom bn
ngoi (92%).
Khi cy ging c a ra trng ngoi thc a th t l sng ca bin
php gim hom trong bu cng cao hn (97,96%), cy sinh trng tt hn.

61
Do cy con c gim trong bu khi a ra trng b r khng b nh hng,
r khng b t. Trong giai on u mi trng, cy con c th hp thu dinh
t dinh dng c sn trong bu.
1.3.1.2. K thut trng c vetiver
Th nghim c b tr theo khi ngu nhin hon chnh gm 10 cng
thc, 3 ln nhc li, mi th nghim 6 m2.
Cng thc th nghim nh sau: n v tnh: kg/ha/nm
Cng thc
T l N:P:K
i chng
Khng bn phn
Cng thc 2
40:60:60
Cng thc 3
80:60:60
Cng thc 4
100:80:60
Cng thc 5
60:40:60
Cng thc 6
60: 80:60
Cng thc 7
80:100:60
Cng thc 8
60:60:40
Cng thc 9
60:60:80
Cng thc 10
60:80:100
- Chun b cy: Chn nhng cy c c thi gian sinh trng nh nhau,
kho mnh, ct ngn li phn thn di 30 cm v phn r 5 cm.
- Mt trng: Hng - hng: 30 cm; cy - cy: 40 cm
- Phng php bn phn:
+ Bn lt: 10 tn phn chung/ha + 100% phn ln.
+ Bn thc ln 1: 30%N + 30% K2O. Bn cch 2 tun sau khi thu hoch
c t 1.
+ Bn thc ln 2: 30%N + 30% K2O. Bn cch 2 tun sau khi thu hoch
c t 2.
+ Bn thc ln 3: Bn ht lng phn cn li. Bn cch 2 tun sau khi
thu hoch c t 3.
Bn theo hc, cch cy 10 - 15cm, su t 5 10 cm, bn xong lp t kn ngay.
- Dng phn bn: phn m Ur (46%N), phn ln Supe Lm Thao
(16,5% P2O5), phn KCl (56%K2O).
- Cc cng vic chm sc sau khi trng: dm cy, ti nc, lm c
cy sinh trng tt v m bo mt th nghim.

62
a, nh hng ca phn bn n kh nng sinh trng, pht trin ca c
Vetiver trng trn t nhim
* nh hng ca cc cng thc phn bn khc nhau n s phn
nhnh ca c vetiver.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, giai on 90 ngy, s nhnh/khm dao
ng t 9,92 n 13,78 tt c cc cng thc c bn phn v u cao hn cng
thc i chng (8,45 nhnh/khm). Cng thc bn m v ln cao (100:80:60)
kh nng nhnh ca c t 13,78 nhnh/khm. Ch tiu ny gim dn cng
thc 7 (11,90 nhnh/khm) v cng thc 10 (11,56 nhnh/khm). n giai
on 180 ngy, cc s liu thu c vn theo quy lut ny.
* nh hng ca phn bn n sinh khi ca c Vetiver trng trn t
nhim sau khai thc qung
cc cng thc th nghim, khi lng thn l v khi lng r gn
nh tng ng (u trn 100 gam) trong c hai ln ly mu. Trn t
nhim khi lng thn l dao ng t 105,13 n 120,27 gam/khm, khi
lng r dao ng t 90,06 n 114,53 gam/khm (giai on 90 ngy). T
giai on 90 180 ngy, khi lng thn l v khi lng r tng lin tc.
Khi lng thn l t t 134,72 n 168,26 gam/khm, khi lng r t t
132,19 n 148,26 gam/khm.
Phn bn c nh hng n s sinh trng ca c Vetiver trng trn t
nhim As v t nhim Pb, Cd. nhng cng thc bn m, ln, kali vi t
l cao (100:80:60; 80:100:60; 60:80:100) u c s nhnh/khm v sinh khi
vt tri so vi i chng v cc cng thc khc. Nu c u t v phn bn
c Vetiver vn pht trin tt khi hm lng m, ln v kali tng cao hn na.
b) nh hng ca phn bn n kh nng tch ly kim loi nng ca
c Vetiver trng trn t nhim
Ngoi nhng nghin cu v c im sinh l v hnh thi cho thy c
Vetiver cn c nhng c tnh c o khc, thch hp phng nga v x
l nhim t v nc. l kh nng pht trin c nhng ni c
chua, mn, phn, kim rt cao, thm ch mc c hi, k c mt s
kim loi nng v ha cht nng nghip. C Vetiver cn c kh nng hp th

63
v thch nghi vi nng cht dinh dng cao v tiu th mt lng nc rt
ln trong qu trnh pht trin rt nhanh, rt khe ca n.
S dng c Vetiver x l t nhim kim loi nng l mt ng dng
mi ca cng ngh x l cht thi nhim bng thc vt. Nghin cu ny
ang c quan tm ca nhiu nh khoa hc Vit Nam v trn th gii v
hiu qu, n gin v kinh t.
Khi c bn m, ln v kali, hm lng kim loi nng tch ly trong
thn l v trong r ca c tng cao so vi cng thc i chng v tng dn
theo thi gian thc nghim. Thi gian u khi trng hm lng As trong thn
l dao ng t 5,15 6,40 ppm (i chng t 4,19 ppm), hm lng Pb dao
ng t 25,36 32,78 ppm (i chng t 24,67 ppm), hm lng Cd t
0,058 0,083 ppm (i chng t 0,051 ppm). Hm lng As, Pb v Cd
trong r c cn cao hn nhiu so vi thn l. ng ch l hm lng nhng
kim loi ny u tp trung nhiu trong thn l, r nhng cng thc bn m,
ln v kali cao.
Bng 1.24. Tch ly As, Pb, Cd trong thn l ca c Vetiver
trng trn t nhim
Thi gian
Cng thc

Trc khi trng

Sau trng 90 ngy Sau trng 150 ngy

As
Pb
Cd
As
Pb
Cd
As
Pb
Cd
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

Khng bn

4,19

24,67 0,051 7,06

45,06 0,23

40:60:60

5,15

27,40 0,058 7,60

55,50 0,26

80:60:60

5,74

30,11 0,060 8,91

57,26 0,37

100:80:60

6,40

32,78 0,083 10,72 59,13 0,43

5,17

28,62 0,059 7,15

48,17 0,32

5,42

29,15 0,058 8,18

56,22 0,35

80:100:60

6,15

30,37 0,077 10,66 58,94 0,41

60:60:40

5,21

28,94 0,062 7,28

47,11 0,29

60:60:80

5,49

25,36 0,065 8,10

54,76 0,35

60:80:100

6,08

28,77 0,068 10,23 58,42 0,38

60:40:60
60: 80:60

2,88

0,82

0,014

64
Khi c c 5 thng, hm lng kim loi nng m n ht thu c ln r
v thn l cao hn rt nhiu so vi ban u (trc khi trng). Bn phn vi
cc mc nh cng thc 4, 7 v 10 kch thch kh nng sinh trng v kh
nng ht thu kim loi nng ca c. Kt qu thu c nhng cng thc ny
u cao hn so vi cng thc cn li v cng thc i chng.
Bng 1.25. Tch ly As, Pb, Cd trong r ca c Vetiver
trng trn t nhim
Thi gian
Cng thc

Trc khi trng

Sau trng 90 ngy Sau trng 150 ngy

As
Pb
Cd
As
Pb
Cd
As
Pb
Cd
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

Khng bn

7,91 73,25 1,84 39,57 98,78 4,87

40:60:60

9,81 77,74 2,33 44,15 114,59 5,15

80:60:60

11,62 76,52 2,17 53,47 113,80 5,22

100:80:60

12,32 87,24 2,77 62,85 116,20 5,62

60:40:60
60: 80:60

5,74

1,93 0,028

9,63 74,98 1,98 46,23 112,77 5,30

11,60 79,20 2,60 57,98 114,65 5,22

80:100:60

12,69 83,30 2,69 62,17 115,82 5,45

60:60:40

12,86 75,19 2,45 55,28 113,60 5,28

60:60:80

11,34 78,86 2,58 52,96 110,89 5,07

60:80:100

12,61 89,28 2,62 59,47 114,91 5,38

Vi kt qu nghin cu t c, chng ti thy rng kh nng loi b

As, Pb, Cd trong t nhim ca c Vetiver l rt kh quan. Khi c bn
phn, c trng trong t nhim vi hm lng As l 1137,17 ppm, Pb l
2906,12 ppm v hm lng Cd l 55,27 ppm vn khng nh hng n s
sinh trng ca c.
* Kt lun
Phn bn c nh hng n s sinh trng ca c Vetiver trng trn t
nhim As v t nhim Pb, Cd. nhng cng thc bn m, ln, kali vi
t l cao (100:80:60; 80:100:60; 60:80:100) u c s nhnh/khm v sinh
khi vt tri so vi i chng v cc cng thc khc. Nu c u t v

65
phn bn c Vetiver vn pht trin tt khi hm lng m, ln v kali tng
cao hn na.
Kh nng loi b As, Pb, Cd trong t nhim ca c Vetiver cng rt
kh quan. Khi c bn phn, c trng trong t nhim vi hm lng As
l 1137,17 ppm, Pb l 2906,12 ppm v hm lng Cd l 55,27 ppm vn
khng nh hng n s sinh trng ca c.
* Thi gian trng, ct, tiu hy cy ht kim loi nng
- Thi gian trng: cy sinh trng, pht trin tt nn trng cy vo
u ma ma (khong u thng 4 hng nm) l tt nht.
- Thi gian ct: Thi gian ct c tin hnh theo chu k. Sau khi
trng c 3 thng l c th ct l em tiu hy.
- Bin php tiu hy: Thn l ca cc loi u cha cc cht kim loi
nng do phi tiu hy. Sau khi ct v:
+ Phi kh sau t v tro phi c chn lp ti cc h t tiu
chun kim loi nng khng khuch tn ra mi trng xung quanh (t,
nc...).
+ C chn lp khi cn ti, chn h t tiu chun quy nh.
1.3.2. Nghin cu cc bin php k thut trng cy phn xanh h u trn
t sau khai khong
1.3.2.1. K thut lm t
Lm t l mt trong nhng bin php c gii quan trng v nh
hng trc tip n sinh trng ca cy trng. Nht l vi t sau khai
khong do b tc ng ca cc loi my mc san i t lm cho t b cht
khng ng u. Do l lm t l mt trong nhng bin php k thut gip
cho cy sinh trng tt, to iu kin cho b r pht trin.
Qua qu trnh trng th nghim chng ti a ra quy trnh lm t i
vi t sau khai khong nh sau:
- Loi b tp cht: t sau khai khong do b xo trn v vy tng
canh tc c ln mt s tp cht (, cui, qung...) do phi loi b nhng
tp cht ny. S dng phng php th cng, nht loi b cc tp cht.

66
- San t: Hu ht t sau khai khong b xo trn v khng c bng
phng phi san t to mt bng. C th cy my hoc sc tru (b)
san gt cho t bng.
- Lm ti t: Trong qu trnh khai thc do nh tc ng ca cc loi
my mc lm cho t b cht do cn phi cy, quc trc khi gieo trng.
- Lm lung: Vi tng loi cy m c th lm lung cho ph hp; sau
khi lm lung th ta tin hnh khoi rch, cuc h, hoc trang phng v gieo
ht lun.
1.3.2.2. K thut bn phn, chm sc v ti nc
- Bn phn v gieo ht: Ty theo tng loi cy trng m c phng
php bn cho ph hp.
+ Bn ri: Rc u phn trn mt lung, gieo ht v lp t.
+ Bn theo hc: Phn c b vo tng h cuc t trc, b ht v
lp t.
+ Bn theo rch: Sau khi khoi rch xong th phn c b theo rch
ri gieo ht vo rch v lp t.
Ch : Khng nn b ht gn phn qu v c th s lm cho ht b thi
do sc nng ca mt s loi phn.
- Ti nc: Dng my bm, ti bng phng php phun.
- Chm sc: Vun t v lm c di.
+ C di vn l mt trong nhng tc nhn cnh tranh dinh dng
vi cy trng, nht l trong giai on u ca qu trnh sinh trng. Cn
hn ch s cnh tranh dinh dng t c di do nn tin hnh lm c
thng xuyn.
+ Cy sinh trng n mt giai on nht nh th cn phi vun gc
tng kh nng chng cho cy trng.
1.3.2.3. K thut trng xen cy h u v cy keo
Trng xen l mt trong nhng k thut c ng dng nhiu
trong sn xut nng lm nghip. Trng xen tng nng xut, xen canh
tng v... Vi t sau khai thc, vic trng xen gip tng kh nng ci

67
thin tnh cht t ca cy trng: gi m tt hn, cung cp lng mn
cao hn, tng xp...
Chng ti tin hnh trng xen cy keo v cy h u ci to t: Ct
kh, mung l nhn. Mi m hnh c din tch 1,5ha. Kt qu cho thy cy
sinh trng tt, che ph cao, kh nng gi m tt.
1.4. Xy dng cc m hnh ci to s dng t
1.4.1. M hnh trng c vetiver ht kim loi nng
T kt qu nghin cu th nghim cc loi c ht kim loi nng cho
thy c Vetiver c kh nng ht KLN tt nht. Do chng ti tin hnh xy
dng v trin khai m hnh trng c Vetiver ht kim loi nng. Kt qu
thc tin bc u ca m hnh trng c vetiver ht kim loi nng trn t
sau khai thc qung thic ti x H Thng huyn i T - tnh Thi
Nguyn c tng hp vo bng sau:
Bng 1.26. Kt qu thc hin m hnh trng c Vetiver ht kim loi nng
STT

H tham gia m hnh

Nguyn Th Hu

Nguyn Th Thu Hng

Nguyn Th Nguyt

Triu Vn Quc

Din tch

Kt qu
M hnh cho

0,5 ha

thy kh nng ht
kim loi nng ca
cy c vetiver.

1.4.2. M hnh nng lm kt hp (cy keo v cy h u ci to t)

T kt qu nghin cu cc th nghim v cy lm nghip, cy h
u ci to t, cy c chng xi l chng ti thy c kh nng sinh
trng v ci to t ca mt s loi nh; Keo: Keo Lai dng BV10,
BV16; Cy h u: Mung l nhn, ct kh; Cy chng xi l: C
Vetiver, c voi. Do chng ti tin hnh xy dng v trin khai m hnh
nng lm kt hp trng xen gia cc loi. Kt qu thc tin ca m hnh
nng lm kt hp (cy keo v cy h u ci to t cy mung l
nhn v cy ct kh) trn t sau khai thc qung st t b xo trn, ngho
dinh dng v nhim nh ti th trn Tri Cau - huyn ng H - tnh
Thi Nguyn c tng hp vo bng sau:

68
Bng 1.27. Kt qu thc hin m hnh nng lm kt hp
STT

H tham gia m hnh

Din tch

Kt qu

Trn Anh Cng

M hnh bc u

Nng Vn Bc

t c nhng

Trn Vn Dng

kt qu thnh cng

Nng Vn

nht nh, gip cho

Nng Vn Hon

Trn Hng S

Nng Vn Ti

Phng Vn Tin

Nng Th V

1,5 ha

ngi dn thy c
hiu qu ca m hnh.

1.4.3. M hnh s dng cc loi phn bn hu c lm tng ph t v

tng nng sut la c trng trn t sau khai khong t b xo trn v
nhim nh
1.4.3.1. nh gi v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut la
Phn hu c c vai tr ht sc quan trong trng sn xut nng nghip
ni chung v trong sn xut la ni ring. Trn t sau khai khong ngho
kit th vic b xung cc cht l rt cn thit cung cp dinh dng cho cy
trng sinh trng, pht trin v tng nng sut.
Chng ti trin khai m hnh trng la vi vic s dng phn bn
hu c vi sinh Qu Lm bn nhm ci to t v tng nng sut cy trng.
M hnh c th nghim gm 3 cng thc bn phn cho la Bao Thai:
- Cng thc 1: Bn 20 kg/so (360 m2) 0,55 tn/ha.
- Cng thc 2: Bn 35 kg/so (360 m2) 0,97 tn/ha.
- Cng thc 3: i chng (khng bn phn hu c).
Ghi ch: Phn khong (phn v c) bn cho cc cng thc v ch
chm sc cc cng thc l nh nhau (lm c, phng tr su bnh,
mt ...).

69
Chng ti theo di cc yu t cu thnh nng sut, nng sut l thuyt
v nng sut thc thu cc cng thc. Kt qu ca m hnh c tng hp
vo bng sau:
Bng 1.28. Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut nng sut
Ch tiu

n v

Cng thc
CT 1

CT 2

CT 3

S dnh/khm

Dnh

10,0

11,3

8,5

S bng/khm

Bng

5,80

6,20

4,70

S bng/m2

Bng

290,00

310,00

235,00

S ht chc/bng Ht

58,08

60,14

56,03

P1000 ht

Gam

21,8

22,0

21,1

NSLT

T/ha

36,72

41,02

29,76

NSTT
T/ha
34,27
38,87
27,78
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, c s khc nhau v cc yu t cu thnh
nng sut gia cc cng thc bn phn. Do nng sut l thuyt gia cc
cng thc cng khc nhau. Nng sut l thuyt cc cng thc dao ng t
29,76 41,02 t/ha. Trong cao nht l cng thc 2 (bn 0,97 tn/ha) v
thp nht l cng thc i chng (khng bn phn hu c).
Nng sut thc thu: gt ton b th nghim, tnh c cc khm ly
mu, tut ht phi n khi ca ht 14% th qut sch v cn khi lng
(kg) ri quy i t/ha. Kt qu theo di cho thy, gia cc cng thc c nng
sut thc thu khc nhau v dao ng t 27,78 n 38,87 t/ha. So vi nng
sut la Bao Thai cy trn t khng khai khong th nng sut ny cn thp,
tuy nhin so snh vi cng thc i chng th thy c hiu qu ca phn
bn vi sinh i vi nng sut la.
1.4.3.2. Hiu qu kinh t ca m hnh
Mc ch cui cng ca sn xut nng nghip ni chung v trong sn
xut la ni ring l hiu qu kinh t, do vy n s quyt nh n vic la
chn mc phn bn trong sn xut.
tnh ton hiu qu kinh t p dng cho h sn xut nng nghip,
ngi ta s dng khi nim thu nhp thun: l thu nhp thc t ca h nng

70
dn do sn xut mang li sau khi tr i chi ph (Gi c tnh theo gi th
trng ti thi im v ma 2010 v v xun 2011).
Bng 1.29. Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng phn hu c vi sinh
Cng thc
NSTT (t/ha)
Thu

Chi

Gi bn (1000 VND/t)

CT1

CT2

CT3 (C)

34,27

38,87

27,78

650

650

650

Thnh tin (1000 VND)

22.275,5 25.265,5 18.057,0

Chi ph chung (1000 VND)

7.662,6

7.662,6

7.662,6

Chi ph Khi lng (t/ha)

phn Gi (1000 VND/t)

5,5

9,7

450

450

450

4.365,0

hu c Thnh tin (1000 VND) 2.475,0

10.137,6 12.027,6

Tng chi
Li thun (1000 VND/ha)

7.662,6

12.137,9 13.237,9 10.394,4

Li thun cc cng thc dao ng t 10.394.400 n 13.237.900.

