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Ti sao phi quan tm phng php ging dy ci tin?
Vit Nam ang trong giai on chuyn tip sang nn kinh t tri thc, vai tr ca cc trng
H ng gp cho s tng trng kinh t cng tr nn quan trng hn bao gi ht. Mt trong
nhng thch thc chnh yu m cc trng H phi i mt l lm th no o to c sinh
vin p ng nhu cu pht trin ca x hi. Mt trong nhng cch tip cn nng cao cht
lng v chun ha chng trnh o to ngnh k thut v cng ngh l chng trnh CDIO
(Conceive Design Implement Operate). Trong , vic p dng v trin khai phng php
tip cn CDIO trong chng trnh k thut v cng ngh ti trng i hc i hi phi c s
thay i v tng tc lin tc, ng b trong 3 yu t: cc chun u ra d nh (Intended
learning outcomes), cc hot ng dy v hc (Teaching and learning activities), nh gi
(Assessment) (Hnh 1) (Edward v cng s, 2007).
B-4/1
B-4/3
Hnh 3. Thp hc tp (Learning Pyramid) th hin t l phn trm kh nng tip thu kin thc
tng ng vi cc hot ng hc tp ca sinh vin (theo National Training Laboratories, Bethel,
Maine, http://lowery.tamu.edu/teaming/morgan1/sld023.htm)
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B-4/5
C rt nhiu phng php ging dy ch ng, trong bi vit ny chng ti ch gii thiu
tm tt mt vi phng php ging dy c s dng ph bin ti cc trng i hc tin tin.
Chng ti tm phn chia cc phng php ging dy ch ng thnh 2 nhm, ty theo mc
gn kt vi thc t t v nhiu: Nhm phng php gip sinh vin hc tp ch ng (Active
Learning) v Nhm phng php gip sinh vin hc tp qua tri nghim (Experiential Learning).
1. Mt s phng php ging dy gip sinh vin hc tp ch ng (Active Learning)
1.1.
Phng Php ng No c nh ngha l cch thc vn dng kinh nghim v sng kin
mi ngi trong thi gian ti thiu ty vn a ra c c ti a nhng d kin tt nht
(Osborn, 1963) . ng no l phng php gip sinh vin trong mt thi gian ngn ny sinh
c nhiu tng, nhiu gi nh v mt vn no , trong c nhiu tng sng to.
Thc hin phng php ny, ging vin cn a ra mt h thng cc thng tin lm tin cho
bui tho lun. Phng php ny c th p ng c chun u ra theo cng CDIO nh: T
duy sng to, Gii php v xut.
1.2.
Phng php ny c thc hin bng cch cho cc sinh vin cng c ti liu hoc suy
ngh v mt ch , sau cc sinh vin ngi bn cnh nhau c th trao i vi nhau v kin v
kinh nghim ca mi ngi mt khong thi gian nht nh (khong vi pht), sau chia s vi
c lp (Lyman, 1987). Phng php ny c u im l rt d dng thc hin mi cu trc lp
hc, ai cng c th tham gia c vo vic chia s kin ca mnh, to c s t tin cho ngi
hc dm ni ra nhng suy ngh ca mnh (y l im yu i vi a s cc sinh vin Vit Nam),
gip cc sinh vin tp trung vo ch ang hc, bit mnh ang hc g v hiu vn n
u, thm ch nu ln c nhng vn mi cho bi hc. Phng php ny c th gip t c
chun u ra theo cng CDIO nh: Cu trc giao tip; T duy suy xt, phn bin (critical
thinking).
1.3.
bit v nng ng hn. Cc thnh vin trong nhm gip nhau tm hiu vn nu ra trong
khng kh thi ua vi cc nhm khc. Khi c mt nhm no ln thuyt trnh, cc nhm cn li
phi t ra cc cu hi phn bin hoc cu hi ngh lm sng t vn . Phng php hot
ng nhm gip cc thnh vin trong nhm chia s cc bn khon, kinh nghim ca bn thn,
cng nhau xy dng nhn thc mi. Bng cch ni ra nhng iu ang ngh, mi ngi c th
nhn r trnh hiu bit ca mnh v ch nu ra, thy mnh cn hc hi thm nhng g. Bi
hc tr thnh qu trnh hc hi ln nhau ch khng phi l s tip nhn th ng t ging vin.
Phng php ny c th gip t c chun u ra theo cng CDIO nh: K nng lm vic
theo nhm, k nng giao tip.