C hai cng thc s dng phn hu c vi sinh u c li thun cao hn i
chng. Kt qu th nghim m hnh cho thy hiu qu kinh t ca phn hu
c vi sinh Qu Lm trn t sau khai khong cho la Bao Thai.
2 . Tng hp cc sn phm ti
2.1. Cc sn phm khoa hc
1

Sn phm KH&CN chnh ca ti v yu cu cht lng cn t

1.1. Sn phm Dng I:

S
TT
1

Tn sn phm

n v o

Cy ht kim loi
nng

Loi cy

Cy u ngn
ngy

Loi cy

Cy h u ci to Loi cy
t

S lng
Ph duyt

ti t c
C Vetiver.

1 - 2 loi
cy ph
u en.
hp c
xc nh
Mung l nhn,
bc u. ct kh, u ren, trinh
n khng gai.

71
4

Cy lm nghip

Loi cy

Keo lai dng

BV16 v BV10.

Cy chng xi l

Loi cy

C Vetiver, c voi.

1.2. Sn phm Dng II:

TT

Tn sn phm

S lng
Ph duyt

ti t c

Bo co nh gi thc
trng t sau khai thc
khong sn ti Thi Nguyn.

01 bo co

01 bo co

Bin php k thut ci

to, phc hi t trng sau
khai khong.

03 bin php

Kt qu bc u
nghin cu hon thin
bin php.

M hnh trng s dng

cy ci to t (c vetiver,
Nng lm kt hp s dng
cy ci to t h u v cy
lm nghip) phc hi t,
tng che ph, chng xi
mn trn vng t trng sau
khai khong.

02 m hnh

- M hnh trng c
vetitver ht lim loi
nng.
- M hnh trng
cy phn xanh ci to
t.

M hnh s dng cc loi

phn bn hu c lm tng
ph t v tng nng sut
la c trng trn t sau
khai khong t b xo trn v
nhim nh.

01 m hnh

M hnh bn phn
hu c vi sinh Qu
Lm cho la Bao
Thai, nhm tng nng
sut la v gp phn
ci to t.

1.3. Sn phm Dng III:

S lng
TT
1

Bi bo
ng Vn Minh, Bi Thanh Hi, o

Ph duyt

ti t
c

2 bi

3 bi

72
Vn Ni, Nguyn Duy Hi (2011), nh gi
cht lng t sau khai thc khong sn ti
Thi Nguyn, Tp ch Hi Khoa hc t
Vit Nam, S 36; tr 163 167.
2

ng Vn Minh, o Vn Ni (2011),
Nghin cu kh nng sinh trng ca cy
phn xanh h u trn t sau khai thc
khong sn ti tnh Thi Nguyn, Tp ch
Khoa hc v Cng ngh i hc Thi
Nguyn, Tp 77, s 01; tr 39 42.

ng Vn Minh, Nguyn Duy Hi

(2011), Nghin cu kh nng sinh trng
v hp thu kim loi nng ca cy c Vetiver,
Dng x v Sy trn t sau khai thc thic
ti huyn i T, tnh Thi Nguyn Tp ch
Khoa hc v Cng ngh i hc Thi
Nguyn, Tp 85, s 09/(1); tr 13 16.

1.4. Kt qu o to
TT

Cp o to

Ph duyt

ti t
c

i hc

Cao hc

nh gi cht lng t v hin trng

s sng t sau khai thc khong sn trn
a bn tnh Thi Nguyn.
nh gi thc trng nhim kim loi
nng trong t v nghin cu bin php sinh
hc phc hi t sau khai thc thic ti
huyn i T, tnh Thi Nguyn.
Nghin cu kh nng sinh trng, ci
to v chng xi l t ca mt s loi thc

73
vt trn t sau khai khong ti huyn ng
H - tnh Thi Nguyn.
Kho nghim mt s ging Keo trn
t sau khai thc khong sn ti th trn Tri
Cau huyn ng H - tnh Thi Nguyn.
Hi tho
3

nh gi hin trng, tim nng v gii

php s dng t sau khai khong.
Tp hun nhn rng kt qu

1 (hi tho) 1 (hi tho)

2 (lp)

2 (lp)

2.2. Kt qu o to/tp hun cho cn b hoc nng dn

S
TT

S lp

S ngi/lp

Ngy
/lp

30

Tng s ngi
Tng
s

Dn tc
thiu s

60

20

15

Ghi
ch

3. nh gi tc ng ca kt qu nghin cu
3.1. Hiu qu mi trng
3.1.1. Hiu qu ci to mi trng t
Kt qu ca ti c ngha rt quan trng trong vic ci to phc hi
nhim mi trng c bit l mi trng t, phng php s dng y
khng phi l x dng ha cht hay cc chi ph tn km khc m s dng trc
tip t cc loi cy thc vt bn a c nhng c tnh qu trong vic gim
thiu nhim, ci to phc hi mi trng t c hiu qu cao.
c bit vic ci to, nng cao ph cho t gp phn tng kh nng
canh tc ca t, a vo mt din tch t canh tc phc v cho sn xut
nng nghip.
T kt ca ca ti cho thy c vai tr quan trng ca mt s loi
thc vt trong vic bo v mi trng v ci to t. ti m ra hng
nghin cu mi cho cc ti khoa hc v ang thc hin Vit Nam
nghin cu thm v mt s nhng c tnh mi ca thc vt tn dng kh
nng sn c ca chng.

74
Hiu qu ci to t: Tng ph, gim hm lng kim loi nng trong
t c nh gi v th hin qua cc bng 1.6; 1.7; 1.8; 1.9; 1.12; 1.13;
1.15; 1.16; 1.18; 1.24. Qua nghin cu cho thy: hu ht cc th nghim u
ci thin c v l v ha tnh ca t. Dung trng ca t gim v xp
tng; Hm lng mn, cc cht dinh dng tng ln; lng kim loi nng c
trong t cc cng thc trng cy th nghim gim so vi cng thc i
chng khng trng cy.
3.1.2. Hiu qu ng ph vi bin i kh hu
Do nh hng ca bin i kh hu lm xut hin nhng trn ma ln,
tht thng gy ra st l v xi mn t nghim trng nhng ni c a
hnh dc ti a phng ni ring v ton khu vc ni chung. Tin hnh trng
mt s loi c va c kh nng gi t v cung cp thc n cho gia sc ti a
phng. Ngi dn trc tip tham gia trng cc loi c.
Kt qu nghin cu v chng xi l c th hin trong bng 1.20;
1.21; 1.22; Hng nm sau mi ma ma mt lng t kh ln b xi l
(39,52 tn/ha). Lng t xi l ny ngoi vic lm bi lp dng chy cn
lm nhim mi trng cnh quan. Bn cnh hin tng xi mn hng
nm vo ma ma lm cho t b mt i mt lng dinh dng kh ln,
cha k n cc cht khong cht quan trng gip cho qu trnh sinh trng
v pht trin ca cy trng. l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho t
b thoi ha, bc mu. Suy thoi mi trng t, nhim ngun nc. Vi
nghin cu trng cc loi c bn a v nhp ni gim thiu ng k
lng t b xi mn, v hn ch mt dinh dng t, bo v mi trng t,
mi trng nc.
3.2. Hiu qu kinh t - x hi
3.2.1. Hiu qu v kinh t
Phng php s dng thc vt ci to t v kh KLN trong t sau
khai khong d lm, chi ph thp hn so vi dng cc phng php khc nh
phng php ha hoc. y cng l phng php thn thin vi mi trng
v it c nh hng xu. V vy kh nng cnh tranh v gi thnh v cht
lng l rt tt.

75
C thm qu t s dng cho sn xut nng lm nghip s to thm
vic lm v thu nhp cho ngi dn a phng..
Cc nh khai thc khong sn c hng li t chnh kt qu ca
ti, h s gim dc chi ph ln cho vic khc phc nhim sau hot ng
khai thc khong sn.
Bng vic s dng phn hu c cho la lm tng nng sut, tng
hiu qu kinh t cho cc h tham gia m hnh (bng 1.29).
3.2.2. Hiu qu v mt x hi
D n tp trung vo vic va nng cao nng lc v kin thc ca
cng ng v s cn thit phi bo v v s dng ti nguyn t c hiu qu,
ng thi xy dng cc m hnh trnh din c s tham gia ca ngi dn, t
chc cc lp hc ng rung (Farmer field school-FFS) v s dng t dc
bn vng (m hnh nng lm kt hp, m hnh nng lm kt hp vi pht
trin chn nui...); bo tn v pht trin cc ging cy trng bn a c sn,
a thm vo c cu cy trng mt s ging mi c tim nng v nng sut,
cht lng v kh nng thch ng cao.
4. T chc thc hin v s dng kinh ph.
4.1. T chc thc hin
TT
1

C quan, t chc v c nhn

tham thc hin ti

a ch

C quan
Trng i hc Nng lm Thi
Nguyn

X Quyt Thng TP Thi

Nguyn tnh Thi Nguyn.

Trung tm Khuyn nng tnh Thi

Nguyn
Vin KHKT Nng Lm nghip
Min ni Pha Bc

Thanh Tr H Ni.

Trung tn Ti nguyn Mi
trng Min ni trng H
Nng Lm Thi Nguyn

Trng H Nng Lm Thi

Nguyn x Quyt Thng - TP
Thi Nguyn tnh Thi Nguyn.

y ban nhn th trn Tri Cau-

TT Tri Cau- ng H- Thi

76
ng H- Thi Nguyn

Nguyn.

y ban nhn x H Thng i X H Thng i T - Thi

T - Thi Nguyn
Nguyn.
M st Trai Cau
2

TT Tri Cau ng H - Thi

Nguyn.

C nhn
10 h dn

T 16 - TT Tri Cau ng H Thi Nguyn.

5 h dn

X H Thng i T - Thi
Nguyn.

C qua ch tr s phi hp vi cc n v xy dng v thng nht cc ni

dung thc hin, giao cho cc n v ph trch tng ni dung:
- Trng i hc Nng lm Thi Nguyn:
Ch tr v thc hin cc ni dung sau: iu tra ly mu phn tch t,
kho st, nh gi hin trng qun l s dng t sau khai khong, nghin cu
bin php kh nhim kim loi nng, ci to v phc hi t bng bin php
sinh hc, nghin cu h thng cy trng v bin php s dng t, xy dng m
hnh nhn ging (i vi c vetiver) v trng cc cy kh nhim kim loi
nng, cy phn xanh, cy h u ci to t, m hnh chng xi mn st l t,
t chc tp hun, hi tho v ti liu ha.
- Vin KHKT Nng Lm nghip Min ni Pha Bc tham gia iu tra
nh gi hin trng t ai, tham gia nghin cu cc bin php ci to phc hi
t, cung cp 1 s ging cy ci to t.
- Trung tm Khuyn nng tnh Thi Nguyn: Phi hp iu tra, trin khai
th nghim, tham gia tp hun, o to v xy dng m hnh. Tip nhn kt qu
tip tc nhn rng.
4.2. S dng kinh ph
V tnh: vn
TT

Ni dung chi theo

nm k hoch

2009

Kinh ph
theo d ton
100.000.000

Kinh ph
c cp
85.160.000

Kinh ph
s dng
85.160.000

77
2

2010

250.000.000

264.840.000

264.840.000

2011

150.000.000

105.000.000

149.998.640

Tng s:

500.000.000

455.000.000

499.998.640

VI. KT LUN V NGH

1. Kt lun
ti tm ra c cc loi cy ci to tng ph cho t ngho kit
sau khai khong: u en; mung l nhn, ct kh, u ren, trinh n khng
gai; keo lai BV10, BV16. Cy ht kim loi nng: C vetiver, dng x. Cy
chng xi l: C vetiver, c voi.
M hnh trng trng c vetiver ht kim loi nng, m hnh trng xen
keo v ct; keo v mung l nhn; m hnh bn phn hu c vi sinh cho la.
Bc u mang li hiu qu kinh t r rt.
ti nhn c s phi hp, ng h ca cc c quan qun l, c quan
nghin cu v cc t chc c nhn tham gia thc hin th nghim v m hnh.
2. ngh
Trc nhng hiu qu v mi trng v hiu qu v kinh t ca cc th
nghim, m hnh cn tip tc nghin cu v nhn rng ph bin. M hnh cn
c trin khai rng ri nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng t; tng din
tch t sn xut nng lm nghip; ng ph vi bin i kh hu. Tng nng
lc ca ngi dn v hu qu ca nhim mi trng v bin i kh hu.
C quan trong tnh tch cc phi hp thc hin m hnh c nhn
rng v ph bin.
C quan ch qun: Tip tc xem xt chng ti c c ngun ti
chnh thc hin nhn rng m hnh.
Ch tr ti
(H tn, k)

C quan ch tr
(H tn, k v ng du)

78
TI LIU THAM KHO

A. Ti liu ting vit

1. Hiu Anh (2010), Nm 2010 sn lng qung st ca Trung Quc c th
t 1 t tn, thng tin
mng internet, website:
http://vietchinabusiness.vn/th-gii/trung-quc/16211-nam-2010-sanluong-qung-sat-cua-trung-quoc-co-the-dat-1-ty-tan.html (31/03/2010)
2. Lu Th Anh (2007), Hin trng v d bo cc tc ng tiu cc n mi
trng t trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi vng ng Bc
giai on 2005-2020), K yu Hi tho quc gia:"Cc vn mi
trng v pht trin bn vng vng ng Bc di tc ng ca qu
trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha,
i hc Thi Nguyn, 20 - 21/10/2007.
3. Bi Th Kim Anh, ng nh Kim, Trn Vn Ta, L c, Nguyn Trung
Kin, Tun Anh, Nguyn Th Hoi Phng (2008), "Kh nng
chng chu v tch ly asen ca hai loi dng x thu t vng khai
thc m", Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh (Vin Khoa hc v Cng
ngh Vit Nam), tp 46, s 6a, 2008, pp. 248-257
4. Cng ty TNHH cng ngh mi trng Nng lm, Mi nguyn nhn gy
nhim, thng tin mng internet, website: http://vietbao.vn/Khoahoc/10-nguyen-nhan-gay-o-nhiem/62249390/188/ (10/12/12008)
5. Cc a cht v khong sn Vit Nam (2005), Ti nguyn khong sn tnh
Thi Nguyn, H Ni.
6. L c, Nguyn Xun Hun, Nguyn Th c Hnh, Trn Th Tuyt Thu
(2005), "nh hng ca kim loi nng (Pb2+, Cu2+) n giun t
(Pheretima morrisi) v cy rau ci (Brassica juncea), Tp ch Khoa
hc t, s 22/2005
7. ng nh Kim Nghin cu s dng thc vt ci to t b nhim
kim loi nng ti cc vng khai thc khong sn
(http://www.khoahoc.com.vn/m/moi-truong/27337.aspx).

79
8. Trn Minh Hun (2011),
http://congnghiepmoitruongcie.wordpress.com/2011/03/28/khai-thackhoang-s%E1%BA%A3n-b%E1%BB%81n-v%E1%BB%AFng
9. Lut t ai 2003, Nh xut bn chnh tr Quc gia H Ni, H Ni.
10. Trn Min, Ban mi trng Tp on Than khong sn Vit Nam
http://congtycayxanh.com/index.ph, ngy: 05/18/2009, 02:06:00.
11. Hong Vn Ph, Th Ngc Oanh (2002), Gio trnh phng php nghin
cu trong trng trt, Gio trnh Cao hc. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni.
12. Nguyn T Sim, Thi Phin, 2002. Cy ph t Vit Nam. Nh Xut
Bn Nng Nghip
13. S Ti nguyn v Mi trng Thi Nguyn (2009), Bo co kt qu thc
hin d n Xy dng c s d liu ti nguyn khong sn tnh Thi
Nguyn, Thi Nguyn.
14. Lng Th Thy Vn, M Th Diu i, ng nh Kim, Trn Vn Ta,
Lng Vn Hinh (2008), "Sinh trng v tch ly ch ca c vetiver
(Vetiveria zizanioides L.) trng trn t nhim do khai thc khong
sn", Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh (Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh
Vit Nam), tp 46, s 6a, 2008, pp. 234-240.
B. Ti liu ting nc ngoi
15. Avlio A. Franco and Sergio M. De Faria (1996).
ttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003807179600229
16. Chantachon, S., Kruatrachue M., Pokethitiyook P., Tantanasarit S.,
Upatham, S., and Soonthornsarathool V (2003), "Phytoextraction of
lead from contaminated soil by vetiver grass (Vetiveria sp.), The third
international conference on Vetiver and Exhibition (ICV
Guangzhon, China), 6 9 October 2003.
17. Shu,W. S., Xia, H. P., Zhang, Z. Q., Lan, C. Y. and Wong, M. H. (2002),
"Use of vetiver and three other grasses for regevetation of Pb/Zn mine
tailings: field experiment", International Journal of Phytoremediation:
Vol 4, No. 1, pp. 47-57
.