1.5.
ng vai l phng php t chc cho sinh vin thc hnh mt s cch ng x no
trong mt tnh hung gi nh. Phng php ng vai c nhng u im: sinh vin c rn
luyn thc hnh nhng k nng ng x v by t thi trong mi trng an ton trc khi thc
hnh trong thc tin; gy hng th v ch cho sinh vin; to iu kin lm ny sinh c sng to
ca sinh vin, khch l s thay i thi , hnh vi ca sinh vin theo chun mc hnh vi o c
v chnh tr x hi, c th thy ngay tc ng v hiu qu ca li ni hoc vic lm ca cc vai
din (Kritzerow, 1990). Phng php ny c th gip t c chun u ra theo cng CDIO
nh: T duy suy xt, phn bin (critical thinking); nhn bit v kin thc, k nng v thi c
nhn ca bn thn
2. Mt s phng php ging dy gip hc tp qua tri nghim (Experiential
Learning):
Hc tp qua tri nghim c nh ngha l qu trnh hc ca sinh vin c tri qua nhng
vic lm m phng thc t, c tnh thc hnh v vn dng cao, nh cc n thit k - trin khai,
cc tnh hung nghin cu, t sinh vin c kt thnh nhng kinh nghim cho bn thn, lm
sng t hn cho cc l thuyt c hc (Edward v cng s, 2007). Theo Kolb (1981) cc qu
trnh hc tp c th c chia thnh 4 nhm c bn, ph hp vi 4 xu hng hc tp (kiu hc)
khc nhau: (1) Quan st suy ngm: hc tp thng qua quan st cc hot ng do ngi khc thc
hin hoc chim nghim li bn thn, suy ngm v c kt nhng tri nghim; (2) Khi nim ha:
hc tp thng qua vic xy dng cc khi nim, tng hp, bin gii v phn tch nhng g quan
st c; (3) Tri nghim thc t: hc tp thng qua cc hot ng, hnh vi, thao tc c th, trc
tip; (4) Th nghim: hc tp thng qua nhng th nghim, xut cc phng n gii quyt vn
v a ra quyt nh.
Trong thc tin din ra qu trnh hc tp, mi ngi hc s vn dng cc qu trnh ny
theo cc cch khc nhau, nhng mc khng ng u ty thuc vo cc c im tm sinh
l, trnh , nng lc nhn thc v kinh nghim x hi. Thng thng trong cch dy truyn
thng, ging vin thng bt u bi ging t cc khi nim c tnh khi qut hoc tru tng
trc khi cho sinh vin c thc hnh v lm cc hot ng thc t. Tuy nhin i vi cch tip
cn theo ging dy ch ng th hot ng tri nghim c xem l hot ng u tin trong qu
trnh hc tp. M hnh hc tp qua tri nghim theo CDIO c minh ha nh trong Hnh 4.
B-4/7
M phng (Simulations)
M phng, thng c dng trong nghin cu khoa hc, l qu trnh pht trin m hnh
ho ri m phng mt i tng cn nghin cu. Thay cho vic phi nghin cu i tng c th
m nhiu khi l khng th hoc rt tn km tin ca, chng ta xy dng nhng m hnh ho ca
i tng trong phng th nghim v tin hnh nghin cu i tng da trn m hnh ho
ny. Kt qu rt ra c phi c kim chng vi kt qu o c thc t. a s cc m phng u
da trn phn cng v phn mm my tnh. Da trn nhng kt qu thu c sau qu trnh m
phng, ta c th rt ra hng i tip cho nghin cu v sn xut v sau. M phng trong dy hc
B-4/8
Hc tp phc v cng ng (tn ting Anh l Service Learning hoc Community- based
learning) c t nm nhng nm 1960 ti M (Jacoby,1996). Service-Learning (SL) l mt
phng php dy v hc m thng qua ngi hc p dng c nhng kin thc hc c
trong lp vo iu kin thc t, ng thi kt qu ca qu trnh hc p ng nhu cu ca cng
ng v c cng ng s dng. SL c p dng ti nhiu trng H trn khp th gii,
n nay ti Hoa K hn 1.000 trng H v Cao ng p dng phng php ny cho hn 6
triu sinh vin (Campus Compact, 2007). SL c xem l mt chin lc pht trin bn vng ca
cc trng H ti Hoa K v ang dn dn nh hng sang cc trng H khc ti chu .