80
DANH MC T VIT TT
BOD
BTNMT
BVTV
COD
CV
C
H NL
KLN
LSD
NSLT
NSTT
QCCP
QCVN
TCVN
TKV
TL
TNDB
TP
TSS
TT

: Nhu cu oxy sinh ha

: B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
: Bo v thc vt
: Nhu cu oxy ha hc
: H s bin ng (Coefficient of variation)
: i chng
: i hc Nng Lm
: Kim loi nng
: Gii hn sai khc nh nht
: Nng sut l thuyt
: Nng sut thc thu
: Quy chun cho php
: Quy chun Vit Nam
: Tiu chun Vit Nam
: Tp on than khong sn Vit Nam
: Tr lng
: Ti nguyn d bo
: Thnh ph
: Cht rn l lng
: Th trn

81
MC LC

I. T VN ........................................................................................................................... 1
II. MC TIU TI ............................................................................................................. 2
1. MC TNG QUT ................................................................................ 2
2. MC TIU C TH .............................................................................. 2
III. TNG QUAN TNH HNH NGHIN CU TRONG V NGOI NC... 3
1. TNH HNH NGHIN CU TRN TH GII ................................... 3
2. TNH HNH NGHIN CU TRONG NC ..................................... 5
3. THNG TIN V CC LOI CY TRNG LM TH NGHIM .... 7
3.1. Cy x l kim loi nng ................................................................... 7
3.2. Cy ci to t h u: .................................................................... 7
3.3. Cy lm nghip ................................................................................. 8
IV. NI DUNG, VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU......................... 9
1. NI DUNG NGHIN CU .................................................................... 9
2. VT LIU NGHIN CU ................................................................... 11
3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU......................................................... 12
3.1. Kho st cht lng t vng nghin cu ................................... 12
3.2. Phng php theo di .................................................................... 12
3.2.1. Cy trng .................................................................................. 12
3.2.2. nh gi t ............................................................................. 13
3.3. Phng php thu thp s liu th cp v s cp ........................ 14
3.4. Cc phng php phn tch trong phng th nghim ................ 15
3.5. Phng php x l v tng hp s liu ........................................ 15
V. KT QU THC HIN TI.................................................................................. 15
1. KT QU NGHIN CU KHOA HC ............................................. 15
1.1. nh gi hin trng t ai sau khai khong ti tnh Thi
Nguyn .................................................................................................... 15
1.1.1. Phn b im m, im khong sn trn a bn tnh .......... 15

82
1.1.2. Hin trng qun l v s dng t sau khai thc khong sn
ti ......................................................................................................... 20
Thi Nguyn tnh n nm 2009 ....................................................... 20
1.1.3. nh gi cht lng t v kh nng s dng cho sn xut
nng lm nghip ti cc khu vc sau khai thc khong sn ti Thi
Nguyn ................................................................................................ 21
1.1.3.1. Cc nguyn nhn tc ng ti mi trng t trong hot
ng khai thc khong sn.............................................................. 21
1.1.3.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t ti cc khu vc khai
thc khong sn............................................................................... 22
1.1.3.3. nh gi kh nng s dng t sau khai thc khong sn
cho mc ch nng lm nghip ....................................................... 30
1.2. Xc nh mt s loi cy ci to t s dng ph hp trn t
sau khai thc khong sn ti tnh Thi Nguyn ................................. 32
1.2.1. Nghin cu tuyn chn mt s loi thc vt kh kim loi
nng .................................................................................................... 32
1.2.1.1. Sinh trng ca cy trng ................................................. 32
1.2.1.2. Kh nng hp thu KLN ...................................................... 34
Bng 1.5. Lng KLN hp thu c ca mt s loi cy trn t
bi thi sau khai thc thic .............................................................. 34
1.2.1.3. nh gi v t .................................................................. 36
1.2.2. Th nghim mt s cy u ngn ngy trn t sau khai
khong mi hon th t b xo trn ................................................... 41
1.2.2.1. Sinh trng ca cy trng ................................................. 41
1.2.2.2. nh gi t....................................................................... 46
1.2.3. Th nghim v la chn mt s cy phn xanh h u ci
to v phc hi t ngho kit, t c ph thp trn t sau khai
khong mi hon th ......................................................................... 49
1.2.3.1. Sinh trng ca cy trng ................................................. 49
1.2.3.2. nh gi t....................................................................... 50
1.2.4. Th nghim v la chn mt s loi cy lm nghip thch
hp, ph xanh, ci to v phc hi nhng vng t dc giai on
u mi hon th sau khai khong .................................................. 53

83
1.2.4.1. Cy lm nghip ci to t ................................................ 53
1.2.4.2. Kh nng chng xi l ca mt s loi c......................... 56
1.3. Nghin cu cc bin php k thut, m hnh ci to t sau khai
thc khong sn ..................................................................................... 60
1.3.1. Nghin cu cc bin php k thut thch hp trng c Vetiver
x l nhim t ........................................................................... 60
1.3.1.1. Bin php k thut nhn ging c veiver ........................... 60
1.3.1.2. K thut trng c vetiver.................................................... 61
1.3.2. Nghin cu cc bin php k thut trng cy phn xanh h
u trn t sau khai khong ............................................................ 65
1.3.2.1. K thut lm t ................................................................. 65
1.3.2.2. K thut bn phn, chm sc v ti nc ....................... 66
1.3.2.3. K thut trng xen cy h u v cy keo ........................ 66
1.4. Xy dng cc m hnh ci to s dng t .................................. 67
1.4.1. M hnh trng c vetiver ht kim loi nng ........................... 67
1.4.2. M hnh nng lm kt hp (cy keo v cy h u ci to t)
............................................................................................................. 67
1.4.3. M hnh s dng cc loi phn bn hu c lm tng ph
t v tng nng sut la c trng trn t sau khai khong t b
xo trn v nhim nh .................................................................... 68
1.4.3.1. nh gi v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut
la .................................................................................................... 68
1.4.3.2. Hiu qu kinh t ca m hnh ............................................ 69
2 . TNG HP SN PHM CA TI ............................................. 70
2.1. Cc sn phm khoa hc ................................................................. 70
2.2. Kt qu o to/tp hun cho cn b hoc nng dn ................ 73
3. NH GI TC NG CA KT QU NGHIN CU ............... 73
3.1. Hiu qu mi trng ...................................................................... 73
3.1.1. Hiu qu ci to mi trng t ............................................. 73
3.1.2. Hiu qu ng ph vi bin i kh hu .................................. 74
3.2. Hiu qu kinh t - x hi ............................................................... 74
3.2.1. Hiu qu v kinh t ................................................................ 74
3.2.2. Hiu qu v mt x hi ............................................................ 75

84
4. T CHC THC HIN V S DNG KINH PH. ......................... 75
4.1. T chc thc hin ........................................................................... 75
4.2. S dng kinh ph ............................................................................ 76
VI. KT LUN V NGH ............................................................................................. 77
1. KT LUN ............................................................................................ 77
2. NGH ................................................................................................ 77
TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................................... 78
A. TI LIU TING VIT ...................................................................... 78
B. TI LIU TING NC NGOI...................................................... 79

85
DANH MC BNG

Bng 1.1. Danh sch cc m v din tch hon th.....20

Bng 1.2. Hin trng cht lng mi trng t ti mt s m..23
Bng 1.3. Biu hin do hot ng khai thc khong sn ti t v cy
trng.30
Bng 1.4. Cc loi cy trng, cy hoang di mc trn vng t sau khai
thc..31
Bng 1.5. ng thi sinh trng ca cy trng sau khi trng 1 nm..............32
Bng 1.6. Lng KLN hp thu c ca mt s loi cy trn t bi thi sau
khai thc thic......................................34
Bng 1.7. S thay i dung trng t sau thi gian 12 thng trng cy th
nghim.37
Bng 1.8. Kt qu phn tch t sau khai thc thic trng mt s loi cy th
nghim.....37
Bng 1.9. Kt qu phn tch pH, OM v N, P tng s ca t sau th
nghim.....39
Bng 1.10. Sinh trng v nng sut sinh khi ca cy sau khi trng 1
nm..42
Bng 1.11. Yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ht....44
Bng 1.12. S thay i v l tnh t trc v sau khi trng 2 v..................46
Bng 1.13. Ch tiu v dinh dng t sau khi trng 1 nm th nghim 2......47
Bng 1.14. ng thi sinh trng ca cy trng sau khi trng 1 nm............49
Bng 1.15. S thay i v l tnh t trc v sau khi trng 1 nm ..............50
Bng 1.16. Ch tiu v dinh dng t sau khi trng 1 nm ..........................51
Bng 1.17. ng thi sinh trng ca cy trng sau khi trng 15 thng....53
Bng 1.18. Kt qu phn tch t sau khi trng 15 thng................................54
Bng 1.19. Sinh trng ca cy trng sau khi trng 1 nm............................56
Bng 1.20 . Lng t b xi mn trong cc thng ma.....57
Bng 1.21. Ch tiu v dinh dng t ti cc h by t.......58
Bng 1.22. Tng lng dinh dng trong t b xi mn ra tri trong cc
thng ma ...58

86
Bng 1.23. Kt qu theo di t l sng...........................................................60
Bng 1.24. Tch ly As, Pb, Cd trong thn l ca c Vetiver trng trn t
nhim...............................................................................................................63
Bng 1.25. Tch ly As, Pb, Cd trong r ca c Vetiver trng trn t
nhim...64
Bng 1.26. Kt qu thc hin m hnh trng c Vetiver ht kim loi
nng.................................................................................................................67
Bng 1.27. Kt qu thc hin m hnh nng lm kt hp...............................68
Bng 1.28. Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut nng sut..................................69
Bng 1.29. Hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng phn hu c vi sinh bn cho
la c trng trn t sau khai khong..70

87
DANH MC HNH

Hnh 1: Bn ti nguyn t tnh Thi Nguyn............................................20

Hnh 1.1a. Lng KLN hp thu trong thn l ca cc loi cy th nghim.35
Hnh 1.1b. Lng KLN hp thu trong r ca cy th nghim.36
Hnh 1.2: ng thi sinh trng ca cy sau mt nm trng..........................56
Hnh 1.3: Lng t b xi mn trong cc thng ma58
Hnh 1.4: Tng lng dinh dng trong t b xi mn ra tri trong cc
thng ma59

88
PH LC 1. DANH SCH CC M KHONG SN TRN A BN
TNH THI NGUYN V S LC C IM A CHT KHU M
S
TT

S
hiu
trn
bn

Tn m,
im,
biu
hin KS

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

H ta
VN.2000
X

Huyn
X (m)

1.

74

Ni
Hng

Than

Td

Yn
Lng

i T

2403199

2.

101

Vn
Lng

Than

Td

Yn
Lng

i T

2400922

3.

114

Phn M

Than

Td

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2398681

4.

134

Ph
Xuyn

Than

Td

Ph
Xuyn

i T

2396800

Y (m)

I. Nhin liu
Trm tch cha than thuc h
ct kt, ct bt kt, chuyn l
399907
va than dng thu knh: di
220m. - Cht lng (%):
lng (Qch) = 8078 - 8128 Kc
vy quanh ch yu gm c
kt mu xm tro, xm ghi,
k cc lp vi st, ct btk
tr cng nghip. Nm tip xc
398046.3
tch Devon di gia ca i
im mt ct l phin xeri
g v xm en, xen k l nh
sng n trng va. Th nm c
Theo ti liu on 12, vy
trn, bc Nori-Reti thuc ph
tng trn vi Pecmi. Chiu
than gm nhng lp acgilit m
grevelit hy hoi. Khong sn
nm theo phng gn kinh tu
pha ty ca np lm chung
nhng np on ra, khu m
gn kinh tuyn. y, trong
ngoi ra cn gp ri rc nhn
hoc cc ho thm d. Ch
cng nghip. Trong 5 va tha
khng c gi tr cng nghip.
knh, chy theo phng gn k
xng, c trc chi dc v pha
420240.5
14 phn va than (LK.152);
(LK.101). Da vo s thay
khonh: Khonh 1 phn b
trc v cng phc tp (t 1
Khonh 2 nm v pha ty t
c cu to phc tp, gm 25,71m (LK.166). phn gia
phc tp nht. Chiu dy chun
17,23m (LK.166)> Khonh 3
va trong khong ny n gi
1,85m (ho 601), gm 2 phn
thu knh nh, nm cch bit
n gin, chiu dy t 1,43m
c c trng bi cc ch s
lng 8676 klal/kg. Nhn hiu
Trm tch cha than gm cc
vimu xm, xm en thuc
402672.6
Va than l ra khong 4m the
mm d v vn, ln nhiu th

89
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

S
ty nam dc 30-40o.

5.

137

m Hn

Than

Td

Phc
Linh

i T

2396532

418765.4

6.

148

Lng
Cm

Than

Td

H
Thng

i T

2395058

417848.1

vy quanh ch yu l bt
cc trn khng n nh v
Vn Lng tui Nori-Reti (T3n
theo phng kinh tuyn cm
va than, qua ti liu tnh ton
t m than khu m Hn (thu
c 1 va than c gi tr cn
ln: phn va di, phn va g
knh ko di theo phng k
cm v pha ty, gc dc 40-5
1: phn ng bc t tuyn X
0,64-1,16m. -Khong 2: phn
phc tp c t 1 n 8 ph p
v bt kt vi, chiu dy cc
cch phn va di 0,74m-30
ny, n nm gn trong n t
va chiu di phn l va ti 2
song vi kinh tuyn, thn qu
Cu trc phn va phc tp c
than, bt kt, bt kt vi, chi
lp kp t 0,01m n 3,6
dng thu knh nm trong
tuyn XXIV n tuyn XXI c
cch nhau bi lp kp bt k
theo qui lut, th d tuyn XX
dy 2,8m tuyn XXI dy 12,8
mu cht lng ca than nh
38,10%, cht bc Vr) t 9,25
0,11 n 4,29%, phpho (P) t
cal/g, phn tch cc nguyn t
luyn cok. Da vo cc ch ti
cok.
vy quanh va than gm c
xenkp cc lp vi ct kt
c xp vo mt ct ph i
Cm c dng mt np vng k
B, dc cnh ty bc thay
thm d t m m than Lng C
va than, trong va than I
im than t l khng lin h
tuyn XV, va c dng thu
0,64-12,39m. Da vo cu tr
np li t tuyn I n tuyn 8
chim phn n t ca cu t
t ngt khng theo mt qui l
thnh 3 khong khng lin t
tuyn I n tuyn IV, va c
phn ra c dng n t phn
phng v hng cm, dy 0
XV va dng n t cm v ph
3.Va than III: nm cch than

90
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

t tuyn VII, VIIa-XI, XIa v

chiu dy thay i t 0,15-7,
va dng n t dy 0,34-2,22
XVII, va dng n t khng
0,61-2,23m. Kt qu phn tc
(Wlv)= 9,37-21,55%, m
cht bc (Vcb)= 20,52-34,48
lu hunh (S)= 0,26-3,11%,
thay i t 6,233-8,804 cal/g
nhn hiu t cok m n cok.

7.

149

Hng
Cng

Than

Td

Tin
Hi

i T

2395113

407659.1

8.

170

C Vn

Than

Td

C Vn

i T

2393152

421473.4

9.

177

Ba Sn

Than

Td

Sn
Cm

Ph
Lng

2392265

424019.9

10.

187

Vnh
Quang

Than

Td

Cao
Ngn

ng
H

2390606

427717.5

11.

188

Qun
Triu

Than

Td

An
Khnh

i T

2390558

425621.5

Than phn b trong cc tr

thnh phn thch hc gmL c
thu knh vi mu xm ph

Va than nm trong trm

Thnh phn thch hc gm b
c th nm ca . Va tha
chiu dy va than khng xc
en, su, ln nhiu thnh phn
cngnghip, cn nghin cu th
vy quanh l vi, vi s
xm vng, g, ct bt kt,
xm vng, xm pht tm, tm
Vn Lng T3n-rvl. Ton b kh
theo phng ty bc-ng nam
hng cm ty nam hoc n
theo ng phng cng nh
di 400m, dy tb 4,44m, gc
27,8m, nh nht 0,31m, gc
14,92m, nh nht 0,26m, gc
Qun Triu, chiu dy gp
85o. Thnh phn khong vt
Wpt= 1,60-1,95; Ak= 17,660,51; Qc= 0,022-8286K calo.
Than phn b trong trm tch
than mng phn b ri rc, tr
a phng. Than thuc loi th
vy quanh bao gm 3 ph
mu xm en, xen ct kt ct
Phn cha than vi mu x
kt, phin st mu xm g. -Ph
m Qun Triu c 4 va than
chuyn v phng ng-ty, c
than Ba Sn-Qun Triu nm
to v phng ko di c 4 v
phn trn. Than c nhn hiu t

91
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

12.

198

Phc
Xun

Than

Td

Phc
Xun

ng
H

2388099

418384.2

vy quanh gm: bt kt,

phn lp dy 2-5cm. Thuc m
b v nhu un np mnh c

13.

206

Thm
Thnh

Than

Td

Ct N

i T

2381594

414766.8

Thn phn b trong cc th

vl2). Thnh phn thch hc g
st, hoc st than, th nm ca

H ta
VN.2000

II. Khong sn kim loi

II. 1. St
14.

23

Thm
oc

St
limonit

Fe

im
Nc

nh
Ha

2414643

401352

15.

30

o
Thy

St
limonit

Fe

Bc
MiuSn Ph

nh
Ha

2412320

406668.8

16.

32

Cui Nc

St
limonit

Fe

Yn

Ph
Lng

2411964

420785.4

17.

40

Lng
Tro

St
limonit

Fe

Yn

Ph
Lng

2408148

417362.8

18.

41

N Rao

St
limonit

Fe

Bnh
Thnh

nh
Ha

2408027

403870.5

19.

43

Lng Nt

St
limonit

Fe

Hp
Thnh

Ph
Lng

2407825

413241.9

20.

46

Lng M

St
limonit

Fe

Phc
Lng

i T

2406755

405550.3

21.

47

Thanh
Bn

St
limonit

Fe

Bnh
Thnh

i T

2406678

401773.3

22.

53

um

St

Fe

TT. u

Ph
Lng

2405415

417307.2

23.

56

Cy
Hng

St
limonit

Fe

Phc
Lng

i T

2405084

407675.3

Ti y pht hin thy nh

Triat trn, bc Nori thuc ph
cng nghip, v qui m nh ch
vy quanh ch yu l s
dng di; sng thch anh fens
phin silic mu xm tro, xm
(O-S pn3). Trong sng c
gabro khi Sn Du, bao gm
c tui Triat trn, bc Nori th
ha trm tch ni trn. Th nm
vy quanh ch yu l p
kt tinh c dng khi ht nh
enphn lp mng ht nh, m
sc cnh, thng cm v ty b
vy quanh ch yu l p
gia, thuc ph ip sng Cu
300o
vy quanh ch yu l ct
ng bc, dc gn 80o. Chn
(D1-2 sc1). Thn qung gm n
0,5-2m, c khi ln hn, nm r
(mu ha ca on 20A) cho b
vy quanh ch yu l ct
ch yu cm v ty, ty b
vy quanh thn qung gm
xen k quaczit, phin st
mng, thuc ph ip sng C

vy quanh ch yu l si
d v, ct khai kiu khi hnh

Qung limolit um phn

1,2x0,8km.. vy quanh ch
b hoa ha tui Devon (D1-2 s
ha, bao gm laterit v qung
phn b trn mt din tch: d
qung pha bc v ch c qu
400m, rng 40m. Hm ln
14,94%; Mn: 1,69-2,36% tr
25,22%, trung bnh 32,87%;
trung bnh 4,19%. Hm l
22,24%, trung bnh 30,57%;
5,59%, tb 7,62%; P: 0,062-0,0
vy quanh gm ch yu l
v silic mu xm thuc tng m

92
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S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

S pn5). Th nm ca thay

24.

58

ng
ang

St
limonit

Fe

ng
Dang

Ph
Lng

2404698

415794.7

25.

59

N
Cng

St
limonit

Fe

Minh
Tin

i T

2404811

401951.9

26.

67

Xm
Mi

St
limonit

Fe

Minh
Tin

i T

2404011

402655.4

27.

70

ng
Dong

St
limonit

Fe

Quang
Sn

ng
H

2403299

436701.1

28.

75

Khun
Lu

St
limonit

Fe

c
Lng

i T

2403038

405591.1

29.

77

Khun
M

St
limonit

Fe

c
Lng

i T

2402951

403570.1

30.

85

La Hin

St
limonit

Fe

La Hin

V
Nhai

2401712

440548.3

31.