Phng php SL l mt s phi hp lm vic, hp tc trn c s cc mi quan h ca 4 thnh
phn tham gia l: nh qun l trng hc (Administrator), ging vin (Faculty), cng ng
(Community Partner) v sinh vin (Student). u im ca SL l gip ngi hc lm phong ph
i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM Hi tho CDIO 2010
B-4/9
kin thc ca mnh t l thuyt n thc t v ngc li (bring books to life and life to books),
qu trnh hc ny thng qua tri nghim nn ngi hc c iu kin tng cng kin thc hc
thut, rn luyn v pht trin cc k nng mm nh t duy suy xt, phn bin (critical thinking),
lm vic theo nhm, giao tip, thuyt trnh v cc k nng sng (Hnh 6).
Phng php hc tp phc v cng ng c thc hin theo cc bc nh sau: (1) Cng
ng nu vn cn gii quyt; (2) Gio vin lng ghp cc vn cng ng cn gii quyt vo
mn hc nh l ti thc tp ca sinh vin. iu quan trng cn lu l cc ti ny phi ph
hp vi ni dung mn hc, trnh v k nng ca sinh vin; (3) Sinh vin c t chc thnh
nhm thc hin ti di s hng dn ca gio vin. Khi thc hin ti, sinh vin phi vn
dng cc kin thc ca mn hc cng cng ng gii quyt cc vn ; (4) Kt qu ca ti
c cng ng s dng (Phng Thy Phng, 2008). Phng php ny c th gip t c
chun u ra theo cng CDIO nh: Vai tr v trch nhim i vi x hi; Nhn bit c bi
cnh cc t chc x hi; Ham tm hiu v hc tp sut i, T duy suy xt; Lm vic nhm; K
nng giao tip bng vn vit v thuyt trnh.
V.
gip cc ging vin c th p dng linh hot v a dng ha cc hnh thc ging dy,
chng ti xin trnh by tm tt cc phng php ging dy ch ng c trnh by trn tng
ng vi cc li ch mang li cho ngi hc trong Bng 1.
Bng 1. Tm tt cc phng php ging dy ch ng
STT
Tn phng
php
M t tm tt
ng no
(Brainstorming)
- T duy sng to
- Gii php v xut
3.
4.
5.
Chia s theo cp
(Think pair
share)
T chc hc tp
theo nhm
(Group-based
learning)
Dy hc da
trn vn
(Problem-based
learning)
- Xc nh v hnh thnh
vn
Phng php
ng vai (Roleplay teaching)
Dy hc thng
qua lm n
(Project-based
learning)
- Lp gi thit
B-4/11
7.
8.
Nghin cu tnh
hung (Case
study)
M phng
(Simulations)
9.
Hc tp phc v
cng ng
(Service
Learning)
- GV lin h cng ng v ni kt cc vn
cng ng vi cc l thuyt mn hc,
t chc hot ng
- SV t nguyn tham gia, gii quyt vn
ca cng ng, p dng cc kin thc
c hc
- ra cc gii php
- c lng v phn tch
nh tnh
- K nng m hnh ha
- K nng th nghim
kho st
- Giao tip ha
Lin quan n
cng CDIO
Phng php dy v hc
c th p dng
2.2.3 Th nghim
nghin cu
Hc da trn vn
(Problem based learning)
B-4/12
ng no (brainstorm),
Nghin cu tnh hung
Hc tp phc v cng ng
(Service Learning)
Hc tp phc v cng ng
(Service Learning)
Xc nh cc nhu cu v c hi ca th trng
trong lnh vc
Hc da trn d n (project
based learning)
Hc da vo d n (Project
based Learning)
VI. KT LUN
Theo cch tip cn CDIO, sinh vin s hc cc k nng c nhn, giao tip, cc k nng
kin to sn phm, quy trnh v h thng cng vi kin thc chuyn ngnh trong bi cnh thc
hnh k thut chuyn nghip, ngi ta gi l hc tp tch hp (integrated learning), (tiu
i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM Hi tho CDIO 2010
B-4/13
chun CDIO 7). Hc tp tch hp c u im l cho php sinh vin s dng kp thi gian va
hc kin thc, va hc k nng. Nhng c th s dng cng dng kp ca thi gian hc tp,
iu quan trng l phi c c mn phng php ging dy v hc tp mi, lm sao tn dng
c ti u thi gian nhng khng lm nng thm v mt chng trnh l thuyt mi vn dy
c trong ni dung. Ging dy v hc tp da trn cc phng php hc ch ng (active
learning) v tri nghim (experiential learning) (tiu chun CDIO 8) l mt gii php cho vn
trn. Vai tr ca ging vin l phi to ra c cc c hi hc tp, thng qua cc hot ng a
dng, kch thch sinh vin khm ph, p dng, phn tch v nh gi cc tng hn l truyn t
thng tin mt chiu. C nhiu phng php ging dy ci tin gip sinh vin hc ch ng v tri
nghim, mi phng php u c nhng mt thun li v kh khn ring. Ty vo tng mc tiu
v iu kin c th, ging vin s phi hp linh hot cc phng php trong qu trnh ging dy
ca mnh. C th ni cc phng php ging dy ci tin gip chng trnh o to t c cc
mc tiu chun u ra theo cch tip cn CDIO, ng thi t c 2 tiu chun 7 v 8 ca
CDIO. Ngha l sau khi xy dng chun u ra mn hc xong, i vi ging vin vic th dy ci
g (What) khng cn l quan trng m phi l dy nh th no (How). Do vy, i ng cc ging
vin cn c tp hun v trang b cc k nng v phng php ging dy ch ng cn thit
trc khi bt u qu trnh o to sinh vin.