88

Xm i

St
limonit

Fe

c
Lng

i T

2401785

406979.7

Theo ti liu ca V Uyn,

limonit nm ri rc trn sn
gabro-biotit thuc phc h N
m st. Chng khng c gi
Theo ti liu ca V Uyn
nm trong trm tch tui D
Qung y khng c gi tr
vy quanh ch yu l p
xm vng, xm sng, phn l
mnh, ch yu cm v nam,
di gia, thuc ph ip sn
thy nhiu tng ln limonit d
t 10 cm n 2m. Chng
phn ch yu ca qung l l
20%. Kt qu phn tch quang
Ngoi ra cn c Cu, Ni, Co,
cu k nn tm xp vo loi b
im qung pha ty nam
ng Dong. vy quanh l
vy quanh c tui D1-D2
hematit. Qung ln hematit c
chiu di 20m, rng 3m. Qu
ty, ty bc-ng nam. Kch
Kt qu phn tch quang ph
qu phn tch ha cho bit: Fe
Theo ti liu ca V Uyn o
rc xung quanh nhng i nh
dng m st nm trong ct
Cu 1 (D1-2 sc1). Qung
qung
vy quanh ch yu l
xerixit mu en lng bng c
Spn5). Ti y pht hin thy
thoi. Qung limonit c dng
nghip, ch l loi biu hin qu
im qung pha bc ph L
di theo phng ty bc-n
xm, phn lp phn phin m
Th nm ca 140-150o, 55
chn i l qung st limoni
0,3-1,0m. Chiu rng i qu
ng nam (310-320o). Limon
vng, vng nu, c chkh
kt thch anh, fenspat c
(LT.5008/1) cho bit: Fe2O5
0,24%. Kt qu phn tch qu
0,03%; Si= 0,5%; Mg= 0,1%
(LT.5008/1): limonit= 90% (h
vng xp loi biu hin qung
vy quanh ch yu l p
tng Ph Ng 3 (O-S pn3).

93
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S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

32.

96

Ph Gi

St

Fe

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2401149

419621.5

33.

97

Sam
Thoi

St
limonit

Fe

Ph
Cng

i T

2401268

401680.1

34.

103

i Khai

St

Fe

Minh
Lp

ng
H

2400178

429039.8

35.

110

o
Nhu

St

Fe

Vn
Hn

ng
H

2399153

447564.4

36.

111

Ton
Thng

St
limonit

Fe

V
Tranh

Ph
Lng

2399209

425834.2

37.

121

Hoan

St

Fe

Cy Th

ng
H

2397438

447169.3

38.

126

m
Bng

StMangan

Fe

Bn
Ngoi

i T

2397344

408092.1

vy quanh ch yu l p
ip sng Cu 1 (D1-2 sc1). L
b trn cc qu i thp, tho
ra trn b mt, mt s t b ph
ngun gc to qung nn qu
nh gi tr lng m ch
gm nhng tng ln limonit s
qung ny chy di t ty bc
lm hai thn qung: thn ph
pha nam phn b trn din t
hnh dng bt k, chiu dy t
4,69m. Hm xut ca qung
Hm lng Fe v mt s nguy
50,75% tb 42,57%; Mn: 2,570,089% tb 0,081%; SiO2: Al2
vy quanh ch yu l p
h tng Ph Ng, ph h t
mnh thuc phc h Ni Ch
xm nhp gp nhng tng l
limonit dng m st ca q
khng c gi tr cng nghip,
vy quanh ch yu l p
hn l vimu xm, xm tr
im qung nm pha bc
lin quan vi h thng t g
phin st, phe st xerixit mu
mu nu g. c hin tng
im qung nm pha ng n
Vit Hng n Xm tn vy
nm xen phin st mu g
hin tng c nt mnh m.
i qung ko di theo ph
Dc theo sn i gp nhiu
60cm, thm ch c tng 1-2m3
gc di dng phn lp v ph
xm, chiu dy cc mch thy
ca thn qung ty nam-ng
trong cc tng qung c nhiu
mt s mu cho bit: Al= Al=
0,02%; Cu= 0,005%; Ag= 0,0
Qung phn b trong vng
Qung phn b 2 khu: - i
25-50. B t gy ct ra thnh
dy 12-30m. Thnh phn kho
(20%), pyroluzit 0 -10%, ps
Mn=2,13%; Pb=0,148%; Zn
10,64g/T Tr lng C1 + C2
nm trong np lm, chia lm
lng trung bnh Fe=40,74-44
0,058%; Ngoi ra cn c Au
qung gc cn gp qung delu
000 tn
Qung phn b trong vng
thn qung gc dng mch, p
34m. Thnh phn ch yu ca
thch anh felspat, mica. Kho

94
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S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

39.

127

Lm
Giang

St
limonit

Fe

Bn
Ngoi

i T

2397299

406466.6

vy quanh i limonit l
Ph Ng 3 (O-S pn3).Gn
Cha (nca T3n). Trong i n
kt bi limonit, limonit
(chancopirit Cuprit, bocnit,
keo ni ln nhng m ht m
hu ngn sng Cng, ngay x
limonit, dm kt limonit kch

40.

128

Vn Ho

St
limonit

Fe

Ha
Thng

ng
H

2396996

430991.1

vy quanh l phin st,

41.

130

N Mn

St
limonit

Fe

Ph
Xuyn

i T

2397091

401872.3

42.

131

Ph
Thnh

St
limonit

Fe

Ph
Thnh

i T

2396997

405388.5

43.

132

B u

St
limonit

Fe

C
Lng

Ph
Lng

2396724

421106.4

44.

133

ung
Vn

St
limonit

Fe

Bn
Ngoi

i T

2396819

406021.4

45.

135

Thn
Tranh

St
limonit

Fe

Tn
Linh

i T

2396694

411877.7

46.

136

Tng
Lai

St
limonit

Fe

Ha
Trung

ng
H

2396490

431578.9

Cc trong khu vc ny ch
tng katactazit, cc ny t
hng cm v pha ty nam
t gy phng TB-N tn t
40-50m. Qung thuc limoni
nn cht lng ca qung xu
vy quanh i limonit l
Ph Ng 1 (O-S pn1). Limon
gy phng ty bc-ng na
thnh phn ch yu l dm k
c st, keo chim ti khong
Theo kt qu phn tch quang
Fe: 10%. Ngoi ra cn thy c
thch anh: 55% inmonit b lim
sn i thp, thoi. Ngoi ra
nhiu tng ln c kch thc
vo loi biu hin qung,
vy quanh thuc ph i
thch hc gm ct kt xen
Qung st ch thy trong i c
nu hoc nu en
Khu vc phn b qung gm
5-10cm. b c nt v nhu
trn xp vo ph h tng 2 Ph
dng eluvi deluvi phn b th
150-200m. Thnh phn kho
thnh tng m chim 2% hy
gn nh hematit chim ti 60
phi qung chim 30%. Qung
vy quanh ch yu l p
trm tch ph h tng 2 Ph N
pha ty dc 35-40o. Qu
eluvi deluvi cc tng ln th
v manhetit, kch thc 0,4-0,
vy quanh ch yu l quac
mu vng. Nm xen trong ch
vy quanh c tui 2 bc.
Qung st limonit y kh
thng to thnh cac sdi di
phng vt. Cc tng ln c

95
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S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

47.

143

Bn
Ngoi

St
limonit

Fe

Bn
Ngoi

i T

2396370

408253.9

48.

151

Ha
Trung

St

Fe

Vn
Hn

ng
H

2394698

433192.8

49.

153

Lin

St

Fe

H
Thng

i T

2394817

414607.1

50.

157

Lin

St
limonit

Fe

H
Thng

i T

2394420

414064

51.

164

Linh
Nham

St
limonit

Fe

Linh
Sn

ng
H

2393427

433504.9

52.

169

Sn Cm

St
limonit

Fe

Sn
Cm

Ph
Lng

2393132

425901.8

53.

172

C Vn

St

Fe

C Vn

i T

2392794

419985.9

54.

175

Tin B

St

Fe

Khe Mo

ng
H

2392376

434770.2

Qung phn b trn cc p

Thnh phn thch hc gm c
cc t gy kin to b c
Qung st tn ti dng aluvi
kin to phng TB-N, ko
phn b cc tng ln khng
khi. Thnh phn khong vt
dng ht ng thc ht tha
grafit dng ht hi ko di chi
M phn b trong vng c
va di 320m, rng 100m, dy
thn qung deluvi: di 300 2,8m, lp ph 0,2m, hm su
Mn = 6,58 - 8,82; Pb = 0,85; Z
Qung phn b ranh gii
qung : - Thn 1 di 120 - 15
di qung ln deluvi. - Thn
qung ln di 150m, rng 20
yu l limonit. Hm sut q
53,30(42,13); Mn = 0,27 - 19,
Qung phn b dc theo i
bc t gy l cc trm t
phn thch hc gm phin
biotit, granit mutcovit thuc
khu vc lin gm 3 thn
128m, ko di 120-150m, r
lng Fe t 33,78% n 53,21
77,36m, cch thn qung 1 l
phng TB-N, rng 20-25m
ng qung c kch thc ln
trn i cch thn qung 1 l
tng qung c kch thc ln
phn khong vt qung ch y
vy quanh ch yu l c
phong ha c mu vng nht.
Ti im LT.3477+400m gp
gtit, hydrogtit mu xm en
dng thu knh di 300m, rng

vy quanh l phin st,

anh silic mu xm nu xm v

vy quanh thuc trm tch

hc gm ct kt, ct bt kt g
gy phng TB-N pht hin
kch thc: di 50m, rng 1-8
chiu dy 4-5m. Thnh phn
lng st trung bnh 22,29% t
0,1-0,3%
im qung nm cch pha
ty bc ko di gn nh ng
xm tro pht trng, xm vng.

96
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S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

55.

176

Nui

St

Fe

Cy Th

ng
H

2392247

445055.6

56.

183

Ho Bnh

St

Fe

Cy Th

ng
H

2391405

446962.3

57.

186

Quang
Trung

St

Fe

Vn
Hn

ng
H

2390931

441591

58.

194

Ngn Me

St

Fe

Tn Li

ng
H

2389437

447261

59.

195

Ha Bnh

St

Fe

Cy Th

ng
H

2389261

445502.9

60.

196

Tri Cau

St

Fe

Cy Th

ng
H

2388762

444061

Fe

Ph
Xun

Tp.Th
i
Nguy
n

2387939

418170.7

61.

199

C Ngo

St

M phn b trong vng ph

C 2 thn qung gc dng th
t gy ct thnh nhiu on.
c din tch b mt 50 000m
Khi TB di hn 300m. Thn
psilomelan, t magnetit, chalco
= 2,18; Pb = 0,025; Zn = 0,05
8,34g/t.

im qung nm cch pha

to La Dy. Tri Cau, phng
ghi, xm lc, rn chc, nt v
vy quanh ch yu l p
ct kt thch anh. Th nm c
vc ni Me, dc theo thung l
tng ln kh dy, kch thc c
on a cht 8: khu m gm
qung ko di theo phng t
dy bin i khng qu 10m
qung pha nam cm v ty-n
phn tch quang ph cho bit
Ni= 0,001%; Cu= 0,001%; Pb
vy quanh cc thn qung
kt dng quaczit rn chc, m
mu xm en, xm nu. -D
mu xm nu. Phn di vn
mu vng, ht mn. vy qu
M gm 5 khu: Thi Lc, Ch
khu cha qung nm ring l
Cc thn qung u c phn
gc dc 40-60o, chiu di thay
m pht hin c 20 thn qu
t: clorit ha, xeritxit ha, qu
li B Cu. Ti y thy nhiu
thay i nhiu theo Braxp
chc mt. Khu vc cha qu
qung gp nhiu i mch d
phng v dc ca vy
c im v th nm ca cc
ngun gc trm tch bin ch
dng dm kt lm m v dn
n nh gm manhetit, hema
galenit xfalerit. Qung c hm
Pb, Zn, As nhn chung khng
vy quanh ch yu l ct k
phn lp dy 2-10cm c xen c
xp vo mt ct ph tp 3 V
qua khu vc ny nn b c
n 220

97
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S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

62.

201

Lc Ba

St
limonit

Fe

Lc Ba

i T

2387863

410221.5

63.

204

K Ph

St

Fe

K Ph

i T

2384187

411340.5

nh
Ho

2412910

412427.6

vy quanh gm ct kt c
sm n Rifen thuc ph ip
phn b dc theo i ph h
mt cc tng ln tng
nu, nu en ln nhiu thnh
cng nghip.
Qung phn b trong vng c
b phong ho di 140m, rng
tch di 260m, rng 120m, d
tn d magnetit. Hm sut qu
Mn = 11,44 14,58.

II.2. Mangan
64.

28

Ph Tin

Mangan

Mn

Ph
Tinn
h Ho

65.

146

m
Bng

Mangan

Mn

Hng
Sn

i T

2395974

411306.7

66.

24

Sn u

Titan

Ti

Sn Ph

nh
Ho

2414549

405859.6

67.

38

C Lm

Titan

Ti

Bnh
Thanh

nh
Ho

2408273

402926.2

nh
Ha

2407530

403024.8

vy quanh ch yu l
vng), b nhiu mch thch an
xen k vi phin st silic m
cnh. Th nm ca chng thay
vy quanh y ch yu l
thch anh piroxen thuc ph h
nh, thay i t ng bc q
khng xa l din phn b gab
Cha (nca T3n). Ti khu v
mangan. Chng thng c dn
nam-ty bc, dc ng hoc h

II.3.Titan

68.

44

C Lm

Titan

Ti

Bnh
Thnh

69.

55

Lng
Cam

Titan

Ti

ng
t

Ph
Lng

2404323

413734.9

70.

57

Cy
Trm

Titan

Ti

ng
t

Ph
Lng

2404897

416046.7

vy quanh ch yu l gabr
gabro Sn u, phc h Ni
l 300-320o

Sa khong nm trong lp ph
xm en v nm trng hp
Thnh phn khong vt qun
yu l inmenit. Hm lng inm
vy quanh ch yu l qua
Silua thuc ph h tng Ph N
phc h Ni Cha (nca T3n
deluvi. Cc tng ln gabro c
di TnDnh-Ni Trng, di
tng ti 2m. Bng mt thng
inmenit; chng thng xm t
10%. Kt qu phn tch quang
mu cn c cc nguyn t Co
cng nghip, xp vo loi biu
vy quanh ch yu l g
olivin thuc phc h Ni Ch
nhp gabro bao gm ch yu
pn1). Ti y pht hin
sa khong cng nghip. Cc t
np un lm, hnh lng cho,
dc 30-35o. Cc t gy tron
nh ca n phn ln c ph
m, cnh bc ca np vng
ca thn qung v tuyn (7

98
S
TT

71.

S
hiu
trn

72

Tn m,
im,
biu

Tn
Dnh

Loi
khong
sn

Titan

K hiu
trn
bn

Ti

ng
t

Huyn

Ph
Lng

H ta
VN.2000

2402938

411686

phng: 700m, theo hng c

Ton b phn ty bc ca th
cu trc phc tp, chim ch
trung tm v phn trn thn q
xm tn inmenit khong20-3
trong tng s cc loi qung
qung giu vi hm lng TiO
Thn qung gc ng nm
b cnh ng np lm.
ty, dc 30-50o, dy t 5-10m
lm hai khi chnh bi 2
hng dc 100-150m. Thn q
knh c lp. Thu knh trn
Thu knh di cch thu k
150m, dy 30m. Khi pha
150-200m, dy 25m. pha t
to thnh sa khong phn b
80% khi lng), gia qung
bnh. Thnh phn khong v
pirit, hematit, chencopirit, gr
lng inmenit 30-70%, piroti
trong qung giu 15-36%, t
0,12%-0,25%, Ta2O3: 0,01-0
SiO2: 16,7%; Al2O3: 3,8%,
Qung khong cng gm 2 th
tch phn b qung 1km2. P
trin trn thn qung gc
rng 1.100m. Thn qung c
6m. Thn sa khong ty c
khu m, nm trng vi pha
trin trn thn qung gc t
1km, rng 150m, dy 1-25m,
nghip >20kg/m3. on 8
lng qung gc: 4435,5 n
khong: 395,8 nghn tn inm
nghn tn inmenit (2462,5 ngh
aT3n nc).Qung l gabro c
Cc tng qung ln c kch th
trn khong di 100m, ilmeni
hm lng 15 20%. Ngoi r

99
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

72.

76

Hu So

Titan

Ti

c
Lng

i T

2402090

408440.1

73.

94

Hi Hoa
(Cm
c)

Titan

Ti

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2401237

418803.6

74.

107

N Hoe

Titan

Ti

Ph Lc

i T

2400835

406050.1

108

Lng
Bu
(Phn
M)

Titan

Ti

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2399565

417897.5

75.

vy quanh i qung ha
mutcovit thuc ph h tng P
pecmatit, gabrodiaba thuc ph
nt theo nhiu phng khc n
30cm. Titan Hu So pht tri
phnh ra trn 400m, su = 70
vt qung ch yu l inmeni
pirit, pirotin, benlandit grafi
thnh nhng nh ri rc. Th
phn tch quang ph cho bit
Co, Ni, Kt qu phn tch k
Kt qu gi i cho bit inm
qu phn tch mu ha cho bi
So cn gp 1 thn sa khon
rng 700m2, chiu dy trm t
i trng sa t 10-20 kg/m3.
Tr lng khong 7,0 triu t
ln, nhng hm lng qung
vy quanh ch yu l ga
xm nhp gabro Ni Cha c
bin cht, ct kt, thch anh
thuc ph h tng Ph Ng 1
ha inmenit ha di theo ph
200-400m. Di khong ha
gabro-pecmatit xm mu v g
inmenit, nhng xm tn ng
thng gp inmenit di dn
thc : 1-2mm. Hm lng
gp t grafit dng vy, dng
pirotin, chancopirit, penlandit
0,3%, ngoi ra cn c Co, N
grafit nm v pha ng nam
nam khong 900-1000m, rn
phn ch yu l limonit mu
Ni ln gia limonit l m
kch thc t 1-3 n 4mm,
quan st thy khong 6-7%. N
, vy chim t 2-3 cn 20-2
bit: pirotin: 4%, grafit: 1%; c
vy quanh ch yu l gab
Ni Cha (ncaT3n). Trm
thch anh biotit, phin graf
ch yu l 320-340
vy quanh ch yu l ga
Ni Cha (nca T3n). Ti y
ha inmenit trng vi mt d
khong 900m, rng 200-300
Khong ha titan trong di n
cc ln, c ch tp trung ti
khong vt qung ch yu l
pirotit, penlanit v graftt, Inm
tha hnh, th bm ly dy kh
10mm. Hm lng inmenit b
tch khong tng (VL.11228

100
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

1,5%, pirit 1%, penlandit: rt

c Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, Qung
c tip tc nghin cu thm

76.

112

Lng Ln

Titan

Ti

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2402047

418524.6

77.

113

Na Hon
(Ph
Thnh)

Titan

Ti

Ph
Thnh

Ph
Lng

2399271

406038.8

78.

116

Lng C

Titan

Ti

Ph
Thnh

Ph
Lng

2398673

404436

79.

119

Na Thc

Titan

Ti

Ph Lc

i T

2398348

408198.6

80.

124

Lng
Khiu

Titan

Ti

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2397530

418046.1

Sa khong titan xm Hin nm

T3n). Din tch phn b sa kh
st pha ct cha inmenit thay
ti 30-40kg/m3. Qung sa kho
vi m Cy Chm, v sa kho
vy quanh ch yu l
gabropecmatit thuc phc h
Thnh phn ca gm ch
xanh nht, chim 20-40% pir
cnh gin, dng l, vy 1-2mm
Sa khong titan lng C nm
nhp gabro Ni Cha (nca
khong thuc loi bi tch. T
on 8 pht hin v thm d
m phn b nh. Nn sa kho
Titan Na Thc phn b trong
Cng, nm trng vi pha nam
ch yu l gabro, gabropecma
st bng mt thng thy ch
bit Ti: 11,15%, Fe2O3: 21,3
Qua kt qu thm d ca o
nghip. Nhng tr lng h
khong khng cng nghip. S
vy quanh ch yu l ga
Cha (nca T3n), theo ti liu
vepterit mu xm ti, ht nh
kt, ct bt kt, quaczit b s
fenspat mica thuc ph h tn
cha qung: -Di qung I nm
bin cht m t trn. N
u, phng 40-45o, di qun
ph dy (7-8m) nn th nm
thnh tng , hoc thu knh
Co: 0,005%, Ni: 0,2%, ngo
qung II nm khu vc pha
qung t. Di ny chy di th
phn di phnh ra ti 200m.
inmenit kh giu. Khong v
trong chng. Bng mt thn
piroxen kch thc cc ln (1
1-2mm ti 5mm chim 10-2
200kg/m3. Ti liu l khoan
su 13,6-14,4m, inmenit: 1%;

101
S
TT

81.

S
hiu
trn
193

Tn m,
im,
biu
Yn Thi

Loi
khong
sn
Titan

K hiu
trn
bn
Ti

Tn
Thi

Huyn

i T

H ta
VN.2000

2389879

414278.4

Nm sa khong l gabro pec

khi gabro Yn Thi, c din
phong ha gabro cha inmen
khong t t trn 20kg/m3.
trong inmenit nhiu hn m

II.4. ng-Nikel

82.

Sui
Cho

ng

Cu

Sng
Mc

V
Nhai

2426342

449823.5

83.

37

Bn Rn

ngNiKelCoban

Cu

Bc
Nhiu

nh
Ho

2410485

408097.3

84.

61

Cy
Xoan

Nikel

Ni

c
Lng,

i T

2404591

406272

Cc thn qung xuyn ct g

xm tn , mch nh, dy 0
khong vt qung gm: chal
qung:
- Thn qung s I: thn qun
300m (d on), dy 0,6-3,0
gc dc thay i t 30-60
bnh: 0,63); Pb: 0,00-7,87 (tru
qu mu HTNT (g/t): Au < 0
Ag < 10.
- Thn qung s II : thn qu
130m (d on), chiu dy
ng bc, gc dc 45-65. +
+ Kt qu mu HTNT (g/t): A
0,4; Ag < 10.
- Thn qung s III: thn qu
100m, chiu dy 0,80-1,50m
dc 60-70. + Kt qu mu h
Ag < 1. + Kt qu mu nung l
- Thn qung s IV: thn qu
100m (d on), chiu dy 0
bc vi gc dc 60-65. + K
Kt qu mu HTNT (g/t): Au
- Thn qung s V: thn qu
150m (d on), chiu dy 2
bc vi gc dc 65. + Kt q
(g/t): Au < 0,1; Ag < 1.
- Thn qung s VI: thn qun
rng 70m. Dy 1m. Thn qu
ho (%): Cu: 0,02-0,12. + Kt
Tng TNDB cp 334b ca 3
Nhit thnh to ca t hp
Cc thn siu baz bao gm c
ngoi ra cn c olivin v dusi
xm tn tha v dng gn m
cho bit: Ni: 0,1%, Co: 0,003 vy quanh ch yu l p
than silic mu xm en. Ngo
xerixit v thu knh quaczit m
60-70o. Chng thuc ph i
khu vc ny pht hin
mt on sui nh. T vt l
thy r = 70m, rng 0,5-2m. T
ng bc-ty nam, v vy d
lin quan vi t gy. Bng m
ch yu l: ramobecgit c m
phi qung ch yu l thch an

102
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

cho bit ramenbecgit: 13%, th

hnh. Kt qu phn tch quang
Mo, Ga, Ti, Mn, Fe nhng k
thiu. Kt qu phn tch ha h
II.5. Ch-km

85.

86.

Cc
Ngn
(B Ty)

27

Khun
u

Ch-km

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Lam Vi

nh
Ha

Pb-Zn

Ph
Tin

nh
Ha

2429741

2412996

413669.9

Vy quanh qung gm vi
ca : 120

413528.6

vy quanh ch yu l p
mng (vi mm n vi cm)
mnh. Ngoi ra cn xem p
Th nm ca thay i t 28

87.

29

Cui Nc

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Yn

Ph
Lng

2412615

421310

Ch km Cui Nc phn b
vi ti kt tinh, vi dolomi
canxit xuyn vo, cm v
ph ip sng Cu trn (D1-2
trong cc cng trnh c ca P
i t vi cm n 1,5m, chiu
60o.

88.

33

B Cy

Ch-Km

Pb-Zn

Ph
Tin

nh
Ha

2411592

414014.4

vy quanh ch yu l p
k lp mng phin thch a
trng xm, b actinolit v trem

89.

39

Bc Lu

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Tn
Long

ng
H

2407991

434161

90.

42

Sa Lung
(Xm
Cc)

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

La Hin

ng
H

2407655

440003.4

45

Cc
ng
(C
Nga)

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Cc
ng

V
Nhai

2406508

445024

91.

vy quanh l vi mu
un ln mnh. Khong ha
lp ct kt, phin st.
hydroxyt st. Qung nm tron
5m ti cc h lm vi, ph
ko di 400-500m. Khong
xerixit, galenit, xfalerit. Hm
40%; Fe= 5-7%; Cd= 0,05-0,1
vy quanh ch yu l p
xm, xm vng xen k nhng
Qung ch km hu ht b
dm kt thch anh limonit ri
qung lin quan vi i kin
nam vi gc c 70o di 3000,17; Fe2O3= 26,82.
vy quanh ch yu l p
xm, xm vng xen k nhng
c tui T2a sh. Thn qung li
40o) cm v ng nam vi g
ha (LT.2277/1): Pb= 2,69; Z

103
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

92.

48

M Ba

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Tn
Long

ng
H

2406312

434450.2

93.

51

Ln Ch

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Cc
ng

V
Nhai

2405776

446994.4

94.

54

um

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

TT. u

Ph
Lng

2405417

416962.3

95.

60

M Tch

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Tn
Long

ng
H

2404414

433548.5

96.

64

ng
My

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Tn
Long

ng
H

2404015

436888.8

vy quanh ch yu l v
mnh, rt rn chc nhiu ch
km nm trong canxit. M
st thnh phn khong vt ch
Thn qung I: di 90m, dy 3
di 10-15m, dy 0,3-1,1m, c
hng ng bc, di >40m, d
cn gp mt s h thng mc
bc dc 70-80o.Ring v hm
Qung phn b trong vng
tro ryolit (T1 sh), vi dn
xc nh c 2 thn qung
tn ti hai loi qung: Thn
nguyn-carbonat. Kch thc
chc ti vi trm mt. Cc k
calcopyrit..., khong vt th s
ca i qung ny l Pb, Zn,
lng Zn thay i t 0,05%
Tng ti nguyn d bo cp P
Ch km um nm trng v
v thoi thuc xm um vi
st dy 1-3m. vy quanh
nhiu b hoa ha. c x
(D1-2 sc3). Trong khu vc n
qung st c hm lng Pb-Z
qung sa khong Thn qung
ko di gn 600m, rng 350m
m v b hn thn qung ph
mt thng quan st thy t
manhetit, piroluzit, pxilomela
hm lng cc nguyn t Pb
Trong sa khong: Pb-Zn thay
qung st, on 38 kt hp
Cn c vo nhng ti liu thu
im qung nm cnh pha
nam. vy quanh l vi
nhng lp mng silic mu
mch canxit xuyn ct phc t
im qung phn b dc theo
ng bc. vy quanh ch
trng, nu, cu to khi, k
nm tip xc vi vi mu x
ca vy quanh 300-50, tu
gp di dng limonit mu n
mch qung 50-70m, rng 1,0
canxit mu nu , vng nu
tch quang ph cho bit: Al= 3

104
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

97.

66

Lng
Phng

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Ph

Ph
Lng

2403814

428554

98.

81

Ao Cng

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Ph

Ph
Lng

2402330

427934.5

99.

82

m
Vng

ChKm-bc

Pb-Zn

c
Lng

i T

2402426

408336.1

100.

86

Khun
Vc

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

La Hin

V
Nhai

2401728

437677

101.

89

Ni
Nhn

ChKm-bc

Pb-Zn

c
Lng

i T

2401694

407747.8

im qung phn b dc theo

bc. vy quanh l phin
phn lp mng dng sc, nhi
kt mu xn sng, xm vng
thch anh ha, c nt pht hy
trong chim ti 2/3 v chn
vy quanh c tui 0nm, phn
tn ri rc trong i thch an
khng lin tc. Thnh phn k
anglezit + xeruxit= 1%. Kt q
1%; Mg= 0,5%; Ca= 0,3%; B
i pht trin qung ha nm
trc ca np li ko di theo
kin to t Ao Cng n ni B
phin st, st xerixit mu x
v nhu mnh. Th nm ca
vy quanh ch yu l p
vi dc dc 50o, thuc ph h
quaczit vi quaczit grafit, sn
thuc ph h tng Ph Ng 1
thuc phc h Ni Cha (nc
c nt ph hy kin to thuc
bao gm cc loi dm fenspa
nh ng ty ct phin v
Mch thch anh c b dy kh
ty bc vi gc dc 60-70o. T
hng. Trong cc k nt v h
cam, hoc cc vy, gn nh m
trong cc k nt v hc thch
ng, ngoi ra ch thy nhng
tch khong tng cho bit tro
bit: Pb: 1-3%; Ag: 0,002-0,0
Kt qu mu gi cho bit
74,0kg/T. Trn bn 1:50.0
ch bc III (vnh trng sa ch
thu thp c, c th xp chvng, cn c nghin cu ti
im qung phn b dc the
ng ty. Dc t gy gp hi
mu xm en lm m trng,
en dy 15-20cm. Trong
360o60.
vy quanh ch yu l quac
thuc ph h tng Ph Ng 1
dc 55o.Nm di ph h tn
bin i sng ha xen lp m
hy kin to) gm cc dm
phng gn ng ty, gn st
i tip xc ngoi ca khi ga
b gabronorit. Mch thch an
cm v ty bc-bc vi gc d
c, c rt nhiu k nt v l
bt mu vng nu nht, vng
nh mu nu xn. Thnh phn
thch anh v limonit. Kt qu

105
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

As: 0,1%. Ngoi ra cn c Mo

cho bit piromocfit: 5326g/T
qung c th c trin vng, n
loi biu hin qung.

102.

92

Ph Gi

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2401318

419680.4

103.

99

M Vng

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Ph Lc

i T

2401039

405404.1

104.

189

Ci K

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Khi
K

i T

2390357

407883.9

105.

191

Lc Ba

Ch-km

Pb-Zn

Lc Ba

i T

2390166

412418.1

II.6. Nhm (Bauxit)

Qung ch km Ph Gi nm
qung ln, phn b trn cc q
qung u l ra ngoi mt
ht qung u nm ph ln
thuc ph ip sng Cu 1 (D
nn qung gc y rt kh
qung gc, m ch nh gi
nhng hn limonit sc cnh,
sa khong ny c phng t
thnh 2 thn qung: thn ph
pha nam phn b trn din
dng bt k, chiu dy thay
Bng mt thng quan st th
xut ca qung (Fe-Pb-Zn) th
qu phn tch ha cho bit: P
30,48-50,75% tb 42,5% Zn th

vy quanh ch yu l
pn3). Xa hn, gp phin c
ti, ht trung bnh, thuc ph
hin thy vng bi thi v m
k li th qung y b T
nay cn du vt ca 3 l v 1
st thy khong vt qung ch
4%, galen: 1-2%. Kt qu ph
Ag: 0,001%; Cu: 0,05%....
vy quanh l cc trm tc
phin st, ct kt, ct bt kt,
pht trin theo phngTB-
600m theo phng TB-N, c
thn qung dng mch, dy
nhiu mch nhnh khc nhau,
chiu dy gn tng ng v
qung nh chy song song,
qung gm c: sfalerit, gale
manhetit, khong vt phi qun
c cu to khi kt qu phn
c im hm lng Cd cao tb
Thn qung nm trong i ph
quanh thn qung l ct kt q
sm-gia. Khu vc Lc Ba
phng TB-N c hng cm
t 1,8 n 3,2m. Ngoi ra c
qung chnh c biu hin kh
qung kiu m st lin quan
to t bo, cu to xp, thn
galen cu to thnh nhng m
qu phn tch ha Pb= 2,5-20%

106
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

106.

25

Trung
Thnh

Bauxit

Al

Thng
Nung

V
Nhai

2414038

444779.8

107.

69

N ong

Bauxit

Al

Trng
X

V
Nhai

2403368

459373.4

108.

141

Dn Tin

Bauxit

Al

Dn
Tin

V
Nhai

2395978

462804.7

109.

144

Bnh
Long

Bauxit

Al

Bnh
Long

V
Nhai

2395624

466625.2

vy quanh ch yu vi
canxit xuyn ct. Qung bau
trung bnh 20-30cm, hu ht
Mt tng ln tng i dy
ng nam, chiu rng khong
xm sng ht mn. Hm lng
Qung ln trn b mt bo m
trm tch h tng Bn Pp (D
B, rng 100m 2-Di 600m p
Hm lng Al2O3=45-53%, S
Qung ln nm trn b mt c
3ts).(C-P2 bs2) v cc trm
lng Al2O3= 47-49%; SiO2
Qung phn b trong vng
khng chnh hp ln trn l tr
qung ln: - Thn 1: Di 1200
Di 800m theo phng TN-
u tha. Mt 15-30%. Tr
lng Al2O3=48,21%,Qun
=22,76%, Si2O3 =13,2%. Ti

II.7. Thy ngn

110.

19

Ln Dn
(Ngc
Sn)

Thy
ngn

Hg

Thn Sa

V
Nhai

2415144

437121.8

111.

20

Khc
Kim

Thy
ngn

Hg

Thn Sa

V
Nhai

2415057

439285.2

112.

26

Thn Sa

Thy
ngn

Hg

Thn sa

V
Nhai

2414038

437292.3

113.

36

Tn Lp

Thy
ngn

Hg

Vn
Lng

ng
H

2410504

429882.3

vy quanh phn ln l qua

ra cn gp mt s t silic l
vy quanh c tui D2e-gv
anh ht th b c nt v vn. T
b dc theo i ph hy kin
ty bc-ng nam v t gy
vt ca qung: than sa (HgS)
hydroxyt st. Hm lng Hg=
vy quanh ch yu l v
Xen k phn di c v
mu xm phn lp mng, nh
nt c hin tng bin i nh
i khong 80m, rng 1-2m,
bc-ty nam. Thnh phn kho
vy quanh l phin st
mu en, lp ct kt mng. T
cch nhau trn di 100m.
40o, hng cm ty bc. Kho
rng ca i 2-4m, c ni 7m
c mu t xut ln ti 5%.
im qung hnh thnh trong
tro (i ni hoa ha, silic ha
phn lp dy. thng cm
Lp c 2 i qung thy ng
hng cm 50<60o. Hm l
lng antimonit t 0,1-3%. T
qung gm: thn sa, jemx
metaxinabarit, malachit azurit

107
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

114.

115.

Tn m,
im,
biu

Sng
Mc

Nghinh
Tng

Loi
khong
sn

Thy
Ngn

Thy
Ngn

K hiu
trn
bn

Hg

Hg

Sng
Mc

Sng
Mc

Huyn

V
Nhai

V
Nhai

H ta
VN.2000

2421725

2422399

450175.9

453821.6

Ti Sng Mc, qung thu ng

i carbonat ho, silic ho, do
pyrit, limonit. i khong ho
300-600m, gm 2 thn qung.
420m, rng 100m (d on) d
cinabar: 11,80-616 g/t; vng
10195ppm (trung bnh: 3949,
Kt qu mu nung luyn (g/t)
qung 2: ko theo phng ki
n 5,0m (trung 45.bnh: 2
cinabar: 236 ht/mu v 2,0g/
711,9). + Kt qu mu HTNT
Vng nghin cu c mt:

- H tng N M (O2-3nm) g
kt, bt kt cha vi mu nu
xanh
- H tng N Qun (D1-2nq)
xm sng, vi st, st v
- H tng Sng Hin (T1sh) g
, ct kt tuf, bt kt tuf, st
- H t (Q)
+ Kt qu phn tch 7 mu gi
+ Kt qu phn tch 4 mu ho
0,1; Ag: < 0,4; Ag: 10.

II.8. Antimon

7010020-253 ts1), th n
phin st, ct kt thuc h tn
mu xm vng, i ch c g
tn pyrit ht nh, Mch thch
qua cc ct kt ca h tng
qu phn tch HTNT Au=0,00
Qung phn b trong i ph
N dc theo t gy l khi
thy mt s khi ln dm kt
ta tia, qung mu trng bc
nm chng cht ln nhau. Th
rt rn chc thuc cc ca

116.

145

Lng
Giang

Antimon

Sb

Dn
Tin

V
Nhai

2395685

456910.2

117.

192

Lc Ba

Antimon

Sb

Lc Ba

i T

2389995

412564.6

Tam Tn

Arsen

As

Yn

Ph
Lng

2414560

418825.3

Asenpirit nm trng trn t

thng quan st thy tng ln
mch nhit dch. Qung y

415364.2

Thung lng sui ct c dng

tr cn cc bc thm c t thy
1 Ph Ng tui Ocdovic-Silu
gm ct kt sng thch an
to nn sa khong thng to
nm ca rt khc nhau t
ngang chiu dy thn qung
khng gp thn qung, cch
caxiterit phn b trong thn

II.9. Arsen
118.

22

II.10. Thic

119.

150

Sui Ct

Thic

Sn

H
Thng

i T

2394884

108
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

120.

152

Phc
Linh

Thic

Sn

H
Thng

i T

2394841

414828.9

121.

155

Sui Ctm
My

Thic

Sn

H
Thng

i T

2394634

413897

122.

156

Sui
Chn
Khc

Thic

Sn

H
Thng

i T

2394513

412951.9

ng lu nhng v tr c c
ct, th d ging 91 hm lng
tb 458g/m3. Nhn chung ton
cng trnh hu ht cha khn
qui m, cht lng thn qung
lng thic trong caxiterit ca
Sa khong nm trong mt thu
un khc v tht nh li di t
on: on 1 t ng 13A l
ph ip 1 Ph Ng tui Oc
Oc tui Grata mun, to thn
t ng 13A tr xung pha
Triat mun. Sa khong sui
qung pht trin khng lin t
thn qung mng, hm lng
ngang, trung bnh t 400-500
sui Chn Khc khng c gi
Sa khong sui bi m My
nhau chnh l trung tm ca
gin ch c nhng g ng
khong chia lm 3 phn khc
Bt mt nn l granit biot
thung lng m My mt nn
kp gia 2 phn trn mt nn
tui Ocdovic-Silua. Cc b
ty ty nam-ng, ng bc. S
ph bi lp st ct thn qun
tuyn 35-31; hai on gp l
on 1 thnh phn ch yu l
nh tb 0,84m, v 2 pha chi
xu hng tng dn t h ngu
chnh lch ti 500-600g/m3.
Th d: tuyn 37 ging 15 t 0
on I tb 927g/m3. on II:
n pha nam chiu dy tng l
1-1,5m. Hm lng caxiterit
rt thp mc d vn trong l
trung cao phn gia thn q
caxiterit 447g/m3, t 3-3,5m
caxiterit 926g/m3 t 4-4,5m.
qu phn tch ha hm lng
Sa khong nm trong mt thu
un khc v tht nh li di t
on: on 1 t ng 13A l
ph ip 1 Ph Ng tui Oc
Oc tui Grata mun, to thn
t ng 13A tr xung pha
Triat mun. Sa khong sui
qung pht trin khng lin t
thn qung mng, hm lng
ngang, trung bnh t 400-500
sui Chn Khc khng c gi

109
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S
hiu
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Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

123.