VII. TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Biggs J. (2003), Teaching for Quality Learning At University, 2nd ed., The Society for Research
into Higher Education and Open University Press, Berkshire, England.
2. Bloom B. S., Englehart M. D., Furst E. J., Hill W. H., and Krathwohl D. R. (1956), Taxonomy of
Educational Objectives: Handbook ICognitive Domain, McKay, New York.
3. Bonwell C. C., and Eison J. A. (1991), Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom,
ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 1, George Washington University School of Education
and Human Development, Washington, DC.
4. Bradford J. and Stein B. (1993), The IDEAL problem solver, 2nd ed., New York, NY: Freeman.
5. Campus Compact (2007), Presidents Declaration on Civic Responsibility of Higher Education. p.
2. www.compact.org/resources/declaration.
6. Edward F. C., Johan M., Sren ., and Doris R. B. (2007), Rethinking Engineering Education The CDIO Approach. Springer Science+Business Media, p. 286.
7. Gibbs G. (1992), Improving the Quality of Student Learning, TES, Bristol, England.
8. Hmelo-Silver C. E. (2004), Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn?
Educational Psychology Review, 16: 235266.
9. Jacoby B. (1996), Service-Learning in Today's Higher Education. In: Barbara Jacoby and
Associates (Eds.), Service-Learning in Higher Education: Concepts and Practices, San Francisco
CA: Jossey-Bass.
10. Jones B. F., Rasmussen C., and Moffitt M. (1996), Real-life problem solving: A collaborative
approach to interdisciplinary learning. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
11. Kolb D. A. (1981), Learning styles and disciplinary differences. In: A. Chickering (Ed.), The
Modern American College. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Kolb D. A. (1984), Experimental Learning. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
13. Kritzerow P. (1990), Active learning in the classroom: The use of group role plays. Teaching
sociology, 18(2), 223-225.
14. Lyman F. (1987), Think-Pair-Share: An expanding teaching technique. MAA-CIE Cooperative
News, 1: 1-2.
15. Lyman F. T. (1981), The responsive classroom discussion: The inclusion of all students. In: A.
Anderson (Ed.), Mainstreaming Digest. College Park: University of Maryland Press. pp. 109-113.
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16. Osborn A.F. (1963), Applied imagination: Principles and procedures of creative problem solving
(Third Revised Edition). New York, NY: Charles Scribners Son.
17. Phng Thy Phng (2008), Hc tp phc v cng ng phng php dy v hc ci tin ti
trng H KHTN TP HCM. Hi tho khoa hc Tnh ch ng ca t duy, phng php v tinh
thn i hc H Hoa Sen TP HCM.
18. Scholz R. W. and Tietje Olaf (2002), Embedded Case Study Methods. Integrating Quantitative
and Qualitative Knowledge. Sage Publications. California: Thousand Oaks.
19. Steven R. H., Ian W., Doris R. B., Diane H. S., and Reem N. (2002), Adoption of active learning
in a lecture-based, engineering class, 32nd ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference,
Boston, MA, 9-15.
20. Ng T Thnh (2008), Phng php m phng trong ging dy cc chuyn ngnh k thut. Tp
ch pht trin KH&CN, 11 (10): 114-125.
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