161

Lin

Thic

Sn

H
Thng

i T

2393859

413997.7

124.

162

Ty Ni
Pho

Thic
Bismut

Sn

C Vn

i T

2393720

413314.4

125.

163

Huy
Ngc

Thic

Sn

Hng
Sn

i T

2393697

412127.3

126.

165

C Vn

Thic

Sn

C Vn

i T

2393531

418394.1

127.

173

Hng
Sn

Thic

Sn

Hng
Sn

i T

2392794

412581.5

128.

182

La Bng

Thic

Sn

La Bng

i T

2391872

399625.4

Lin

Wolfram

H
Thng

i T

2394692

415211.3

vy quanh thn qung l g

ing tui Triat mun. Cc th
Pht trin theo phng TN-
nh vung gc vi t gy k
ng hoc ng nam, dc
pht hin c 12 thn qung
di ti 1550m cn cc thn qu
thn qung 0,08 n 6,2m. C
nam dc 40-80o. Ranh gi
nhng rt r rng. Thnh ph
anh-sunfua, thch anh-sunfua
chancopyrit, pirit pirotin, dn
thn qung. Qua ti liu nghi
ca Hi Dng, Thi Qu
pht hin thy c vng hm
lngt vi chc g/tn n 17
yu l thch anh ha, berizit
ca on 109 hm lng th
bitmut t 0,01-1,17%
Qung ho dc tip xc gia g
kt b sng ho. C 7 nhm t
phng ng bc ty ty na
1,03% (ti a 5,1%); Ag 6g
di 700m, c 3 thn qung c
Au: 0,1g/t. Nhm 3: trung t
0,1%; Ag: 9,29g/t. Nhm 4:
0,1%. Nhm 5: Pha ty m
vy quanh ch yu l gra
mun. Ti y pht hin thy
cha cc khong vt sunfua
ngho.
Qung nm ranh gii tip x
tui Nori-Retti vi granit
sng ha yu to thnh mt
anh pht trin theo phng T
hng cm v pha ng ho
cha cc khong vt sunfua a
tch ha hm lng Sn0,6%
vy quanh l granit, granit
pht hin thy cc mch thc
0,5m. Trong mch thch anh c
thic rt ngho
Cc thn qung nm trong
tui Triat mun. Khu vc La
cht lng ca 4 thn qung n
song vi cc thn qung trn.
phng TB-N, c hng c
dc thay i t 65-80o. Chi
ri vt nhn hn. Thn qun
c th nm 300-350

II.11. Wolfram
129.

154

K2po)Qung ho trong vng

Ng (O Spn) gn tip xc p

110
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sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

thn qung c dng trao i t

u, gm ch yu l pyrit, pyr
II.12. Vng

130.

Khau u

Vng gc

Au

Sng
Mc

V
Nhai

2422756

442636.9

Khong ho trong vng b

anh, ct kt quc zit xen p
trong i c nt ko di theo
vi mch thch anh chnh c
thch anh c cha pyrit, arsen
Au.

Sa khong vng Khc Kim g

Kim.

-Thn qung 1 di 1,2km, r

0,8-4,8m.
-Thn qung 2 di 1,2km, r
nam. Hm lng qung thay
dng aluvi.
Vng sa khong nm trong c
eluvi, deluvi, proluvi, nm tr
tng M ng Thung lng ch
(thng ngun), di 2 km, r
4,4m. Hm lng Au -0,50
165m, chiu dy cha Au tru
0,60g/m3. Phn III (h ng
trung bnh 3m lp ph 0,8-6,8

131.

21

Khc
Kim

Vng sa
khong

Au

Thn Sa

V
Nhai

2414466

439450.7

132.

106

Lng
Nhu

Vng sa
khong

Au

Lin
Minh

V
Nhai

2399510

450717.5

109

Vn
HnLng
u

Vng sa
khong

Au

Vn
Hn

ng
H

2399193

445119.1

Qung phn b trong bi bi

phn b trong cc trm tch

449695.7

2m) gm ct kt bt kt d
mnh m, dp v nhiu, c
phng v tuyn pha bc
din tch l ca h tng M
nhiu mch thch anh Pht t
thng: phng TB-N, ph
phng -T rng khong 2 k
Khe Di nm pha bc din
M,... mi nghin cu s l
lng khng cao. Qung v
khe Mi v Khe Di.
chiu di 60-160m, dy 0,10
thy nhiu mch khc nh h
m, rng 200-300m. Thch an
nu bn. Sulfur gm: pyrit, a
di 140 m, dy 0,32-0,90 m (
(trung bnh 14,160 g/T). Th
Thn qung III: di 50 m, d
3,745-4,0 g/T (trung bnh 3,8
lng Au 3,430 g/T. Thn
g/T. Thn qung VI: di 1
qung VII: di 60 m, dy 0,8
100 m, dy 0,50 m. Hm ln
m. Hm lng Au 6,400 g/T
lng v TNDB C2+P1+P2=

133.

134.

118

Mi

Vng gc

Au

Lin
Minh

V
Nhai

2397960

111
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Tn m,
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Loi
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sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

Au. Tnh n su 25 m. Q
hng cm), hm lng vng
g/T. L khoan 3 su >1
khoan 4 su >60 m c m
thn mch khc c hm ln
nng tng ln

135.

129

Trng
nh
(Trng
X-Dn
Tin)

136.

166

Sui
Gng

Vng gc

Au

Hp
Tin

ng
H

2393238

447258.3

137.

167

Ho Kh

Vng sa
khong

Au

Vn
Hn

ng
H

2393265

440495.4

138.

174

Khe
Hoc

Vng gc

Au

Cy
Thi,

ng
H

2392434

446802.8

139.

178

Ngn Me

Vng gc

Au

Hp
tin

ng
H

2391965

449101.7

140.

180

Tri CauHoan

Vng

Au

Cy Th

ng
H

2391582

445323.7

Cc thn qung vng sa kho

thn qung nm trn gc
quaczit. Th nm ca thay

451688.5

Trong vng pht trin cc tr

ng, vy quanh mch b
mch t vi cm n 1,5m c d
ty hng trm m v hng c
cc mch thach anh khng cao
cha vng vng ny c n
V3. Cc thn mch ny c chi
3,2-4,0 g/T.

141.

181

Bi vng

Vng sa
khong

Au

Dn
Tin

V
Nhai

2396666

461996.2

Vng gc

Au

Hp
tin

ng
H

2391496

Trm tch b ri; cui, si, c

Cu (D1sc) v vi thuc t
thung lng ca Sng Rong, k
trn gc, trong lp cui, s
1,4 g/m3, chiu dy lp ph 3
Qung ha phn b trong vn
mu loang l Cc mch thch
phng v tuyn, di hn 1
phng 100-110, c chiu d
Ty xc nh mt thn qung
lng Au=15,655g/T.
Qung phn b dc theo thm
st. Phn da gc ch yu phi
3-O1 ts2. Sa khong vng v
lm thnh 3 thn qung. Cc
tc, chiu di tng cng 2100
i 0,60-5,0m. Hm lng Au
Biu hin khong ha phn b
tng Mo ng. i v vn ph
Khong ha nm trong i c
sulfur cha vng dy 0,1-1,0
Thch anh pyrit acsenopy
pyrit vng. Hm lng Au 1
Qung ha phn b trong vn
h tng Mo ng. Cc mch
pht trin theo phng TN-
nh 4 thn qung phng T
0,5m). Hm lng Au =16,9
100m, dy 0,1-0,8m (trung
2,136g/T) 3 TQIII di 100m
100m dy 0,5m. Hm lng
chiu su mi l 300 m, kt q
khong ho sulfur nh pyrit,
khoan 5 su 190 m, hm l
lng Au 1-20g/T. Cc khe n
1-10g/T.

112
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Tn m,
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Loi
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sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

142.

184

La BungLa
Chanh

Vng sa
khong

Au

Nam
Ho

ng
H

2391232

438746.3

143.

190

Thi
Lc-Ho
Bnh

Vng sa
khong

Au

Nam
Ho

ng
H

2389895

442301.5

144.

208

m Ban

Vng sa
khong

Au

Thnh
Cng

Ph
Yn

2374390

419927.6

Vng phn b trong trm tch

vng phn b lp cui si
y c 5 thn qung: - Thn q
su 1,8 3,4m. Hm lng
40m, dy 2 3m . Hm ln
qung 3 cha r quy m,
Thn qung 4 di ni suy 400
Hm lng Au: 0,37 1,8g/m
ph dy 2,6 4m. Hm lng
Cui, si, ct, st pht trin tr
nh sau: - Lp aluvi (QI) dy
Lp aluvi Holoxen (QIII) d
(QIV1-2) chiu dy ti a 5,2
phng ng-ty, hnh thnh
Holocen sm, nm pha n
Hm lng Au: 0,1-0,58 g/m3
rng 40-160 m (khong th I
bnh 0,35 g/m3), nm su
thu knh chiu di khong 1
0,46 g/m3. Tr lng C2: 1,2
km, rng 80-540 m (trung bn
(hm lng mu n cao nh
m). Hm lng Au: 0,11-0,34
1 800 m, rng 78-290 m, dy
g/m3 (trung bnh 0,47 g/m3),
1,8-8 m (trung bnh 5 m). Kho
dy 1,1-1,2 m (cao nht 2,2 m
su b mt 0-3,9 m, su
400 m, rng 35-95 m (trung b
Tr lng C2: 112,1 kg. s
Vng nghin cu c mt trm
trn n l cc trm tch h
phn b vng trung tm ngh
li, thnh phn bo gm: bt
phun tromu xm xanh, c c
trn (T2nk2) chuyn tip ln
din hp: Thnh phn bao gm
trn h tng N Khut l cc
gm bt, ct, sn, si kch th
Vnh Phc di (aQIII2 vp1)
Thi Bnh trn (aQIV3 tb2):
4,5m. Vng sa khong nm tro
thm bc II: trong trm tch b
III1 hn), trn cng l t trn
si, sn, chiu dy ca thm
thn qung (thn s 1) c chi
hm lng vng tb 0,003g/m
khong thm bc I; trong trm
ca thm ny pha trn l
cui t 5-10cm. Chiu dy c
v vng sa khong. Thuc ki
qung (thn s 2) c chiu d
lng vng tb 0,008g/m3. Tr
tch hin i (aQIV3 tb2): m
xm, xm nu gm st, bt,
thch anh, cui ct kt,

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sn

K hiu
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bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

(4,5,15,18) i mu thy 1-6

Chiu dy ca trm tch ny t
qu phn tch khoanh
rng 80-120m, dy 0,93m, h
P2= 0,3 kg vng. Tng tr l

145.

210

o Na

Vng sa
khong

Au

Thnh
cng

Ph
Yn

2370360

425659.4

146.

212

ng
Hai

Vng gc

Au

Phc
Thn

Ph
Yn

2369632

420416.5

147.

213

Xm Ba

Vng gc

Au

Thnh
Cng

Ph
Yn

2369554

426072.9

148.

215

La ang

Vng sa
khong

Au

Thnh
Cng

Ph
Yn

2367818

425221.9

ng
H

2410804

428867.7

Ph
Lng

2404191

419248.1

im qung vng sa khong n

xm Nhe n o Na theo
dng i ko di theo phng
ct, cao tuyt i 20-91,4m
Khut (T2nk), thnh phn bt
vng. Th nm 200-220
Thuc phm vi imqung c
kt mu xm tro, xm xanh p
phong ha mu nu vng,
chiu dy 200-300m. Cc lp
TN v TB-N. H thng t
khe nt tch c cha cc m
sunfua hm lng thp. H th
trc im qung. Trong din
sunfua c cha vng xuyn c
(T2nk2). Cc mch thch anh
dy mch 0,3-0,8m, chiu d
xm trng, b m khi, cu to
cc mch thch anh quan st r
i c chiu dy 5-10cm c m
r trong cc tng ln thch an
nh 354. Kt qu phn tch 6
vng 0,25x0,3mm hoc 0,05
galenit, sphalerit, chacopyrit,
mu cha vng vi hm lng
Vng cu to bi cc trm
l bt kt xen ct kt b clorit
Qut di 300m, rng 50 2
2,43g/t, Ag = 0,5 3,33 g/t.
vng trong cc mu t 0,4
nh: bc Dng Du, nam D
12,6g/t; Ag: < 0,1 n 8,8 g/t.

Trong vng nghin cu c

(T2nk2). Thnh phn ch yu
chung ca 190-220

III. Khong cht cng nghip

III.1. Barit
149.

35

Khe
Mong

150.

63

Hng L

Barit

Ba

Vn
Lng

Barit

Ba

ng
t

vy quanh ch yu l
mu en phn trn l v
qung vi b hoa ha, canx
ca vy quanh 330o.
vy quanh ch yu l p
ip sng Cu 1 (D1-2 sc1).
qung ln beri-viterit. Cc t
eluvi phn b ri rc trong di
ch yu l barit v vitarit, kho

114
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Tn m,
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Loi
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sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

151.

68

Lu
Quang

Barit

Ba

Minh
Tin

i T

2403928

401626.9

152.

78

Khun
M

Barit

Ba

Ph
Cng

i T

2402853

404329.3

153.

200

Lc Ba

Barit

Ba

Lc Ba

i T

2387878

412881.9

tr, xp vo loi biu hin qu

vy quanh ch yu l qua
phin st silic mu en, xm
(VL.4084+100m) c sn tr
vy quanh ch yu l p
c mu vng thuc ph h tn
thy mt s tng ln barit ki
tng ln barit c kch thc
thng quan st thy thnh p
asenpirit, acorodit, thch anh.
inmenit
vy quanh thn qung ch
thn qung b barit ha r
Devon sm-gia. Khu Lc B
dng mch ko di 150m the
nm 260-270

III.2. St gm s

154.

104

Lng
Bu

St gm
s

Sgs

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2400074

417424.1

155.

217

Tn
Hng

St gm
s

Sgs

Tn
Hng

Ph
Yn

2365465

437810.3

Phosphor
it

Phr

Tn
Long

V
Nhai

2402565

432768.2

Phosphor
it

Phr

Vn
Yn

i T

2385714

407936.2

St lng Bu nm pha ty q
St nm trong trm tch Th
trm tch Th T l gabro
va, to thnh lp nm ngang
bnh 1,2m. y l sn phm p
khong vt, bng mt thng
qu phn tch ha cho bit h
thuc loi m nh, tr lng s
St gm nm trong h tng V
Thn qung c dng nm nga
Chiu di 300m, chiu rng
mu trng, trng xm, lm
vng xung su st cmu tr
57,94%, Fe2O3= 3,28-9,34%
s v dnh kt co ngt v
ht: 0,25-0,1mm= 0,1-3,33
0,01mm= 2,8-22,5%, tb 11,4
24,1-98,0%, tb 65,15%. Thnh

III.3. Phosphorit
156.

79

Lng
Mi

157.

202

Ni Vn

Photphorit phn b trong cc

qung song ng k l hang G
lp qung dy 0,5 4m (TB +
cha qung di 1400m, rng 2
vy quanh gm c vi m
mu xm. Xm sm. ht t
(C-P) phn lp khng r n
50o. Kt qu cng tc thm d
thn qung pht pht. Thn
rng 9m, dy 8-10m. Qung g
trung kh phc tp. Qung th
nh xp. Phm cht qung t
P2O5 tb 16,86%. Thn qun
dy 4,5-5m. Qung c dng
Qung cmu nu vng, xm
Thn qung 3: phn b s
ch ti 3m. Qung ch yu d

115
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sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

khc nhau. Qung mu nu, n

hm lng P2O5 tb 14,08% d
loi qung: loi P2O5 18%, lo

158.

203

K Ph

Phosphat

Phr

K Ph

i T

2385161

411089.3

vy quanh ch yu l ct k
mu xm pht vng, pht n
qung gc nm trn nh i
theo hng cm 80m chiu d
nu en, mm d v vn. Th
rng 120m, dy ti a 6m, k
thuc loi limonit mu xm,
lng Fe thn qung gc = 4
38,61; Mn: 11,44%

Thanh
Bn

Apatit

Ap

Bnh
Thnh

nh
Ha

2406620

402426.1

Mt s tng ln apatit-fotforit
ph ip sng Cu 2 (D1-2 sc2
hin qung

III.4. Apatit
159.

49

III.5. Dolomit

160.

73

Lng Lai

Dolomit

Dol

La Hin

V
Nhai

2402997

443950

161.

100

La Giang

Dolomit

Dol

Quang
Sn

ng
H

2400658

433581.6

162.

158

Ni Voi

Dolomit

Dol

Ho
Thng

ng
H

2394222

429671.5

Dolomit phn b trong a t

Dolomit mu xm sng, xm h
di 1840m, rng 300 450m,
Trong dolomit calcit chim 10
31,31; HO = 0,16; Mn3O4 + A
Dolomit phn b trong vi
thu knh c quy m khc nha
la v tr dung. Thnh phn t
= 31,18 31,65; Al2O3 = 0,1
chu la > 17900C.
Dolomit phn b trong a t
phn b trong vi to thn
thnh lp xen hoc thu knh
15,69; HO: 0,67 1,28. Dolom

III.6. Quarzit

163.

50

Cy
Trm

Quarzit

Qz

ng
t

Ph
Lng

2406094

416822.2

Quaczit y nm trong i
Ni Cha (nca T3n) vi cc
di ()-S pn1). Quaczit nm x
t 2m n 10-15m. Quaczit
c to thnh do qu trnh b
Thnh phn khong vt gm
silic. i khi trong quaczit c
qung nh pirit, manhetit, inm
lm nguynliu chu la v ch

116
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164.

S
hiu
trn

87

Tn m,
im,
biu

Lng Lai

Loi
khong
sn

Quarzit

K hiu
trn
bn

Qz

La Hin

Huyn

V
Nhai

H ta
VN.2000

2401621

443022.6

Ti khu vc Lng Lai gp qu

to thnh cc bc thc cao kh
nhiu mch thch anh mu tr
limonit c mu xm en, nu
kim quarzit Lng Lai ca
phin st, phin st xen ct k
pht vng, pht xanh cht l
220-100 m, hm lng SiO2
2,48%, chu la 1580-175
=93,99-96,40%, Al2O3=2,13
1750C. Va 1: di 3375
Al2O3=2,22 5,61%, Fe2O3=

III.7. Kaolin

165.

15

Bn
Chang

Kaolin

Kl

Nghinh
Tng

V
Nhai

2417532

456187.9

166.

93

Ni
Hng

Kaolin

Kl

Yn
Lng

i T

2401515

397882.2

167.

122

Khe Mo

Kaolin

Kl

Khe Mo

ng
H

2397352

437634.9

168.

179

Ba Sn

Kaolin

Kl

C
Lng

Ph
Lng

2392105

423875

169.

197

Vn
Khc

Kaolin

Kl

Lc Ba

i T

2388902

410836.2

2412244

404158.2

Vy quanh im biu hin kh

bt kt tuf, tuf tro mn, mu
st c khong 150m, kaolin
vt km pht trin. Khi p b
+ Kt qu mu ho nguyn kh
Kaolin phong ho t gabro ph
thn kaolin di 155-300m, rn
0,021mm (%): Al2O3 = 27,6
TiO2 = 0,17 0,32. thu h
vy quanh ch yu l p
xen ct kt mu xm, pho
nhu, hng cm ch yu nam
Kaolin thnh to do phong ho
Hai thn kaolin dng va, ko
dc 35 400. Kaolin mu tr
21,07 22,06, SiO2 = 61,70
Nn sa khong l phin st
xp vo ph ip 2 sng Cu
cng tc tm kim bng cc l
knh. Thn qung 1: c kch
70mx70mx1,42m. Lp t ph
tch ha caolin c hm ln
Fe2O3= 1,07%.

III.8. Graphit
170.

31

Bn Gio

Graphit

Grp

Sn Ph

nh
Ha

171.

65

Khun
Ln

Graphit

Grp

Hp
Thnh

Ph
Lng

2404004

412164.1

172.

71

Lng
Cam

Graphit

Grp

ng
t

Ph
Lng

2403403

412836.2

vy quanh ch yu l sng
n xm en, phn lp dng
fenopat mica phin silic v
h tng Ph Ng 1 (O-S pn1).
vy quanh ch yu l qu
thch anh fenspat-mutcovit,
ph h tng Ph Ng 1 v 2
grafit, nhng ch c 6 thn n
hn c. Cc thn qung phn
nm cc thn qung ph hp v
vy quanh ch yu l p
lp quaczit v phin thch
hn v pha ty nam l din
Tn3). im qung nm
(VL.1203) pht hin thy m
thch anh grafit nm xen k t

117
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

vy quanh (cm v ty bc

173.

80

Nam
Lng
Cam

Graphit

Grp

ng
t

Ph
Lng

2402512

412920.3

174.

83

Cu Ln

Graphit

Grp

ng
t

Ph
Lng

2402278

418676.6

175.

125

Lm
Giang

Graphit

Grp

Bn
Ngoi

i T

2397572

406117.1

176.

139

Bn
Ngoi

Graphit

Grp

K Ph

i T

2396645

406227.7

177.

140

Thn
Tranh

Graphit

Grp

Tn
Linh

i T

2396479

412122.3

142

Phc
Linh

Grp

Tn
Linh

178.

Graphit

i T

2396339

412844

vy quanh ch yu l p
thuc ph h tng Ph Ng 1
phn b grafit thuc khi gab
nm ra i tip xc ngoi s
pht hin c mt thn qun
thch anh mutcovit cha grafi
khng r rng, nhn chung va
st c), chiu dy ca va 5
vt qung ch yu l grafit. G
b u trong ( mt lp c
lng grafit chim khong 1
trong hnh trnh lp bn
c trin vng cng nghip, v
Grafit Cu Ln nm i ti
Cha (nca T3n) v trm tch
trm tch bin cht bao gm c
phin st xerixit mu xm e
Ti VL.2439-300m pht
nhng lp phin grafit nm
bc vi gc dc t 35-40o. Ch
2,5-3m. Bng mt thng qua
dng vy nh, xm tn ng
c ngun gc thuc loi trm
thn qung grafit dy c d
quaczit xen ct kt mu xm,
ni tip xc vi xm nhp
l lp quaczit cha grafit, k
khong 6m. Bng mt thng
grafit. Grafit phn b trong
phn b u, hoc to thnh
lng grafit (G) t ti 15%
VL.1044/1 cho bit Co: 0,005
vy quanh l cc trm tch
thch hc gm ct kt, ct b
nhu un np mnh, th nm
bin to thnh mt i c chi
di cha khng ch c. Gra
c dng vy nh, i khi to
0,5m, qung ln nhiu thnh
qung grafit c thnh to c
vy quanh gm ct kt,
Silua im qung nm chn
dc 2 cnh thay i t 30-40
mnh. Qung grafit thng n
mt, ko di vi trm mt, gr
c gi tr.

vy quanh thn qung l

1mm, c xp vo ph h
ph hy ca t gy nn b c
im l grafit c chiu di k

118
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

nh phn lp mng 1-2mm kh

179.

171

i T

Graphit

Grp

TT i
T

i T

2392998

410508.6

vy quanh thuc cc trm

phn thch hc gm ct kt
mng. Qung phn b trong
chiu rng i t 10-15m, chi
qung grafit dng vy, kch t
dng r cy kch thc mch
khe nt ca chim t l rt
tn kin trc vy. Grafit c h
nt cha nhiu fenpat kch th
tb 17,8% (ti liu on 8). Ng
vo khe nt ca .

IV.8. Vt liu xy dng

IV.8.1. p lt

180.

Ch Chu

p lt

Op

TT Ch
Chu

nh
Ha

2423579

412353.6

181.

13

Yn
Trch

p lt

Op

Yn
Trch

Ph
Lng

2418569

417408

vi hoa ha, hoa phn

ln, c ch xm tn graphit.
Mu ha carbonat: SiO2: 0
MgO: 0,4-1,81%; CaO: 52,43
0,29-0,63%; K2O: 0,08-0,19%
ht nc (W): 0,17-0,36;
()g/cm3: 2,70-2,72; th trn
cng nn bo ha () kg
cng mox: 3,5-4,0; h s ki
va p: 4,5-6,0; mi m
nguyn d bo cp P2: 822.00
Din phn b ca hoa rn
trn mt c cao t 80-180
ln. Ha carbonat (%): SiO
54,68; MgO: 0,60; TiO2: v;
43,00; Tng 99,72. Mu c l
2,72; l rng (%): 0,74; c
/cm2: 80; h s bin mm: 0,7

119
S
TT

182.

S
hiu
trn

123

Tn m,
im,
biu

Dn Tin

Loi
khong
sn

p lt

K hiu
trn
bn

Op

Dn
Tin

Huyn

V
Nhai

H ta
VN.2000

2397107

462174.2

Khong sn nm trong vng t

Sn (C-P2 bs2). Theo c i
trang lt thnh 5 loi nh
silic mu , nu , nht
mu xm, xm en phn lp m
tp 1 h tng Bc Sn (C-P2
M Yn. y c kh
B.5642 v cc im kho st
nguyn d bo 28 375 000 m3
ra cc loi sau: a. vi m
Din phn b gp cc vt l
l s xen kp ga cc lp
nht, nu. Cc lp c chiu
nhng vn hoa p. Trn di
khe nt, ly mu carbonat, l
vn hoa p. khi t
mu V.5646 v V.5640 hm
MgO=0,13 0,18%, Fe2O3=0
xen cc lp st mu vng t
cc vch vi kh cao, dc
xm, xm xanh ht mn dy t
0,5 cm. Chnh cc lp st ny
dn 1 bi l (B.5642), t
carbonat, lt mng. S b xc
khi tng: 8,89 Thnh p
CaO=43,94%;MgO=9,09%; P
mu xm xen cc lp silic m
on Kt v pha ng ni M
c c im l cc lp
lp vi mu en ht mn d
mu en dy 5-20 cm vn hoa
hoa ho nh: Cc loi ny
Chui, M Yn n pha n
Hang Huyn. Din tch 2 560
nhng ni gn t gy c
khi, phn lp dy, rn chc,
l (B.5642), tin hnh o c
mng. S b xc nh c:
tng: 0,37 dolomit 5,00 do
CaO=32,88-33,64%;MgO=17
Al2O3=0,22-0,34%; SiO2= 0,1
kg/cm2. Cng ko: 80-10
vi mu xm dng khi: L
Hang Huyn v ni L, din t
sng, trng c, ht mn, kh
nh. Mu c ly ti i
CaO=54,63%;MgO=0,00%;P
lt ra cn c th lm nguyn l
P: 31 812 500 m3. vi d
thnh cc din tch nh nm r
c cu to khi, kin trc dm
vi silic. Xi mng gn kt
dn 1 bi l (B.5669), ti
carbonat, lt mng. S b x

120
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

bng trn nn xi mng mu

thc a dng. Cng nn
V=9,60
Thnh
phn
CaO=53,59%;MgO=0,27%;P2
nguyn d bo cp P: 6 750 0
nh hng t gy phng TB
tch 1 130 000 m2. c c
trong pht trin cc di v
thnh phn vi. Trn din
cc h thng khe nt, ly mu
phn quang 99%. Sc t i
Kg/cm2 Cng ko 100
lng cc oxyt CaO=54,63%,

IV.8.2. vi xi mng

183.

16

Yn Ph

vi xi
mng

Vxm

Yn
Minh

Ph
Lng

2417473

421393.5

thuc im qung l tp
di. Cc lp phin vi st,
trn v phn di. Cc lp
khong 2000m, c chiu rng
50-100m. Mu ha (%): SiO
MgO: 0,60; TiO2: 0,00; P2O
43,58; SO3: 0,00

184.

52

ng
t

vi

Vxm

ng
t

Ph
Lng

2405869

418938.8

di vi khng lin tc, di

ra ti 250m. Th nm ca t

185.

91

La Hin

vi xi
mng

Vxm

Quang
Sn

V
Nhai

2401229

438305.3

Ton vng nm trong a tn

ch yu l cc trm tch ca
m, xen ln vi b hoa ho.
phng cu trc, ht ca
ti thiu 35 m, ti a 343 m
dolomit v dolomit ho m
mu xm xm, xm hng, nu
ch yu l dolomit, tinh th t
th nm vi 340 Hm ln
nh tuyn XVII, XXII....XX
on ngn ( 2. Lp nm trn
nh mn n trung bnh, kch
dng khi, vt v khng gin
phng. Ch c mu xm, nu,
c cc mch calcit v hng
60.Chiu dy t 150-500m
MgO=0,20 4%. Ti nguyn
c nhng lp, thu knh do
XXIV, XXV. Chiu di t v
dy trung bnh 90 150 m. B
trng pht hng.

186.

98

La Giang

vi

Vxm

La Hin

V
Nhai

2400795

437569.8

Khu m gm nhng ni v
nhau lm thnh mt dy ko d

121
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

187.

159

Hang
Tru

vi xi
mng

Vxm

Ho
Thng

ng
H

2394125

430309.6

188.

160

Ni Voi

vi xi
mng

Vxm

Ho
Thng

ng
H

2393963

429705.6

vi phn b trong trm t

cch nhau bi t gy phn
vi dolomit. vi cng ng
Thnh phn vi (%): CaO
0,08 0,16; vi dolomit (%
Khu m vi nm trong ph
phn thach hc gm ct kt, c
mu xm, hng cm nam-ty
phn b cc trm tch phi
50-60o tui T2a sh. Khu m
nht, cu to khi i ni ph
m phn b cc ct kt m
khng chnh hp ln cc trm
b phn trung tm khu m b
c th nm ca 10-20o

IV.8.3. St xi mng
189.

95

Cc
ng

St xi
mng

Sxm

La Hin

V
Nhai

2400965

438935

190.

117

Khe Mo

St xi
mng

Sxm

Khe Mo

ng
H

2398342

437027.4

vy quanh l phin st
phn lp mng, mt vi ni x
nm 160-170o
Trong khu m ch yu gm
mu vng, vng nht, tm nu
phong ha mu xm, xm xi
lp v cc thu knh phin
170-210o

IV.8.4. xy dng

191.

34

Khun
t

Granit

Dx

Ph
nh

Ph
Lng

2411722

397564.6

192.

84

Ni Cha

Gabro

Dx

ng
t

Ph
Lng

2402194

415687

Granit Khun t c cu to
chiu di quan st c kho
tng Ph Ng (O-S pn) v b
trn (T3n-r vl). Granit c tu
nhiu khe nt, h thng khe n
Khi xm nhp gabro Ni Ch
nay. Cc tc gi u m t l
di theo v tuyn, ht va, rn
ht ton t hnh. b h thn

IV.8.5. St gch ngi

193.

194.

Xun
Lc

Khu
Bo

St gch
ngi

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Sgn

Kim
Phng

Bo
Cng

nh
Ha

nh
Ha

2424619

2422873

410990.2

Cc lp phin st sericit,
nu, b phn phin v b
thuc h tng Ph Ng, tp tr
cc trm tch lc nguyn b
tc khong 1000m t thn X
chiu dy t 2-5m. St c mu

409903.1

Ti y gp l phin st-se
trn (O-S1 pn2). Cc trn
phin st sericit. Thn qung d
1,5km, rng 70-150m, dy 3Al2O3: 15,96-22,63%; T.Fe2
MKN: 7,85-11,18%. ht: 1

122
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

195.

ng
Mn

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Bo
Cng

nh
Ha

2422418

410538.4

196.

10

Lng
Quang

St gch
ngi

Sgn

nh
Bin

nh
Ha

2420824

405479.6

197.

11

Yn
Ninh

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Yn
Ninh

Ph
Lng

2420495

422911.2

198.

12

Hng
Quang

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Trung
Hi

nh
Ha

2419208

407592.1

199.

14

Tn Hi

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Trung
Hi

nh
Ha

2418367

409813.5

200.

17

Tn Tin

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Trung
Hi

nh
Ha

2417112

410595.1

201.

18

Xm P

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Ph
Tin

nh
Ha

2415612

412539.5

202.

62

Cy Th

St gch
ngi

Sgn

La Hin

V
Nhai

2404111

441308.1

203.

105

V Tranh

St gch
ngi

Sgn

V
Tranh

Ph
Lng

2399899

425557.2

Thung lng Ch Chu c c

thm bc I v bc II. St phn
theo phng B-TN vi chi
i t 1-1,6-3m. St mu vn
a phng ang khai thc lm
ha st: SiO2: 59,52-72,42%
0,41-0,90%; CaO: 0,14-0,61
4.180.000 m3. ht 1-0,25m
Thm bc I phn b st sui
phn cao hn gm: cui, si,
thm bc II ko di 1,5km, r
mu loang l, vng, mm
qu phn tch ha: Al2O3: 1
1,95%; 0,25-0,05mm: 41,30%
St phn b trong trm tch b
phn b st rng, gm cc t
sericit, hydroxyt st. SiO2 =
8,72%
Thn qung thnh to do ph
ng t c phng B-TN
phn tch mu ha st: SiO2:
CaO: 0,32%; MKN: 11,18%.
St thnh to do phong ha
rng 20-25m, dy 3-5m. St c
c nhn dn khai thc l
51,98%; Al2O3: 22,63%; F
11,48%; ht: 1-0,25mm: 0
im qung phn b sn
sn i l phin st-seric
phin st silic, silic. Cc
y c 1 thn st ko di theo
3m, st mu vng do. Hin t
ngi. Kt qu phn tch mu
TiO2: 0,42%; CaO: 0,16%; M
Dc theo sui xm P pht tri
ln t bt mu xm vng. Xa
sericit, phin thch anh-bio
trm thuc h tng Ph ng
I dc theo sui xm P. Thn
Thnh phn ch yu l st ln
75,70%; Al2O3: 11,14%; Fe2
vy quanh ch yu l p
mu en chiu dy ca chn
nhiu mch xiolit xuyn ln tr
xm sng, ht mn cu to kh
khu vc c 3 di st ko di t
4000m. Di st ko di khng
phin st v ct bt kt. Cc th
St phn b trong trm tch
trm tch v st phong ho ph
St tng i mn do, c th
Fe2O3 = 5,50; TiO2 = 0,07; M

123
S
TT

204.

205.

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

138

Dn Tin

St gch
ngi

147

Thanh
Tr

St gch
ngi

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

Sgn

Dn
Tin

V
Nhai

Sgn

Sn
Cm

Ph
Lng

H ta
VN.2000

2396089

2395288

464438.3

Vng cha st thuc trm tch

(T2akl) v h tng Lng Sn
ryolit v phin st, st c mu
bnh l 3 m, st y khai th
khoanh nh c thn khon
m (Tnh theo kt qu o 10
trung bnh: Ho Al2O3 17,60%
0,25 mm = 6,34% 0,25-0,05 m

425248.3

St phn b trong trm tch b

tng Mo ng. Din phn b
c ln ct. Thnh phn (%):
0,85; MKN = 5.72.

206.

168

Cao
Ngn

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Cao
Ngn

ng
H

2393122

428056.3

207.

207

Bi Ht

St gch
ngi

Sgn

Bnh
Sn

TX
Sng
Cng

2376840

428371.7

208.

209

c Hin

St gch
ngi

Sgn

c
Sn

Ph
Yn

2371733

431186

209.

211

Bn m

St gch
ngi

Sgn

c
Sn

Ph
Yn

2369739

430237

St thnh to do ti lng ng
thung lng. Din phn b st
6m. a tng cha st t trn
pha st mu vng nht n v
ht mn vng nht n vng n
Thnh phn ca st (%): SiO
MgO = 1,50; SO3 = 0,35; MK
St phn b trong trm tch al
st dng va nm ngang. i
74,43; Al2O3 = 14,57; Fe2O3
St nm trong trm tch b r
vp1), mt ct t trn xung n
11,7m Lp ct cui si dy
Sn (T3c ms). St phn b t
mt n 2000 m, rng 150-20
ri rc c cc thu knh st m
cc thu knh st trng nh s
22,97; ch s do 17,60>0,05m
Kch thc ht 0,25mm= 3,9
66,19; ch s do 17,01. Th
Fe2O3= 4,93; TiO2= 0,85; M
phn khong vt: hydro mutc
nc 20,65%.
St thnh to do ti trm tch
tch t trong cc a hnh trn
dy tng i n nh. St m
(%): SiO2 = 66,29; Al2O3 =
m to hnh: 20,08%; c
cng khng p: 22,56.10
eluvi deluvi phn b sn
st rng 200 500m, di 10
phn (%): SiO2 = 63,33; Al2O

124
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

Huyn

H ta
VN.2000

210.

214

c Sn

St gch
ngi

Sgn

c
Sn

Ph
Yn

2368056

432267

211.

216

Tn

St gm
s

Sgn

Vn
Phi

Ph
Yn

2365580

431736.1

Qua nghin cu thy rng st

di (aQIII2 vp1). St to th
Thuc din tch m, st gch n
0,8-11,6m. Da vo v tr phn
pha ty nam vng m c dng
tbh 2,61m. St mu trng xm
pha ty khu m, di 850m, r
s 3: phn b trung tm ca
St c mu trng xm do m
400m, rng 220m, dy tb 2,3
Al2O3= 15,87-17,57%; SiO2
MKN= 5,9-7,04. Kt qu ph
0,25-0,05mm= 16,4-31,88; 0,0
54%, ch s do 16,9-21,2. Ng
nm chuyn tip trn lp ct v
mt c chiu dy 0,8-1,6m, tr
lp st mu lm m, trng x
2m, mu xm trng. Di st 3:
st mu xm trng, m . S
knh ln, chiu dy v cht l
St thnh to trong trm tch
(T2nk). Thn st trm tch c
ht

IV.8.6. Ct xy dng
Cao
Ngn

ng
H

2391053

430388.2

Ct phn b cc bi bi ven
c khi vng nht n nu nh
Ct c c ht < 1mm chim
chiu ngang. Chiu dy lp
86,84 - 89,94 (88,89); Al2O3

ng
Cu

Ha
Bnh

ng
H

2405151

430204.2

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
20-130m

219

Cc
Nng

Ph

Ph
Lng

2403221

429656.8

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
15m

215.

220

on Kt

o X

Ph
Bnh

2379785

440344.9

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
30-220m

216.

221

Ha Bnh

Thng
nh

Ph
Bnh

2376861

439869.6

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
30-135m

217.

222

Xm
Ngc

Bo L

Ph
Bnh

2376933

441324.4

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
30-150m

218.

223

Long
Vn

Bnh
Sn

2378589

429167.1

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
30-275m

219.

224

Xun
ng

Bnh
Sn

2377639

429253.5

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
20-95m

220.

225

Xm K

Ph Ph
CThng

2374527

429354.3

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
15-110m

212.

185

Cao
Ngn

213.

218

214.

Ct xy
dng

Cxd

Tx.
Sng
Cng
Tx.
Sng
Cng
Tx.
Sng
Cng

125
S
TT

S
hiu
trn

Tn m,
im,
biu

221.

226

222.

227

Loi
khong
sn

K hiu
trn
bn

H ta
VN.2000

Huyn

c Hin

c
Sn

Ph
Yn

2371200

430434.7

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
20-135m

Xm
Mn

c
Sn

Ph
Yn

2370307

431385.3

Ct nm trn bi bi lng sn
10-70m

IV.8.7. Cui si

223.

102

Cy Qut

Cui si

Cs

Ph
Cng

i T

2400834

403082.1

224.

115

Minh
Sn

Cui si

Cs

Minh
Lp

ng
H

2398490

426626

225.

120

Lng
Giang

Cui si

Cs

Phn
M

Ph
Lng

2397899

418157

226.

205

Xoi C

Cui si

Cs

Thng
inh

Ph
Bnh

2382161

438309

Trm tch b ri thm bc II v

b phong ha, c tui Trat
VL.6007 trn thm bc II v t
ging su 8m, t di ln tro
mnh tng gabro cha phong
15cm, mi trn kh. Thnh
cui si ny phn b thm
nhng ti liu thu thp c,
ca lng sng to nn thm. Q
Nm v pha ty nam ca im
Cu v thm bc II. Bi bi n
bi c dng ln sng thoi,
2,0m. Vt cht tch t y
thc 4-6cm chim >10% v
ca cui, si ch yu l thc
khong 2m. Hin ti bi bi
Cui-si-ct lng Giang bao g
sng u t 3,5-4m. Cc lp c
cc lp trm tch b ri th
1000m, rng 300-400m, b d
ct ht th: 1,3m. Thnh ph
quaczit, phin, gabro (30khai thc phc v cng nghip
Cc bi cui, si c dng hn
khai thc di 200-250m, rng
i so vi mc nc sng C
tp: thch anh, silic, quczit, c
c loi t 0,6-1dm, mi tr
thc bng phng php th c
ngay st b sng phn loi
kin trc Bc Thi khai thc l

V.Nc khong-Nc nng

227.

90

La Hin

Nc
khong

Nk

La Hin

V
Nhai

2401379

439647.3

Ngun nc c pht hin

lng 14,22 l/s Kt qu ph
NO3-= 0,27mg/l; Na++K+ =
Mn2+ = 0,14mg/l; tng
bicarbonat calxi magne.

126
PH LC 2. DANH SCH CC M KHAI THC TRN
TNH THI NGUYN
Cng sut
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
khai thc
a ch
thc
lng m
(tn/nm)
I
Than
M than Ni Cng ty TNHH
Hng, x Yn MTV
Cng 15,075 tr
1
350.000
Lng, huyn i nghip m Vit tn
T
Bc - TKV
M than Khnh Cng ty TNHH
Ho,
x
An MTV
Cng 46,147 tr
2
400.000
Khnh, huyn i nghip m Vit tn
T
Bc - TKV
M than Phn Cng ty Gang
2,126
tr
3
M, x Phn M, thp
Thi
80.000
tn
huyn Ph Lng Nguyn
M than Lng
Cng ty Gang
Cm,
x
H
3,23 tr. tn
4
thp
Thi
60.000
Thng,
huyn
Nguyn
i T
M than B Sn, Cng ty CP
x Sn Cm v Xy dng v 1,5 tr. tn 40.000 5
C Lng, huyn Khai thc than
50.000
Ph Lng
TN
M than Gc
Cng ty CP
Thng, x An
Xy dng v
6
Khnh, huyn i
0,4 tr. tn 37.000
Khai thc than
T v C Lng,
TN
huyn Ph Lng
M
than
An
Khnh - C Vn, Cng ty CP
7
x An Khnh v Khai khong 0,3 tr. tn 30.000
C Vn, huyn min ni
i T
M than Lng Cng ty CP
0,15
tr.
8
Bn, x Phn M, Gang thp Gia
8.000
tn
huyn Ph Lng Sng
M than Minh Doanh nghip 0,12
tr.
9
4.500
Tin
Ph Anh Thng
tn

A BN
Din tch
chim t
(ha)

278,1

184,55

88,33

52,6

50

19,91

14,5

5,0
4,9

127
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m

10

II
11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Cng, x Minh
Tin
v
Ph
Cng, huyn i
T
M than Ct N,
x Ct N, huyn
i T v Phc
Thun, huyn Ph
Yn
St
M st Tri Cau,
th trn Tri Cau,
huyn ng H
M st Tin B,
x Linh Sn,
huyn ng H
M st i Khai,
x Minh Lp,
huyn ng H
M
st
Ho
Trung, x Ho
Trung,
huyn
ng H
M st ng
Chm Vung, x
Cy Th, huyn
ng H
M st Chm
Vung Ty, x Cy
Th, huyn ng
H
M
st
Gn
ng, x Nam
Ho, huyn ng
H
M st Ph Gi,
x Phn M,

Cng ty LD
0,22
Kim loi mu
tn
Vit Bc

Cng ty Gang
thp
Thi
Nguyn
Cng ty Gang
thp
Thi
Nguyn
Cng ty CP
Gang thp Gia
Sng

9,88
tn

tr.

tr.

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)

15.000

41,8

350.000

101,39

24,175 tr.
640.610
tn

350,0

2,0 tr tn

100.000

17,0

Cng ty CP
Tp on ng 0,72 tr tn

50.000

12,34

Cng ty CP
0,657
Luyn kim en
tn
Thi Nguyn

144.459

4,5

30.000

9,7795

Cng ty CP
Luyn kim en 0,14 tr tn
Thi Nguyn

14.660

2,3805

HTX
Cng
0,62 tr tn
nghip v Vn

40.000

28,68

Cng ty CP
0,428
Luyn kim en
tn
Thi Nguyn

tr

tr

128
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m

19

20

21

22

23

24
III

25

26

27

huyn Ph Lng
M st K Ph,
x K Ph, huyn
i T
M st um, x
ng t, huyn
i T
M st Tng
Lai,
x
Ho
Trung,
huyn
ng H
M st Ngn Me,
x Tn Li, huyn
ng H
M st Nhu, x
Lin Minh, huyn
V Nhai v x
Vn Hn, huyn
ng H
M st ngho Ba
nh, x Tn
Long,
huyn
ng H
Ch km

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)

ti Chin Cng
HTX
Cng
nghip v Vn 0,35 tr tn 40.000
ti Chin Cng
HTX
Cng
0,197
tr
nghip v Vn
36.000
tn
ti Chin Cng

5,75

18,5

HTX
Cng
nghip v Vn 1,23 tr tn
ti Chin Cng

60.000

25,0

HTX
Cng
nghip v Vn 1,01 tr tn
ti Chin Cng

50.000

45,0

HTX
Cng
nghip v Vn 0,15 tr tn
ti Chin Cng

20.000

84,0

Cng ty TNHH
27/7 TP Ninh 0,22 tr tn
Bnh

40.000

10,0

15.000

15,5

Cng ty TNHH
X nghip Km
NN mt thnh
ch Lng Hch, x
vin Kim loi
Tn Long, huyn
mu
Thi
ng H
Nguyn
Chi nhnh CN
M ch km Ph
Cng ty CP
, x Yn Lc,
khong sn Bc
huyn Ph Lng
Kn ti TN
M ch - km Bn Cng
ty
Tn, x Vn TNHHXD v
Lng,
huyn Pht trin nng
ng H
thn min ni

0,21 tr tn

40.000 tn 8.000

12,02

126.000
tn

5,6

9.600

129
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m
28

29

30

31

32

33
IV

34

V
35

36

M ch km Ci
K, x Khi K,
huyn i T
M ch km Cui
Nc, x Yn ,
huyn Ph Lng
M ch km Lng
Chui, x Yn
Lc, huyn Ph
Lng
M ch km i
Chu
(Thm
By), x Quy K,
huyn nh Ho
M ch km Lng
Phng 2, x Ph
, huyn Ph
Lng v x Ho
Bnh, huyn ng
H
M ch km Ni
Vut, x Tn
Thi, huyn i
T
Thic

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)

Cng ty TNHH
14.030 tn 4.800
Doanh Tr

4,5

Cng ty LD
Kim loi mu 36.000 tn 4.500
Vit Bc

5,8

Cng ty LD
Kim loi mu 10.000 tn 2.000
Vit Bc

2,54

Cng ty LD
Kim loi mu 9.600 tn
Vit Bc

2.000

3,0

Cng ty LD
Kim loi mu 12.200 tn 2.000
Vit Bc

7,8

Cng ty LD
Kim loi mu 38.000 tn 7.000
Vit Bc

3,5

C.ty
TNHH
X nghip Thic
NN mt thnh
i T, x H
vin Kim loi 0,32 tr tn
Thng,
huyn
mu
Thi
i T
Nguyn
Titan
M titan Cy
Cng ty CP
Chm, x ng
Xut nhp khu
t, huyn Ph
Thi Nguyn
7,29 tr tn
Lng
M titan Cy Cng ty C
Chm, x ng phn Ban Tch

20.000

11,2

100.000

38,6

165.500

42,8

130
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m
t, huyn Ph
Lng
M ti tan ng
Cy Chm, x
37
ng t, huyn
Ph Lng
VI
Vonfram a kim
M wolfram a
kim Ni Pho, x
38
Hng Sn, H
Thng,
huyn
i T
VII Vng
M
vng
sa
khong Bn N,
39
x Thn
Xa,
huyn V Nhai
M
vng
sa
khong
Khc
40
Kim, x Thn
Xa, huyn V
Nhai
M vng gc B
Cu, x Lin Minh,
huyn V Nhai v
41
x Cy Th, Tn
Li, huyn ng
H
M vng gc
Khau u, x Thn
42
Xa, huyn V
Nhai
VIII lmit
M dolomit Lng
43
Lai, x La Hin,
huyn V Nhai
44
M dolomit Lng

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)

Cng
ty
TNHHXD v
Pht trin nng
thn min ni

10.500

22,4

Cng ty LD
Khai thc, Ch
56 tr tn
bin, Khong
sn Ni Pho

a kim

921,3

Cng ty CP
TXD v Khai
510 kg
thc KS Thng
Long

320.000
m3
ct 38,09
qung/nm

Cng ty CP
TXD v Khai
630 kg
thc KS Thng
Long

240.000
m3
ct 34,09
qung/nm

HTX
Cng
nghip v VT 4.250 kg
Chin Cng

8.000

82

HTX
Cng
nghip v VT 19.750 kg
Chin Cng

5.000

198

70.000

12,6

100.000

21,6

Cng ty Vit
Bc - B Quc 4,6 tr tn
phng
Cty CP XD v 5,2 tr tn

131
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m

IX
45

46
X

47

48
XI
49

50

51

52

Lai II, x La
Hin, huyn V
Nhai
Barit
M barit Khe
Moong, x Vn
Lng,
huyn
ng H
M Barit Lc Ba,
x Lc Ba, huyn
i T
Phtphorit
M
phtphorit
Hang Di, x Tn
Long v Quang
Sn, huyn ng
H
M
phtphorit
Ph , x Ph
, huyn Ph
Lng
vi xi mng

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)

SX vt liu
Thi Nguyn

Cng ty TNHH
mt thnh vin DMC - H Ni
Cng ty TNHH 0,124
Doanh Tr
tn

tr

4.000

2,8

7.200

4,6

Cng ty TNHH
TNHH
TM 61,873 tn 4.000
Cng Phc

12,4

HTX
Cng
nghip x Ph

2.500

7,965

12,8 tr tn

250.000

12,6

16,6 tr tn

1.000.000

26,4

25,5 tr tn

1.654.000

32,2

4,2 tr tn

60.000

9,68

Cng ty TNHH
M vi La
MTV
Cng
Hin, x La Hin,
nghip m Vit
huyn V Nhai
Bc - TKV
Cng ty Cng
M vi ng
nghip m Vit
Chung, x La
Bc-TKV
Hin, huyn V
Nh my xi
Nhai
mng La Hin
M vi La TCT XD cng
Hin, x La Hin, nghip
Vit
huyn V Nhai
Nam
M vi La Cng ty CP
Hin II, x La u t v SX
Hin, huyn V cng nghip

132
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m
Nhai
XII St xi mng
M
st
Cc
ng, x La
53
Hin, huyn V
Nhai
M st Long
Gin, x Khe Mo,
Quang
Sn,
54
huyn ng H
v La Hin, huyn
V Nhai
M st Khe Mo,
55
x
Khe
Mo,
huyn ng H
XIII vi
M Na o, x
56
Minh Lp, huyn
ng H
M Ni Voi,
th trn Cha
57
Hang,
huyn
ng H
M Lng Ch,
58
x Quang Sn,
huyn ng H
M Quang
Sn, x Quang
59
Sn, huyn ng
H
60

61

Cng ty TNHH
MTV
Cng 28,173
nghip m Vit tn
Bc - TKV

tr

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)

132.000

6,3

533.500

36,24

Cng ty Vit
Bc - B Quc 12,4 tr tn
phng

172.800

8,52

Cng ty Vit
Bc - B Quc phng

36.000
m3/nm

6,27

Cng ty C
phn C in luyn kim

250.000
m3/nm

8,62

Cng ty CP xi
mng
Cao Ngn

30.000
m3/nm

3,6

Cng ty CP
p
lt
v VLXD

70.000
m3/nm

6,31

30.000
m3/nm

4,37

30.000
m3/nm

3,2

TCT XD cng
31,85
nghip
Vit
tn
Nam

Cng ty CP
M La Hin,
xy dng giao
x La Hin, huyn
thng I -Thi
V Nhai
Nguyn
M Ni Ht, Cty CP Tm
x Linh Sn, lp v VLXD huyn ng H
Thi Nguyn

tr

133
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m
62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

M Sui Bn,
x Yn Ninh,
huyn Ph Lng
M

Ni
Chung, x Yn
Lc, huyn Ph
Lng
M Lng Mi
1, x Tn Long,
huyn ng H
M Trc Mai
2,
x
Lu
Thng,
huyn
V Nhai
M ng C,
x Quang Sn,
huyn ng H

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)

Cng ty TNHH
XD v TM Hong Hi

30.000
m3/nm

2,85

Cng ty CP
Khai khong min ni

45.000
m3/nm

3,28

36.000
m3/nm

4,62

90.000
m3/nm

6,0

60.000
m3/nm

1,82

30.000
m3/nm

2,05

30.000
m3/nm

1,20

30.000
m3/nm

2,86

30.000
m3/nm

3,02

36.000
m3/nm

4,85

36.000
m3/nm

6,62

Cng ty CPT
Thng
mi XD Ho Pht
Cng ty CP
Vt liu chu
la
Thi
Nguyn
Cng ty TNHH
Chin Thng

Cng
ty
M Quang Sn
TNHHXD v
II, x Quang Sn,
Pht trin nng
huyn ng H
thn min ni
Cng
ty
M Trc Mai,
TNHHXD v
x Lu Thng,
Pht trin nng
huyn V Nhai
thn min ni
M Ln m I, Cng ty TNHH
x Quang Sn, XNK TH Bc
huyn ng H
Sng Cu
M Ln m
Cng ty TNHH
II, x Quang Sn,
Hi Bnh
huyn ng H
M Xun
Quang, x Quang Cng ty TNHH
Sn, huyn ng An Thi
H
M Xun Cng ty TNHH
Quang
1,
x Tin Hoa

134
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)

Quang
Sn,
huyn ng H
Cng ty TNHH
M Xm u,
Xut nhp khu
73
x
Yn
Lc,
TM
Vinh
huyn Ph Lng
Thnh
M Nc
Lnh, x Tn Cng ty TNHH
74
Long v Quang TNHH
TM
Sn, huyn ng Cng Phc
H
M ng
Lung, x Tn Doanh nghip
75
Long,
huyn Minh Hin
ng H
M Na Lay, x
Doanh nghip
76
Quang
Sn,
Vit Cng
huyn ng H
M Lng Mi, DN
Thng
77
x Tn Long, mi v XD Tp
huyn ng H
Trung
M i Trc,
Doanh nghip
78
x Tn Long,
Thi Dng
huyn ng H
M Hang
Hp tc x
Mui, x Yn
79
Cng nghip
Lc, huyn Ph
Bnh Yn
Lng
XIV St gch ngi
M st Nam Tin Cng ty CP
- c Sn, x xy dng s 3
80
Nam Tin, huyn (VINACONEX
Ph Yn
3)
M t st Xm Cng ty CP
81
Huyn, th x u t v SX
Sng Cng
cng nghip
82
M st Lng Bn, Cng ty TNHH

37.500
m3/nm

8,28

36.000
m3/nm

3,28

30.000
m3/nm

4,06

45.000
m3/nm

6,81

36.000
m3/nm

8,26

36.000
m3/nm

2,46

30.000
m3/nm

3,74

3,15 tr m3

34.000
m3/nm

1,08

5,62 tr m3

53.000
m3/nm

2,6

14,129

tr 35.000

1,47

135
Cc im m v n v khai Tr
STT
a ch
thc
lng m
x Phn M,
huyn Ph Lng
XV Ct si
Ct si Cc Lng,
83
x Ph , huyn
Ph Lng
Ct si Cc Lng,
84
x Ph , huyn
Ph Lng
XVI Nc khong
Nc khong La
Hin, L khoan
85
407, x La Hin,
huyn V Nhai

Quang Trung

m3

Doanh nghip
t nhn Tm Thy
Hp tc x
Cng nghip xm Cc Lng
Chi nhnh CN
Cng ty CP
khong sn Bc
Kn ti TN

Cng sut Din tch

khai thc chim t
(tn/nm) (ha)
m3/nm

5.000
m3/nm

5,928

8.000
m3/nm

5,36

45.000
m3/ngy